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-3514078303943911085 | Alcohol laws of India | Alcohol laws of India - wikipedia Alcohol laws of India The legal drinking age in India and the laws which regulate the sale and consumption of alcohol vary significantly from state to state . In India , consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland as well as the union territory of Lakshadweep . There is a partial ban on alcohol in some districts of Manipur . All other Indian states permit alcohol consumption but fix a legal drinking age , which ranges at different ages per region . In some states , the legal drinking age can be different for different types of alcoholic beverage . In spite of legal restrictions , alcohol consumption in India has risen over 55 % over a period of 20 years ( according to OECD figures ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Law 2 Legal drinking age by States / UTs 3 Drunk Driving Law 4 Dry Days 4.1 Dry Days by States / UTs 4.1. 1 Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 4.1. 2 Delhi 4.1. 3 Jammu and Kashmir 4.1. 4 Kerala 4.1. 5 Karnataka 4.1. 6 Maharashtra 4.1. 7 Rajasthan 4.1. 8 Tamil Nadu 4.1. 9 West Bengal 5 See also 6 References Law ( edit ) Alcohol is a subject in the State List under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India . Therefore , the laws governing alcohol vary from state to state . Liquor in India is generally sold at liquor stores , restaurants , hotels , bars , pubs , clubs and discos . Some states , like Kerala and Tamil Nadu , prohibit private parties from owning liquor stores making the state government the sole retailer of alcohol in those states . In some states , liquor may be sold at groceries , departmental stores , banquet halls and / or farm houses . Some tourist areas have special laws allowing the sale of alcohol on beaches and houseboats . Home delivery of alcoholic beverages is illegal in Delhi . However , in Delhi home delivery of beer and wine by private vendors and departmental stores is permitted . Legal drinking age by states / uts ( edit ) The following list is incomplete . Please help complete the list by providing references State / UT Drinking Age Remarks Andaman and Nicobar Islands 21 Andhra Pradesh 21 Arunachal Pradesh 21 Assam 21 Bihar Illegal Total ban on all alcohol since April 4 , 2016 Chandigarh 25 Chhattisgarh 21 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 25 Daman and Diu 25 Delhi 25 Goa 18 Gujarat Illegal Non-Residents of Gujarat can apply for limited Liquor Permits . Banned since 1960 . Haryana 25 The Punjab Excise Act , which also extends to Haryana , prohibits establishments from employing `` women in any part of such premises in which such liquor or intoxicating drug is consumed by the public '' . Section 30 of the Punjab Excise Act has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India on December 12 , 2007 , which was responsible for not allowing women to work in such premises . Himachal Pradesh 18 Jammu and Kashmir 18 Jharkhand 21 Only licensed bars and state government licensed shops can sell alcohol . Karnataka 21 Arrack has been banned in Karnataka since 1 July 2007 . Kerala 23 Kerala government has planned to implement prohibition of hard liquor in 10 years . Lakshadweep Illegal Consumption is legal only on the island of Bangaram . Madhya Pradesh 21 Maharashtra 18 ( wine ) 21 ( beer ) 25 others In Maharashtra for drinking , a person should carry a liquor license obtained from Govt. Civil Hospital . Some districts have made a total ban on alcohol . Manipur Illegal Partial prohibition since 2002 Meghalaya 21 Mizoram 21 Seventeen year prohibition lifted in 2014 . Nagaland Illegal Sale and consumption illegal since 1989 . Odisha 21 Puducherry 18 Punjab 25 The Punjab Excise Act prohibits establishments from employing `` women in any part of such premises in which such liquor or intoxicating drug is consumed by the public '' . Section 30 of the Punjab Excise Act has been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India on December 12 , 2007 , which was responsible for not allowing women to work in such premises . Rajasthan 18 Sikkim 18 Tamil Nadu 21 Telangana 21 Tripura 21 Uttar Pradesh 21 Section 22 Uttarakhand 21 West Bengal 21 Drunk driving law ( edit ) The blood alcohol content ( BAC ) legal limit is 0.03 % or 30 μl alcohol in 100 ml blood . On 1 March 2012 , the Union Cabinet approved proposed changes to the Motor Vehicle Act . Higher penalties were introduced , including fines from ₹ 2,000 to ₹ 10,000 and imprisonment from 6 months to 4 years . Different penalties are assessed depending on the blood alcohol content at the time of the offence . Dry days ( edit ) Dry Days are specific days when the sale of alcohol is not permitted . Most of the Indian states observe these days on major national festivals / occasions such as Republic Day ( January 26 ) , Independence Day ( August 15 ) and Gandhi Jayanti ( October 2 ) . Dry days are also observed on and around voting days . Dry days by states / uts ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh and telangana ( edit ) Month Date January 26 ( Republic Day ) August 15 ( Independence Day ) October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Delhi ( edit ) Every excise year , the Government of Delhi , notifies the number of Prohibited days in a year . The three national holidays -- January 26 , October 2 and August 15 , are always prohibited days , and additional prohibited days are announced at the start of the excise year ( 1 July ) . Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) February 12 ( Maharishi Dayanand Jayanti ) , 16 ( Guru Ravidas Jayanti , 24 ) ) March Holi , Mahavir Jayanti April Good Friday , Mahavir Jayanti May 29 Buddha Purnima June Buddha Purnima August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) , Dussehra , Maharishi Valmiki Jayanti , Diwali November Diwali , Guru Nanak Jayanti , Guru Tegh Bahadur Martydom Day † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also prohibited days : Ram Navami Maha Shivratri Eid al - Adha Eid ul - Fitr Muharram Milad un Nabi prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) Jammu Month Date / Festival August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) November Guru Nanak Jayanti † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also prohibited days : Ram Navmi Maha Shivratri Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Prohibited days can also be declaered on such days not exceeding three days during a year as may be declared by the State Government Kashmir Month Date / Festival August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also Prohibited days : Maha Shivratri Eid ul - Fitr Eid ul - Zuha Eid - e-Milaad Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Prohibited days can also be declared on such days not exceeding three days during a year as may be declared by the State Government . Kerala ( edit ) Month Date January 1 26 30 ( Martyrs ' Day ) February March April May June 1 , 26 July August 1 , 15 Sree Narayana Guru Jayanti September 1 , Sree Narayana Guru Jayanti , Sree Narayana Guru Samadhi October 1 , 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) November December † Date may be in either month . During elections , are observed the day of the vote , the day before the vote , and during vote counting . Sundays are no longer observed as Prohibited days in the state . Karnataka ( edit ) Gandhi Jayanti ( October 2 ) , Independence Day ( August 15 ) and also prohibited days are announced when elections are held in the state . Maharashtra ( edit ) This list may vary depending on the date of festivals as well as specific Prohibited day announcements by the Government of Maharashtra . Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) , 30 ( Martyrs ' Day ) May 1 ( Maharashtra Day ) June Ashadi Ekadashi July Ashadi Ekadashi August 15 ( Independence Day ) September Anant Chaturdashi October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) , 8 ( Vinayak Badagi Birth Day ) November Kartiki Ekadashi † Festival date may be in June or July . Prohibited days are designated on election days , plus the two days before and after the vote , and the day ( s ) of the count , plus one day before and one day after the counting days . The district collector can also designate any day as a Prohibited day by giving seven days notice . Rajasthan ( edit ) Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) , 30 ( Martyrs ' Day ) March Mahavir Jayanti April Mahavir Jayanti August 15 ( Independence Day ) , Krishna Janmashtami September Krishna Janmashtami October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) † Festival date may be in either month . In addition to the above the following days are also Prohibited days : Maha Shivratri Harijan Day Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . Tamil Nadu ( edit ) Month Date Festival January 15 ( 16 Leap year ) Thiruvalluvar Day January 26 Republic Day January ( February ) Vadalur Ramalinga Adikalar Jothi February Maha Shivaratri April Prophet Birthday ( Nabigal Nayagam ) April ( March ) Mahavir Jayanti May May Day August 15 Independence Day October Gandhi Jayanti December Eid al - Mawlid ( Milad - un-Nabi ) Prohibited days are also announced when elections are held in the state . West Bengal ( edit ) Month Date / Festival January 26 ( Republic Day ) August 15 ( Independence Day ) October 2 ( Gandhi Jayanti ) In addition to the above the following days are also Prohibited days : On the day of Muharram Dol Jatra only till 14 hours of the day However no dry day rule is applicable for 5 star hotels , clubs and resorts in West Bengal . Drinks may be served and consumed in those places in West Bengal even on `` dry days '' . Private consumption too is allowed on the said `` dry days '' . Only the open sale of liquor at restaurants , liquor shops and other permitted places is disallowed on those days . For Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha elections , Prohibited days are declared for 48 hours prior to the close of voting , plus during the counting day ( s ) . For Municipality , Panchayat , Municipal Corporation , or Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council elections , Prohibited days occur on the polling day , the previous day , and the counting day ( s ) . See also ( edit ) Prohibition in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimum Age Limits Worldwide '' . Icap.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol prohibition to remain in Nagaland '' . Ucanews.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Kerala High Court upholds alcohol ban '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Indians drinking alcohol up 55 % in 20 years - The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` India toxic alcohol kills 29 in Uttar Pradesh - BBC News '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 246 . Subject - matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States '' . Constitutionofindia.etal.in. 2013 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` States Subject List '' . Vakilbabu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . Constitution.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 3 held for home delivery of liquor -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . 22 August 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Laws '' . All About Daru . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar 's decision to go ' dry ' and politics of liquor ban in India '' . IBNLive . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Drinking Age Minimum Age For Drinking In India '' . Drunkdriving.co.in . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pandey , Anubhav ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) . `` All you need to know about Alcohol Laws In India - iPleaders '' . iPleaders . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Team , Expertily . `` Why is the legal drinking age 25 years in India ? '' . Expertily . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi justifies gutkha ban in Gujarat '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Punjab Excise Act , 1914 '' , The Punjab Excise Act , 1914 , Government of Haryana , retrieved November 1 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Anuj Garg & Ors vs Hotel Association Of India & Ors on 6 December , 2007 '' . indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Himachal bans selling liquor to minors Himvani News Page 19813 '' . Himvani.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Jammu and Kashmir Excise Act , 1958 ( 1901 A.D ) '' ( PDF ) . Jkexcise.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Jammu and Kashmir Liquor License & Sale Rules , 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Jkexcise.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Arrack ban in Karnataka from tomorrow '' . The Times Of India . 30 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Siddu wants cheap , safe liquor for poor '' . Deccanherald.com. 2013 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala High Court upholds govt liquor policy , confines bar licence to five - star hotels '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Lakshadweep Official Website '' . Lakshadweep.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Madhya Pradesh Excise Act '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dried Up Prohibition : Need for lifting Prohibition arises due to state 's inability to enforce ' Dry State Status ' '' . 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drink at 18 in Lucknow , 25 in Mumbai , 16 in Rome '' . IBN Live . 2 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mizoram to lift total prohibition '' . Thehindu.com. 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` No Drink For You ? India 's Dry States '' . Full Stop India . Jump up ^ `` Cheers ! Orissa raises a toast to 21 '' . The Times of India . 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Underage drinking : Punjab to take action against vendors '' . Indianexpress.com. 2010 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rajasthan Excise Act 1950 , Section 22 Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra 's legal drinking age is highest in world '' . The Times of India . 24 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Drinking Age in India '' . MrLiquor . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Law In India by chockyfoodie '' . iFood.tv . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` This New Year , pubs to face police action if patrons drink - drive '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Think 5 times before you drink and drive '' . 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three cheers to dry days ! '' . Hindustantimes.com. 2011 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` official web site of Kerala State Beverages Corporation Limited '' . Ksbc.kerala.gov.in . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Andaman & Nicobar Administration , Excise Department : Excise Policy '' ( PDF ) . And.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120201040753/http://emulate.aponline.gov.in/apbcl/index.html . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Excise , Entertainment & Luxury Tax Department '' . Government of NCT of Delhi . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Delhi : Government Departments : Excise : Excise Department : Delhi Liquor Licence Rules , 1976 '' . Excise.delhigovt.nic.in . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sundays no more dry days in Kerala '' . Thehindu.com. 2014 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110807233919/http://ksbc.kerala.gov.in/know.htm . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Why must Delhi have Prohibited days ? -- The Times of India '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ `` List of Dry Days '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 04 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu / Chennai / TASMAC Dry Days 2013 ( Liquor shops closed ) '' . KosuKadi.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Closure of retail excise licensed premises in West Bengal on special occasions '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . hide Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_India&oldid=846096857 '' Categories : Alcohol - related lists Alcohol law in India Alcohol law by country India law - related lists Alcohol in India Indian cuisine - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 08 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | percentage of alcohol allowed while driving in india | [
"The blood alcohol content (BAC) legal limit is 0.03%[35] or 30 µl alcohol in 100 ml blood.[36]"
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"0.03%[35] or 30 µl alcohol in 100 ml blood"
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6874095948104471417 | Cell (biology) | Cell ( Biology ) - wikipedia Cell ( Biology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term in biology . For other uses , see Cell ( disambiguation ) . Cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle , drawn by E.B. Wilson , 1900 A eukaryotic cell ( left ) and a prokaryotic cell ( right ) Identifiers TH H1. 00.01. 0.00001 FMA 68646 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Structure of an animal cell The cell ( from Latin cella , meaning `` small room '' ) is the basic structural , functional , and biological unit of all known living organisms . A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently , and cells are often called the `` building blocks of life '' . The study of cells is called cell biology . Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane , which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids . Organisms can be classified as unicellular ( consisting of a single cell ; including bacteria ) or multicellular ( including plants and animals ) . While the number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species , humans contain more than 10 trillion ( 10 ) cells . Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a microscope , with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres . The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 , who named the biological units for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery . Cell theory , first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells , that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms , that all cells come from preexisting cells , and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells . Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Prokaryotic cells 1.2 Eukaryotic cells 2 Subcellular components 2.1 Membrane 2.2 Cytoskeleton 2.3 Genetic material 2.4 Organelles 2.4. 1 Eukaryotic 2.4. 2 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic 3 Structures outside the cell membrane 3.1 Cell wall 3.2 Prokaryotic 3.2. 1 Capsule 3.2. 2 Flagella 3.2. 3 Fimbria 4 Cellular processes 4.1 Growth and metabolism 4.2 Replication 4.3 Protein synthesis 4.4 Motility 5 Multicellularity 5.1 Cell specialization 5.2 Origin of multicellularity 6 Origins 6.1 Origin of the first cell 6.2 Origin of eukaryotic cells 7 History of research 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links 11.1 Textbooks Anatomy Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Typical organisms bacteria , archaea protists , fungi , plants , animals Typical size ~ 1 -- 5 μm ~ 10 -- 100 μm Type of nucleus nucleoid region ; no true nucleus true nucleus with double membrane DNA circular ( usually ) linear molecules ( chromosomes ) with histone proteins RNA / protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the nucleus protein synthesis in the cytoplasm Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S Cytoplasmic structure very few structures highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton Cell movement flagella made of flagellin flagella and cilia containing microtubules ; lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin Mitochondria none one to several thousand Chloroplasts none in algae and plants Organization usually single cells single cells , colonies , higher multicellular organisms with specialized cells Cell division binary fission ( simple division ) mitosis ( fission or budding ) meiosis Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome Membranes cell membrane Cell membrane and membrane - bound organelles Cells are of two types , eukaryotic , which contain a nucleus , and prokaryotic , which do not . Prokaryotes are single - celled organisms , while eukaryotes can be either single - celled or multicellular . Prokaryotic cells Main article : Prokaryote Structure of a typical prokaryotic cell Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth , characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self - sustaining . They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells , and lack membrane - bound organelles such as the nucleus . Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life , bacteria and archaea . The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm . The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid . Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 μm in diameter . A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions : Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope -- generally consisting of a plasma membrane covered by a cell wall which , for some bacteria , may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule . Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall , there are exceptions such as Mycoplasma ( bacteria ) and Thermoplasma ( archaea ) which only possess the cell membrane layer . The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its environment , serving as a protective filter . The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria , and acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces . It also prevents the cell from expanding and bursting ( cytolysis ) from osmotic pressure due to a hypotonic environment . Some eukaryotic cells ( plant cells and fungal cells ) also have a cell wall . Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome ( DNA ) , ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions . The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm . Prokaryotes can carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids , which are usually circular . Linear bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria , including members of the genus Borrelia notably Borrelia burgdorferi , which causes Lyme disease . Though not forming a nucleus , the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid . Plasmids encode additional genes , such as antibiotic resistance genes . On the outside , flagella and pili project from the cell 's surface . These are structures ( not present in all prokaryotes ) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells . Eukaryotic cells Main article : Eukaryote Structure of a typical animal cell Structure of a typical plant cell Plants , animals , fungi , slime moulds , protozoa , and algae are all eukaryotic . These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume . The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization : the presence of membrane - bound organelles ( compartments ) in which specific metabolic activities take place . Most important among these is a cell nucleus , an organelle that houses the cell 's DNA . This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name , which means `` true kernel ( nucleus ) '' . Other differences include : The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function , with minor differences in the setup . Cell walls may or may not be present . The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules , called chromosomes , which are associated with histone proteins . All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus , separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane . Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA . Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia . Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation , mechanosensation , and thermosensation . Cilia may thus be `` viewed as a sensory cellular antennae that coordinates a large number of cellular signaling pathways , sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation . '' Motile cells of eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella . Motile cells are absent in conifers and flowering plants . Eukaryotic flagella are less complex than those of prokaryotes . Subcellular components Illustration depicting major structures inside a eukaryotic animal cell All cells , whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic , have a membrane that envelops the cell , regulates what moves in and out ( selectively permeable ) , and maintains the electric potential of the cell . Inside the membrane , the cytoplasm takes up most of the cell 's volume . All cells ( except red blood cells which lack a cell nucleus and most organelles to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ) possess DNA , the hereditary material of genes , and RNA , containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes , the cell 's primary machinery . There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells . This article lists these primary components of the cell , then briefly describes their function . Membrane Main article : Cell membrane The cell membrane , or plasma membrane , is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell . In animals , the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell , while in plants and prokaryotes it is usually covered by a cell wall . This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of phospholipids , which are amphiphilic ( partly hydrophobic and partly hydrophilic ) . Hence , the layer is called a phospholipid bilayer , or sometimes a fluid mosaic membrane . Embedded within this membrane is a variety of protein molecules that act as channels and pumps that move different molecules into and out of the cell . The membrane is said to be ' semi-permeable ' , in that it can either let a substance ( molecule or ion ) pass through freely , pass through to a limited extent or not pass through at all . Cell surface membranes also contain receptor proteins that allow cells to detect external signaling molecules such as hormones . Cytoskeleton Main article : Cytoskeleton A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell . Nuclei are stained blue , mitochondria are stained red , and microfilaments are stained green . The cytoskeleton acts to organize and maintain the cell 's shape ; anchors organelles in place ; helps during endocytosis , the uptake of external materials by a cell , and cytokinesis , the separation of daughter cells after cell division ; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility . The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments , intermediate filaments and microtubules . There are a great number of proteins associated with them , each controlling a cell 's structure by directing , bundling , and aligning filaments . The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is less well - studied but is involved in the maintenance of cell shape , polarity and cytokinesis . The subunit protein of microfilaments is a small , monomeric protein called actin . The subunit of microtubules is a dimeric molecule called tubulin . Intermediate filaments are heteropolymers whose subunits vary among the cell types in different tissues . But some of the subunit protein of intermediate filaments include vimentin , desmin , lamin ( lamins A , B and C ) , keratin ( multiple acidic and basic keratins ) , neurofilament proteins ( NF -- L , NF -- M ) . Genetic material Two different kinds of genetic material exist : deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) . Cells use DNA for their long - term information storage . The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA sequence . RNA is used for information transport ( e.g. , mRNA ) and enzymatic functions ( e.g. , ribosomal RNA ) . Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules are used to add amino acids during protein translation . Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular DNA molecule ( the bacterial chromosome ) in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm . Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different , linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus , usually with additional genetic material in some organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts ( see endosymbiotic theory ) . A human cell has genetic material contained in the cell nucleus ( the nuclear genome ) and in the mitochondria ( the mitochondrial genome ) . In humans the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes , including 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes . The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from the nuclear DNA . Although the mitochondrial DNA is very small compared to nuclear chromosomes , it codes for 13 proteins involved in mitochondrial energy production and specific tRNAs . Foreign genetic material ( most commonly DNA ) can also be artificially introduced into the cell by a process called transfection . This can be transient , if the DNA is not inserted into the cell 's genome , or stable , if it is . Certain viruses also insert their genetic material into the genome . Organelles Main article : Organelle Organelles are parts of the cell which are adapted and / or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions , analogous to the organs of the human body ( such as the heart , lung , and kidney , with each organ performing a different function ) . Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles , but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not membrane - bound . There are several types of organelles in a cell . Some ( such as the nucleus and golgi apparatus ) are typically solitary , while others ( such as mitochondria , chloroplasts , peroxisomes and lysosomes ) can be numerous ( hundreds to thousands ) . The cytosol is the gelatinous fluid that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles . Eukaryotic Human cancer cells with nuclei ( specifically the DNA ) stained blue . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled . The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . Cell nucleus : A cell 's information center , the cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell . It houses the cell 's chromosomes , and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis ( transcription ) occur . The nucleus is spherical and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope . The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cell 's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing . During processing , DNA is transcribed , or copied into a special RNA , called messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus , where it is translated into a specific protein molecule . The nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled . In prokaryotes , DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm . Mitochondria and Chloroplasts : generate energy for the cell . Mitochondria are self - replicating organelles that occur in various numbers , shapes , and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells . Respiration occurs in the cell mitochondria , which generate the cell 's energy by oxidative phosphorylation , using oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients ( typically pertaining to glucose ) to generate ATP . Mitochondria multiply by binary fission , like prokaryotes . Chloroplasts can only be found in plants and algae , and they capture the sun 's energy to make carbohydrates through photosynthesis . Diagram of an endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum : The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is a transport network for molecules targeted for certain modifications and specific destinations , as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm . The ER has two forms : the rough ER , which has ribosomes on its surface that secrete proteins into the ER , and the smooth ER , which lacks ribosomes . The smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release . Golgi apparatus : The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell . Lysosomes and Peroxisomes : Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes ( acid hydrolases ) . They digest excess or worn - out organelles , food particles , and engulfed viruses or bacteria . Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the cell of toxic peroxides . The cell could not house these destructive enzymes if they were not contained in a membrane - bound system . Centrosome : the cytoskeleton organiser : The centrosome produces the microtubules of a cell -- a key component of the cytoskeleton . It directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus . Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles , which separate during cell division and help in the formation of the mitotic spindle . A single centrosome is present in the animal cells . They are also found in some fungi and algae cells . Vacuoles : Vacuoles sequester waste products and in plant cells store water . They are often described as liquid filled space and are surrounded by a membrane . Some cells , most notably Amoeba , have contractile vacuoles , which can pump water out of the cell if there is too much water . The vacuoles of plant cells and fungal cells are usually larger than those of animal cells . Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Ribosomes : The ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules . They each consist of two subunits , and act as an assembly line where RNA from the nucleus is used to synthesise proteins from amino acids . Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to a membrane ( the rough endoplasmatic reticulum in eukaryotes , or the cell membrane in prokaryotes ) . Structures outside the cell membrane Many cells also have structures which exist wholly or partially outside the cell membrane . These structures are notable because they are not protected from the external environment by the semipermeable cell membrane . In order to assemble these structures , their components must be carried across the cell membrane by export processes . Cell wall Many types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a cell wall . The cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from its environment , and is an additional layer of protection to the cell membrane . Different types of cell have cell walls made up of different materials ; plant cell walls are primarily made up of cellulose , fungi cell walls are made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan . Prokaryotic Capsule A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell membrane and cell wall . The capsule may be polysaccharide as in pneumococci , meningococci or polypeptide as Bacillus anthracis or hyaluronic acid as in streptococci . Capsules are not marked by normal staining protocols and can be detected by India ink or methyl blue ; which allows for higher contrast between the cells for observation . Flagella Flagella are organelles for cellular mobility . The bacterial flagellum stretches from cytoplasm through the cell membrane ( s ) and extrudes through the cell wall . They are long and thick thread - like appendages , protein in nature . A different type of flagellum is found in archaea and a different type is found in eukaryotes . Fimbria A fimbria also known as a pilus is a short , thin , hair - like filament found on the surface of bacteria . Fimbriae , or pili are formed of a protein called pilin ( antigenic ) and are responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors of human cell ( cell adhesion ) . There are special types of specific pili involved in bacterial conjugation . Cellular processes Growth and metabolism Main articles : Cell growth and Metabolism Between successive cell divisions , cells grow through the functioning of cellular metabolism . Cell metabolism is the process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules . Metabolism has two distinct divisions : catabolism , in which the cell breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power , and anabolism , in which the cell uses energy and reducing power to construct complex molecules and perform other biological functions . Complex sugars consumed by the organism can be broken down into simpler sugar molecules called monosaccharides such as glucose . Once inside the cell , glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that possesses readily available energy , through two different pathways . Replication Bacteria divide by binary fission , while eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis . Main article : Cell division Cell division involves a single cell ( called a mother cell ) dividing into two daughter cells . This leads to growth in multicellular organisms ( the growth of tissue ) and to procreation ( vegetative reproduction ) in unicellular organisms . Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission , while eukaryotic cells usually undergo a process of nuclear division , called mitosis , followed by division of the cell , called cytokinesis . A diploid cell may also undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells , usually four . Haploid cells serve as gametes in multicellular organisms , fusing to form new diploid cells . DNA replication , or the process of duplicating a cell 's genome , always happens when a cell divides through mitosis or binary fission . This occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle . In meiosis , the DNA is replicated only once , while the cell divides twice . DNA replication only occurs before meiosis I. DNA replication does not occur when the cells divide the second time , in meiosis II . Replication , like all cellular activities , requires specialized proteins for carrying out the job . Protein synthesis An overview of protein synthesis . Within the nucleus of the cell ( light blue ) , genes ( DNA , dark blue ) are transcribed into RNA . This RNA is then subject to post-transcriptional modification and control , resulting in a mature mRNA ( red ) that is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm ( peach ) , where it undergoes translation into a protein . mRNA is translated by ribosomes ( purple ) that match the three - base codons of the mRNA to the three - base anti-codons of the appropriate tRNA . Newly synthesized proteins ( black ) are often further modified , such as by binding to an effector molecule ( orange ) , to become fully active . Main article : Protein biosynthesis Cells are capable of synthesizing new proteins , which are essential for the modulation and maintenance of cellular activities . This process involves the formation of new protein molecules from amino acid building blocks based on information encoded in DNA / RNA . Protein synthesis generally consists of two major steps : transcription and translation . Transcription is the process where genetic information in DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA strand . This RNA strand is then processed to give messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , which is free to migrate through the cell . mRNA molecules bind to protein - RNA complexes called ribosomes located in the cytosol , where they are translated into polypeptide sequences . The ribosome mediates the formation of a polypeptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence . The mRNA sequence directly relates to the polypeptide sequence by binding to transfer RNA ( tRNA ) adapter molecules in binding pockets within the ribosome . The new polypeptide then folds into a functional three - dimensional protein molecule . Motility Main article : Motility Unicellular organisms can move in order to find food or escape predators . Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia . In multicellular organisms , cells can move during processes such as wound healing , the immune response and cancer metastasis . For example , in wound healing in animals , white blood cells move to the wound site to kill the microorganisms that cause infection . Cell motility involves many receptors , crosslinking , bundling , binding , adhesion , motor and other proteins . The process is divided into three steps -- protrusion of the leading edge of the cell , adhesion of the leading edge and de-adhesion at the cell body and rear , and cytoskeletal contraction to pull the cell forward . Each step is driven by physical forces generated by unique segments of the cytoskeleton . Multicellularity Main article : Multicellular organism Cell specialization Staining of a Caenorhabditis elegans which highlights the nuclei of its cells . Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell , in contrast to single - celled organisms . In complex multicellular organisms , cells specialize into different cell types that are adapted to particular functions . In mammals , major cell types include skin cells , muscle cells , neurons , blood cells , fibroblasts , stem cells , and others . Cell types differ both in appearance and function , yet are genetically identical . Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain . Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell , called a zygote , that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development . Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues ( such as cell -- cell interaction ) and intrinsic differences ( such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division ) . Origin of multicellularity Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times , including in some prokaryotes , like cyanobacteria , myxobacteria , actinomycetes , Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina . However , complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups : animals , fungi , brown algae , red algae , green algae , and plants . It evolved repeatedly for plants ( Chloroplastida ) , once or twice for animals , once for brown algae , and perhaps several times for fungi , slime molds , and red algae . Multicellularity may have evolved from colonies of interdependent organisms , from cellularization , or from organisms in symbiotic relationships . The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria - like organisms that lived between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago . Other early fossils of multicellular organisms include the contested Grypania spiralis and the fossils of the black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian Group Fossil B Formation in Gabon . The evolution of multicellularity from unicellular ancestors has been replicated in the laboratory , in evolution experiments using predation as the selective pressure . Origins Main article : Evolutionary history of life The origin of cells has to do with the origin of life , which began the history of life on Earth . Origin of the first cell Stromatolites are left behind by cyanobacteria , also called blue - green algae . They are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth . This one - billion - year - old fossil is from Glacier National Park in the United States . Further information : Abiogenesis and Evolution of cells There are several theories about the origin of small molecules that led to life on the early Earth . They may have been carried to Earth on meteorites ( see Murchison meteorite ) , created at deep - sea vents , or synthesized by lightning in a reducing atmosphere ( see Miller -- Urey experiment ) . There is little experimental data defining what the first self - replicating forms were . RNA is thought to be the earliest self - replicating molecule , as it is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions ( see RNA world hypothesis ) , but some other entity with the potential to self - replicate could have preceded RNA , such as clay or peptide nucleic acid . Cells emerged at least 3.5 billion years ago . The current belief is that these cells were heterotrophs . The early cell membranes were probably more simple and permeable than modern ones , with only a single fatty acid chain per lipid . Lipids are known to spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in water , and could have preceded RNA , but the first cell membranes could also have been produced by catalytic RNA , or even have required structural proteins before they could form . Origin of eukaryotic cells Further information : Evolution of sexual reproduction The eukaryotic cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells . DNA - bearing organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are descended from ancient symbiotic oxygen - breathing proteobacteria and cyanobacteria , respectively , which were endosymbiosed by an ancestral archaean prokaryote . There is still considerable debate about whether organelles like the hydrogenosome predated the origin of mitochondria , or vice versa : see the hydrogen hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells . History of research Main article : Cell theory Hooke 's drawing of cells in cork , 1665 1632 -- 1723 : Antonie van Leeuwenhoek teaches himself to make lenses , constructs basic optical microscopes and draws protozoa , such as Vorticella from rain water , and bacteria from his own mouth . 1665 : Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork , then in living plant tissue using an early compound microscope . He coins the term cell ( from Latin cella , meaning `` small room '' ) in his book Micrographia ( 1665 ) . 1839 : Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden elucidate the principle that plants and animals are made of cells , concluding that cells are a common unit of structure and development , and thus founding the cell theory . 1855 : Rudolf Virchow states that new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division ( omnis cellula ex cellula ) . 1859 : The belief that life forms can occur spontaneously ( generatio spontanea ) is contradicted by Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) ( although Francesco Redi had performed an experiment in 1668 that suggested the same conclusion ) . 1931 : Ernst Ruska builds the first transmission electron microscope ( TEM ) at the University of Berlin . By 1935 , he has built an EM with twice the resolution of a light microscope , revealing previously unresolvable organelles . 1953 : Watson and Crick made their first announcement on the double helix structure of DNA on February 28 . 1981 : Lynn Margulis published Symbiosis in Cell Evolution detailing the endosymbiotic theory . See also Cell cortex Cell culture Cellular component Cellular model Cytorrhysis Cytoneme Cytotoxicity Lipid raft Membrane nanotube Plasmolysis Stem cell Syncytium Topic outline of cell biology Vault ( organelle ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Cell '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition , edited by Bruce Alberts ( 2002 ) published by Garland Science . The Alberts text discusses how the `` cellular building blocks '' move to shape developing embryos . It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as `` molecular building blocks '' . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` What Is a Cell ? '' ( retrieved on 3 May 2013 ) . 30 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Alberts , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 19 October 2009 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology : Concepts and Experiments . John Wiley & Sons . p. 2 . ISBN 9780470483374 . Hooke called the pores cells because they re - minded him of the cells inhabited by monks living in a monastery . Jump up ^ Alan Chong Tero ( 1990 ) . Achiever 's Biology . Allied Publishers . p. 36 . ISBN 9788184243697 . In 1665 , an Englishman , Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of '' cork under a simple microscope . ( A simple microscope is a microscope with only one biconvex lens , rather like a magnifying glass ) . He saw many small box like structures . These reminded him of small rooms called `` cells '' in which Christian monks lived and meditated . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ( 1997 ) . Cells Building Blocks of Life . New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 423476 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Schopf , JW , Kudryavtsev , AB , Czaja , AD , and Tripathi , AB . ( 2007 ) . Evidence of Archean life : Stromatolites and microfossils . Precambrian Research 158 : 141 -- 155 . ^ Jump up to : Schopf , JW ( 2006 ) . Fossil evidence of Archaean life . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29 ; 361 ( 1470 ) : 869 - 85 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Hamilton Raven ; George Brooks Johnson ( 2002 ) . Biology . McGraw - Hill Education . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 112261 - 0 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell Biology -- Concepts and Connections . Pearson Education . 2009 . p. 320 . Jump up ^ Microbiology : Principles and Explorations By Jacquelyn G. Black Jump up ^ European Bioinformatics Institute , Karyn 's Genomes : Borrelia burgdorferi , part of 2can on the EBI - EMBL database . Retrieved 5 August 2012 Jump up ^ Satir , Peter ; Christensen , ST ; Søren T. Christensen ( 2008 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Structure and function of mammalian cilia '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 129 ( 6 ) : 687 -- 693 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 008 - 0416 - 9 . PMC 2386530 . PMID 18365235 . 1432 - 119X . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ PH Raven , Evert RF , Eichhorm SE ( 1999 ) Biology of Plants , 6th edition . WH Freeman , New York Jump up ^ `` Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014 '' . WikiJournal of Medicine . 1 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.15347 / wjm / 2014.010 . Jump up ^ Michie K , Löwe J ( 2006 ) . `` Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton '' . Annu Rev Biochem. 75 : 467 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 75.103004. 142452 . PMID 16756499 . Jump up ^ Ménétret JF , Schaletzky J , Clemons WM , et al. ( December 2007 ) . `` Ribosome binding of a single copy of the SecY complex : implications for protein translocation '' . Mol . Cell. 28 ( 6 ) : 1083 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2007.10. 034 . PMID 18158904 . Jump up ^ Prokaryotes . Newnes . Apr 11 , 1996 . ISBN 9780080984735 . Jump up ^ Campbell Biology -- Concepts and Connections . Pearson Education . 2009 . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Revathi Ananthakrishnan ; Allen Ehrlicher . `` The Forces Behind Cell Movement '' . Biolsci.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J. et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell , 4e . Garland Science . 2002 Jump up ^ Ananthakrishnan , R ; Ehrlicher , A ( 2007 ) . `` The Forces Behind Cell Movement '' . Int J Biol Sci. 3 ( 5 ) : 303 -- 317 . doi : 10.7150 / ijbs. 3.303 . PMC 1893118 . PMID 17589565 . Jump up ^ Becker , Wayne M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . The world of the cell . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 55418 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Grosberg RK , Strathmann RR . The evolution of multicellularity : A minor major transition ? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2007 ; 38 : 621 -- 654 . Jump up ^ http://public.wsu.edu/~lange-m/Documnets/Teaching2011/Popper2011.pdf Jump up ^ Bonner , John Tyler ( 1998 ) . `` The Origins of Multicellularity '' ( PDF ) . Integrative Biology : Issues , News , and Reviews . 1 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 36 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1520 - 6602 ( 1998 ) 1 : 1 < 27 : : AID - INBI4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 6 . ISSN 1093 - 4391 . Archived from the original ( PDF , 0.2 MB ) on March 8 , 2012 . External link in journal = ( help ) Jump up ^ El Albani A , Bengtson S , Canfield DE , Bekker A , Macchiarelli R , Mazurier A , Hammarlund EU , Boulvais P , Dupuy JJ , Fontaine C , Fürsich FT , Gauthier - Lafaye F , Janvier P , Javaux E , Ossa FO , Pierson - Wickmann AC , Riboulleau A , Sardini P , Vachard D , Whitehouse M , Meunier A ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago '' . Nature . 466 ( 7302 ) : 100 -- 104 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 100A . doi : 10.1038 / nature09166 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 20596019 . Jump up ^ Orgel LE ( 1998 ) . `` The origin of life -- a review of facts and speculations '' . Trends Biochem Sci. 23 ( 12 ) : 491 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S0968 - 0004 ( 98 ) 01300 - 0 . PMID 9868373 . Jump up ^ Griffiths G ( December 2007 ) . `` Cell evolution and the problem of membrane topology '' . Nature Reviews . Molecular Cell Biology . 8 ( 12 ) : 1018 -- 24 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2287 . PMID 17971839 . Jump up ^ `` ... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous , much like a Honey - comb , but that the pores of it were not regular ( ... ) these pores , or cells , ( ... ) were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw , and perhaps , that were ever seen , for I had not met with any Writer or Person , that had made any mention of them before this ... '' -- Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork . Robert Hooke Bibliography Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Morgan , David ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2015 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 6th ed . ) . Garland Science . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0815344322 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell biology . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cell ( biology ) MBInfo - Descriptions on Cellular Functions and Processes MBInfo -- Cellular Organization Inside the Cell -- a science education booklet by National Institutes of Health , in PDF and ePub . Cells Alive ! Cell Biology in `` The Biology Project '' of University of Arizona . Centre of the Cell online The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology , a collection of peer - reviewed still images , video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure , function and biology of the cell . HighMag Blog , still images of cells from recent research articles . New Microscope Produces Dazzling 3D Movies of Live Cells , March 4 , 2011 -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute . WormWeb.org : Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell lineage -- Visualize the entire cell lineage tree of the nematode C. elegans Cell Photomicrographs Textbooks Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2014 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 6th ed . ) . Garland . ISBN 9780815344322 . ; The fourth edition is freely available from National Center for Biotechnology Information Bookshelf . Lodish H , Berk A , Matsudaira P , Kaiser CA , Krieger M , Scott MP , Zipurksy SL , Darnell J ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . WH Freeman : New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 8 . Cooper GM ( 2000 ) . The cell : a molecular approach ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C : ASM Press . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 102 - 3 . Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Hierarchy of life Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule LCCN : sh85021678 GND : 4067537 - 3 NDL : 00569965 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_(biology)&oldid=811337840 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of bacteria preceded the eukaryotic cell | [
"Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processes including cell signaling and being self-sustaining. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus. Prokaryotes include two of the domains of life, bacteria and archaea. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 µm in diameter.[13]"
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"Prokaryotic cells"
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4362500850673955572 | Distribution (marketing) | Distribution ( marketing ) - wikipedia Distribution ( marketing ) Jump to : navigation , search Marketing Marketing Marketing Management Key concepts ( show ) Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Corporate identity Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Operations Promotion Research Segmentation Strategy Account - based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Promotional content ( show ) Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On - hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media ( show ) Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Broadcasting Display advertising Drip marketing In - game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out - of - home advertising Point of sale Printing Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Publication Visual merchandising Web banner Word - of - mouth Distribution ( or place ) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix . Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for the consumer or business user that needs it . This can be done directly by the producer or service provider , or using indirect channels with distributors or intermediaries . The other three elements of the marketing mix are product , pricing , and promotion . Decisions about distribution need to be taken in line with a company 's overall strategic vision and mission . Developing a coherent distribution plan is a central component of strategic planning . At the strategic level , there are three broad approaches to distribution , namely mass , selective or exclusive distribution . The number and type of intermediaries selected largely depends on the strategic approach . The overall distribution channel should add value to the consumer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Distribution strategies 2.1 Push vs pull strategy 3 Channels and intermediaries 4 Channel design 5 Channel mix 6 Managing channels 6.1 Channel motivation 6.2 Channel conflict 7 Trends in distribution 7.1 Channel switching 7.2 Customer value 7.3 Disintermediation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) Distribution is fundamentally concerned with ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost efficient manner . In the case of services , distribution is principally concerned with access . Although distribution , as a concept , is relatively simple , in practice distribution management may involve a diverse range of activities and disciplines including : detailed logistics , transportation , warehousing , storage , inventory management as well as channel management including selection of channel members and rewarding distributors . Distribution strategies ( edit ) Prior to designing a distribution system , the planner needs to determine what the distribution channel is to achieve in broad terms . The overall approach to distributing products or services depends on a number of factors including the type of product , especially perishability ; the market served ; the geographic scope of operations and the firm 's overall mission and vision . The process of setting out a broad statement of the aims and objectives of a distribution channel is a strategic level decision . In an intensive distribution approach , the marketer relies on chain stores to reach broad markets in a cost efficient manner Strategically , there are three approaches to distribution : Mass distribution Selective distribution Exclusive distribution Mass distribution : ( also known as Intensive distribution ) When products are destined for a mass market , the marketer will seek out intermediaries that appeal to a broad market base . For example , snack foods and drinks are sold via a wide variety of outlets including supermarkets , convenience stores , vending machines , cafeterias and others . The choice of distribution outlet is skewed towards those than can deliver mass markets in a cost efficient manner . Selective distribution : A manufacturer may choose to restrict the number of outlets handling a product . For example , a manufacturer of premium electrical goods may choose to deal with department stores and independent outlets that can provide added value service level required to support the product . Dr Scholl orthopedic sandals , for example , only sell their product through pharmacies because this type of intermediary supports the desired therapeutic positioning of the product . Some of the prestige brands of cosmetics and skincare , such as Estee Lauder , Jurlique and Clinique , insist that sales staff are trained to use the product range . The manufacturer will only allow trained clinicians to sell their products . Exclusive distribution : In an exclusive distribution approach , a manufacturer chooses to deal with one intermediary or one type of intermediary . The advantage of an exclusive approach is that the manufacturer retains greater control over the distribution process . In exclusive arrangements , the distributor is expected to work closely with the manufacturer and add value to the product through service level , after sales care or client support services . The most common type of exclusive arrangement an agreement between a supplier and a retailer granting the retailer exclusive rights within a specific geographic area to carry the supplier 's product . Summary of strategic approaches to distribution Approach Definition Intensive distribution The producer 's products are stocked in the majority of outlets . This strategy is common for mass produced products such as basic supplies , snack foods , magazines and soft drink beverages . Selective distribution The producer relies on a few intermediaries to carry their product . This strategy is commonly observed for more specialised goods that are carried through specialist dealers , for example , brands of craft tools , or large appliances . Exclusive distribution The producer selects only very few intermediaries . Exclusive distribution occurs where the seller agrees to allow a single retailer the right to sell the manufacturer 's products . This strategy is typical of luxury goods retailers such as Gucci . Push vs pull strategy ( edit ) In consumer markets , another key strategic level decision is whether to use a push or pull strategy . In a push strategy , the marketer uses intensive advertising and incentives aimed at distributors , especially retailers and wholesalers , with the expectation that they will stock the product or brand , and that consumers will purchase it when they see it in stores . In contrast , in a pull strategy , the marketer promotes the product directly to consumers hoping that they will pressure retailers to stock the product or brand , thereby pulling it through the distribution channel . The choice of a push or pull strategy has important implications for advertising and promotion . In a push strategy the promotional mix would consist of trade advertising and sales calls while the advertising media would normally be weighted towards trade magazines , exhibitions and trade shows while a pull strategy would make more extensive use consumer advertising and sales promotions while the media mix would be weighted towards mass - market media such as newspapers , magazines , television and radio . Channels and intermediaries ( edit ) A wholesale fish market at Haikou , New Port Distribution of products takes place by means of channels to become available on markets , in stores or in webshops . Channels are sets of interdependent organizers ( called intermediaries or distributors ) involved in making the product available for consumption to end - user . This is mostly accomplished through merchant retailers or wholesalers , or in international context by importers . In certain specialist markets , agents or brokers may become involved in distribution channel . Typical intermediaries involved in distribution include : Wholesaler : A merchant intermediary who sells chiefly to retailers , other merchants , or industrial , institutional , and commercial users mainly for resale or business use . Wholesalers typically sell in large quantities . ( Wholesalers , by definition , do not deal directly with the public ) . Retailer : A merchant intermediary who sells direct to the public . There are many different types of retail outlet - from hypermarts and supermarkets to small , independent stores . Agent : An intermediary who is authorised to act for a principal in order to facilitate exchange . Unlike merchant wholesalers and retailers , agents do not take title to goods , but simply put buyers and sellers together . Agents are typically paid via commissions by the principal . For example , travel agents are paid a commission of around 15 % for each booking made with an airline or hotel operator . Jobber : A jobber is a special type of wholesaler , typically one who operates on a small scale and sells only to retailers or institutions . For example , rack jobbers are small independent wholesalers who operate from a truck , supplying convenience stores with snack foods and drinks on a regular basis . Channel design ( edit ) Different types of distribution systems A firm can design any number of channels they require to reach customers efficiently and effectively . Channels can be distinguished by the number of intermediaries between producer and consumer . If there are no intermediaries then this is known as a zero - level distribution system or direct marketing . A level one ( sometimes called one - tier ) channel has a single intermediary . A level two ( alternatively a two - tier ) channel has two intermediaries , and so on . This flow is typically represented as being manufacturer to retailer to consumer , but may involve other types of intermediaries . In practice , distribution systems for perishable goods tend to be shorter - direct or single intermediary , because of the need to reduce the time a product spends in transit or in storage . In other cases , distribution systems can become quite complex involving many levels and different types of intermediaries . Channel mix ( edit ) In practice , many organizations use a mix of different channels ; a direct sales - force may call on larger customers may be complemented with agents to cover smaller customers and prospects . When a single organisation uses a variety of different channels to reach its markets , this is known as a multi-channel distribution network . In addition , online retailing or e-commerce is leading to disintermediation , the removal of intermediaries from a supply chain . Retailing via smartphone or m - commerce is also a growth area . Managing channels ( edit ) The firm 's marketing department needs to design the most suitable channels for the firm 's products , then select appropriate channel members or intermediaries . An organisation may need to train staff of intermediaries and motivate the intermediary to sell the firm 's products . The firm should monitor the channel 's performance over time and modify the channel to enhance performance . Channel motivation ( edit ) Harrod 's food hall - a major retailer in London To motivate intermediaries the firm can use positive actions , such as offering higher margins to the intermediary , special deals , premiums and allowances for advertising or display . On the other hand , negative actions may be necessary , such as threatening to cut back on margin , or hold back delivery of product . Care must be exercised when considering negative actions as these may fall foul of regulations and can contribute to a public backlash and a public relations disaster . Channel conflict ( edit ) Channel conflict can arise when one intermediary 's actions prevent another intermediary from achieving their objectives . Vertical channel conflict occurs between the levels within a channel and horizontal channel conflict occurs between intermediaries at the same level within a channel . Channel conflict is a perennial problem . There are risks that a powerful channel member may coordinate the interests of the channel for personal gain . Trends in distribution ( edit ) Channel switching ( edit ) The advent of `` category killers '' , such as Australia 's Officeworks , has contributed to an increase in channel switching behaviour Channel - switching ( not to be confused with zapping or channel surfing on TV ) is the action of consumers switching from one type of channel intermediary to a different type of intermediary for their purchases . Examples include switching from brick - and - mortar stores to online catalogues and e-commerce providers ; switching from grocery stores to convenience stores or switching from top tier department stores to mass market discount outlets . A number of factors have led to an increase in channel switching behaviour ; the growth of e-commerce , the globalization of markets , the advent of Category killers ( such as Officeworks and Kids ' R Us ) as well as changes in the legal / statutory environment . For instance , in Australia and New Zealand , following a relaxation of laws prohibiting supermarkets from selling therapeutic goods , consumers are gradually switching away from pharmacies and towards supermarkets for the purchase of minor analgesics , cough and cold preparations and complementary medicines such as vitamins and herbal remedies . For the consumer , channel switching offers a more diverse shopping experience . However , marketers need to be alert to channel switching because of its potential to erode market share . Evidence of channel switching can suggest that disruptive forces are at play , and that consumer behaviour is undergoing fundamental changes . A consumer may be prompted to switch channels when the product or service can be found at cheaper prices , when superior models become available , when a wider range is offered , or simply because it is more convenient to shop through a different channel ( e.g. online or one - stop shopping ) . As a hedge against market share losses due to switching behaviour , some retailers engage in multi-channel retailing . Customer value ( edit ) The emergence of a service - dominant logic perspective has focussed scholarly attention on how distribution networks serve to create customer value and to consider how value is co-created by all the players within the distribution chain , including the value created by customers themselves . This emphasis on value - creation is contributing to a change in terminology surrounding distribution processes ; `` distribution networks '' are often termed value - chains while `` distribution centres '' are often termed customer fulfillment centres . For example , the retail giant Amazon , which utilises both direct online distribution alongside bricks and mortar stores , now calls its despatch centres `` customer fulfillment centres . '' Although the term , `` customer fulfillment centre '' has been criticised on the grounds that it is a neologism , its use is becoming increasingly mainstream as it slowly makes its way into introductory marketing textbooks . Disintermediation ( edit ) Disintermediation occurs when manufacturers or service providers eliminate intermediaries from the distribution network and deal directly with purchasers . Disintermediation is found in industries where radically new types of channel intermediaries displace traditional distributors . The widespread public acceptance of online shopping has been a major trigger for disintermediation in some industries . Certain types of traditional intermediaries are dropping by the wayside . See also ( edit ) Lists of distribution companies Agricultural marketing All commodity volume Cargo Distribution ( economics ) Distribution resource planning Document automation in supply chain management and logistics Extended Enterprise Good distribution practice ( GDP ) Logistics Liquid logistics Marketing Retail Value chain Value network Value proposition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dent , J. , Distribution Channels : Understanding and Managing Channels to Market , Kogan Page , 2011 , Chapter 1 Jump up ^ Armstrong , G. , Adam , S. , Denize , S. and Kotler , P. , Principles of Marketing , Sydney , Australia , Pearson , 2014 , pp 297 - 394 Jump up ^ Wright , R. , Marketing : Origins , Concepts , Environment , Holborn , London , Thomson Learning , 1999 , pp 250 - 251 Jump up ^ Business Dictionary , http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exclusive-distribution.html ^ Jump up to : Kotler , Keller and Burton , 2009 . Marketing Management , Pearson Education Australia : Frenchs Forest Jump up ^ `` Intensive Distribution : Definition , Strategy & Examples '' . Inevitable Steps . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrison , T.P. , Lee , H.L. and Neale. , J.J. , The Practice of Supply Chain Management , Springer , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 24099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Varey , E. , Marketing Communication : A Critical Introduction , Routledge , 2002 , p. 295 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary , https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wholesaler Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary , https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jobber Jump up ^ Murphy , P.E. , `` George E Brenkert - Marketing Ethics , '' ( Book Review ) , Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews , 24 May , 2009 < Online : http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/marketing-ethics/ Jump up ^ `` Explaining Consumers ' Channel - Switching Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Roy Morgan Research , `` How Vital are Vitamins : , Research Finding No. 5503 , Media Release , 14 March 2014 online : http://roymorgan.com.au/findings/5503-how-vital-are-vitamins-201403252241 Jump up ^ Reardon , J. , McCorkle , D.E. `` A Consumer Model for Channel Switching Behavior '' , International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management , Vol. 30 , no . 4 , pp. 179 - 185 Jump up ^ Dholakia1 , R.R. , Zhao , M. and Dholakia , N. , `` Multichannel retailing : A case study of early experiences. , '' Journal of Interactive Marketing , vol. 19 , March , 2009 , pp 63 -- 74 , DOI : 10.1002 / dir. 20035 Jump up ^ Flint , D.J. , and Mentzer , J.T. , `` Striving for Integrated Value Chain Management Given a Service - dominant Logic for Marketing , '' In R.F. Lusch and S.L. Vargo ( Eds . ) , The Service - dominant Logic of Marketing : Dialog , Debate , and Directions , Armonk , New York , ME Sharpe , 2006 , pp 139 -- 149 ; Tokman , M. , and Beitelspacher , L.S. , `` Supply Chain Networks and Service - dominant Logic : Suggestions for Future Research , '' International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management , Vol. 41 , No. 7 , pp 717 - 726 ; Yazdanparast , A. , Manuj , I. , and Swartz , S.M. , Co-creating Logistics Value : A Service - Dominant Logic Perspective , '' International Journal of Logistics Management , Vol. 21 , no . 3 , 2010 , pp 375 - 403 . Jump up ^ Murphy , J. , `` Amazon is Coming to Australia , and if these Projections are Correct , it 's Arrival is Going to be Massive , '' News.com , 29 April , 2017 ; Pearce , L. , `` Amazon : Everything You Need to Know about its Plans for Australia , '' Huffington Post , 22 August , 2017 Jump up ^ See for example , `` Placement : Customer Value Fulfilment , '' Chapter 10 in Gary Armstrong , Stewart Adam , Sara Denize , and Philip Kotler , Principles of Marketing , Asia - Pacific ed. , Australia , Pearson , 2014 Jump up ^ Armstrong , G. , Adam , S. , Denize , S. and Kotler , P. , Principles of Marketing , Asia - Pacific ed. , Australia , Pearson , 2014 , pp 315 - 316 External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Marketing pierce college.edu PDF , Product Distribution entrepreneur.com Distribution Models Difference between an agent , distributor and franchise GND : 4113325 - 0 NDL : 00572059 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_(marketing)&oldid=829095541 '' Categories : Distribution ( marketing ) Business terms Marketing Service industries Trade Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Македонски 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 16 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why companies form a suitable organisation for sales of their products | [
"Distribution is fundamentally concerned with ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost efficient manner. In the case of services, distribution is principally concerned with access.[1] Although distribution, as a concept, is relatively simple, in practice distribution management may involve a diverse range of activities and disciplines including: detailed logistics, transportation, warehousing, storage, inventory management as well as channel management including selection of channel members and rewarding distributors. [2]"
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"ensuring that products reach target customers"
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-113818803653623086 | First Amendment to the United States Constitution | First Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia First Amendment to the United States Constitution `` First Amendment '' redirects here . For the first amendments to other constitutions , see First Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion , prohibiting the free exercise of religion , or abridging the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st - century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Establishment of religion 3.1 Separationists 3.2 Accommodationists 4 Free exercise of religion 5 Freedom of speech and of the press 5.1 Wording of the clause 5.2 Speech critical of the government 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Extending protections 5.3 Political speech 5.3. 1 Anonymous speech 5.3. 2 Campaign finance 5.3. 3 Flag desecration 5.3. 4 Falsifying military awards 5.4 Compelled speech 5.5 Commercial speech 5.6 School speech 5.7 Internet access 5.8 Obscenity 5.9 Memoirs of convicted criminals 5.10 Defamation 5.11 Private action 5.12 Freedom of the press 6 Petition and assembly 7 Freedom of association 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the First Amendment Background Further information : Anti-Federalism In 1776 , the second year of the American Revolutionary War , the Virginia colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence `` The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty , and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments . '' Eight of the other twelve states made similar pledges . However , these declarations were generally considered `` mere admonitions to state legislatures '' , rather than enforceable provisions . James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . The U.S. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states . In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments , and his proposed draft of the First Amendment read as follows : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions , or remonstrances , for redress of their grievances . This language was greatly condensed by Congress , and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate , complicating future discussion of the Amendment 's intent . The First Amendment , along with the rest of the Bill of Rights , was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , and adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Establishment of religion Main article : Establishment Clause Thomas Jefferson wrote with respect to the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregational church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds : In the preamble of this act ( ... ) religious freedom is defined ; and after a recital ' that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion , and to restrain the profession or propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency , is a dangerous fallacy which at once destroys all religious liberty ' , it is declared ' that it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere ( only ) when ( religious ) principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order . ' In these two sentences is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State . Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) : The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject . Separationists U.S. President Thomas Jefferson wrote in his correspondence of `` a wall of separation between church and State '' . Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' . In Everson , the Court adopted Jefferson 's words . The Court has affirmed it often , with majority , but not unanimous , support . Warren Nord , in Does God Make a Difference ? , characterized the general tendency of the dissents as a weaker reading of the First Amendment ; the dissents tend to be `` less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . '' Beginning with Everson , which permitted New Jersey school boards to pay for transportation to parochial schools , the Court has used various tests to determine when the wall of separation has been breached . Everson laid down the test that establishment existed when aid was given to religion , but that the transportation was justifiable because the benefit to the children was more important . In the school prayer cases of the early 1960s , ( Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , aid seemed irrelevant ; the Court ruled on the basis that a legitimate action both served a secular purpose and did not primarily assist religion . In Walz v. Tax Commission ( 1970 ) , the Court ruled that a legitimate action could not entangle government with religion ; in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , these points were combined into the Lemon test , declaring that an action was an establishment if : the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion . The Lemon test has been criticized by justices and legal scholars , but it remains the predominant means by which the Court enforces the Establishment Clause . In Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) , the entanglement prong of the Lemon test was demoted to simply being a factor in determining the effect of the challenged statute or practice . In Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , the opinion of the Court considered secular purpose and the absence of primary effect ; a concurring opinion saw both cases as having treated entanglement as part of the primary purpose test . Further tests , such as the endorsement test and coercion test , have been developed to determine whether a government action violated the Establishment Clause . In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Accommodationists Accommodationists , in contrast , argue along with Justice William O. Douglas that `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' . This group holds that the Lemon test should be applied selectively . As such , for many conservatives , the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state church , not public acknowledgements of God nor `` developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . '' Free exercise of religion Main article : Free Exercise Clause `` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the now obsolete Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court required states to meet the `` strict scrutiny '' standard when refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . This meant that a government needed to have a `` compelling interest '' regarding such a refusal . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face '' , would be unconstitutional . The need for a compelling governmental interest was narrowed in Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) , which held no such interest was required under the Free Exercise Clause regarding a neutral law of general applicability that happens to affect a religious practice , as opposed to a law that targets a particular religious practice ( which does require a compelling governmental interest ) . In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court ruled Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable '' , the Court ruled that it needed to have a compelling interest , which it failed to have , and so was declared unconstitutional . In 1993 , the Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , seeking to restore the compelling interest requirement applied in Sherbert and Yoder . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , the Court struck down the provisions of RFRA that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment , on the grounds that while the Congress could enforce the Supreme Court 's interpretation of a constitutional right , the Congress could not impose its own interpretation on states and localities . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal laws and so those laws must still have a `` compelling interest '' . Freedom of speech and of the press Inscription of the First Amendment ( December 15 , 1791 ) in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Further information : Freedom of speech in the United States and United States free speech exceptions Wording of the Clause The First Amendment bars Congress from `` abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ... . '' U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article : `` I emphasize the word ' the ' in the term ' the freedom of speech ' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech . '' Stevens said that , otherwise , the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath . Like Stevens , journalist Anthony Lewis wrote : `` The word ' the ' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech . '' But what was understood at the time is not 100 % clear . In the late 1790s , the lead author of the speech and press clauses , James Madison , argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law : The practice in America must be entitled to much more respect . In every state , probably , in the Union , the press has exerted a freedom in canvassing the merits and measures of public men , of every description , which has not been confined to the strict limits of the common law . Madison wrote this in 1799 , when he was in a dispute about the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws , which was legislation enacted in 1798 by President John Adams ' Federalist Party to ban seditious libel . Madison believed that legislation to be unconstitutional , and his adversaries in that dispute , such as John Marshall , advocated the narrow freedom of speech that had existed in the English common law . Speech critical of the government The Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of any federal law regarding the Free Speech Clause until the 20th century . For example , the Supreme Court never ruled on the Alien and Sedition Acts ; three Supreme Court justices riding circuit presided over sedition trials without indicating any reservations . The leading critics of the law , Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment and other Constitutional provisions . Jefferson succeeded Adams as president , in part due to the unpopularity of the latter 's sedition prosecutions ; he and his party quickly overturned the Acts and pardoned those imprisoned by them . In the majority opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Court noted the importance of this public debate as a precedent in First Amendment law and ruled that the Acts had been unconstitutional : `` Although the Sedition Act was never tested in this Court , the attack upon its validity has carried the day in the court of history . '' World War I During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes formulated the clear and present danger test for free speech cases . In the first of these cases , Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft . Schenck appealed , arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . In Schenck v. United States , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Schenck 's appeal and affirmed his conviction . This conviction continued to be debated over whether Schenck went against the right to freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , writing for the Court , explained that `` the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . '' One week later , in Frohwerk v. United States , the court again upheld an Espionage Act conviction , this time that of a journalist who had criticized U.S. involvement in foreign wars . In Debs v. United States , the Court elaborated on the `` clear and present danger '' test established in Schenck . On June 16 , 1918 , Eugene V. Debs , a political activist , delivered a speech in Canton , Ohio , in which he spoke of `` most loyal comrades were paying the penalty to the working class -- these being Wagenknecht , Baker and Ruthenberg , who had been convicted of aiding and abetting another in failing to register for the draft . '' Following his speech , Debs was charged and convicted under the Espionage Act . In upholding his conviction , the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a `` clear and present danger '' , taken in context , the speech had a `` natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services '' . In Abrams v. United States , four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York ; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson 's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution . The majority upheld their conviction , but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented , holding that the government had demonstrated no `` clear and present danger '' in the four 's political advocacy . Extending protections Justice Louis Brandeis wrote several dissents in the 1920s upholding free speech claims . The Supreme Court denied a number of Free Speech Clause claims throughout the 1920s , including the appeal of a labor organizer , Benjamin Gitlow , who had been convicted after distributing a manifesto calling for a `` revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat '' . In Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Court upheld the conviction , but a majority also found that the First Amendment applied to state laws as well as federal laws , via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Holmes and Brandeis dissented in several more cases in this decade , however , advancing the argument that the Free Speech Clause protected a far greater range of political speech than the Court had previously acknowledged . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , in which Communist Party USA organizer Charlotte Anita Whitney had been arrested for `` criminal syndicalism '' , Brandeis wrote a dissent in which he argued for broader protections for political speech : Those who won our independence ... believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth ; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile ; that with them , discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine ; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people ; that public discussion is a political duty ; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government . In Herndon v. Lowry ( 1937 ) , the Court heard the case of African American Communist Party organizer Angelo Herndon , who had been convicted under the Slave Insurrection Statute for advocating black rule in the southern United States . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court reversed Herndon 's conviction , holding that Georgia had failed to demonstrate that there was any `` clear and present danger '' in Herndon 's political advocacy . In 1940 , Congress enacted the Smith Act , making it illegal to advocate `` the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence '' . The statute provided law enforcement a tool to combat Communist leaders . Eugene Dennis was convicted in the Foley Square trial for attempting to organize a Communist Party . In Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) , the Court upheld the law , 6 -- 2 . Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson relied on Holmes ' `` clear and present danger '' test as adapted by Learned Hand : `` In each case ( courts ) must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger . '' Clearly , Vinson suggested , clear and present danger did not intimate `` that before the Government may act , it must wait until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited . '' In a concurring opinion , Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a `` balancing test '' , which soon supplanted the `` clear and present danger '' test : The demands of free speech in a democratic society as well as the interest in national security are better served by candid and informed weighing of the competing interests , within the confines of the judicial process . In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act . During the Vietnam War , the Court 's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically . Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery , mutilation , or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) , fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the `` smooth and efficient functioning '' of the draft system , the next year , the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , expressly overruling Whitney v. California . Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms : ( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action . Brandenburg discarded the `` clear and present danger '' test introduced in Schenck and further eroded Dennis . In Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) , the Court voted 5 -- 4 to reverse the conviction of a man wearing a jacket reading `` Fuck the Draft '' in the corridors of a Los Angeles County courthouse . Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote in the majority opinion that Cohen 's jacket fell in the category of protected political speech despite the use of an expletive : `` one man 's vulgarity is another man 's lyric . '' Political speech Anonymous speech In Talley v. California ( 1960 ) , the Court struck down a Los Angeles city ordinance that made it a crime to distribute anonymous pamphlets . Justice Hugo Black wrote in the majority opinion : `` There can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression ... Anonymous pamphlets , leaflets , brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind . '' In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) , the Court struck down an Ohio statute that made it a crime to distribute anonymous campaign literature . However , in Meese v. Keene ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 , under which several Canadian films were defined as `` political propaganda '' , requiring their sponsors to be identified . Campaign finance See also : Campaign finance reform in the United States U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , plaintiff in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission In Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and related laws , which restricted the monetary contributions that may be made to political campaigns and expenditure by candidates . The Court affirmed the constitutionality of limits on campaign contributions , stating that they `` serve ( d ) the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion . '' However , the Court overturned the spending limits , which it found imposed `` substantial restraints on the quantity of political speech . '' The court again scrutinized campaign finance regulation in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The case centered on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA ) , a federal law that imposed new restrictions on campaign financing . The Supreme Court upheld provisions which barred the raising of soft money by national parties and the use of soft money by private organizations to fund certain advertisements related to elections . However , the Court struck down the `` choice of expenditure '' rule , which required that parties could either make coordinated expenditures for all its candidates , or permit candidates to spend independently , but not both , which the Court agreed `` placed an unconstitutional burden on the parties ' right to make unlimited independent expenditures . '' The Court also ruled that the provision preventing minors from making political contributions was unconstitutional , relying on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) , the Court sustained an `` as applied '' challenge to BCRA , holding that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election . In Davis v. Federal Election Commission ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court declared the `` Millionaire 's Amendment '' provisions of the BCRA to be unconstitutional . The Court held that easing BCRA restrictions for an opponent of a self - financing candidate spending at least $350,000 of his or her own money violated the freedom of speech of the self - financing candidate . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the BCRA 's federal restrictions on electoral advocacy by corporations or unions were unconstitutional for violating the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) , which had upheld a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury funds to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled the portion of McConnell that upheld such restrictions under the BCRA . In other words , the ruling was considered to hold that `` political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment '' . In McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) , the Court ruled that federal aggregate limits on how much a person can donate to candidates , political parties , and political action committees , combined respectively in a two - year period known as an `` election cycle , '' violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . Flag desecration The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed . The ambiguity with regard to flag - burning statutes was eliminated in Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) . In that case , Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag at a demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas . Charged with violating a Texas law prohibiting the vandalizing of venerated objects , Johnson was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . The Supreme Court reversed his conviction in a 5 -- 4 vote . Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote in the decision that `` if there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment , it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable . '' Congress then passed a federal law barring flag burning , but the Supreme Court struck it down as well in United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) . A Flag Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been proposed repeatedly in Congress since 1989 , and in 2006 failed to pass the Senate by a single vote . Falsifying military awards While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it . Compelled speech Main article : Compelled speech The Supreme Court has determined that the First Amendment also protects citizens from being compelled to say or pay for certain speech . In West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) , the Court ruled that school children could not be punished for refusing either to say the pledge of allegiance or salute the American flag . In National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) , the Court ruled that a California law that required crisis pregnancy centers to post notices informing patients that they can obtain free or low - cost abortions and include the number of the state agency that can connect the women with abortion providers violated those centers ' right to free speech . In Janus v. AFSCME ( 2018 ) , the Court ruled that requiring a public sector employee to pay dues to a union to which he is not a member violated the First Amendment . According to the Court , `` the First Amendment does not permit the government to compel a person to pay for another party 's speech just because the government thinks that the speech furthers the interests of the person who does not want to pay . '' Commercial speech Main article : Commercial speech Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia : The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech . Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . '' In Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) , the Court upheld a New York City ordinance forbidding the `` distribution in the streets of commercial and business advertising matter . '' Writing for a unanimous court , Justice Owen Roberts explained : This court has unequivocally held that streets are proper places for the exercise of the freedom of communicating information and disseminating opinion and that , though the states and municipalities may appropriately regulate the privilege in the public interest , they may not unduly burden or proscribe its employment in their public thoroughfares . We are equally clear that the Constitution imposes no such restraint on government as respects purely commercial advertising . In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) , the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection : What is at issue is whether a State may completely suppress the dissemination of concededly truthful information about entirely lawful activity , fearful of that information 's effect upon its disseminators and its recipients ... ( W ) e conclude that the answer to this one is in the negative . In Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association ( 1978 ) , the Court ruled that commercial speech was not protected by the First Amendment as much as other types of speech : We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech . In Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) , the Court clarified what analysis was required before the government could justify regulating commercial speech : Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ? Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices . School speech Main article : School speech In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court extended free speech rights to students in school . The case involved several students who were punished for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War . The Court ruled that the school could not restrict symbolic speech that did not `` materially and substantially '' interrupt school activities . Justice Abe Fortas wrote : First Amendment rights , applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment , are available to teachers and students . It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ... ( S ) chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism . School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students . Students ... are possessed of fundamental rights which the State must respect , just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State . In Healy v. James ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that Central Connecticut State College 's refusal to recognize a campus chapter of Students for a Democratic Society was unconstitutional , reaffirming Tinker . However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' . Internet access In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . '' Obscenity Further information : United States obscenity law Justice Potter Stewart wrote that while he could not precisely define pornography , he `` ( knew ) it when ( he saw ) it . '' The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time . In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work . The Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity . It also ruled that the Hicklin test was inappropriate ; instead , the Roth test for obscenity was `` whether to the average person , applying contemporary community standards , the dominant theme of the material , taken as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest '' . This definition proved hard to apply , however , and in the following decade , members of the Court often reviewed films individually in a court building screening room to determine if they should be considered obscene . Justice Potter Stewart , in Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) , famously stated that , although he could not precisely define pornography , `` I know it when I see it '' . The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . Under the Miller test , a work is obscene if : ( a ) ... ' the average person , applying contemporary community standards ' would find the work , as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest ... ( b ) ... the work depicts or describes , in a patently offensive way , sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law , and ( c ) ... the work , taken as a whole , lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value . Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount . Personal possession of obscene material in the home may not be prohibited by law . In Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( i ) f the First Amendment means anything , it means that a State has no business telling a man , sitting in his own house , what books he may read or what films he may watch . '' However , it is constitutionally permissible for the government to prevent the mailing or sale of obscene items , though they may be viewed only in private . Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) further upheld these rights by invalidating the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 , holding that , because the act `` ( p ) rohibit ( ed ) child pornography that does not depict an actual child '' it was overly broad and unconstitutional under the First Amendment and that : First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end . The right to think is the beginning of freedom , and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought . In United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) , the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003 , ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment , even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography . Memoirs of convicted criminals In some states , there are Son of Sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals from publishing memoirs for profit . These laws were a response to offers to David Berkowitz to write memoirs about the murders he committed . The Supreme Court struck down a law of this type in New York as a violation of the First Amendment in the case Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board ( 1991 ) . That statute did not prohibit publication of a memoir by a convicted criminal . Instead , it provided that all profits from the book were to be put in escrow for a time . The interest from the escrow account was used to fund the New York State Crime Victims Board -- an organization that pays the medical and related bills of victims of crime . Similar laws in other states remain unchallenged . Defamation Further information : United States defamation law Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , requiring the demonstration of `` actual malice '' in libel suits against public figures . American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following : Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice . An action of libel required the same five general points as slander , except that it specifically involved the publication of defamatory statements . For certain criminal charges of libel , such as seditious libel , the truth or falsity of the statements was immaterial , as such laws were intended to maintain public support of the government and true statements could damage this support even more than false ones . Instead , libel placed specific emphasis on the result of the publication . Libelous publications tended to `` degrade and injure another person '' or `` bring him into contempt , hatred or ridicule '' . Concerns that defamation under common law might be incompatible with the new republican form of government caused early American courts to struggle between William Blackstone 's argument that the punishment of `` dangerous or offensive writings ... ( was ) necessary for the preservation of peace and good order , of government and religion , the only solid foundations of civil liberty '' and the argument that the need for a free press guaranteed by the Constitution outweighed the fear of what might be written . Consequently , very few changes were made in the first two centuries after the ratification of the First Amendment . The Supreme Court 's ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) fundamentally changed American defamation law . The case redefined the type of `` malice '' needed to sustain a libel case . Common law malice consisted of `` ill - will '' or `` wickedness '' . Now , a public officials seeking to sustain a civil action against a tortfeasor needed to prove by `` clear and convincing evidence '' that there was actual malice . The case involved an advertisement published in The New York Times indicating that officials in Montgomery , Alabama had acted violently in suppressing the protests of African - Americans during the civil rights movement . The Montgomery Police Commissioner , L.B. Sullivan , sued the Times for libel , stating that the advertisement damaged his reputation . The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the $500,000 judgment against the Times . Justice Brennan suggested that public officials may sue for libel only if the publisher published the statements in question with `` actual malice '' -- `` knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not . '' In sum , the court held that `` the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements , even false ones , about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice ( with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity ) . '' While actual malice standard applies to public officials and public figures , in Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps ( 1988 ) , the Court found that , with regard to private individuals , the First Amendment does `` not necessarily force any change in at least some features of the common - law landscape . '' In Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) the Court ruled that `` actual malice '' need not be shown in cases involving private individuals , holding that `` ( i ) n light of the reduced constitutional value of speech involving no matters of public concern ... the state interest adequately supports awards of presumed and punitive damages -- even absent a showing of ' actual malice . ' '' In Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) , the Court ruled that a private individual had to prove actual malice only to be awarded punitive damages , but not to seek actual damages . In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) , the Court extended the `` actual malice '' standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress in a ruling which protected parody , in this case a fake advertisement in Hustler suggesting that evangelist Jerry Falwell 's first sexual experience had been with his mother in an outhouse . Since Falwell was a public figure , the Court ruled that `` importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern '' was the paramount concern , and reversed the judgement Falwell had won against Hustler for emotional distress . In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment offers no wholesale exception to defamation law for statements labeled `` opinion '' , but instead that a statement must be provably false ( falsifiable ) before it can be the subject of a libel suit . Nonetheless , it has been argued that Milkovich and other cases effectively provide for an opinion privilege . In consequence a significant number of states have enacted state opinion privilege laws . Private action State constitutions provide free speech protections similar to those of the U.S. Constitution . In a few states , such as California , a state constitution has been interpreted as providing more comprehensive protections than the First Amendment . The Supreme Court has permitted states to extend such enhanced protections , most notably in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins . In that case , the Court unanimously ruled that while the First Amendment may allow private property owners to prohibit trespass by political speakers and petition - gatherers , California was permitted to restrict property owners whose property is equivalent to a traditional public forum ( often shopping malls and grocery stores ) from enforcing their private property rights to exclude such individuals . However , the Court did maintain that shopping centers could impose `` reasonable restrictions on expressive activity '' . Subsequently , New Jersey , Colorado , Massachusetts and Puerto Rico courts have adopted the doctrine ; California 's courts have repeatedly reaffirmed it . Freedom of the press Further information : Freedom of the press in the United States The free speech and free press clauses have been interpreted as providing the same protection to speakers as to writers , except for wireless broadcasting which has been given less constitutional protection . The Free Press Clause protects the right of individuals to express themselves through publication and dissemination of information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . This right was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' that is not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined `` press '' as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion '' . This right has been extended to media including newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . While it is an open question whether people who blog or use social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected equally by the Free Speech Clause and the Free Press Clause , because both clauses do not distinguish between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers . This is further shown by the Supreme Court consistently refusing to recognize the First Amendment as providing greater protection to the institutional media than to other speakers . For example , in a case involving campaign finance laws the Court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . A landmark decision for press freedom came in Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) , in which the Supreme Court rejected prior restraint ( pre-publication censorship ) . In this case , the Minnesota legislature passed a statute allowing courts to shut down `` malicious , scandalous and defamatory newspapers '' , allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told `` with good motives and for justifiable ends '' . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states , rejecting the statute as unconstitutional . Hughes quoted Madison in the majority decision , writing , `` The impairment of the fundamental security of life and property by criminal alliances and official neglect emphasizes the primary need of a vigilant and courageous press '' . The leak of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg ( pictured here in 2006 ) led to New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , a landmark press freedom decision . However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified . The courts have rarely treated content - based regulation of journalism with any sympathy . In Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) , the Court unanimously struck down a state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates to publish their responses . The state claimed that the law had been passed to ensure journalistic responsibility . The Supreme Court found that freedom , but not responsibility , is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish . Content - based regulation of television and radio , however , have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases . Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations , the government licenses them to various companies . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue . The government may restrain broadcasters , but only on a content - neutral basis . In Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission 's authority to restrict the use of `` indecent '' material in broadcasting . State governments retain the right to tax newspapers , just as they may tax other commercial products . Generally , however , taxes that focus exclusively on newspapers have been found unconstitutional . In Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) , the Court invalidated a state tax on newspaper advertising revenues , holding that the role of the press in creating `` informed public opinion '' was vital . Similarly , some taxes that give preferential treatment to the press have been struck down . In Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland ( 1987 ) , for instance , the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting `` religious , professional , trade and sports journals '' from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content . In Leathers v. Medlock ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently , such as by taxing cable television , but not newspapers . The Court found that `` differential taxation of speakers , even members of the press , does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at , or presents the danger of suppressing , particular ideas . '' In Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment did not give a journalist the right to refuse a subpoena from a grand jury . The issue decided in the case was whether a journalist could refuse to `` appear and testify before state and Federal grand juries '' basing the refusal on the belief that such appearance and testimony `` abridges the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment '' . The 5 -- 4 decision was that such a protection was not provided by the First Amendment . However , a concurring opinion by Justice Lewis F. Powell , in which he stated that a claim for press privilege `` should be judged on its facts by the striking of a proper balance between freedom of the press and the obligation of all citizens to give relevant testimony with respect to criminal conduct . The balance of these vital constitutional and societal interests on a case - by - case basis accords with the tried and traditional way of adjudicating such questions . '' , has been frequently cited by lower courts since the decision . Petition and assembly Further information : Right to petition in the United States and Freedom of assembly Chief Justice Morrison Waite ruled in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) that the right of assembly was a secondary right to the right to petition . The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue . In California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , the Supreme Court stated that the right to petition encompass `` the approach of citizens or groups of them to administrative agencies ( which are both creatures of the legislature , and arms of the executive ) and to courts , the third branch of Government . Certainly the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government . The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of petition . '' Today thus this right encompasses petitions to all three branches of the federal government -- the Congress , the executive and the judiciary -- and has been extended to the states through incorporation . According to the Supreme Court , `` redress of grievances '' is to be construed broadly : it includes not solely appeals by the public to the government for the redressing of a grievance in the traditional sense , but also , petitions on behalf of private interests seeking personal gain . The right not only protects demands for `` a redress of grievances '' but also demands for government action . The petition clause includes according to the Supreme Court the opportunity to institute non-frivolous lawsuits and mobilize popular support to change existing laws in a peaceful manner . In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) , the Supreme Court stated regarding the Free Speech Clause and the Petition Clause : It is not necessary to say that the two Clauses are identical in their mandate or their purpose and effect to acknowledge that the rights of speech and petition share substantial common ground ... Both speech and petition are integral to the democratic process , although not necessarily in the same way . The right to petition allows citizens to express their ideas , hopes , and concerns to their government and their elected representatives , whereas the right to speak fosters the public exchange of ideas that is integral to deliberative democracy as well as to the whole realm of ideas and human affairs . Beyond the political sphere , both speech and petition advance personal expression , although the right to petition is generally concerned with expression directed to the government seeking redress of a grievance . The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions . In two 1960s decisions collectively known as forming the Noerr - Pennington doctrine , the Court established that the right to petition prohibited the application of antitrust law to statements made by private entities before public bodies : a monopolist may freely go before the city council and encourage the denial of its competitor 's building permit without being subject to Sherman Act liability . Freedom of Association Further information : Freedom of association § United States Constitution Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association , the Supreme Court ruled , in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ( 1958 ) , that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom . The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends '' . In Roberts the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group 's expression , such as gender . However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association . See also Freedom of Speech Censorship in the United States Freedom of thought Free speech zones Government speech List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment Marketplace of ideas Military expression Photography is Not a Crime Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Williamsburg Charter References Notes Jump up ^ Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate because he had ordered the prosecutions when he was Attorney General . Jump up ^ Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc ( 1961 ) and United Mine Workers v. Pennington ( 1965 ) Citations Jump up ^ `` First Amendment '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beeman 2009 , pp. 341 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Charles , et al . The First Amendment in Schools : A Guide from the First Amendment Center , p. 13 ( Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , 2003 ) . Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states , which was completely rejected : `` No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' Madison , James . `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' ( June 8 , 1789 ) via The Founders ' Constitution . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights : December 15 , 1791 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists -- The Final Letter , as Sent on January 1 , 1802 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated . Jump up ^ Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , 512 U.S. 687 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Grumet , 512 U.S. at 703 . Jump up ^ Van Orden v. Perry , 545 U.S. 677 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ McCreary County v. ACLU , 545 U.S. 844 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Salazar v. Buono , 559 U.S. 700 ( 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` In the words of ( Thomas ) Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' from the Everson decision Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 20 June 1785 ) . `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious AssessmentsPapers '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . pp. 8 : 298 -- 304 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Mannino : Shaping America : the Supreme Court and American society , University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ; p. 149 ; Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated ; Chap. 7 . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord , Does God Make a Difference ? , Oxford University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kritzer , H.M. ; Richards , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking : The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases '' . Law & Society Review . 37 : 827 -- 40 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0023 - 9216.2003. 03704005. x . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . www.lincoln.edu . Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ For the coercion test see Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : David Shultz . Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court . Infobase Publishing . p. 144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Accommodationists , on the other hand , read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another , but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional . They apply Lemon only selectively because `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord . Does God Make a Difference ? . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . First Amendment Politics : At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation , I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause , while liberals tend to favor strong readings . That is , conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . Liberals , by contrast , have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities . Jump up ^ Robert Devigne . Recasting Conservatism : Oakeshott , Strauss , and the Response to Postmodernism . Yale University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment . They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education : `` The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . '' The establishment clause , conservatives insist , precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Cases : Reynolds v. United States , 1879 '' . PHSchool.com . Pearson Prentice Hall . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. United States -- 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Jump up ^ `` Cantwell v. Connecticut -- 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ John G. West , Jr . ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Employment Division , Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye , Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Steven A. Engel ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment : City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5 '' . The Yale Law Journal . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. UDV , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . American Law Yearkbook . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul . `` The Freedom of Speech '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 102 , p. 1296 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Dry , Murray . Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth : The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism , pp. 68 -- 70 ( Lexington Books 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , at 276 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Espionage Act , 1917 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2006 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0393058808 . Jump up ^ Schenck , at 52 ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Debs v. United States , 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Debs , at 213 Jump up ^ Debs , at 216 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Whitney v. California , 274 U.S. 357 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2385 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 497 Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dennis , at 510 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 509 Jump up ^ Yates v. United States , 354 U.S. 298 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ 50a U.S.C. § 462 Jump up ^ O'Brien , at 379 Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 447 Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 450 -- 1 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Talley v. California , 362 U.S. 60 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Chiger , Stephen J. ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Cybersmear : telecommunication 's 200 - year - old riddle '' . Communications and the Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 13 , 1994 ) . `` Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meese v. Keene , 481 U.S. 465 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kamen , Al ( April 29 , 1987 ) . `` Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films ` Propaganda ' '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Buckley , at 58 Jump up ^ Buckley , at 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McConnell , at 213 Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , 551 U.S. 449 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davis v. Federal Election Commission , 554 U.S. 724 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Gedge ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wholly foreign to the First Amendment ' : the demise of campaign finance 's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Citizens United v. FEC , 558 U.S. 310 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ See Part III of the Opinion of the Court in Citizens United Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , SCOTUSblog , n.d. Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission , 572 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Divided Court strikes down campaign contribution caps : In Plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Street v. New York ) , 394 U.S. 576 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 578 ( quoting the New York Penal Law , § 1425 , subd. 16 ) . Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California , Stromberg v. California , 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931 ) . Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. at 581 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , at 414 Jump up ^ United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Holusha , John ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704 , citing 42 Stat. 1286 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 103 - 322 , The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , § 320109 ( p. 318 of the PDF version ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crewdson , John ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ United States v. Alvarez , 567 U.S. 709 ( 2012 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Amy Howe ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Opinion analysis : Divided court rules for anti-abortion pregnancy centers in challenge to California law '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amy Howe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Opinion analysis : Court strikes down public - sector union fees '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products , 463 U.S. 60 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Bolger , 463 U.S. at 67 . Jump up ^ Valentine v. Chrestensen , 316 U.S. 52 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 53 . Jump up ^ Valentine , 316 U.S. at 54 . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , 425 U.S. 748 ( 1976 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board , 425 U.S. at 773 . Jump up ^ Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association , 436 U.S. 447 ( 1978 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ Ohralik , 436 U.S. at 455 . Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission , 447 U.S. 557 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bethel School District v. Fraser , 478 U.S. 675 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier , 484 U.S. 260 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick , 551 U.S. 393 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Dan V. ; Bullard , Melissa E. ; Deets , Kristen ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Uncertain Rights : Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick '' . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court strikes down North Carolina law banning sex offenders from social media '' . Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' . www.oyez.org . Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regina v. Hicklin , ( 1868 ) L.R. 3 Q.B. 360 Jump up ^ Rosen , at 43 ^ Jump up to : `` Obscenity '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth v. United States , 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Roth , at 489 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Jacobellis v. Ohio , 378 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Jacobellis , at 197 Jump up ^ Peter Lattman ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Origins of Justice Stewart 's ' I Know It When I See It ' '' . Wall Street Journal . LawBlog at The Wall Street Journal Online . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Miller , at 39 Jump up ^ New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Osborne v. Ohio , 495 U.S. 103 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Ferber , at 761 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Stanley v. Georgia , 394 U.S. 557 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Stanley , at 565 Jump up ^ Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition , 535 U.S. 234 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 240 Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 253 Jump up ^ United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Opinion of the Court in Williams Jump up ^ Craig King ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Protecting children speech that crosses the line '' . The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Brand ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Julie Hilden discusses laws and ethics surrounding the intellectual property rights of prisoners '' . NPR -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board , 502 U.S. 105 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Simon & Schuster v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newell 1898 , pp. 37 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Newell 1898 , pp. 33 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1994 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sullivan at 280 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times v. Sullivan '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Westmoreland v. CBS , 596 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D.N.Y. 1984 ) Jump up ^ Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps , 475 U.S. 767 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Hepps at 775 Jump up ^ Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Greenmoss at 761 Jump up ^ `` Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. 418 U.S. 323 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hustler Magazine v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. , 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esward M. Sussman , Milkovich revisited : `` Saving '' the Opinion Privilege , Duke Law Journal , pp. 415 -- 48 Jump up ^ Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins , 447 U.S. 74 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Returning to the PruneYard : the unconstitutionality of state - sanctioned trespass in the name of speech '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pruneyard , at 94 Jump up ^ Mulligan , Josh ( 2004 ) . `` Finding A Forum in the Simulated City : Mega Malls , Gated Towns , and the Promise of Pruneyard '' . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 13 : 533 , 557 . ISSN 1069 - 0565 . Jump up ^ Empresas Puertorriqueñas de Desarrollo , Inc. v. Hermandad Independiente de Empleados Telefónicos , 150 D.P.R. 924 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gateway Ctr . v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n , 26 Cal . 4th 1013 ( 2001 ) ; Costco Companies , Inc. v. Gallant , 96 Cal . App . 4th 740 ( 2002 ) ; Fashion Valley Mall , LLC , v. National Labor Relations Board , 42 Cal . 4th 850 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution , p. 409 ( Forte and Spalding , eds. , The Heritage Foundation 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 -- 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundation 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` First Amendment ( United States Constitution ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Schauer ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , 418 U.S. 241 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hevesi ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Paul , 85 , leading lawyer for press freedom '' . The Boston Globe . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , 438 U.S. 726 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U.S. 233 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland , 481 U.S. 221 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Leathers v. Medlock , 499 U.S. 439 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Leathers , at 453 Jump up ^ Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Branzburg , 667 Jump up ^ `` Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rights of Assembly & Petition -- First Amendment U.S. Constitution -- Findlaw '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , 404 U.S. 508 ( 1972 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ California Motor Transport Co. , 404 U.S. at 510 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Petition '' . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc. , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 ) ^ Jump up to : Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri , 564 U.S. 379 ( 2011 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 Jump up ^ William Cooney ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Competition and the Noerr - Pennington doctrine : When should political activity be barred under European community competition law ? '' . The George Washington International Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc . Change 5 Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Seana Valentine ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Boy Scouts of America v. Dale '' . Gender Issues and Sexuality : Essential Primary Sources . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Bibliography Abrams , Floyd ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Speaking freely . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 726 - 6 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jasper , Margaret C. ( 1999 ) . The Law of Speech and the First Amendment . Oceana Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 11335 - 8 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Nelson , William Edward ( 1994 ) . Americanization of the Common Law : The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society , 1760 - 1830 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1587 - 4 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Newell , Martin L. ( 1898 ) . The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases : As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America . Callaghan . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01819 - 2 . Further reading Curtis , Michael Kent ( 2000 ) . Free Speech , `` The People 's Darling Privilege '' : Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822325292 . Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 . Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 . Thomas I. Emerson , `` Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment '' , Yale Law Journal , vol. 72 , no . 5 ( 1963 ) , pp. 877 -- 956 . In JSTOR . Godwin , Mike ( 2003 ) . Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age . MIT Press . ISBN 0262571684 . P. Irons , A People 's History of the Supreme Court New York : Penguin , 1999 . McLeod , Kembrew ( 2007 ) . Freedom of Expression : Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property . foreword by Lawrence Lessig . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0816650314 . Kabala , James S. , Church - State Relations in the Early American Republic , 1787 - 1846 . London : Pickering and Chatto , 2013 . J. Kilman and G. Costello ( eds . ) , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. ( 2000 ) . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . pp. 173 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03917 - 3 . OCLC 173659591 . Nicholas P. Miller , The Religious Roots of the First Amendment : Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State . New York : Oxford University Press , 2012 . Nelson , Samuel P. ( 2005 ) . Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801881730 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` First Amendment to the United States Constitution '' dated 2006 - 06 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutFirst Amendment to the United States Constitutionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Cornell Law School -- Annotated Constitution First Amendment Center -- The First Amendment Library at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 2004 - 10 - 16 ) Cohen , Henry ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom of Speech and Press : Exceptions to the First Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Legislative Attorney . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . hide United States First Amendment case law Establishment Clause Public funding Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) Public displays Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) School prayer Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) Creationism Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) Legislature prayer Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) Other McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. ( 1985 ) Texas Monthly , Inc. v. Bullock ( 1989 ) Hosanna - Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 2012 ) Free Exercise Clause Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) Davis v. Beason ( 1890 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) Murdock v. Pennsylvania ( 1943 ) United States v. Ballard ( 1944 ) Braunfeld v. Brown ( 1961 ) Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church ( 1969 ) Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) Harris v. McRae ( 1980 ) Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division ( 1981 ) United States v. Lee ( 1982 ) Bob Jones University v. United States ( 1983 ) Bowen v. Roy ( 1986 ) Goldman v. Weinberger ( 1986 ) Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton ( 2002 ) Cutter v. Wilkinson ( 2005 ) Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia , Inc. v. Comer ( 2017 ) Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission ( 2018 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Freedom of speech ( portal ) Sedition and imminent danger Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten ( S.D.N.Y. 1917 ) Schenck v. United States ( 1919 ) Abrams v. United States ( 1919 ) Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board ( 1955 , 1961 ) Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) Bond v. Floyd ( 1966 ) Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) Hess v. Indiana ( 1973 ) False speech United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) Fighting words and the heckler 's veto Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire ( 1942 ) Terminiello v. Chicago ( 1949 ) Feiner v. New York ( 1951 ) Gregory v. Chicago ( 1969 ) National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie ( 1977 ) R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul ( 1992 ) Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ) Elonis v. United States ( 2015 ) Freedom of assembly and public forums Hague v. CIO ( 1939 ) Schneider v. New Jersey ( 1939 ) Thornhill v. Alabama ( 1940 ) Martin v. City of Struthers ( 1943 ) Marsh v. Alabama ( 1946 ) Niemotko v. Maryland ( 1951 ) Edwards v. South Carolina ( 1963 ) Cox v. Louisiana ( 1965 ) Brown v. Louisiana ( 1966 ) Adderley v. Florida ( 1966 ) Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne ( 1968 ) Coates v. Cincinnati ( 1971 ) Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe ( 1971 ) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner ( 1972 ) Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins ( 1980 ) Hill v. Colorado ( 2000 ) McCullen v. Coakley ( 2014 ) Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) Symbolic speech Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) Smith v. Goguen ( 1974 ) Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) Virginia v. Black ( 2003 ) Compelled speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Wooley v. Maynard ( 1977 ) Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International , Inc. ( 2013 ) National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra ( 2018 ) Compelled subsidy of others ' speech Abood v. Detroit Board of Education ( 1977 ) Communications Workers of America v. Beck ( 1978 ) Keller v. State Bar of California ( 1990 ) Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth ( 2000 ) Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association ( 2005 ) Davenport v. Washington Education Association ( 2007 ) Knox v. Service Employees International Union , Local 1000 ( 2012 ) Harris v. Quinn ( 2014 ) Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n ( 2016 ) Janus v. AFSCME ( 2018 ) Loyalty oaths American Communications Association v. Douds ( 1950 ) Garner v. Board of Public Works ( 1951 ) Speiser v. Randall ( 1958 ) Keyishian v. Board of Regents ( 1967 ) Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb ( 1974 ) School speech Minersville School District v. Gobitis ( 1940 ) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) Island Trees School District v. Pico ( 1982 ) Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) Rosenberger v. University of Virginia ( 1995 ) Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) Obscenity Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( S.D.N.Y. 1933 ) Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) Smith v. California ( 1959 ) Marcus v. Search Warrant ( 1961 ) MANual Enterprises v. Day ( 1962 ) Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) Quantity of Books v. Kansas ( 1964 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Ginzburg v. United States ( 1966 ) Memoirs v. Massachusetts ( 1966 ) Redrup v. New York ( 1967 ) Ginsberg v. New York ( 1968 ) Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) United States v. Thirty - seven Photographs ( 1971 ) Kois v. Wisconsin ( 1972 ) Miller v. California ( 1973 ) Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton ( 1973 ) United States v. 12 200 - ft . Reels of Film ( 1973 ) Jenkins v. Georgia ( 1974 ) Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville ( 1975 ) Young v. American Mini Theatres ( 1976 ) New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) American Booksellers v. Hudnut ( 7th Cir. , 1985 ) Renton v. Playtime Theatres , Inc. ( 1986 ) People v. Freeman ( Cal. 1988 ) Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) United States v. X-Citement Video ( 1994 ) Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 1997 ) United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group ( 2000 ) Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union ( 2002 ) Nitke v. Gonzales ( S.D.N.Y. , 2005 ) United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations ( 2012 ) American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland ( 6th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Kilbride ( 9th Cir. , 2009 ) United States v. Stevens ( 2010 ) Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association ( 2011 ) Public employees Pickering v. Board of Education ( 1968 ) Perry v. Sindermann ( 1972 ) Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth ( 1972 ) Mt . Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle ( 1977 ) Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District ( 1979 ) Connick v. Myers ( 1983 ) Rankin v. McPherson ( 1987 ) Waters v. Churchill ( 1994 ) Garcetti v. Ceballos ( 2006 ) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) Heffernan v. City of Paterson ( 2016 ) Hatch Act and similar laws Ex parte Curtis ( 1882 ) United Public Workers v. Mitchell ( 1947 ) United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers ( 1973 ) Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( 1973 ) Licensing and restriction of speech Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio ( 1915 ) Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson ( 1952 ) NAACP v. Button ( 1963 ) Freedman v. Maryland ( 1965 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Hoffman Estates v . The Flipside , Hoffman Estates , Inc. ( 1982 ) Walker v. Texas Division , Sons of Confederate Veterans ( 2015 ) Matal v. Tam ( 2017 ) Commercial speech Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. ( 1970 ) Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations ( 1973 ) Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 1974 ) Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) Bates v. State Bar of Arizona ( 1977 ) Linmark Associates , Inc. v. Willingboro ( 1977 ) Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) Consol . Edison Co. v. Public Serv . Comm'n ( 1980 ) Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio ( 1985 ) Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California ( 1986 ) Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) San Francisco Arts & Athletics , Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee ( 1987 ) 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. ( 2011 ) Campaign finance and political speech Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley ( 1981 ) Brown v. Socialist Workers ' 74 Campaign Committee ( 1982 ) Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington ( 1983 ) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life ( 1986 ) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC ( 1996 ) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC ( 2000 ) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White ( 2002 ) McConnell v. FEC ( 2003 ) Randall v. Sorrell ( 2006 ) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) Davis v. FEC ( 2008 ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 ) McComish v. Bennett ( 2011 ) American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock ( 2012 ) McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) Williams - Yulee v . The Florida Bar ( 2015 ) Freedom of the press Prior restraints and censorship Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) Hannegan v. Esquire , Inc. ( 1946 ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart ( 1976 ) Landmark Communications , Inc. v. Virginia ( 1978 ) Tory v. Cochran ( 2005 ) Privacy Time , Inc. v. Hill ( 1967 ) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn ( 1975 ) Florida Star v. B.J.F. ( 1989 ) Taxation and privileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner ( 1983 ) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois ( 1952 ) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts ( 1967 ) Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n , Inc. v. Bresler ( 1970 ) Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) Time , Inc. v. Firestone ( 1976 ) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States , Inc. ( 1984 ) Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) McDonald v. Smith ( 1985 ) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) Harte - Hanks Communications , Inc. v. Connaughton ( 1989 ) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) Obsidian Finance Group , LLC v. Cox ( 9th Cir. , 2014 ) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC ( 1969 ) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation ( 1978 ) Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. v. FCC ( 1994 ) Bartnicki v. Vopper ( 2001 ) Copyrighted materials Zacchini v. Scripps - Howard Broadcasting Co. ( 1977 ) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises ( 1985 ) Freedom of association Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath ( 1951 ) Watkins v. United States ( 1957 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) NAACP v. Button ( 1963 ) Baggett v. Bullitt ( 1964 ) In re Primus ( 1978 ) Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , & Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book GND : 4443922 - 2 LCCN : n81096440 VIAF : 179830264 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=849180838 '' Categories : 1791 in American politics 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Christianity and law in the 18th century First Amendment to the United States Constitution Freedom of religion in the United States Separation of church and state in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template other archives Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 03 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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"The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.\n"
] | [
"freedom of speech"
] |
-7561571577706830216 | The Originals (season 4) | The Originals ( Season 4 ) - wikipedia The Originals ( Season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Originals ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release March 17 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) -- June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Originals episodes The Originals , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a fourth season by The CW on March 17 , 2016 , by The CW 's President , Mark Pedowitz . The 2016 -- 17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason , which saw the fourth - season premiere on March 17 , 2017 . It concluded on June 23 , 2017 , after 13 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals characters Main ( edit ) Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson / The Hollow Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson / The Hollow Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall - Kenner Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus `` Marcel '' Gerard / Josh Rosza Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson Recurring ( edit ) Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza Taylor Cole as Sofya Voronova ( herself ; possessed by The Hollow ) Debra Mooney as Mary Dumas Christina Moses as Keelin Summer Fontana as Hope Mikaelson ( herself ; possessed by The Hollow ) Alkoya Brunson as Adam Folsom Karan Kendrick as Maxine Folsom Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson Jason Dohring as Detective Will Kinney Darri Ingolfsson as Dominic Blu Hunt as Inadu `` The Hollow '' Madelyn Cline as Jessica Najah Jackson as Amy Special guest ( edit ) Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson Leah Pipes as Camille `` Cami '' O'Connell Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Guest ( edit ) Neil Jackson as Alistair Duquesne Keahu Kahuanui as Eddie Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Eva Sinclair Lyndon Smith as Lara Sebastian Roché as Mikael / The Hollow Aiden Flowers as Klaus Mikaelson ( young ) Alan Heckner as Richard Xavier Dumas Ahmed Lucan as Nathaniel Chase Vasser as Laurent Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 67 `` Gather Up the Killers '' Lance Anderson Michael Russo & Michael Narducci March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 401 1.05 Picking up five years since the defeat of Klaus and the expulsion of the Mikaelsons from New Orleans , their compound is in a state of disrepair and Marcel is the sole vampire king of the city . He welcomes all the un-sired vampires to New Orleans , only to find they pose an unexpected threat to his rule , leading him to seek counsel from an unlikely source . Meanwhile , Hayley closes in on the cure that will allow her to revive Elijah and the slumbering Mikaelsons , but she faces a final task that will force her to make a ruthless decision to abduct Keelin , a fellow werewolf . Elsewhere , Vincent learns of a potential threat to the coven when he begins investigating the disappearance of the son of a coven member . 68 `` No Quarter '' Bethany Rooney Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 402 0.99 Now awake , the Originals plan a mission to rescue Klaus ; while Rebekah lures Marcel to the cemetery as a distraction , Elijah , Hayley , Freya and Kol track down Joshua and force him to point out where Marcel is keeping Klaus . In the meantime , Klaus is tormented by Camille 's illusion , who is pressing him to find the strength to find a way to escape . Meanwhile , Vincent continues his search for Maxine 's son and the search leads him to an abandoned house where Vincent is beset by a powerful blue light that he recognizes as the new threat to both him and other missing children . 69 `` Haunter of Ruins '' Jeffrey Hunt Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 403 0.93 With the Mikaelsons hiding out at a plantation on the outskirts of the city , Klaus demands one day to try to connect with his seven - year - old daughter Hope , whom they warmly bond over their stories about Klaus ' past . Freya is still keeping the werewolf Keelin captive to make more werewolf antivenom despite Hayley 's protests to let her go . Meanwhile , Vincent informs Marcel about the new evil called the Hollow , which a secret coven is abducting children to be used as a ritual sacrifice to bring upon the Hollow 's pure form . Vincent also flashes back to years earlier with his wife Eva and how she persuaded him to summon the Hollow . 70 `` Keepers of the House '' Joseph Morgan Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 404 1.08 When Hope is overcome by the Hollow 's evil spell , both Klaus and Marcel are forced to ask each other for help to assist Vincent 's search for the missing children before they can be sacrificed and the Hollow 's power will become invulnerable . Meanwhile , Freya re-captures Keelin and imprisons her at the church tower to further use her for other purposes , which include breaking into Marcel 's penthouse to search for a spell instruction to solidify Freya 's power . Hayley searches for a potential werewolf to learn more about the Hollow and of its power over Hope . 71 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' Chris Grismer Kyle Arrington April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 405 0.87 With both Klaus and Marcel under the influence of the Hollow 's power over them , they fight among their personal demons ( Mikael and Elijah , respectively ) to resist a confrontation where they are persuaded to fight to the death . Sofya tries to keep Marcel contained , as Vincent does the same in his search for a way to fight the Hollow 's influence . Meanwhile , both Freya and Keelin continue to bond while working together to help out Klaus before a lethal confrontation begins with him and Marcel . 72 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' Jesse Warn Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 406 0.96 When they discover that The Hollow has employed a mysterious servant to do its bidding , Klaus and Elijah host an elaborate party at the restored Mikaelson compound in order to lure the new threat out and uncover its identity . Feeling a sense of responsibility for The Hollow 's resurgence , Vincent agrees to help Klaus and Elijah in using his magic to help the Mikaelsons root out this latest threat . Meanwhile , after uncovering information about who may have been behind her parents ' death , Hayley turns to Freya to help unlock her memories from that fateful day . Freya continues to keep a close eye on Keelin who shows up at the party , as does Sofya who has a quarrel with words with Klaus . Elsewhere , Marcel appears now confined in the same underground prison where he kept Klaus . 73 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' Charles Michael Davis Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 407 0.93 Freya places a protection spell on the compound when it 's discovered that the Hollow 's latest servant is on the loose , but it forces Klaus , Hayley and Hope to remain trapped inside with nowhere to go , as Marcel plots to befriend Hope in order to try to help him escape form his confinement . Meanwhile , Elijah takes matters into his own hands when he forces a reluctant Vincent to perform a dangerous ritual at the cemetery needed to strengthen their defense against the Hollow . Also , Freya enacts a risky plan by using Josh as bait which brings her face to face with their latest threat , but an unexpected twist involving her growing romantic feelings for Keelin leaves Freya 's life hanging in the balance . 74 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' John Hyams Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 408 0.85 After being summoned by the witch 's ancestors , Hayley and Klaus travel to the ancestral world plane of existence and come face to face with Davina , Klaus ' former foe and the one person who claims that she holds the secrets to The Hollow 's demise . Meanwhile , Elijah and Marcel are forced into an uneasy alliance where they meet up with Alaric ( guest star Matt Davis ) who has tracked down a crucial artifact that could help in their fight against The Hollow . But Sofya is one step ahead of them as she plots to steal the artifact for herself and the Hollow 's minions . 75 9 `` Queen Death '' Nicole Rubio Beau DeMayo May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 409 0.84 When The Hollow sends a terrifying message to Vincent , he must team up with Haley and Freya to embark on a desperate mission to stop the Hollow once and for all ... even if it requires a heartbreaking sacrifice of Elijah whose life is slowly draining from him due to Sofya staking him with white oak thorns . Refusing to allow anyone in his family to pay the high price of defeating their enemy , Klaus makes a surprising alliance with Marcel and enacts a plan to take down Sofya that threatens to change the Mikaelson family forever . 76 10 `` Phantomesque '' Daniel Gillies K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) 410 1.03 Klaus requests that his estranged siblings , Rebekah and Kol , return to New Orleans to help him out in his stand against The Hollow which has now re-entered corporeal existence in the form of a young woman . Meanwhile , Freya recruits Hayley for a dangerous task to enter the dead Elijah 's mind to repair the broken amulet containing his soul that will put both their lives at risk ... but may be the sole means of saving someone they love . When the task proves more difficult then thought , Hope decides to help out Freya and Hayley . Elsewhere , tensions rise when Marcel leads a hunt for The Hollow and putting him on a collision course with the person he was least prepared to face . Also , as Kol continues to mourn the loss of Davina , he is forced to consider the lengths he 'd go to see her again when he also comes face to face with the Hollow . 77 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' Hanelle Culpepper Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 411 0.89 When it 's discovered that The Hollow is using a magical totem to fuel her power , Freya enlists Rebekah and Klaus to help locate and destroy it in order to hopefully awaken Elijah . Meanwhile , an ultimatum by The Hollow puts Kol at odds with his own siblings , while an unexpected run - in forces Marcel and Rebekah to confront the growing tension between them . Freya and Hayley manage to track down and arrives at the Hollow 's residence only for both of them to fall victim to her power source which leaves Hayley comatose and fighting for her life and seeing visions of her lost husband Jackson who attempts to kill her , while Freya sees visions of Keelin who taunts her . 78 12 `` Voodoo Child '' Michael Grossman Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 412 1.01 When The Hollow now targets Hope , the most vulnerable Mikaelson , Klaus is forced to rely on Vincent who believes he can use The Hollow 's own dark magic to defeat their enemy for good . Meanwhile , as Marcel worries that Vincent 's plan might backfire , he decides on a deadly backup plan of his own by enlisting Sofya , Rebekah , and Elijah to help him make a stand against the evil entity . Elsewhere , after falling victim to The Hollow 's manipulations , Hayley struggles to figure out Hope 's future in New Orleans , while Freya must confront her own darkest fears ; one of which is being in a romantic relationship with Keelin , and the other in figuring out how to save Hope from the Hollow 's power . 79 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' Bethany Rooney Michael Narducci June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 413 0.80 Not wanting to see her family split up to keep The Hollow from fully possessing Hope , Freya tries to find another way to lock away The Hollow forever . Vincent also warns Hayley that once the ritual is complete , she 'll have to keep Hope as far away from the Mikaelsons , as them being close to her will have their piece of the Hollow hunger to take over Hope again . Still after not getting a response from Kol , has Freya considering turning herself into a vampire so the ritual can be completed , but luckily he shows up in time . The ritual is performed and once completed , the siblings part ways . Some time passes and shows Rebekah in New York City , greeted by Marcel , who confesses that he wants to start a life with her and kisses her as proof ; Kol in San Francisco getting a large diamond cut before meeting up with Davina ; Hayley with Hope in Mystic Falls as she enrolls in the school housed on the Salvatore Mansion grounds , Alaric says that she 'll be happy there and that he 's happy that like his twins , Hope will no longer have to fear about who she is to the rest of the world . The scene ends in Manosque , France with Elijah playing the piano in a bar . He receives a large tip from a patron , who happens to be Klaus . They exchange acknowledging glances before Klaus walks away and Elijah continues playing . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Gather Up the Killers '' March 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.06 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.64 `` No Quarter '' March 24 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Haunter of Ruins '' March 31 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 0.3 0.62 0.6 1.56 `` Keepers of the House '' April 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.08 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` I Hear You Knocking '' April 14 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Bag of Cobras '' April 28 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.96 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` High Water and a Devil 's Daughter '' May 5 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Voodoo in My Blood '' May 12 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Queen Death '' May 19 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Phantomesque '' June 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.03 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` A Spirit Here That Wo n't Be Broken '' June 9 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Voodoo Child '' June 16 , 2017 0.3 / 2 1.01 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` The Feast of All Sinners '' June 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.80 0.3 0.66 0.3 1.47 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The CW Renews 11 Shows '' . spoilertv.com . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Originals ' season 4 premiere spoilers : EP talks about season 3 finale and where it leads '' . ecumenicalnews.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals EP Talks Klaus ' ' Definitive Loss , ' Hayley 's Season 4 Journey '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ TVLine ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Interview - TVLine Studio Presented by ZTE - Comic - Con 2016 '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' The Originals ' cast discusses the 5 - year time jump '' . ew.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 : Containment Actress Cast as Bisexual Werewolf '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 : Meet the Actress Playing Grown - Up Hope '' . tvline.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Showfax , Inc. web page '' . Jump up ^ `` Breakdown Services , Ltd. page '' . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 Promo Features ( Spoiler ) 's Shocking ' Return ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Campbell Is Returning to The Originals For a Visit '' . E ! Online . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries ' Matt Davis to Visit The Originals in Season 4 Crossover '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Originals Adds Teen Wolf Alum as ( Spoiler ) 's Season 4 Love Interest '' . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grimm , ' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Undercover Boss ' adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA Finals adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' and ' AGT ' rerun adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads , ' Originals ' finale doubles : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(season_4)&oldid=803417048 '' Categories : The Originals 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 12 : 12 . About Wikipedia | when did season 4 of the originals start | [
"The Originals, a one-hour American supernatural drama, was renewed for a fourth season by The CW on March 17, 2016, by The CW's President, Mark Pedowitz.[1] The 2016–17 United States television season debut of The Originals was pushed to midseason, which saw the fourth-season premiere on March 17, 2017. It concluded on June 23, 2017, after 13 episodes."
] | [
"March 17, 2017"
] |
3226628536005339394 | Top Gear (series 3) | Top Gear ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Top Gear ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Top Gear ( series 3 ) Starring Jeremy Clarkson Richard Hammond James May Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 9 Release Original network BBC Two Original release 26 October ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) -- 28 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 28 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 List of Top Gear episodes The third series of Top Gear aired during the latter half of 2003 and ran for 9 episodes , beginning on 26 October before concluding on 28 December , with the show being hosted by returning presenters Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May . A new `` Stig '' was introduced after the previous `` Stig '' ( referred to by the presenters as `` Black Stig '' ) was written out of the show in the first episode . A `` Best of Top Gear '' special for the series was aired on 4 January 2004 . This series was first in the relaunched show 's history to acquire more than 10 million viewers for an episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Best - of Episodes 3 Criticism and Controversy 3.1 Hilux Toughness Challenge 4 References Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Top Gear episodes Total No . Title Reviews Features / challenges Guest ( s ) Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 21 Series 3 , Episode 1 Ford GT BMW 5 Series Porsche 911 GT3 Can the diesel Volkswagen Lupo get better mpg than the petrol version ? Martin Kemp 26 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) 3.32 Clarkson heads to Detroit to find out how good the heavily - anticipated Ford GT handles against all its competitors , before finding out how well a diesel Volkswagen Lupo fares against its petrol version by doing a lap of the M25 . Elsewhere , Hammond tests out the Porsche 911 GT3 , May defends the BMW 5 Series , and the Stig drives fast with the trio 's Jaguar XJS onboard the HMS Invincible with disastrous results . Meanwhile , singer and Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp , tries to see is he is better than Ross Kemp when he takes the Liana for a lap of the track . Note : This was the final appearance of the original Stig , Perry McCarthy ; the segment involving him with the XJS and HMS Invincible was his scripted departure from the show . 22 Series 3 , Episode 2 BMW M3 CSL BMW M1 BMW M3 BMW M5 Volvo 240 attempts to jump four caravans Best 2 seater sportscar : ( Porsche Boxster BMW Z4 Honda S2000 ) Stephen Fry 2 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 02 ) 3.41 Black Stig is gone , and in his place is brand new , White Stig , who is quick to get to work by seeing how fast the BMW M3 CSL is on the track after Clarkson tests it out . Meanwhile , the trio head to the Isle of Man to find out which old BMW sports car is the best - the 1970s M1 , the original M3 , and the second - gen M5 - before testing out three two seater convertibles on the Isle - the BMW Z4 , the Porsche Boxster and the Honda S2000 . Finally , a Volvo 240 tries to jump five caravans side - by - side , and Stephen Fry discusses the advantages of driving his London Taxi before seeing how he fared in the Liana . Note : This was the first appearance by Ben Collins as the new Stig ; his identity would remain a secret until August 2010 . 23 Series 3 , Episode 3 Bentley Continental GT Subaru Legacy Outback Saab 9 - 5 Aero versus a BAe Sea Harrier How to Escape from a Sinking Car Top Gear Survey Rob Brydon 9 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 09 ) 4.02 Clarkson is unimpressed when he manages to secure the rights to test out the Bentley Continental GT , while he compares the hot Saab 9 - 5 Aero to an aeroplane . Meanwhile , May finds out whether the aristocracy will go for the Subaru Legacy Outback , Hammond investigate the dangers of being in a car that is sinking in water and how to quickly escape such a scenario , the Stig races a Saab around the track against a Harrier Jump Jet , and the results of the Top Gear Survey are in . Finally , Rob Brydon becomes the first Welshman to do a lap in the reasonably priced car . 24 Series 3 , Episode 4 Lamborghini Miura Lamborghini Countach Mini Cooper S Works Lamborghini Gallardo Lamborghini Tribute Rich Hall Jay Kay 16 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 16 ) 4.59 Top Gear celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Lamborghini by looking back at some of the classics by the company , including the 1967 Lamborghini Miura , an improved 1971 SV , the Lamborghini Countach , while there is a look at the Lamborghini LM002 , Clarkson tests out the Lamborghini Gallardo , and the Murciélago is back to set a time on a dry track . Meanwhile , Hammond tests out several versions of the Mini Cooper S - the BMW - official Works Cooper S , the third - party tuned Hartge Cooper S , the Digi - tec Cooper S and the wild 275 bhp ( 205 kW ) BBR Cooper S - while American comedian Rich Hall improvises a country song about a Rover 25 before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car . 25 5 Series 3 , Episode 5 Mazda RX - 8 Fiat Panda Is the Toyota Hilux really indestructible ? Hammond searches for future classic cars Simon Cowell 23 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 23 ) 4.80 Clarkson sees how tough a Toyota Hilux pick - up truck truly is by putting it through a series of tests , including driving it through Bristol and nearly losing it to the sea , before returning to the test track to see what else it can withstand . Elsewhere , he tests the Mazda RX - 8 on the track , while May drives the Fiat Panda up in Hertfordshire , and Hammond looks at several cars deemed to be good investments as future ' classic ' cars . There 's also the task of finding which is the best wig for a fast drive in an open top convertible , while Simon Cowell stops judging future singers to see if he can be judged the best at driving fast in the Liana . 26 6 Series 3 , Episode 6 Citroën C2 Renault Mégane CC Peugeot 307 CC Aston Martin V8 Vantage ( 1977 ) Holden Monaro Is a Toyota Hilux really indestructible ? -- Part 2 Sanjeev Bhaskar 7 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 07 ) 5.40 May sees what else can be done to prove that a Toyota Hilux is tough by placing the same Hilux from the last episode on top of a tower block due for demolition . He also reviews the Aston Martin V8 Vantage and discusses how British supercars differentiate from those elsewhere in the world , while Hammond sees whether the Renault Mégane CC and the Peugeot 307 CC are good hard - top convertibles , and Clarkson reviews the successor to the old Citroën Saxo , the Citroën C2 , and takes a drive in Australia 's first contribution to the motoring world - the Holden Monaro . Meanwhile , Sanjeev Bhaskar is the latest star to drive in the reasonably priced car . 27 7 Series 3 , Episode 7 MG XPower SV Porsche Cayenne Turbo Mercedes - Benz SLR McLaren Which professor can do the best burn - out What is the best British car : ( Rover 75 Morgan Plus 8 Noble M12 ) Rory Bremner 14 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 14 ) 3.35 The beautiful and powerful MG XPower SV hits the track , but Clarkson is less impressed with it , while he also sees how good the off - road abilities of the Porsche Cayenne Turbo are by taking it to Bovington , Dorset . Meanwhile , Hammond travels to South Africa to review the Mercedes - Benz SLR McLaren , there 's a burn - out contest between Heinz Wolff , Brian Sewell and Colin Pillinger , and the presenters see which car is the best British car - the Noble M12 , the Morgan Plus 8 and the Rover 75 . Elsewhere , Rory Bremner impersonates voices for car adverts before seeing how he fared on the track in the Liana . 28 8 Series 3 , Episode 8 Mercedes - Benz 280SL Nissan Micra Aston Martin Lagonda Audi TT Top Gear Generation Game Johnny Vegas 21 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 21 ) 3.15 Hammond sees how good a Nissan Micra is in comparison to a Boeing 737 ( BBJ - 2 ) , while Clarkson tests out the Audi TT V6 after dressing for it , before seeing if car designs peaked in the ' 60s by testing out a ' 60s Mercedes - Benz 280SL ( W113 ) . Elsewhere , May drives the crazy and bold 1970s Aston Martin Lagonda , there 's a duel - out between 5 of Hammond 's modern cars versus 5 of Clarkson 's older cars in a 1 / 5 mile drag race , and comedian Johnny Vegas proves he can drive fast in the Liana , even when he has no driving licence . 29 9 Series 3 , Episode 9 Chrysler Crossfire Smart Roadster ( Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo ) Jaguar XJ6 Honda Civic Type R Honda NSX Type R Top Gear Awards 2003 Carol Vorderman 28 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 28 ) 4.24 It 's a Cut - Price version of Top Gear this episode , after the budget for the series has been exhausted . The trio shoulder on regardless , with Clarkson driving the Chrysler Crossfire , Hammond handling a Smart Roadster Brabus V6 Biturbo and the Honda Civic Type - R hot hatch as well as the Honda NSX Type R Supercar , and May reviewing the Jaguar XJ6 . The trio also host the Top Gear Awards for 2003 , while Carol Vorderman sees if she can do better than ( the late ) Richard Whitely , when she takes the Liana around the test track . Best - of episodes ( edit ) Total No . Title Feature Original air date S2 CE The Best Of Top Gear : 2003 Best moments from Series 3 4 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) A look back at some of the best moments from Series 3 , including how much was done to the Indestructible Toyota Hilux , and the demise of the Original Stig . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Hilux toughness challenge ( edit ) Following the broadcast of the fifth episode of the 3rd series , the BBC was contacted by the Churchill Parish in Somerset in regards to the tree that featured in the segment where Clarkson was proving the sturdiness and reliability of the Toyota Hilux . Up until the episode had been broadcast , villagers had presumed that the damage had been done accidentally or by vandals , until they watched what had happened on the show . After the BBC was contacted , the director of Top Gear admitted guilt and the broadcaster paid compensation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Jump up ^ `` BBC stumps up for tree stunt '' . BBC . February 21 , 2004 . Retrieved January 9 , 2006 . ( hide ) Top Gear 1977 -- 2001 format List of episodes 2002 -- present format Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Segments Challenges Power Lap Times Races Specials Winter Olympics US Special Top Gear of the Pops Polar Special Botswana Special Top Ground Gear Force Vietnam Special Race to the North Bolivia Special Middle East Special India Special Patagonia Special Other Home video releases Top Gear controversies Top Gear Test Track BBC v HarperCollins Publishers Ltd The Stig International versions Australia episodes China France Russia United States Top Gear episodes Top Gear America South Korea Italy Spin - offs and related Extra Gear Fifth Gear Rally Report Stars in Fast Cars The Grand Tour Top Gear Magazine Top Gear Motorsport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Gear_(series_3)&oldid=832035076 '' Categories : 2003 British television seasons Top Gear seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Use British English from December 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 12 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | episode of top gear with the toyota hilux | [
"\n\nTotal\nNo.\nTitle\nReviews\nFeatures/challenges\nGuest(s)\nOriginal air date\nUK viewers\n(million)[1]\n\n\n21\n1\nSeries 3, Episode 1\nFord GT • BMW 5 Series • Porsche 911 GT3\nCan the diesel Volkswagen Lupo get better mpg than the petrol version?\nMartin Kemp\n26 October 2003 (2003-10-26)\n3.32\n\n\n\nClarkson heads to Detroit to find out how good the heavily-anticipated Ford GT handles against all its competitors, before finding out how well a diesel Volkswagen Lupo fares against its petrol version by doing a lap of the M25. Elsewhere, Hammond tests out the Porsche 911 GT3, May defends the BMW 5 Series, and the Stig drives fast with the trio's Jaguar XJS onboard the HMS Invincible with disastrous results. Meanwhile, singer and Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp, tries to see is he is better than Ross Kemp when he takes the Liana for a lap of the track.\nNote: This was the final appearance of the original Stig, Perry McCarthy; the segment involving him with the XJS and HMS Invincible was his scripted departure from the show.\n\n\n22\n2\nSeries 3, Episode 2\nBMW M3 CSL • BMW M1 • BMW M3 • BMW M5 •\nVolvo 240 attempts to jump four caravans • Best 2 seater sportscar: (Porsche Boxster • BMW Z4 • Honda S2000)\nStephen Fry\n2 November 2003 (2003-11-02)\n3.41\n\n\n\nBlack Stig is gone, and in his place is brand new, White Stig, who is quick to get to work by seeing how fast the BMW M3 CSL is on the track after Clarkson tests it out. Meanwhile, the trio head to the Isle of Man to find out which old BMW sports car is the best - the 1970s M1, the original M3, and the second-gen M5 - before testing out three two seater convertibles on the Isle - the BMW Z4, the Porsche Boxster and the Honda S2000. Finally, a Volvo 240 tries to jump five caravans side-by-side, and Stephen Fry discusses the advantages of driving his London Taxi before seeing how he fared in the Liana.\nNote: This was the first appearance by Ben Collins as the new Stig; his identity would remain a secret until August 2010.\n\n\n23\n3\nSeries 3, Episode 3\nBentley Continental GT • Subaru Legacy Outback\nSaab 9-5 Aero versus a BAe Sea Harrier • How to Escape from a Sinking Car • Top Gear Survey\nRob Brydon\n9 November 2003 (2003-11-09)\n4.02\n\n\nClarkson is unimpressed when he manages to secure the rights to test out the Bentley Continental GT, while he compares the hot Saab 9-5 Aero to an aeroplane. Meanwhile, May finds out whether the aristocracy will go for the Subaru Legacy Outback, Hammond investigate the dangers of being in a car that is sinking in water and how to quickly escape such a scenario, the Stig races a Saab around the track against a Harrier Jump Jet, and the results of the Top Gear Survey are in. Finally, Rob Brydon becomes the first Welshman to do a lap in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n24\n4\nSeries 3, Episode 4\nLamborghini Miura • Lamborghini Countach • Mini Cooper S Works • Lamborghini Gallardo\nLamborghini Tribute\nRich Hall • Jay Kay\n16 November 2003 (2003-11-16)\n4.59\n\n\nTop Gear celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Lamborghini by looking back at some of the classics by the company, including the 1967 Lamborghini Miura, an improved 1971 SV, the Lamborghini Countach, while there is a look at the Lamborghini LM002, Clarkson tests out the Lamborghini Gallardo, and the Murciélago is back to set a time on a dry track. Meanwhile, Hammond tests out several versions of the Mini Cooper S - the BMW-official Works Cooper S, the third-party tuned Hartge Cooper S, the Digi-tec Cooper S and the wild 275 bhp (205 kW) BBR Cooper S - while American comedian Rich Hall improvises a country song about a Rover 25 before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n25\n5\nSeries 3, Episode 5\nMazda RX-8 • Fiat Panda\nIs the Toyota Hilux really indestructible? • Hammond searches for future classic cars\nSimon Cowell\n23 November 2003 (2003-11-23)\n4.80\n\n\nClarkson sees how tough a Toyota Hilux pick-up truck truly is by putting it through a series of tests, including driving it through Bristol and nearly losing it to the sea, before returning to the test track to see what else it can withstand. Elsewhere, he tests the Mazda RX-8 on the track, while May drives the Fiat Panda up in Hertfordshire, and Hammond looks at several cars deemed to be good investments as future 'classic' cars. There's also the task of finding which is the best wig for a fast drive in an open top convertible, while Simon Cowell stops judging future singers to see if he can be judged the best at driving fast in the Liana.\n\n\n26\n6\nSeries 3, Episode 6\nCitroën C2 • Renault Mégane CC • Peugeot 307 CC • Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977) • Holden Monaro\nIs a Toyota Hilux really indestructible? – Part 2\nSanjeev Bhaskar\n7 December 2003 (2003-12-07)\n5.40\n\n\nMay sees what else can be done to prove that a Toyota Hilux is tough by placing the same Hilux from the last episode on top of a tower block due for demolition. He also reviews the Aston Martin V8 Vantage and discusses how British supercars differentiate from those elsewhere in the world, while Hammond sees whether the Renault Mégane CC and the Peugeot 307 CC are good hard-top convertibles, and Clarkson reviews the successor to the old Citroën Saxo, the Citroën C2, and takes a drive in Australia's first contribution to the motoring world - the Holden Monaro. Meanwhile, Sanjeev Bhaskar is the latest star to drive in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n27\n7\nSeries 3, Episode 7\nMG XPower SV • Porsche Cayenne Turbo • Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren\nWhich professor can do the best burn-out • What is the best British car: (Rover 75 • Morgan Plus 8 • Noble M12)\nRory Bremner\n14 December 2003 (2003-12-14)\n3.35\n\n\nThe beautiful and powerful MG XPower SV hits the track, but Clarkson is less impressed with it, while he also sees how good the off-road abilities of the Porsche Cayenne Turbo are by taking it to Bovington, Dorset. Meanwhile, Hammond travels to South Africa to review the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, there's a burn-out contest between Heinz Wolff, Brian Sewell and Colin Pillinger, and the presenters see which car is the best British car - the Noble M12, the Morgan Plus 8 and the Rover 75. Elsewhere, Rory Bremner impersonates voices for car adverts before seeing how he fared on the track in the Liana.\n\n\n28\n8\nSeries 3, Episode 8\nMercedes-Benz 280SL • Nissan Micra • Aston Martin Lagonda • Audi TT\nTop Gear Generation Game\nJohnny Vegas\n21 December 2003 (2003-12-21)\n3.15\n\n\nHammond sees how good a Nissan Micra is in comparison to a Boeing 737 (BBJ-2), while Clarkson tests out the Audi TT V6 after dressing for it, before seeing if car designs peaked in the '60s by testing out a '60s Mercedes-Benz 280SL (W113). Elsewhere, May drives the crazy and bold 1970s Aston Martin Lagonda, there's a duel-out between 5 of Hammond's modern cars versus 5 of Clarkson's older cars in a 1/5 mile drag race, and comedian Johnny Vegas proves he can drive fast in the Liana, even when he has no driving licence.\n\n\n29\n9\nSeries 3, Episode 9\nChrysler Crossfire • Smart Roadster (Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo) • Jaguar XJ6 • Honda Civic Type R • Honda NSX Type R\nTop Gear Awards 2003\nCarol Vorderman\n28 December 2003 (2003-12-28)\n4.24\n\n\nIt's a Cut-Price version of Top Gear this episode, after the budget for the series has been exhausted. The trio shoulder on regardless, with Clarkson driving the Chrysler Crossfire, Hammond handling a Smart Roadster Brabus V6 Biturbo and the Honda Civic Type-R hot hatch as well as the Honda NSX Type R Supercar, and May reviewing the Jaguar XJ6. The trio also host the Top Gear Awards for 2003, while Carol Vorderman sees if she can do better than (the late) Richard Whitely, when she takes the Liana around the test track.\n\n",
"\n\nTotal\nNo.\nTitle\nReviews\nFeatures/challenges\nGuest(s)\nOriginal air date\nUK viewers\n(million)[1]\n\n\n21\n1\nSeries 3, Episode 1\nFord GT • BMW 5 Series • Porsche 911 GT3\nCan the diesel Volkswagen Lupo get better mpg than the petrol version?\nMartin Kemp\n26 October 2003 (2003-10-26)\n3.32\n\n\n\nClarkson heads to Detroit to find out how good the heavily-anticipated Ford GT handles against all its competitors, before finding out how well a diesel Volkswagen Lupo fares against its petrol version by doing a lap of the M25. Elsewhere, Hammond tests out the Porsche 911 GT3, May defends the BMW 5 Series, and the Stig drives fast with the trio's Jaguar XJS onboard the HMS Invincible with disastrous results. Meanwhile, singer and Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp, tries to see is he is better than Ross Kemp when he takes the Liana for a lap of the track.\nNote: This was the final appearance of the original Stig, Perry McCarthy; the segment involving him with the XJS and HMS Invincible was his scripted departure from the show.\n\n\n22\n2\nSeries 3, Episode 2\nBMW M3 CSL • BMW M1 • BMW M3 • BMW M5 •\nVolvo 240 attempts to jump four caravans • Best 2 seater sportscar: (Porsche Boxster • BMW Z4 • Honda S2000)\nStephen Fry\n2 November 2003 (2003-11-02)\n3.41\n\n\n\nBlack Stig is gone, and in his place is brand new, White Stig, who is quick to get to work by seeing how fast the BMW M3 CSL is on the track after Clarkson tests it out. Meanwhile, the trio head to the Isle of Man to find out which old BMW sports car is the best - the 1970s M1, the original M3, and the second-gen M5 - before testing out three two seater convertibles on the Isle - the BMW Z4, the Porsche Boxster and the Honda S2000. Finally, a Volvo 240 tries to jump five caravans side-by-side, and Stephen Fry discusses the advantages of driving his London Taxi before seeing how he fared in the Liana.\nNote: This was the first appearance by Ben Collins as the new Stig; his identity would remain a secret until August 2010.\n\n\n23\n3\nSeries 3, Episode 3\nBentley Continental GT • Subaru Legacy Outback\nSaab 9-5 Aero versus a BAe Sea Harrier • How to Escape from a Sinking Car • Top Gear Survey\nRob Brydon\n9 November 2003 (2003-11-09)\n4.02\n\n\nClarkson is unimpressed when he manages to secure the rights to test out the Bentley Continental GT, while he compares the hot Saab 9-5 Aero to an aeroplane. Meanwhile, May finds out whether the aristocracy will go for the Subaru Legacy Outback, Hammond investigate the dangers of being in a car that is sinking in water and how to quickly escape such a scenario, the Stig races a Saab around the track against a Harrier Jump Jet, and the results of the Top Gear Survey are in. Finally, Rob Brydon becomes the first Welshman to do a lap in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n24\n4\nSeries 3, Episode 4\nLamborghini Miura • Lamborghini Countach • Mini Cooper S Works • Lamborghini Gallardo\nLamborghini Tribute\nRich Hall • Jay Kay\n16 November 2003 (2003-11-16)\n4.59\n\n\nTop Gear celebrates the 40th anniversary of the Lamborghini by looking back at some of the classics by the company, including the 1967 Lamborghini Miura, an improved 1971 SV, the Lamborghini Countach, while there is a look at the Lamborghini LM002, Clarkson tests out the Lamborghini Gallardo, and the Murciélago is back to set a time on a dry track. Meanwhile, Hammond tests out several versions of the Mini Cooper S - the BMW-official Works Cooper S, the third-party tuned Hartge Cooper S, the Digi-tec Cooper S and the wild 275 bhp (205 kW) BBR Cooper S - while American comedian Rich Hall improvises a country song about a Rover 25 before seeing how he fared in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n25\n5\nSeries 3, Episode 5\nMazda RX-8 • Fiat Panda\nIs the Toyota Hilux really indestructible? • Hammond searches for future classic cars\nSimon Cowell\n23 November 2003 (2003-11-23)\n4.80\n\n\nClarkson sees how tough a Toyota Hilux pick-up truck truly is by putting it through a series of tests, including driving it through Bristol and nearly losing it to the sea, before returning to the test track to see what else it can withstand. Elsewhere, he tests the Mazda RX-8 on the track, while May drives the Fiat Panda up in Hertfordshire, and Hammond looks at several cars deemed to be good investments as future 'classic' cars. There's also the task of finding which is the best wig for a fast drive in an open top convertible, while Simon Cowell stops judging future singers to see if he can be judged the best at driving fast in the Liana.\n\n\n26\n6\nSeries 3, Episode 6\nCitroën C2 • Renault Mégane CC • Peugeot 307 CC • Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977) • Holden Monaro\nIs a Toyota Hilux really indestructible? – Part 2\nSanjeev Bhaskar\n7 December 2003 (2003-12-07)\n5.40\n\n\nMay sees what else can be done to prove that a Toyota Hilux is tough by placing the same Hilux from the last episode on top of a tower block due for demolition. He also reviews the Aston Martin V8 Vantage and discusses how British supercars differentiate from those elsewhere in the world, while Hammond sees whether the Renault Mégane CC and the Peugeot 307 CC are good hard-top convertibles, and Clarkson reviews the successor to the old Citroën Saxo, the Citroën C2, and takes a drive in Australia's first contribution to the motoring world - the Holden Monaro. Meanwhile, Sanjeev Bhaskar is the latest star to drive in the reasonably priced car.\n\n\n27\n7\nSeries 3, Episode 7\nMG XPower SV • Porsche Cayenne Turbo • Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren\nWhich professor can do the best burn-out • What is the best British car: (Rover 75 • Morgan Plus 8 • Noble M12)\nRory Bremner\n14 December 2003 (2003-12-14)\n3.35\n\n\nThe beautiful and powerful MG XPower SV hits the track, but Clarkson is less impressed with it, while he also sees how good the off-road abilities of the Porsche Cayenne Turbo are by taking it to Bovington, Dorset. Meanwhile, Hammond travels to South Africa to review the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, there's a burn-out contest between Heinz Wolff, Brian Sewell and Colin Pillinger, and the presenters see which car is the best British car - the Noble M12, the Morgan Plus 8 and the Rover 75. Elsewhere, Rory Bremner impersonates voices for car adverts before seeing how he fared on the track in the Liana.\n\n\n28\n8\nSeries 3, Episode 8\nMercedes-Benz 280SL • Nissan Micra • Aston Martin Lagonda • Audi TT\nTop Gear Generation Game\nJohnny Vegas\n21 December 2003 (2003-12-21)\n3.15\n\n\nHammond sees how good a Nissan Micra is in comparison to a Boeing 737 (BBJ-2), while Clarkson tests out the Audi TT V6 after dressing for it, before seeing if car designs peaked in the '60s by testing out a '60s Mercedes-Benz 280SL (W113). Elsewhere, May drives the crazy and bold 1970s Aston Martin Lagonda, there's a duel-out between 5 of Hammond's modern cars versus 5 of Clarkson's older cars in a 1/5 mile drag race, and comedian Johnny Vegas proves he can drive fast in the Liana, even when he has no driving licence.\n\n\n29\n9\nSeries 3, Episode 9\nChrysler Crossfire • Smart Roadster (Brabus V6 Bi-Turbo) • Jaguar XJ6 • Honda Civic Type R • Honda NSX Type R\nTop Gear Awards 2003\nCarol Vorderman\n28 December 2003 (2003-12-28)\n4.24\n\n\nIt's a Cut-Price version of Top Gear this episode, after the budget for the series has been exhausted. The trio shoulder on regardless, with Clarkson driving the Chrysler Crossfire, Hammond handling a Smart Roadster Brabus V6 Biturbo and the Honda Civic Type-R hot hatch as well as the Honda NSX Type R Supercar, and May reviewing the Jaguar XJ6. The trio also host the Top Gear Awards for 2003, while Carol Vorderman sees if she can do better than (the late) Richard Whitely, when she takes the Liana around the test track.\n\n"
] | [
"25",
"26"
] |
-6404411362494021174 | Selective Service Act of 1917 | Selective service Act of 1917 - wikipedia Selective service Act of 1917 Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox U.S. legislation is being considered for merging . '' Selective Service Act of 1917 Other short titles Conscription Act of 1916 Enrollment Act of 1916 Long title An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the military establishment of the United States . Nicknames Selective Draft Act of 1916 Enacted by the 65th United States Congress Effective May 18 , 1917 Citations Public law 69 - 96 Statutes at Large 40 Stat. 76 , Chapter 15 Codification Titles amended 50 U.S.C. : War and National Defense U.S.C. sections created 50 U.S.C. Appendix § § 201 -- 211 , 213 , 214 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3545 by Julius Kahn ( R -- CA ) on April 27 , 1916 Passed the House on April 28 , 1917 ( 398 -- 24 ) Passed the Senate on April 28 , 1917 ( 81 -- 8 , in lieu of S. 1871 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 16 , 1917 ; agreed to by the House on May 16 , 1917 ( 198 -- 179 ) and by the Senate on May 17 , 1917 ( 65 -- 8 ) Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 18 , 1917 Sheet music cover for patriotic song , 1917 The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act ( Pub. L. 65 -- 12 , 40 Stat. 76 , enacted May 18 , 1917 ) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through the compulsory enlistment of people . It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson 's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917 . The Act itself was drafted by then - Captain ( later Brigadier General ) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany . The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November , 1918 . The Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases in 1918 , a decision based partially on Vattel 's The Law of Nations of 1758 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Effects 1.3 Differences from previous drafts 1.4 National registration days and termination 2 Draft categories 2.1 African - Americans 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) At the time of World War I , the U.S. Army was small compared with the mobilized armies of the European powers . As late as 1914 , the federal army was under 100,000 , while the National Guard ( the organized militias of the states ) numbered around 115,000 . The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the growth of the army to 165,000 and the National Guard to 450,000 by 1921 , but by 1917 the federal army had only expanded to around 121,000 , with the National Guard numbering 181,000 . By 1916 , it had become clear that any participation by the United States in the conflict in Europe would require a far larger army . While President Wilson at first wished to use only volunteers to supply the troops needed to fight , it soon became clear that this would be impossible . When war was declared , Wilson asked for the army to increase to a force of one million . Indeed , six weeks after war was declared , only 73,000 had volunteered for service . Wilson accepted the recommendation by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker for a draft . General Enoch H. Crowder , the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army , when asked for his thoughts on the proposal , at first indicated his displeasure . Later , with the assistance of Captain Hugh Johnson and others , Crowder guided the bill through Congress and administered the draft as the Provost Marshal General . A problem that came up in the writing of the bill and its negotiation through Congress was the desire of former President Theodore Roosevelt to assemble a volunteer force to go to Europe . President Wilson and others , including army officers , were reluctant to permit this for a variety of reasons . The final bill contained a compromise provision permitting the president to raise four volunteer divisions , a power Wilson did not exercise . To sell the idea that the war and draft were right to an uninterested populace , George Creel , a veteran of the newspaper industry , became the United States ' official war propagandist . He set up the Committee on Public Information , which organized 75,000 speakers and conducted 750,000 four - minute speeches in 5,000 cities and towns across America . Creel later helped form the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy , putting Samuel Gompers in charge as president in order to `` unify sentiment in the nation '' in favor of the war . With branches in 164 cities , many labor leaders went along although `` rank - and - file working class support for the war remained lukewarm ... '' and was ultimately unsuccessful . Many prominent Socialist leaders became pro-war , though the majority did not . Effects ( edit ) By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act , all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service . At the request of the War Department , Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45 , and to bar further volunteering . By the end of World War I , some 2 million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services , and some 2.8 million had been drafted . This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted . Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude , the World War I draft had a high success rate , with fewer than 350,000 men '' dodging '' the draft . Differences from previous drafts ( edit ) Young men at the first national registration day held in association with the Selective Service Act of 1917 . The biggest difference between the draft established by the Selective Service Act of 1917 and the Civil War draft was that a substitute could no longer be hired to fight in a man 's place . In the Civil War , men who did not desire to fight could hire a substitute . However , because it was expensive to hire someone , only very affluent people could afford to do so . This resulted in a disproportionately low number of wealthy men fighting in the war . There was not a specific draft order for the draftee to be put into the service . However , Section Three of the Selective Service Act of 1917 stated : No person liable to military service shall hereafter be permitted or allowed to furnish a substitute for such service ; nor shall any substitute be received , enlisted , or enrolled in the military service of the United States ; and no such person shall be permitted to escape such service or to be discharged therefrom prior to the expiration of his term of service by the payment of money or any other valuable thing whatsoever as consideration his release from military service or liability there to . National registration days and termination ( edit ) During World War I there were three registrations . The first , on June 5 , 1917 , was for all men between the ages of 21 and 31 . The second , on June 5 , 1918 , registered those who attained age 21 after June 5 , 1917 . A supplemental registration , included in the second registration , was held on August 24 , 1918 , for those becoming 21 years old after June 5 , 1918 . The third registration was held on September 12 , 1918 , for men age 18 through 45 . The act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases , 245 U.S. 366 ( 1918 ) . The Solicitor General 's argument , and the court 's opinion , were based primarily on Kneedler v. Lane , 45 Pa. 238 , 252 ( 1863 ) , and Vattel 's The Law of Nations ( 1758 ) . After the signing of the armistice of November 11 , 1918 , the activities of the Selective Service System were rapidly curtailed . On March 31 , 1919 , all local , district , and medical advisory boards were closed , and on May 21 , 1919 , the last state headquarters closed operations . The Provost Marshal General was relieved from duty on July 15 , 1919 , thereby finally terminating the activities of the Selective Service System of World War I . Draft categories ( edit ) Conscription was by class . The first candidates were to be drawn from Class I. Members of each class below Class I were available only if the pool of all available and potential candidates in the class above it were exhausted . Class Categories ( May 1917 -- July 1919 ) I . Eligible and liable for military service . Unmarried registrants with no dependents , Married registrants with independent spouse and / or one or more dependent children over 16 with sufficient family income if drafted . II . Temporarily deferred , but available for military service . Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or dependent children under 16 with sufficient family income if drafted . III . Temporarily exempted , but available for military service . Local officials , Registrants who provide sole family income for dependent parents and / or dependent siblings under 16 , Registrants employed in agricultural labor or industrial enterprises essential to the war effort . IV . Exempted due to extreme hardship . Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or dependent children with insufficient family income if drafted , Registrants with deceased spouse who provide sole family income for dependent children under 16 , Registrants with deceased parents who provide sole family income for dependent siblings under 16 . V . Exempted or ineligible for induction into military service . State or Federal officials , Officers and enlisted men in the military or naval service of the United States , Licensed pilots employed in the pursuit of their vocation Members of the clergy , Students who on or before May 18 , 1917 had been preparing for the ministry in a recognized theological or divinity school , Registrants who were deemed either medically disabled ( permanently physically and / or mentally unfit ) or `` morally unfit '' for military service , Registrants shown to have been convicted of any crime designated as treason or felony , or an `` infamous '' crime , Enemy aliens and resident aliens . African - Americans ( edit ) The American military was entirely segregated during World War I . Although the military training of black Americans was staunchly opposed by white supremacist politicians such as Sen. James K. Vardaman ( D - Mississippi ) and Sen. Benjamin Tillman ( D - South Carolina ) , the decision was nevertheless made to include African - Americans in the 1917 draft . A total of 290,527 black Americans were ultimately registered for the draft during the two calls of June 2 and September 12 , 1917 -- 9.6 percent of the total American pool for potential conscription . Draft board officials were given the instruction to tear off the lower left - hand corner of the Selective Service forms filled out by black registrants to tag these for segregated units . The August 1917 Houston Riot of armed African - American soldiers spurred by racist behavior by some Houston police officials additionally shaped the War Department 's decision - making , and the great majority of black soldiers were delegated to the building of roads , unloading of shipping , and other forms of common labor . Only two combat units of African - Americans were ultimately established -- the 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions . Black Americans were entirely excluded from the United States Marine Corps and were consigned to menial labor in the United States Navy for the duration of the world war . See also ( edit ) Conscription in the United States Selective Service System Footnotes ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Selective Service Act of 1917 ^ Jump up to : Leach , Jack Franklin ( 1952 ) . Conscription in the United States : Historical Background . Rutland , Vt. : C.E. Tuttle Pub. Co. p. vi . OCLC 1727243 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Grotelueschen , The AEF Way of War : The American Army and Combat in World War I ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 364 . http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( University Press of Kentucky , 1998 ) : 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , The Corporate Ideal in the United States 1900 -- 1918 . ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1969 ) Jump up ^ Howard Zinn , People 's History of the United States ( Harper Collins , 2003 ) : 364 - 365 . http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html Jump up ^ Coffman , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Selective Service System : History & Records '' . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Swarthmore College Peace Collection , MILITARY CLASSIFICATIONS For Draftees , WORLD WAR I ( 1917 ) ^ Jump up to : Chad L. Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy : African American Soldiers in the World War I Era . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 2010 ; pg. 53 . Jump up ^ Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy , pg. 54 . Jump up ^ Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy , pg. 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , Torchbearers of Democracy , pg. 6 . External links ( edit ) Wood , Margaret . `` World War I : Conscription Laws . '' Library of Congress Blog . September 13 , 2016 . Last accessed May 9 , 2017 . `` World War I . '' Library of Congress Online . Last accessed May 9 , 2017 . `` An Act To authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States . '' Statutes at Large . May 18 , 1917 , H.R. 3545 . Last accessed May 9 , 2017 . An Act Amending the Act entitled `` An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States , '' approved May eighteenth , nineteen hundred and seventeen . Statutes at Large . Web . August 31 , 1918 , H.R. 12731 . Last accessed May 9 . 2017 . ( hide ) Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_Service_Act_of_1917&oldid=800107024 '' Categories : 1917 in American law Conscription in the United States United States federal defense and national security legislation United States in World War I 1917 in military history 1917 in the United States 65th United States Congress Conscription law World War I legislation Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whom did the selective service act of 1917 authorize the armed forces to conscript | [
"By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act, all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service. At the request of the War Department, Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45, and to bar further volunteering.[7] By the end of World War I, some 2 million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services, and some 2.8 million had been drafted.[8] This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted. Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude, the World War I draft had a high success rate, with fewer than 350,000 men ”dodging” the draft."
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"all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service"
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6715349832542785815 | Chrissy Metz | Chrissy Metz - wikipedia Chrissy Metz Chrissy Metz Metz in 2017 Christine Michelle Metz ( 1980 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Homestead , Florida , U.S. Occupation Actress singer Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Martyn Eaden ( m . 2008 ; div. 2015 ) Christine Michelle Metz ( born September 29 , 1980 ) is an American actress and singer . She is known for playing Kate Pearson in the NBC drama This Is Us , for which she has earned Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2017 ) and Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 and 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Metz was born to Denise and Mark Metz and raised in Homestead , Florida . She spent her formative years in Japan , where her father , Mark Metz , was stationed with the United States Navy . The family later moved back to Gainesville , Florida , where she attended elementary , middle , and high school . She grew up with her mother , stepfather , two siblings , and two half - siblings . Career ( edit ) Metz is best known for her role as Kate Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us , which earned her Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations . She is also known for her role in FX 's American Horror Story : Freak Show . Metz is a singer in her band Chrissy and The Vapors . In early 2018 , it was announced that Metz would star in The Impossible Movie , working with producer DeVon Franklin . She is cast as Joyce Smith , the mother of John , a 14 - year - old boy who fell through an icy Missouri lake and was proclaimed dead . The movie , based on the book written by Smith herself , tells the true story of how a mother 's devotion and dedication brings her son back to life . Personal life ( edit ) On January 5 , 2008 , Metz married British journalist Martyn Eaden in a Santa Barbara , California beachside ceremony . They separated in January 2013 , and Eaden filed for divorce from Metz in November 2014 , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . On December 11 , 2015 , their divorce was finalized . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Loveless in Los Angeles Bonnie 2008 The Onion Movie Heavy Girl 2018 Sierra Burgess Is a Loser Trish 2019 Breakthrough Joyce Smith Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Entourage Counter Girl Episode : `` The Sundance Kids '' 2005 All Of Us Ruby Episode : `` If You Ca n't Stand the Heat '' 2008 My Name Is Earl Chunk Episode : `` We 've Got Spirit '' 2009 Solving Charlie Maggie Harmon Television movie Huge Shoshanna Episode : `` Talent Night '' 2014 -- 15 American Horror Story : Freak Show Barbara / Ima Wiggles 5 episodes 2016 -- present This Is Us Kate Pearson Main Role 2018 The Last O.G. Pooh Cat Episode : `` Repass '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film This Is Us Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Next Generation Award Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Radloff , Jessica . `` ' This Is Us ' Star Chrissy Metz Talks Plus - Size Labels : `` I 'm So Much More Than the Weight I Carry on My Body . '' `` . Glamour . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ( Metz ) turned 36 on September 29 , days after ( This Is Us ) aired its second episode ... Metz , a native of Homestead , Florida , spent her formative years in Japan ( her dad was in the Navy ) before moving back to Gainesville , Florida . Jump up ^ Watkins , Morgan ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` At 6 months , Chrissy Metz 's niece battles tall odds '' . The Gainesville Sun ( Gainesville , Florida ) . Jump up ^ http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a25696/chrissy-metz-weight-loss-anxiety/ Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/this-is-us-star-chrissy-metzs-estranged-father-fires-back-at-child-abandonment-claims/ar-BBGrjQT Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Before They Were Stars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavassuto , Maria ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' This is Us ' Actress Chrissy Metz on Her Plus - Sized Role : This is a ' Story That Needs to Be Told ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maple , Taylor ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Videos Of Chrissy Metz Singing Before ' This Is Us ' Reveal That Kate 's Musical Future Could n't Be In Better Hands '' . Bustle . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Star Chrissy Metz Set To Topline ' The Impossible ' For Fox 2000 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roca , Teresa ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Car , Cash & Courtroom Snub : Inside ' This Is Us ' Star Chrissy Metz 's Dirty Divorce From Ex '' . Radar Online . Jump up ^ `` How Chrissy Metz 's ' First Real Love ' Broke Her Heart In Secret Divorce '' . Radar Online . February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes 2018 : See Laura Dern 's Inspiring Acceptance Speech '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rebecca ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Laura Dern Wins Best Supporting Actress for ' Big Little Lies ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Daeve ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Little Lies ' stars Laura Dern , Nicole Kidman condemn abuse in Golden Globes speeches '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrissy Metz . Chrissy Metz on IMDb Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) GND : 1145330460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrissy_Metz&oldid=865978970 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Florida American television actresses Military brats People from Homestead , Florida American film actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actress that plays kate on this is us | [
"Christine Michelle Metz (born September 29, 1980)[1] is an American actress and singer. She is known for playing Kate Pearson in the NBC drama This Is Us, for which she has earned Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards (2017) and Golden Globe Awards (2017 and 2018).\n"
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"Christine Michelle Metz"
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3018972012774566550 | Lent | Lent - wikipedia Lent This article is about Lent in Western Christianity . For Lent in Eastern Christianity , see Great Lent . For other uses , see Lent ( disambiguation ) . Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Lent ( Latin : Quadragesima : Fortieth ) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later , before Easter Sunday . The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer , doing penance , mortifying the flesh , repentance of sins , almsgiving , and self - denial . This event is observed in the Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Lutheran , Methodist , and Catholic Churches . Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season . Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week , marking the death , burial , and resurrection of Jesus , which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday , further climaxing on Jesus ' crucifixion on Good Friday , which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . In Lent , many Christians commit to fasting , as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ 's journey into the desert for 40 days . Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline , such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar , to draw themselves near to God . The Stations of the Cross , a devotional commemoration of Christ 's carrying the Cross and of his execution , are often observed . Many Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches remove flowers from their altars , while crucifixes , religious statues , and other elaborate religious symbols are often veiled in violet fabrics in solemn observance of the event . Throughout Christendom , some adherents mark the season with the traditional abstention from the consumption of meat , most notably among Lutherans , Roman Catholics and Anglicans . Lent is traditionally described as lasting for 40 days , in commemoration of the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert , according to the Gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke , before beginning his public ministry , during which he endured temptation by Satan . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on the Christian denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday , on the morning of Easter Sunday , or at the midnight between them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Duration and traditions 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.2 Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy 2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite 2.4 Oriental Orthodoxy 3 Other related fasting periods 4 Associated customs 5 Omission of Gloria and Alleluia 6 Veiling of religious images 7 Pre-Lenten festivals 8 Fasting and abstinence 9 Media coverage 10 Holy days within the season of Lent 10.1 Easter Triduum 11 Vestments 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Lent celebrants carrying out a street procession during Holy Week , in Granada , Nicaragua . The violet color is often associated with penance and detachment . Similar Christian penitential practice is seen in other Christian countries , sometimes associated with mortification of the flesh . The English word Lent is a shortened form of the Old English word len ( c ) ten , meaning `` spring season '' , as its Dutch language cognate lente ( Old Dutch lentin ) still does today . A dated term in German , Lenz ( Old High German lenzo ) , is also related . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , ' the shorter form ( ? Old Germanic type * laŋgito - , * laŋgiton - ) seems to be a derivative of * laŋgo - long ... and may possibly have reference to the lengthening of the days as characterizing the season of spring ' . The origin of the - en element is less clear : it may simply be a suffix , or lencten may originally have been a compound of * laŋgo - ' long ' and an otherwise little attested word * - tino , meaning ' day ' . In languages spoken where Christianity was earlier established , such as Greek and Latin , the term signifies the period dating from the 40th day before Easter . In modern Greek the term is Σαρακοστή , derived from the earlier Τεσσαρακοστή , meaning `` fortieth '' . The corresponding word in Latin , quadragesima ( `` fortieth '' ) , is the origin of the term used in Latin - derived languages and in some others : for example , Croatian korizma , French carême , Irish carghas , Italian quaresima , Portuguese quaresma , Albanian kreshma , Romanian păresimi , Spanish cuaresma , Basque garizuma and Welsh c ( a ) rawys . In other languages , the name used refers to the activity associated with the season . Thus it is called `` fasting period '' in Czech ( postní doba ) , German ( Fastenzeit ) , and Norwegian ( fasten / fastetid ) , and it is called `` great fast '' in Polish ( wielki post ) and Russian ( великий пост -- veliki post ) . The terms used in Filipino are kuwaresma ( from the Spanish ) and Mahál na Araw ( `` precious / great days '' ) ; the latter term is also used specifically for Holy Week . Duration and traditions ( edit ) Various Christian denominations calculate the 40 days of Lent differently . The way they observe Lent also differs . Roman catholicism ( edit ) In the Roman Rite Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and finishes on Holy Saturday . This comprises a period of 46 days . This includes 6 Sundays which are not considered part of Lent because Sundays are days of celebration for Catholics . In the Ambrosian Rite , Lent begins on the Sunday that follows what is celebrated as Ash Wednesday in the rest of the Latin Catholic Church , and ends as in the Roman Rite , thus being of 40 days , counting the Sundays but not Holy Thursday . The day for beginning the Lenten fast is the following Monday , the first weekday in Lent . The special Ash Wednesday fast is transferred to the first Friday of the Ambrosian Lent . Until this rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated in white vestments with chanting of the Gloria in Excelsis and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . The period of Lent observed in the Eastern Catholic Churches corresponds to that in other churches of Eastern Christianity that have similar traditions . Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy ( edit ) In Protestant and Western Orthodox Churches , the season of Lent lasts from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . This calculation makes Lent last 46 days , if the 6 Sundays are included , but only 40 , if they are excluded , This definition is still that of the Anglican Church , Lutheran Church , Methodist Church , and Western Rite Orthodox Church . Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite ( edit ) Main article : Great Lent In the Byzantine Rite , i.e. , the Eastern Orthodox Great Lent ( Greek : Μεγάλη Τεσσαρακοστή or Μεγάλη Νηστεία , meaning `` Great 40 Days '' and `` Great Fast '' respectively ) is the most important fasting season in the church year . The 40 days of Great Lent includes Sundays , and begins on Clean Monday and are immediately followed by what are considered distinct periods of fasting , Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday , which in turn are followed straightway by Holy Week . Great Lent is broken only after the Paschal ( Easter ) Divine Liturgy . The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the traditional Church 's teaching on fasting . The rules for lenten fasting are the monastic rules . Fasting in the Orthodox Church is more than simply abstaining from certain foods . During the Great Lent Orthodox Faithful intensify their prayers and spiritual exercises , go to church services more often , study the Scriptures and the works of the Church Fathers in depth , limit their entertainment and spendings and focus on charity and good works . Oriental Orthodoxy ( edit ) Among the Oriental Orthodox , there are various local traditions regarding Lent . Those using the Alexandrian Rite , i.e. , the Coptic Orthodox , Coptic Catholic , Ethiopian Orthodox , Ethiopian Catholic , Eritrean Orthodox , and Eritrean Catholic Churches , observe eight weeks of Lent . In Ethiopian Orthodoxy , fasting ( tsome ) lasts for 55 continuous days before Easter ( Fasika ) , although the fast is divided into three separate periods : Tsome Hirkal , eight days commemorating an early Christian figure ; Tsome Arba , 40 days of Lent ; and Tsome Himamat , seven days commemorating Holy Week . Fasting involves abstention from animal products ( meat , dairy , and eggs ) , and refraining from eating or drinking before 3 : 00 pm . Ethiopian devotees may also abstain from sexual activity and the consumption of alcohol . As in the Eastern Orthodox Churches , the date of Easter is reckoned according to the Julian Calendar , and usually occurs later than Easter according to Gregorian Calendar used by Catholic and Protestant Churches . Other related fasting periods ( edit ) The season of Lent begins on Ash Wednesday , most notably by the public imposition of ashes . In this photograph , a woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Anglican church . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes during the Divine Service on Ash Wednesday . The number 40 has many Biblical references : Moses spent 40 days on Mount Sinai with God ( Exodus 24 : 18 ) Elijah spent 40 days and nights walking to Mount Horeb ( 1 Kings 19 : 8 ) God sent 40 days and nights of rain in the great flood of Noah ( Genesis 7 : 4 ) The Hebrew people wandered 40 years in the desert while traveling to the Promised Land ( Numbers 14 : 33 ) Jonah 's prophecy of judgment gave 40 days to the city of Nineveh in which to repent or be destroyed ( Jonah 3 : 4 ) . Jesus retreated into the wilderness , where He fasted for 40 days , and was tempted by the devil ( Matthew 4 : 1 -- 2 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , Luke 4 : 1 -- 2 ) . He overcame all three of Satan 's temptations by citing scripture to the devil , at which point the devil left him , angels ministered to Jesus , and He began His ministry . Jesus further said that His disciples should fast `` when the bridegroom shall be taken from them '' ( Matthew 9 : 15 ) , a reference to his Passion . Since , presumably , the Apostles fasted as they mourned the death of Jesus , Christians have traditionally fasted during the annual commemoration of his burial . It is the traditional belief that Jesus laid for 40 hours in the tomb , which led to the 40 hours of total fasting that preceded the Easter celebration in the early Church ( the biblical reference to ' three days in the tomb ' is understood by them as spanning three days , from Friday afternoon to early Sunday morning , rather than three 24 - hour periods of time ) . Some Christian denominations , such as The Way International and Logos Apostolic Church of God , as well as Anglican scholar E.W. Bullinger in The Companion Bible , believe Christ was in the grave for a total of 72 hours , reflecting the type of Jonah in the belly of the whale . One of the most important ceremonies at Easter is the baptism of the initiates on Easter Eve . The fast was initially undertaken by the catechumens to prepare them for the reception of this sacrament . Later , the period of fasting from Good Friday until Easter Day was extended to six days , to correspond with the six weeks of training necessary to give the final instruction to those converts who were to be baptized . Converts to Christianity followed a strict catechumenate or period of instruction and discipline prior to receiving the sacrament of baptism , sometimes lasting up to three years . In Jerusalem near the close of the fourth century , classes were held throughout Lent for three hours each day . With the legalization of Christianity ( by the Edict of Milan ) and its later imposition as the state religion of the Roman Empire , its character was endangered by the great influx of new members . In response , the Lenten fast and practices of self - renunciation were required annually of all Christians , both to show solidarity with the catechumens , and for their own spiritual benefit . Associated customs ( edit ) Statues and icons veiled in violet shrouds for Passiontide in St Pancras Church , Ipswich , England There are traditionally 40 days in Lent ; these are marked by fasting , both from foods and festivities , and by other acts of penance . The three traditional practices to be taken up with renewed vigour during Lent are prayer ( justice towards God ) , fasting ( justice towards self ) , and almsgiving ( justice towards neighbours ) . However , in modern times , observers give up partaking in vices and often invest the time or money saved in charitable purposes or organizations . In addition , some believers add a regular spiritual discipline , to bring them closer to God , such as reading a Lenten daily devotional . Another practice commonly added is the singing of the Stabat Mater hymn in designated groups . Among Filipino Catholics , the recitation of Jesus Christ ' passion , called Pasiong Mahal , is also observed . In some Christian countries , grand religious processions and cultural customs are observed , and the faithful attempt to visit seven churches during Holy Week in honor of Jesus Christ heading to Mount Calvary . In many liturgical Christian denominations , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , and Easter Sunday form the Easter Triduum . Lent is a season of grief that necessarily ends with a great celebration of Easter . Thus , it is known in Eastern Orthodox circles as the season of `` Bright Sadness '' . It is a season of sorrowful reflection which is punctuated by breaks in the fast on Sundays . Omission of Gloria and Alleluia ( edit ) The Gloria in excelsis Deo , which is usually said or sung on Sundays at Mass of the Roman Rite and Anglican rite , is omitted on the Sundays of Lent , but continues in use on solemnities and feasts and on special celebrations of a more solemn kind . Some mass compositions were written especially for Lent , such as Michael Haydn 's Missa tempore Quadragesimae , without Gloria , in D minor , and for modest forces , only choir and organ . The Gloria is used on Maundy Thursday , to the accompaniment of bells , which then fall silent until the Gloria in excelsis of the Easter Vigil . The Lutheran Divine Service , the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , and the Presbyterian service of worship associate the Alleluia with joy and omits it entirely throughout Lent , not only at Mass but also in the canonical hours as well as outside the liturgy . Before 1970 , the omission began with Septuagesima . The word `` Alleluia '' at the beginning and end of the Acclamation Before the Gospel at Mass is replaced by another phrase . Before 1970 , the whole Acclamation was omitted and was replaced by a Tract . Again , before 1970 , the word `` Alleluia '' normally added to the Gloria Patri at the beginning of each Hour of the Liturgy of the Hours was replaced by the phrase Laus tibi , Domine , rex aeternae gloriae ( Praise to you , O Lord , king of eternal glory ) . Now it is simply omitted . Until the Ambrosian Rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated with chanting of the Gloria and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . In the Byzantine Rite , the Gloria ( Great Doxology ) continues to be used in its normal place in the Matins service , and the Alleluia appears all the more frequently , replacing `` God is the Lord '' at Matins . Veiling of religious images ( edit ) A United Methodist minister prostrates at the start of the Good Friday liturgy at Holy Family Church , in accordance with the rubrics in the Book of Worship . The processional cross is veiled in black , the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in Methodist Churches . A crucifix on the high altar is veiled for Lent . Saint Martin 's parish , Württemberg , Germany In certain pious Christian states , in which liturgical forms of Christianity predominate , religious objects were traditionally veiled for the entire 40 days of Lent . Though perhaps uncommon in the United States of America , this pious practice is consistently observed in Goa , Malta , Peru , the Philippines ( the latter only for the entire duration of Holy Week , with the exception of processional images ) , and in the Spanish cities : Barcelona , Málaga , and Seville . In Ireland , before Vatican II , when impoverished rural Catholic convents and parishes could not afford purple fabrics , they resorted to either removing the statues altogether or , if too heavy or bothersome , turned the statues to face the wall . As is popular custom , the 14 Stations of the Cross plaques on the walls are not veiled . Crucifixes made before the time of Saint Francis of Assisi did not have a corpus ( body of Christ ) and therefore were adorned with jewels and gemstones , which was referred to as Crux Gemmatae . To keep the faithful from adoring the crucifixes elaborated with ornamentation , veiling it in royal purple fabrics came into place . The violet colour later evolved as a color of penance and mourning . Further liturgical changes in modernity reduced such observances to the last week of Passiontide . In parishes that could afford only small quantities of violet fabrics , only the heads of the statues were veiled . If no violet fabrics could be afforded at all , then the religious statues and images were turned around facing the wall . Flowers were always removed as a sign of solemn mourning . In the pre-1992 Methodist liturgy and pre-1970 forms of the Roman Rite , the last two weeks of Lent are known as Passiontide , a period beginning on the Fifth Sunday in Lent , which in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is called the First Sunday in Passiontide and in earlier editions Passion Sunday . All statues ( and in England paintings as well ) in the church were traditionally veiled in violet . This was seen as in keeping with the Gospel of that Sunday ( John 8 : 46 -- 59 ) , in which Jesus `` hid himself '' from the people . Within many churches in the United States of America , after the Second Vatican Council , the need to veil statues or crosses became increasingly irrelevant and was deemed unnecessary by some diocesan bishops . As a result , the veils were removed at the singing of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo during the Easter Vigil . In 1970 , the name `` Passiontide '' was dropped , although the last two weeks are markedly different from the rest of the season , and continuance of the tradition of veiling images is left to the discretion of a country 's conference of bishops or even to individual parishes as pastors may wish . On Good Friday , the Anglican , Lutheran , and Methodist churches traditionally veiled `` all pictures , statutes , and the cross are covered in mourning black '' , while `` the chancel and altar coverings are replaced with black , and altar candles are extinguished '' . The fabrics are then `` replaced with white on sunrise on Easter Sunday '' . Pre-Lenten Festivals ( edit ) Main article : Shrovetide Further information : Carnival , Mardi Gras , Swabian - Alemannic - Fastnacht , Maslenitsa , Pancake Day , and Baklahorani The carnival celebrations which in many cultures traditionally precede Lent are seen as a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins . Some of the most famous are the Carnival of Barranquilla , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the Carnival of Venice , Cologne Carnival , the New Orleans Mardi Gras , the Rio de Janeiro carnival , and the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival . The day immediately preceding Lent is variously called Mardi Gras ( `` Fat Tuesday '' ) , Pancake Tuesday , or Shrove Tuesday . Sometimes , it is the peak of the pre-Lenten festival , while sometimes it is largely occupied with preparations for Lent . The observances vary from culture to culture , and even from town to town . Originally , in Lebanon and Syria , the last Thursday preceding Lent was called `` Khamis el zakara '' . For Catholics , it was meant to be a day of remembrance of the dead ones . However , zakara ( which means `` remembrance '' , in Arabic ) was gradually replaced by sakara ( meaning `` getting drunk '' in Arabic ) , and so the occasion came to be known as Khamis el sakara , wherein celebrants indulge themselves with alcoholic beverages . Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Further information : Christian dietary laws Fasting during Lent was more prominent in ancient times than today . Socrates Scholasticus reports that in some places , all animal products were strictly forbidden , while various others permitted fish , or fish and fowl , others prohibited fruit and eggs , and still others permitted only bread . In many places , the observant abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which was often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . For other Latin Catholics , by the early 20th century the theoretical obligation of the penitential fast throughout Lent except on Sundays was to take only one full meal a day . In addition , a smaller meal , called a collation , was allowed in the evening , and a cup of some beverage , accompanied by a little bread , in the morning . In practice , this obligation , which was a matter of custom rather than of written law , was not observed strictly . The 1917 Code of Canon Law allowed the full meal on a fasting day to be taken at any hour and to be supplemented by two collations , with the quantity and the quality of the food to be determined by local custom . The Lenten fast ended on Holy Saturday at noon . Only those aged 21 to 59 were obliged to fast . As with all merely ecclesiastical laws , particular difficulties , such as strenuous work or illness , excused one from observance , and a dispensation from the law could be granted by a bishop or parish priest . In addition to fasting , abstinence from meat was to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on Fridays and Saturdays in Lent . A rule of thumb is that the two collations should not add up to the equivalent of another full meal . Rather portions were to be : `` sufficient to sustain strength , but not sufficient to satisfy hunger '' . The apostolic constitution Paenitemini of 17 February 1966 reduced the fasting days to two : Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , and allowed episcopal conferences to `` substitute abstinence and fast wholly or in part with other forms of penitence and especially works of charity and the exercises of piety '' . This was made part of the 1983 Code of Canon Law , which made obligatory fasting for those aged between 18 and 59 , and abstinence for those aged 14 and upward . The Irish Catholic Bishops ' Conference decided to allow other forms of Friday penance to replace that of abstinence from meat , whether in Lent or outside Lent , suggesting alternatives such as abstaining from some other food , or from alcohol or smoking ; making a special effort at participating in family prayer or in Mass ; making the Stations of the Cross ; or helping the poor , sick , old , or lonely . The Catholic Bishops ' Conference of England and Wales made a similar ruling in 1985 but decided in 2011 to restore the traditional year - round Friday abstinence from meat . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has maintained the rule of abstention from meat on Friday only during Lent . Many Lutheran Churches advocate fasting during designated times such as Lent , especially on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines : Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat . Refrain from eating meat ( bloody foods ) on all Fridays in Lent , substituting fish for example . Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season . Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter . Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent . Abstain from or limit a favorite activity ( television , movies , etc . ) for the entire season , and spend more time in prayer , Bible study , and reading devotional material . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for Methodists. Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety . The Reformed Church in America describes the first day of Lent , Ash Wednesday , as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance '' and considers fasting a focus of the whole Lenten season , as demonstrated in the `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' , found in the Reformed liturgy for the Ash Wednesday service , which is read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for adherents of the Reformed faith . During the early Middle Ages , eggs , dairy products , and meat were generally forbidden . In favour of the traditional practice , observed both in East and West , Thomas Aquinas argued that `` they afford greater pleasure as food ( than fish ) , and greater nourishment to the human body , so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter , which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust . '' Aquinas also authorized the consumption of candy during Lent , because `` sugared spices '' ( such as comfits ) were , in his opinion , digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food . Jousting against Carnival is represented by a fat man on a beer barrel who wears a huge meat pie as headdress ; Lent is represented by a thin gaunt woman on a cart ( shown here ) bearing Lenten fare : mussels , pretzels , and waffles . Oil painting The Fight Between Carnival and Lent by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( circa 1558 -- 1559 ) . In Spain , the bull of the Holy Crusade ( renewed periodically after 1492 ) allowed the consumption of dairy products and eggs during Lent in exchange for a contribution to the cause of the crusade . Giraldus Cambrensis , in his Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales , reports that `` in Germany and the arctic regions '' , `` great and religious persons '' eat the tail of beavers as `` fish '' because of its superficial resemblance to `` both the taste and colour of fish '' . The animal was very abundant in Wales at the time . In current Western societies the practice is considerably relaxed , though in the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and Eastern Catholic Churches , abstinence from all animal products including eggs , fish , fowl , and milk sourced from animals ( e.g. , cows and goats , as opposed to the milk of coconuts and soy beans ) is still commonly practiced , so that , where this is observed , only vegetarian ( or vegan ) meals are consumed for the whole of Lent , 45 days in the Byzantine Rite . In the Western Catholic Church , the obligation to fast no longer applies to all weekdays of Lent ( 40 days ) , but only to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . In the tradition of this part of the Catholic Church , abstinence from eating some form of food ( generally meat , but not dairy or fish products ) is distinguished from fasting . Fasting involves having during the day only one proper meal with up to two `` collations '' , light meatless meals sufficient to maintain strength but not adding up to the equivalent of a full meal . In principle , abstinence is to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on every Friday of the year that is not a solemnity ( a liturgical feast day of the highest rank ) ; but in each country the episcopal conference can determine the form it is to take , perhaps replacing abstinence with other forms of penance . Present canonical legislation on these matters follows the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI , Paenitemini , in which he recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain . He also allowed replacing fasting and abstinence with prayer and works of charity in countries with a lower standard of living . The law of abstinence binds those age 14 or over , and that of fast binds those who are at least 18 years of age and not yet 60 . The sick and those who have special needs are excused , and dispensations can be granted by episcopal conferences or individual bishops , which can be wider outside of Lent . Even during Lent , the rule about solemnities holds , so that the obligation of Friday abstinence does not apply on 19 and 25 March when , as usually happens , the solemnities of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation are celebrated on those dates . The same applies to Saint Patrick 's Day , which is a solemnity in the whole of Ireland as well as in dioceses that have Saint Patrick as principal patron saint . In some other places , too , where there are strong Irish traditions within the Catholic community , a dispensation is granted for that day . In Hong Kong , where Ash Wednesday often coincides with Chinese New Year celebrations , a dispensation is then granted from the laws of fast and abstinence , and the faithful are exhorted to use some other form of penance . After the Protestant Reformation , in the Lutheran Church , `` Church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . '' In the Anglican Churches , the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion , a companion to the Book of Common Prayer , states that fasting is `` usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent '' . It further states that `` the major Fast Days of Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , as the American Prayer - Book indicates , are stricter in obligation , though not in observance , than the other Fast Days , and therefore should not be neglected except in cases of serious illness or other necessity of an absolute character . '' In many Christian countries , religious processions during the season of Lent are often accompanied by a military escort both for security and parade . Ceuta , Spain Traditionally , on Sunday , and during the hours before sunrise and after sunset , some Churches , such as Episcopalians , allow `` breaks '' in their Lent promises . For Roman Catholics , the Lenten penitential season ends after the Easter Vigil Mass . Orthodox Christians also break their fast after the Paschal Vigil , a service which starts around 11 : 00 pm on Holy Saturday , and which includes the Paschal celebration of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom . At the end of the service , the priest blesses cheese , eggs , flesh meats , and other items that the faithful have been abstaining from for the duration of Great Lent . Lenten traditions and liturgical practices are less common , less binding , and sometimes non-existent among some liberal and progressive Christians , since these generally do not emphasize piety and the mortification of the flesh as a significant virtue . A greater emphasis on anticipation of Easter Sunday is often encouraged more than the penitence of Lent or Holy Week . Some Christians as well as secular groups also interpret the Lenten fast in a positive tone , not as renunciation but as contributing to causes such as environmental stewardship and improvement of health . Even some atheists find value in the Christian tradition and observe Lent . Media coverage ( edit ) During Lent , BBC 's Radio Four normally broadcasts a series of programmes called the Lent Talks . These 15 - minute programmes are normally broadcast on a Wednesday and have featured various speakers , such as John Lennox . Holy days within the season of Lent ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Easter Triduum A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails on Ash Wednesday Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Old Jerusalem on Golgotha , Mount Calvary , where tradition claims Jesus was crucified and died There are several holy days within the season of Lent : Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity , such as the Lutheran Churches , Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , Methodist Churches , Reformed traditions , etc . In the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite , there is no Ash Wednesday : Lent begins on the first Sunday and the fast begins on the first Monday . The Sundays in Lent carry Latin names in German Lutheranism , derived from the beginning of the Sunday 's introit . The first is called Invocabit , the second Reminiscere , the third Oculi , the fourth Laetare , the fifth Judica , the sixth Palm Sunday . The fourth Sunday in Lent , which marks the halfway point between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday , is referred to as Laetare Sunday by Anglicans , Roman Catholics , and many other Christians , because of the traditional Entrance Antiphon of the Mass . Due to the more `` joyful '' character of the day ( since laetare in Latin means `` rejoice '' ) , the priest , deacon , and subdeacon have the option of wearing vestments of a rose colour ( pink ) instead of violet . Additionally , the fourth Lenten Sunday , Mothering Sunday , which has become known as Mother 's Day in the United Kingdom and an occasion for honouring mothers of children , has its origin in a 16th - century celebration of the Mother Church . The fifth Sunday in Lent , also known in some denominations as Passion Sunday ( and in some denominations also applies to Palm Sunday ) marks the beginning of Passiontide . The sixth Sunday in Lent , commonly called Palm Sunday , marks the beginning of Holy Week , the final week of Lent immediately preceding Easter . Wednesday of Holy Week , Holy Wednesday ( also sometimes known as Spy Wednesday ) commemorates Judas Iscariot 's bargain to betray Jesus . Thursday of Holy Week is known as Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday , and is a day Christians commemorate the Last Supper shared by Christ with his disciples . The next day is Good Friday , on which Christians remember Jesus ' crucifixion , death , and burial . Easter Triduum ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Anglican , Lutheran , Old Catholic , Roman Catholic , and many other churches , the Easter Triduum is a three - day event that begins Maundy Thursday evening , with the entrance hymn of the Mass of the Lord 's Supper . After this celebration , the consecrated Hosts are taken solemnly from the altar to a place of reposition , where the faithful are invited to meditate in the presence of the consecrated Hosts. This is the Church 's response to Jesus ' question to the disciples sleeping in the Garden of Gethsemane , `` Could you not watch with me one hour ? '' On the next day , the liturgical commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ is celebrated at 3 pm , unless a later time is chosen due to work schedules . This service consists of readings from the Scriptures , especially John the Evangelist 's account of the Passion of Jesus , followed by prayers , veneration of the cross of Jesus , and a communion service at which the hosts consecrated at the evening Mass of the day before are distributed . The Easter Vigil during the night between Holy Saturday afternoon and Easter Sunday morning starts with the blessing of a fire and a special candle , and with readings from Scripture associated with baptism . Then , the Gloria in Excelsis Deo is sung , water is blessed , baptism and confirmation of adults may take place , the people are invited to renew the promises of their own baptism , and finally , Mass is celebrated in the usual way from the Preparation of the Gifts onwards . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday or on the morning of Easter Sunday . It is custom for some churches to hold sunrise services which include open air celebrations in some places . Vestments ( edit ) The chancel of a Lutheran church decorated with red paraments , the liturgical colour of the last week of Lent , Holy Week , in the Lutheran and Anglican Churches In the Lutheran , Methodist , Reformed , Roman Catholic , and many Anglican churches , the pastor 's vestments are violet during the season of Lent . On the fourth Sunday in Lent , rose - coloured ( pink ) vestments may be worn in lieu of violet . Historically , black had also been used : Pope Innocent III declared black to be the proper color for Lent , though Durandus of Saint - Pourçain claims violet has preference over black . In some Anglican churches , a type of unbleached linen or muslin known as `` Lenten array '' is worn during the first three weeks of Lent , crimson is worn during Passiontide , and on holy days , the colour proper to the day is worn . In certain other Anglican churches , as an alternative to violet for all of Lent except Holy Week and red beginning on Palm Sunday through Holy Saturday , Lenten array , typically made of sackcloth such as burlap and trimmed with crimson cloth , often velvet , is worn , even during Holy Week -- since the sackcloth represents penance and the crimson edges represent the Passion of Christ . Even the veils that cover the altar crosses or crucifixes and statuary ( if any ) are made of the same sackcloth with the crimson trim . See also ( edit ) Christianity : Fasting in the Eastern Orthodox Church Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Fast of Nineveh People 's Sunday Quinquagesima Islam : Ramadan Judaism : Counting of the Omer Tisha B'Av Yom Kippur Modern interpretations Lent Event , asks people to donate the value of what they forego during Lent General : Asceticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoll , Anita K. ; Smith , Dawn L. ( 2000 ) . Gender , Identity , and Representation in Spain 's Golden Age . Bucknell University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 9780838754252 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies. 31 January 2011 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads . The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ( 4 January 2001 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 180 . ISBN 081086620X . Jump up ^ Benedict , Philip ( 3 March 2014 ) . Christ 's Churches Purely Reformed : A Social History of Calvinism . Yale University Press . p. 506 . ISBN 030010507X . Jump up ^ Mennonite Stew -- A Glossary : Lent . Third Way Café . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Traditionally , Lent was not observed by the Mennonite church , and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six - week season preceding Easter . Jump up ^ Brumley , Jeff . `` Lent not just for Catholics , but also for some Baptists and other evangelicals '' . The Florida Times Union . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Margaret ( 5 March 2017 ) . `` Students observe Lent on campus -- The Brown and White '' . The Brown and White . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Crumm , David . Our Lent , 2nd Edition . ISBN 1934879509 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Gill ; Craig - Wild , Peter ; Craven , Diane ; Moger , Peter ( 5 March 2007 ) . Together for a Season . Church House Publishing . p. 34 . ISBN 9780715140635 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ This practice is observed in numerous pious Christian countries , although the form of abstention may vary depending on what is customary . Some abstain from meat for 40 days , some do so only on Fridays , or some only on Good Friday itself . By pontifical decree under Pope Alexander VI , eggs and dairy products may be consumed by penitents in Spain and its colonized territories . Jump up ^ `` What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Year '' . The Anglican Catholic Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Knowlton , MaryLee ( 2004 ) . Macedonia . Marshall Cavendish . p. 125 . ISBN 9780761418542 . Traditionally , as in many Christian countries , the carnival marked the beginning of Lent , which ushered in a six - week period of fasting for Christians . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` lente ( voorjaar ) '' . etymologiebank.nl . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Lent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 427 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices '' . www.usccb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Thurston ( 1910 ) . `` Lent '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 9 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . See paragraph : Duration of the Fast ^ Jump up to : The `` Secret of the Mass '' in the First Sunday of Lent -- `` Sacrificium Quadragesimalis Initii '' , Missale Romanum Ambrosianus Jump up ^ Akin , James . `` All About Lent '' . EWTN . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Roman and the Lutheran Observance of Lent . Luther League of America . 1920 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Lent is a season of forty days , not counting Sundays , which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday . Sundays in Lent are not counted in the forty days because each Sunday represents a `` mini-Easter '' and the reverent spirit of Lent is tempered with joyful anticipation of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 10 January 2003 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 130 . Jump up ^ The Northwestern Lutheran , Volumes 60 -- 61 . Northwestern Publishing House . 1973 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Langford , Andy ( 4 January 1993 ) . Blueprints for worship : a user 's guide for United Methodist congregations . Abingdon Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Fenton , John . `` The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition '' . Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Great Lent - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese '' . Antiochian.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Jeffrey ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Ethiopia : fasting for 55 days '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tsome Nenewe ( The Fast of Nineveh ) '' . Minneapolis : Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . 28 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Robel Arega . `` Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church '' . Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department -- Mahibere Kidusan . Why Fifty - Five Days ? . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lent & Beyond : Dr. Peter Toon -- From Septuagesima to Quadragesima ( web site gone , no alternate source found , originally cited 27 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ Jesus Was Literally Three Days and Three Nights in the Grave , www.logosapostolic.org , retrieved 23 March 2011 Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Just How Long Did Jesus Stay in the Tomb ? '' . www.huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinson , E. Glenn ( 1 January 1981 ) . The Evangelization of the Roman Empire : Identity and Adaptability . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865540149 . Like its parent , Judaism , earliest Christianity had a catechism for its converts , as much recent study has proven ... Hippolytus required up to three years ' instruction before baptism , shortened by a candidate 's progress in developing Christian character . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lent -- disciplines and practices '' . Spirit Home . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar , 19 '' . Catholicliturgy.com . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 53 Jump up ^ Roman Missal , Thursday of the Lord 's Supper , 7 Jump up ^ `` Why do n't we use alleluias during Lent ? '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr. , J. Dudley Weaver , ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780664502188 . The alleluia is traditionally not sung during Lent , and , here at the first service of Easter , it is at last reintroduced to the church 's liturgy . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bratcher , Dennis ( 2015 ) . `` The Days of Holy Week '' . CRI . Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , James David ( 1909 ) . `` Fast '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` CIC 1917 : text -- IntraText CT '' . Intratext.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregson , David . `` Fasting '' . EWTN . Eternal Word Television Network . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paenitemini ( February 17 , 1966 ) - Paul VI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code of Canon Law - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Penance resource from ICBC '' . Catholicbishops.ie . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Abstinence . Statement from the Bishops of England and Wales on Canons 1249 -- 1253 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Catholics asked to abstain from meat for Friday penance '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` EWTN Q & A , Response '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ What is the holiest season of the Church Year ? Archived 2009 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Archived copy at the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 . The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1883 ) . The American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge . D. Appleton and Company . p. 101 . The Protestant Episcopal , Lutheran , and Reformed churches , as well as many Methodists , observe the day by fasting and special services . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica Q147a8 '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim H. ( 2002 ) . Sweets : A History of Candy . Bloomsbury USA . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 229 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez , Universidad Complutense de Madrid . `` Millennium : Fear and Religion '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Baldwin 's Itinerary Through Wales No. 2 by Giraldus Cambrensis '' . Gutenberg.org. 31 December 2001 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` collation '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Penitential Days -- Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong '' . Jump up ^ `` Catholics United for the Faith -- Lent -- Discipline and History -- Teaching the Catholic Faith '' . Catholics United for the Faith -- Catholics United for the Faith is an international lay apostolate founded to help the faithful learn what the Catholic Church teaches . Jump up ^ Colin B. Donovan , Fast and Abstinence . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 15 March 2006 ) . `` Thou Shalt Eat Corned Beef on Friday : Who Sets the Rules on Lent ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Church 's Discipline as to Fasting and Abstinence '' . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : What Is Ash Wednesday ? How Do We Observe It ? Why Should We ? '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent -- USA -- Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe '' . Peterlang.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hebden , Keith ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` This Lent I will eat no food , to highlight the hunger all around us '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ DiLallo , Matt ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Believe it or Not , Catholics Observing Lent Save Our Environment '' . Fool.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellow , Juliette ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Cut out one treat for Lent and your waistline could reap the benefits '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly . `` After giving up religion , atheists try giving up something else for Lent '' . Religion News Service . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programmes : Lent Talks '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Lennox , John ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` John Lennox 's Lent Talk for Radio 4 '' . RZIM . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` spy , n . '' , OED Online , Oxford University Press , December 2013 , Spy Wednesday n . in Irish use , the Wednesday before Easter . Jump up ^ Packer , George Nichols ( 1893 ) . `` Our Calendar : The Julian Calendar and Its Errors , how Corrected by the Gregorian '' . Corning , NY : ( The author ) . p. 112 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Spy Wednesday , so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas , or the day on which he made the bargain to deliver Him into the hands of His enemies for 30 pieces of silver . Jump up ^ McNichol , Hugh ( 2014 ) . `` Spy Wednesday conversion to Holy Wednesday '' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gally , Howard E. ( 25 January 1989 ) . Ceremonies of the Eucharist . Cowley Publications . p. 45 . ISBN 9781461660521 . In recent decades there has been a revival of the ancient use of red ( crimson or scarlet ) for Holy Week among both Episcopalians and Lutherans . The Roman rite has restored the use of red only on Palm Sunday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kellner , K.A.H. ( 1908 ) . Heortology : A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Limited . p. 430 . Jump up ^ The Church of England rubric states : `` The colour for a particular service should reflect the predominant theme . If the Collect , Readings , etc. on a Lesser Festival are those of the saint , then either red ( for a martyr ) or white is used ; otherwise , the colour of the season is retained . '' See page 532 here . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lent ( fasting period ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lent Look up Lent in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Daily Lenten Devotional -- LHM Methodist Church : Lent and Easter Resources Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival hide Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lent&oldid=846222909 '' Categories : Lent Christian terminology Christian fasting March observances Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Bosanski Català Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Português Română Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ትግርኛ Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 07 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the forty days of lent end | [
"Lent (Latin: Quadragesima: Fortieth) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday. The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer, doing penance, mortifying the flesh, repentance of sins, almsgiving, and self-denial.[1] This event is observed in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, and Catholic Churches.[2][3][4] Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season.[5][6] Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week, marking the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus, which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday, further climaxing on Jesus' crucifixion on Good Friday, which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ."
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"before Easter Sunday"
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5030045823036778408 | Blood sugar level | Blood sugar level - wikipedia Blood sugar level Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The fluctuation of blood sugar ( red ) and the sugar - lowering hormone insulin ( blue ) in humans during the course of a day with three meals . One of the effects of a sugar - rich vs a starch - rich meal is highlighted . The blood sugar level , blood sugar concentration , or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose ( sugar ) present in the blood of humans and other animals . The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis . With some exceptions , glucose is the primary source of energy for the body 's cells , and blood lipids ( in the form of fats and oils ) are primarily a compact energy store . Glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstream ; its uptake by cells is regulated by the hormone insulin , produced by the pancreas . Glucose levels are usually lowest in the morning , before the first meal of the day , and rise after meals for an hour or two by a few millimoles . Blood sugar levels outside the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition . A persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia ; low levels are referred to as hypoglycemia . Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes , and is the most prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation . There are different methods of testing and measuring blood sugar levels . The intake of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar , and later tends to cause levels to fall . Also , certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose levels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Units 2 Normal values in humans 3 Animals 4 Regulation 5 Abnormality in blood sugar levels 5.1 High blood sugar 5.2 Low blood sugar 6 Glucose measurement 6.1 Sample source 6.2 Sample type 6.3 Measurement techniques 6.4 Clinical correlation 7 Etymology and use of term 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Units ( edit ) The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels is in terms of a molar concentration , measured in mmol / L ( millimoles per litre ; or millimolar , abbreviated mM ) . In the United States , West - Germany and other countries mass concentration is measured in mg / dL ( milligrams per decilitre ) . Since the molecular weight of glucose C H O is 180 , the difference between the two units is a factor of 18 , so that 1 mmol / L of glucose is equivalent to 18 mg / dL . Normal values in humans ( edit ) Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories . Many factors affect a person 's blood sugar level . The body 's homeostatic mechanism of blood sugar regulation ( known as glucose homeostasis ) , when operating normally , restores the blood sugar level to a narrow range of about 4.4 to 6.1 mmol / L ( 79.2 to 110 mg / dL ) ( as measured by a fasting blood glucose test ) . The normal blood glucose level ( tested while fasting ) for non-diabetics , should be between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol / L ( 70 to 100 mg / dL ) . The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol / L ( 100 mg / dL ) ; however , this level fluctuates throughout the day . Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol / L ( 125 mg / dL ) . The blood glucose target range for diabetics , according to the American Diabetes Association , should be 5.0 -- 7.2 mmol / l ( 90 -- 130 mg / dL ) before meals , and less than 10 mmol / L ( 180 mg / dL ) after meals ( as measured by a blood glucose monitor ) . Despite widely variable intervals between meals or the occasional consumption of meals with a substantial carbohydrate load , human blood glucose levels tend to remain within the normal range . However , shortly after eating , the blood glucose level may rise , in non-diabetics , temporarily up to 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) or slightly more . For people with diabetes maintaining ' tight diabetes control ' , the American Diabetes Association recommends a post-meal glucose level of less than 10 mmol / L ( 180 mg / dL ) and a fasting plasma glucose of 3.9 to 7.2 mmol / L ( 70 -- 130 mg / dL ) . The actual amount of glucose in the blood and body fluids is very small . In a healthy adult male of 75 kg with a blood volume of 5 liters , a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol / L ( 100 mg / dL ) amounts to 5g , equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar . Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that , to maintain an influx of glucose into cells , enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it . Animals ( edit ) In general , ranges of blood sugar in common domestic ruminants are lower than in many monogastric mammals . However this generalization does not extend to wild ruminants or camelids . For serum glucose in mg / dL , reference ranges of 42 to 75 for cows , 44 to 81 for sheep , and 48 to 76 for goats , but 61 to 124 for cats ; 62 to 108 for dogs , 62 to 114 for horses , 66 to 116 for pigs , 75 to 155 for rabbits , and 90 to 140 for llamas have been reported . A 90 percent reference interval for serum glucose of 26 to 181 mg / dL has been reported for captured mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ) , where no effects of the pursuit and capture on measured levels were evident . For beluga whales , the 25 -- 75 percent range for serum glucose has been estimated to be 94 to 115 mg / dL . For the white rhinoceros , one study has indicated that the 95 percent range is 28 to 140 mg / dL . For harp seals , a serum glucose range of 4.9 to 12.1 mmol / L ( i.e. 88 to 218 mg / dL ) has been reported ; for hooded seals , a range of 7.5 to 15.7 mmol / L ( i.e. about 135 to 283 mg / dL ) has been reported . Regulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Blood sugar regulation The body 's homeostatic mechanism keeps blood glucose levels within a narrow range . It is composed of several interacting systems , of which hormone regulation is the most important . There are two types of mutually antagonistic metabolic hormones affecting blood glucose levels : catabolic hormones ( such as glucagon , cortisol and catecholamines ) which increase blood glucose ; and one anabolic hormone ( insulin ) , which decreases blood glucose . Abnormality in blood sugar levels ( edit ) High blood sugar ( edit ) Main article : hyperglycemia If blood sugar levels remain too high the body suppresses appetite over the short term . Long - term hyperglycemia causes many of the long - term health problems including heart disease , eye , kidney , and nerve damage . The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes . When diabetes is the cause , physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment . From the perspective the majority of patients , treatment with an old , well - understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest , most effective , least expensive , most comfortable route to managing the condition . Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part of a treatment plan for diabetes . Fasting blood glucose levels may be higher than the post meal blood glucose in many of the healthy subjects . Such individuals may be said to have physiological insulin resistance and may develop diabetes mellitus as long term complication . In clinical and laboratory practices , many of the time a healthy normal subject will present a fasting blood glucose value higher than the post meal blood glucose value . This creates confusion since there is a common perception that in blood , postprandial ( PP ) glucose level should be higher than fasting ( F ) glucose level . The repeated investigation subsequently yields somewhat similar type of result . Low blood sugar ( edit ) Main article : hypoglycemia If blood sugar levels drop too low , a potentially fatal condition called hypoglycemia develops . Symptoms may include lethargy , impaired mental functioning ; irritability ; shaking , twitching , weakness in arm and leg muscles ; pale complexion ; sweating ; loss of consciousness . Mechanisms that restore satisfactory blood glucose levels after extreme hypoglycemia ( below 40 mg / dl ) must be quick and effective to prevent extremely serious consequences of insufficient glucose : confusion or unsteadiness and , in the extreme ( below 15 mg / dl ) loss of consciousness and seizures . Without discounting the potentially quite serious conditions and risks due to or oftentimes accompanying hyperglycemia , especially in the long - term ( diabetes or pre-diabetes , obesity or overweight , hyperlipidemia , hypertension , etc . ) , it is still generally more dangerous to have too little glucose - especially if levels are very low - in the blood than too much , at least temporarily , because glucose is so important for metabolism and nutrition and the proper functioning of the body 's organs . This is especially the case for those organs that are metabolically active or that require a constant , regulated supply of blood sugar ( the liver and brain are examples ) . In healthy individuals , blood glucose - regulating mechanisms are generally quite effective , and symptomatic hypoglycemia is generally found only in diabetics using insulin or other pharmacological treatment , and in starvation or severe malnutrition or malabsorption ( of various causes ) , and conditions such as anorexia . Hypoglycemic episodes can vary greatly between persons and from time to time , both in severity and swiftness of onset . For severe cases , prompt medical assistance is essential , as damage to brain and other tissues and even death will result from sufficiently low blood - glucose levels . Glucose measurement ( edit ) Further information : Blood glucose monitoring and Glucose meter Sample source ( edit ) Glucose testing in a fasting individual , show comparable levels of glucose in arterial , venous , and capillary blood . But following meals , capillary and arterial blood glucose levels can be significantly higher than venous levels . This is because tissue cells consume some of the glucose in the blood as it passes from arteries through the capillary bed and into the veins . Although these differences vary widely , one study found that following the consumption of 50 grams of glucose , `` the mean capillary blood glucose concentration is higher than the mean venous blood glucose concentration by 35 % . '' Sample Type ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Glucose is measured in whole blood , plasma or serum . Historically , blood glucose values were given in terms of whole blood , but most laboratories now measure and report plasma or serum glucose levels . Because red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) have a higher concentration of protein ( e.g. , hemoglobin ) than serum , serum has a higher water content and consequently more dissolved glucose than does whole blood . To convert from whole - blood glucose , multiplication by 1.15 has been shown to generally give the serum / plasma level . Collection of blood in clot tubes for serum chemistry analysis permits the metabolism of glucose in the sample by blood cells until separated by centrifugation . Red blood cells , for instance , do not require insulin to intake glucose from the blood . Higher than normal amounts of white or red blood cell counts can lead to excessive glycolysis in the sample , with substantial reduction of glucose level if the sample is not processed quickly . Ambient temperature at which the blood sample is kept prior to centrifuging and separation of plasma / serum also affects glucose levels . At refrigerator temperatures , glucose remains relatively stable for several hours in a blood sample . Loss of glucose can be prevented by using Fluoride tubes ( i.e. , gray - top ) since fluoride inhibits glycolysis . However , these should only be used when blood will be transported from one hospital laboratory to another for glucose measurement . Red - top serum separator tubes also preserve glucose in samples after being centrifuged isolating the serum from cells . To prevent contamination of the sample with intravenous fluids , particular care should be given to drawing blood samples from the arm opposite the one in which an intravenous line is inserted . Alternatively , blood can be drawn from the same arm with an IV line after the IV has been turned off for at least 5 minutes , and the arm has been elevated to drain infused fluids away from the vein . Inattention can lead to large errors , since as little as 10 % contamination with a 5 % glucose solution ( D5W ) will elevate glucose in a sample by 500 mg / dL or more . Remember that the actual concentration of glucose in blood is very low , even in the hyperglycemic . Measurement techniques ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two major methods have been used to measure glucose . The first , still in use in some places , is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced . Since other blood compounds also have reducing properties ( e.g. , urea , which can be abnormally high in uremic patients ) , this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations ( 5 to 15 mg / dL has been reported ) . The more recent technique , using enzymes specific to glucose , is less susceptible to this kind of error . The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and hexokinase . In either case , the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is inserted into a meter , and then has a blood sample applied . Test - strip shapes and their exact chemical composition vary between meter systems and can not be interchanged . Formerly , some test strips were read ( after timing and wiping away the blood sample ) by visual comparison against a color chart printed on the vial label . Strips of this type are still used for urine glucose readings , but for blood glucose levels they are obsolete . Their error rates were , in any case , much higher . More precise blood glucose measurements are performed in a medical laboratory , using hexokinase , glucose oxidase , or glucose dehydrogenase enzymes . Urine glucose readings , however taken , are much less useful . In properly functioning kidneys , glucose does not appear in urine until the renal threshold for glucose has been exceeded . This is substantially above any normal glucose level , and is evidence of an existing severe hyperglycemic condition . However , as urine is stored in the bladder , any glucose in it might have been produced at any time since the last time the bladder was emptied . Since metabolic conditions change rapidly , as a result of any of several factors , this is delayed news and gives no warning of a developing condition . Blood glucose monitoring is far preferable , both clinically and for home monitoring by patients . Healthy urine glucose levels were first standardized and published in 1965 by Hans Renschler . I. CHEMICAL METHODS A. Oxidation - reduction reaction G l u c o s e + A l k a l i n e c o p p e r t a r t a r a t e → R e d u c t i o n C u p r o u s o x i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( Alkaline \ copper \ tartarate ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Reduction ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Cuprous \ oxide ) ) 1 . Alkaline copper reduction Folin - Wu method C u + + + P h o s p h o m o l y b d i c a c i d → O x i d a t i o n P h o s p h o m o l y b d e n u m o x i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) + \ mathrm ( Phosphomolybdic \ acid ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Phosphomolybdenum \ oxide ) ) Blue end - product Benedict 's method Modification of Folin -- Wu method for qualitative urine glucose Nelson -- Somogyi method C u + + + A r s e n o m o l y b d i c a c i d → O x i d a t i o n A r s e n o m o l y b d e n u m o x i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) + \ mathrm ( Arsenomolybdic \ acid ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Arsenomolybdenum \ oxide ) ) Blue end - product Neocuproine method C u + + + N e o c u p r o i n e → O x i d a t i o n C u + + n e o c u p r o i n e c o m p l e x ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) + \ mathrm ( Neocuproine ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) \ mathrm ( Cu ) ^ ( + + ) \ mathrm ( neocuproine \ complex ) ) * Yellow - orange color neocuproine Shaeffer -- Hartmann -- Somogyi Uses the principle of iodine reaction with cuprous byproduct . Excess I is then titrated with thiosulfate . 2 . Alkaline Ferricyanide Reduction Hagedorn -- Jensen G l u c o s e + A l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e ⟶ F e r r o c y a n i d e ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( Alkaline \ ferricyanide ) \ longrightarrow \ mathrm ( Ferrocyanide ) ) Colorless end product ; other reducing substances interfere with reaction B. Condensation Ortho - toluidine method Uses aromatic amines and hot acetic acid Forms Glycosylamine and Schiff 's base which is emerald green in color This is the most specific method , but the reagent used is toxic Anthrone ( phenols ) method Forms hydroxymethyl furfural in hot acetic acid II . ENZYMATIC METHODS A. Glucose oxidase G l u c o s e + O 2 → O x i d a t i o n g l u c o s e o x i d a s e D - glucono - 1 , 5 - lactone + H 2 O 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( O ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( glucose \ oxidase ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( D - glucono - 1 , 5 - lactone ) ) + \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O_ ( 2 ) ) ) Saifer -- Gerstenfeld method H 2 O 2 + O - dianisidine → O x i d a t i o n p e r o x i d a s e H 2 O + o x i d i z e d c h r o m o g e n ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O_ ( 2 ) ) + ( \ textit ( O ) ) ( \ text ( - dianisidine ) ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( peroxidase ) ) ) \ mathrm ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) + \ mathrm ( oxidized \ chromogen ) ) Inhibited by reducing substances like BUA , bilirubin , glutathione , ascorbic acid Trinder method uses 4 - aminophenazone oxidatively coupled with phenol Subject to less interference by increases serum levels of creatinine , uric acid or hemoglobin Inhibited by catalase Kodak Ektachem A dry chemistry method Uses spectrophotometry to measure the intensity of color through a lower transparent film Glucometer Home monitoring blood glucose assay method Uses a strip impregnated with a glucose oxidase reagent B. Hexokinase G l u c o s e + A T P → P h o s p h o r y l a t i o n H e x o k i n a s e + M g + + G - 6PO 4 + A D P G - 6PO 4 + N A D P → O x i d a t i o n G - 6PD 6 - Phosphogluconate + N A D P H + H + ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( alignedat ) ( 2 ) & \ mathrm ( Glucose ) + \ mathrm ( ATP ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Phosphorylation ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( Hexokinase ) + \ mathrm ( Mg ) ^ ( + + ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( G - 6PO ) ) _ ( 4 ) + \ mathrm ( ADP ) \ \ & ( \ textrm ( G - 6PO ) ) _ ( 4 ) + \ mathrm ( NADP ) ( \ xrightarrow ( ( \ mathrm ( Oxidation ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( G - 6PD ) ) ) ( \ textrm ( 6 - Phosphogluconate ) ) + \ mathrm ( NADPH ) + \ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) \ \ \ end ( alignedat ) ) ) NADP as cofactor NADPH ( reduced product ) is measured in 340 nm More specific than glucose oxidase method due to G - 6PO , which inhibits interfering substances except when sample is hemolyzed Clinical correlation ( edit ) The fasting blood glucose level , which is measured after a fast of 8 hours , is the most commonly used indication of overall glucose homeostasis , largely because disturbing events such as food intake are avoided . Conditions affecting glucose levels are shown in the table below . Abnormalities in these test results are due to problems in the multiple control mechanism of glucose regulation . The metabolic response to a carbohydrate challenge is conveniently assessed by a postprandial glucose level drawn 2 hours after a meal or a glucose load . In addition , the glucose tolerance test , consisting of several timed measurements after a standardized amount of oral glucose intake , is used to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes . Error rates for blood glucose measurements systems vary , depending on laboratories , and on the methods used . Colorimetry techniques can be biased by color changes in test strips ( from airborne or finger borne contamination , perhaps ) or interference ( e.g. , tinting contaminants ) with light source or the light sensor . Electrical techniques are less susceptible to these errors , though not to others . In home use , the most important issue is not accuracy , but trend . Thus if a meter / test strip system is consistently wrong by 10 % , there will be little consequence , as long as changes ( e.g. , due to exercise or medication adjustments ) are properly tracked . In the US , home use blood test meters must be approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration before they can be sold . Finally , there are several influences on blood glucose level aside from food intake . Infection , for instance , tends to change blood glucose levels , as does stress either physical or psychological . Exercise , especially if prolonged or long after the most recent meal , will have an effect as well . In the typical person , maintenance of blood glucose at near constant levels will nevertheless be quite effective . Causes of abnormal glucose levels Persistent hyperglycemia Transient hyperglycemia Persistent hypoglycemia Transient hypoglycemia Reference range , FBG : 70 -- 110 mg / dL Diabetes mellitus Pheochromocytoma Insulinoma Acute alcohol ingestion Adrenal cortical hyperactivity Cushing 's syndrome Severe liver disease Adrenal cortical insufficiency Addison 's disease Drugs : salicylates , antituberculosis agents Hyperthyroidism Acute stress reaction Hypopituitarism Severe liver disease Acromegaly Shock Galactosemia Several glycogen storage diseases Obesity Convulsions Ectopic insulin production from tumors Hereditary fructose intolerance Etymology and use of term ( edit ) This section has no medical references for verification or relies exclusively on non-medical sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a physiological context , the term is a misnomer because it refers to glucose , yet other sugars besides glucose are always present . Food contains several different types ( e.g. , fructose ( largely from fruits / table sugar / industrial sweeteners ) , galactose ( milk and dairy products ) , as well as several food additives such as sorbitol , xylose , maltose , etc . ) . But because these other sugars are largely inert with regard to the metabolic control system ( i.e. , that controlled by insulin secretion ) , since glucose is the dominant controlling signal for metabolic regulation , the term has gained currency , and is used by medical staff and lay folk alike . The table above reflects some of the more technical and closely defined terms used in the medical field . See also ( edit ) Saccharide recognition by boronic acids Blood glucose monitoring Glucagon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daly , Mark E ; Vale , C ; Walker , M ; Littlefield , A ; Alberti , KG ; Mathers , JC ( 1998 ) . `` Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high - sucrose compared with a high starch diet '' ( PDF ) . Am J Clin Nutr . American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 67 ( 6 ) : 1186 -- 1196 . PMID 9625092 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Van Soest , P.J. ( 1994 ) . Nutritional ecology of the ruminant . 2nd Ed . Cornell Univ . Press , ISBN 080142772X . Jump up ^ Young , J.W. ( 1977 ) . `` Gluconeogenesis in cattle : Significance and methodology '' . Journal of Dairy Science . 60 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . PMID 320235 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 77 ) 83821 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Walker & Jill Rodgers Type 2 Diabetes -- Your Questions Answered , Dorling Kindersley , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 74033 - 550 - 3 . Jump up ^ Diabetes FAQs -- Blood Glucose Measurement Units -- Abbott Diabetes Care ^ Jump up to : What are mg / dl and mmol / l ? How to convert ? Glucose ? Cholesterol ? Advameg , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Screening for Type 2 Diabetes '' . Clinical Diabetes. 18 ( 2 ) . 2000 . Jump up ^ Glucose test -- blood . NIH -- National Institutes of Health . Jump up ^ Davidson , Nancy Klobassa and Moreland , Peggy ( July 26 , 2011 ) Living with diabetes blog . mayoclinic.com . Jump up ^ American Diabetes Association ( 2006 ) . `` January 2006 Diabetes Care '' . Diabetes Care . 29 ( Supplement 1 ) : 51 -- 580 . PMID 16373931 . Standards of Medical Care - Table 6 and Table 7 , Correlation between A1C level and Mean Plasma Glucose Levels on Multiple Testing over 2 -- 3 months Jump up ^ USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference , Release 22 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Eiler , H. ( 2004 ) . `` Endocrine glands '' . In Reese , W.O. Dukes ' Physiology of Domestic Animals ( 12th ed . ) . Ithaca , NY : Comstock . pp. 621 -- 669 . ISBN 0801442389 . Jump up ^ Kahn , C.M. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Merck Veterinary Manual ( 9th ed . ) . Whitehouse Station : Merck & Co . ISBN 0911910506 . Jump up ^ Rice , C.G. ; Hall , B. ( 2007 ) . `` Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus ) : effects of capture conditions '' . Northwest Science . 81 ( 3 ) : 206 . doi : 10.3955 / 0029 - 344X - 81.3. 206 . Jump up ^ Cornell , LH ; Duffield , DS ; Joseph , BE ; Stark , B ( 1988 ) . `` Hematology and serum chemistry values in the beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) '' . Journal of wildlife diseases . 24 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 4 . PMID 3373628 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 24.2. 220 . Jump up ^ Seal , U.S. ; Barton , R. ; Mather , L. ; Gray , C.W. ( 1976 ) . `` Baseline Laboratory Data for the White Rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum simum ) '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine . 7 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 17 . JSTOR 20094341 . Jump up ^ Boily , F ; Beaudoin , S ; Measures , LN ( 2006 ) . `` Hematology and serum chemistry of harp ( Phoca groenlandica ) and hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata ) during the breeding season , in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , Canada '' . Journal of wildlife diseases . 42 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 32 . PMID 16699154 . doi : 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 42.1. 115 . Jump up ^ Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs . `` The Oral Diabetes Drugs : Treating Type 2 Diabetes '' ( PDF ) . Best Buy Drugs . Consumer Reports : 2 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Warade , Jayesh Prabhakar ( 2014 ) . `` Fasting blood glucose level higher than post-meal in healthy subjects : a study of 738 subjects '' ( PDF ) . World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research . 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Chiaohsin ( 2012 ) . `` A Comparison between Venous and Finger - Prick Blood Sampling on Values of Blood Glucose '' ( PDF ) . International Proceedings of Chemical , Biological and Environmental Engineering . 39 : 236 . Jump up ^ Somogyi , Michael ( 1948 ) . `` Studies of Arteriovenous Differences in Blood Sugar '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 174 ( 1 ) : 189 -- 200 . PMID 18914074 . Jump up ^ Roe , Jeffrey . `` Glucose Concentration Difference Between Arterial , Capillary , and Venous Blood . '' Jump up ^ Renschler , HE ; Weicker , H ; Von Baeyer , H ( 1965 ) . `` The upper limit of glucose concentration in the urine of healthy subjects '' . Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 90 ( 53 ) : 2349 -- 53 . PMID 5851934 . Jump up ^ Neocuproine MSDS . hazard.com Further reading ( edit ) Henry , John Bernard ( 2001 ) . Clinical diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods ( 20th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 0721688640 . Levine R ( 1986 ) . `` Monosaccharides in Health and Disease '' . Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6 : 211 -- 224 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Röder PV , Wu B , Liu Y , Han W ( 2016 ) . `` Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis '' . Exp . Mol . Med. 48 ( 3 , March ) : e219ff . PMC 4892884 . doi : 10.1038 / emm. 2016.6 . External links ( edit ) Glucose at Lab Tests Online Glucose ( blood , serum , plasma ) : analyte monograph -- The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Human homeostasis Blood composition Blood sugar Osmoregulation Pressure : Renin -- angiotensin system Acid -- base Fluid balance Hemostasis Other Predictive Thermoregulation Reference ranges for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_sugar_level&oldid=801041507 '' Categories : Human homeostasis Blood tests Diabetes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2010 Articles needing additional medical references from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 09 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the normal percentage of sugar level in the body | [
"The normal blood glucose level (tested while fasting) for non-diabetics, should be between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/dL). The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL);[6] however, this level fluctuates throughout the day. Blood sugar levels for those without diabetes and who are not fasting should be below 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL).[8] The blood glucose target range for diabetics, according to the American Diabetes Association, should be 5.0–7.2 mmol/l (90–130 mg/dL) before meals, and less than 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) after meals (as measured by a blood glucose monitor).[9]"
] | [
"about 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)"
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4120509786699224592 | Church of the Nazarene | Church of the Nazarene - wikipedia Church of the Nazarene Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Apostolic Christian Church ( Nazarene ) . This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Church of the Nazarene Seal of the Church of the Nazarene Classification Protestant Orientation Holiness Polity Mixed . Elements of Congregationalist , Presbyterian , and Episcopal polities . Associations Christian Holiness Partnership ; National Association of Evangelicals ; World Methodist Council ; Global Wesleyan Alliance Region Global Founder Include : Phineas F. Bresee , Hiram F. Reynolds , William Howard Hoople , Mary Lee Cagle , Robert Lee Harris , J.B. Chapman , and C.W. Ruth . Origin October 13 , 1908 Pilot Point , Texas Merger of 15 Holiness denominations 1907 -- 1988 Separations Pentecost - Pilgrim Church ( 1917 ) ; Bible Missionary Church ( 1955 ) ; Holiness Church of the Nazarene ( 1958 ) ; Church of the Bible Covenant ( 1967 ) . Congregations 30,574 ( 2016 ) Members 2,471,553 ( 2016 ) The Church of the Nazarene is an evangelical Christian denomination that emerged from the 19th - century Holiness movement in North America . With its members commonly referred to as Nazarenes , it is the largest Wesleyan - holiness denomination in the world . At the end of September 2016 the Church of the Nazarene had 2,471,553 members in 30,574 churches in 162 different `` world areas '' . The Church of the Nazarene uses `` world area '' to describe countries and areas that are a part of a country , but may be known by a different name . More than 20 of the denomination 's 162 world areas fall into this category , such as Guam , a U.S. territory on the Asia - Pacific Region . With 626,811 members at the end of 2016 , the United States was the nation with the greatest number of Nazarenes . Other nations with large Nazarene populations include Mozambique ( 202,118 ) , Brazil ( 153,002 ) , India ( 136,079 ) , Haiti ( 134,236 ) , Bangladesh ( 123,192 ) , Guatemala ( 90,101 ) , Mexico ( 70,700 ) , Peru ( 67,394 ) , Benin ( 56,036 ) , and Ethiopia ( 50,361 ) . In 2016 , the Church of the Nazarene had the highest percentage presence in the nations of Barbados ( where its members constitute 2.84 % of the population ) , Cape Verde ( 1.54 % of the population ) , Swaziland ( 1.42 % of the population ) , Haiti ( 1.34 % of the population ) Mozambique ( 0.82 % of the population ) , and Samoa ( 0.66 % of the population ) . The global mission of the Church of the Nazarene since its beginnings has been `` to respond to the Great Commission of Christ to ' go and make disciples of all nations ' ( Matthew 28 : 19 ) '' . In December 2006 , this was expressed more succinctly as `` to make Christlike disciples in the nations '' . This frames the global mission of the denomination . In 2009 the General Assembly indicated in its revision of Article XI of the Manual the means for accomplishing its mission : `` making disciples through evangelism , education , showing compassion , working for justice , and bearing witness to the kingdom of God . '' Since 2001 , the three `` core values '' of the Church have been identified as `` Christian , Holiness , Missional '' . The denominational vision is : `` to be a disciple - making church , an international community of faith , in the Wesleyan - Holiness tradition . '' At the 2013 General Assembly , the Board of General Superintendents unveiled seven characteristics for the Church of the Nazarene : Meaningful Worship Theological Coherence Passionate Evangelism Intentional Discipleship Church Development Transformational Leadership Purposeful Compassion The Board of General Superintendents affirmed : `` While these descriptors do not take the place of our mission ' to make Christlike disciples in the nations ' or our core values of ' Christian , holiness and missional , ' they describe what we believe should characterize every Church of the Nazarene and in large part , should be reflected by Nazarenes everywhere . '' Authorized by the General Assembly , `` the supreme doctrine - formulating and lawmaking body of the Church of the Nazarene '' , the 2013 -- 2017 edition of the Manual is `` the official statement of the faith and practice of the church '' and `` is therefore authoritative as a guide for action '' . Reflecting the decisions and judgments of ministerial and lay delegates of the Twenty - eighth General Assembly , which met in Indianapolis , Indiana , U.S.A. , June 23 -- 27 , 2013 . The 2013 -- 2017 Manual includes a brief historical statement of the denomination ; its Constitution , which defines its 16 Articles of Faith , its understanding of the church , the Covenant of Christian Character for holy living , and principles of organization and government ; the Covenant of Christian Conduct , which address key issues of contemporary society ; and policies of church government dealing with the local , district , and general church organization . The Church of the Nazarene supports 52 undergraduate and graduate educational institutions in 35 countries on six continents around the world , with an enrollment of 51,555 students in 2016 . While for more than a century the denominational international headquarters was in Kansas City , Missouri , the Global Ministry Center ( GMC ) has been located at 17001 Prairie Star Parkway , Lenexa , Kansas since September 15 , 2008 . The Nazarene Publishing House has been located in Kansas City , Missouri since its inception in 1912 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Memberships and affiliations 2 Statistics 3 History 3.1 First General Assembly 3.2 Interim accessions 3.3 Second General Assembly 3.4 Later accessions 3.5 Separations 3.6 International growth 4 Internationalization 4.1 Developments ( 1907 -- 1932 ) 4.2 Developments ( 1922 -- 1964 ) 4.3 Developments ( 1964 -- 1980 ) 4.4 Developments after 1980 5 Denominational name 6 Theology and doctrine 6.1 Arminianism 6.2 Distinctive Wesleyan emphases 6.3 Historical and contemporary issues 7 Worship and rituals 7.1 Sacraments 8 Polity and leadership 8.1 General Assembly 8.2 Board of General Superintendents 8.3 General Board 8.4 Ministers 9 Organization 9.1 Local church 9.2 District 9.3 Region 9.4 Field 10 Higher education 11 Ministries 11.1 Nazarene Youth International ( NYI ) 11.2 Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries International ( SDMI ) 11.3 Missions 11.3. 1 Nazarene Missions International ( NMI ) 11.3. 2 JESUS Film Harvest Partners 11.3. 3 Work and Witness 11.4 Nazarene Compassionate Ministries 11.5 Nazarene Publishing House ( NPH ) 12 Notable Nazarenes 12.1 Current Nazarenes 12.2 Former Nazarenes 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 General 15.2 Biographies 15.3 Comparative and Sociological 15.4 History 15.5 Internationalisation 15.6 Theology 16 External links Memberships and affiliations ( edit ) As of 2014 the Church of the Nazarene participated in : the Christian Holiness Partnership the Global Wesleyan Alliance the National Association of Evangelicals the World Methodist Council Mission Exchange ( formerly the Evangelical Fellowship of Missions Agencies ) the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability , the Wesleyan Holiness Consortium the Wesleyan Holiness Study Project Statistics ( edit ) Based on `` reporting received from districts for assemblies held 1 October 2015 , through September 30 , 2016 '' , at the end of September 2016 the Church of the Nazarene had 2,471,553 total members ( a net increase of 30,181 or 1.24 % increase from the previous year ) . During that reporting period , 139,560 people became new members of the Church of the Nazarene , with 113,968 received by profession of faith and a further 25,592 coming from other denominations . With 626,811 members , the USA was the country with the greatest number of Nazarenes , with 25.36 % of all Nazarenes members of US congregations . Other nations with large Nazarene populations include Mozambique ( 202,118 ) , Brazil ( 153,002 ) , India ( 136,079 ) , Haiti ( 134,236 ) , Bangladesh ( 123,192 ) , Guatemala ( 90,101 ) , Mexico ( 70,700 ) , Peru ( 67,394 ) , Benin ( 56,036 ) , and Ethiopia ( 50,361 ) . In 2016 , the Church of the Nazarene had the highest percentage presence in the nations of Barbados ( where its members constitute 2.84 % of the population ) , Cape Verde ( 1.54 % of the population ) , Swaziland ( 1.42 % of the population ) , Haiti ( 1.34 % of the population ) Mozambique ( 0.82 % of the population ) , and Samoa ( 0.66 % of the population ) . The highest percentage of Nazarene presence in the USA occurred in 2000 , when there were 2.25 members for every 1,000 US people ( 0.25 % ) . According to the Board of General Superintendents in December 2009 , `` an average of 455 people came to Christ and joined the Church of the Nazarene every day last year '' . With 27.29 % of the Nazarene population , for the first time Africa was the largest of the denomination 's 6 global regions , with a total of 674,414 members reported ( an increase of 27,370 members since 2015 ; and an increase of 355,072 since 2006 ) . The USA / Canada region , which had always been the largest region in the denomination ranked as second with 25.87 % of the global Nazarene population , with a total church membership of 639,410 ( a decrease of 8,886 members from the previous year , and a decadal decline of 13,990 ) . In 2006 the USA / Canada region comprised 40.27 % of the Nazarene population . Since 2006 the Church has grown from 1,622,669 total members , which is a net increase of 848,884 members ( or 52.31 % decadal growth ) , with the most significant growth in the past decade being in the Eurasia ( increase of 242.95 % ) , Africa ( increase of 111.19 % ) , South America ( up 82.46 % ) , Mesoamerica ( up 42.18 % ) and Asia - Pacific ( 23.00 % ) regions . In that period all of the net growth of the denomination took place outside of the U.S.A. and Canada , with the USA / Canada region the only region to have negative growth , with a net decadal loss of 2.14 % . According to Nazarene Research Services , from 1983 to 2013 , Church of the Nazarene membership grew from 650,000 full members to more than 2 million . The top 10 world areas for net gain of full members over that 30 - year period were : Mozambique ( 149,778 ) , USA ( 130,712 ) , Brazil ( 104,737 ) , India ( 100,689 ) , Haiti ( 74,262 ) , Bangladesh ( 68,053 ) , Guatemala ( 63,908 ) , Ethiopia ( 48,304 ) , Benin ( 45,700 ) , and Peru ( 40,723 ) . In 2016 , there were 22,392 organized churches ( an increase of 480 from the previous year ) , and 8,182 churches that were not yet organized ( an increase of 149 from the previous year ) for a total of 30,574 local churches around the world ( a net increase of 629 from the previous year ) . During 2016 an average of 1,503,872 people attended worship services in the Church of the Nazarene around the world each week ( an decrease of 5,390 people from the previous year ) . Since 2006 average worship attendance increased from 1,150,482 each week ( an increase of 353,390 or 30.72 % in the decade ) . Most of the growth came in the denomination 's small ( under 100 in attendance ) or new churches . During 2016 , Nazarene churches received annual income from all sources of US $860,949,037 , a decrease of US $941,336 from 2015 , and a 3.79 % decadal decrease from the US $894,866,142 reported in September 2006 . Worldwide per capita expenses amounted to US $353.04 ( a decrease of $198.77 from that reported in 2006 ) . History ( edit ) Phineas Bresee sought to return to John Wesley 's original goals of preaching the good news of the gospel to the poor and underprivileged . Main article : History of the Church of the Nazarene The Church of the Nazarene is the product of a series of mergers that occurred between various holiness churches , associations and denominations throughout the 20th century . The most prominent of these mergers took place at the First and Second General Assemblies , held at Chicago , Illinois , and Pilot Point , Texas in 1907 and 1908 , respectively . The primary architect of these early mergers was C.W. Ruth . First General Assembly ( edit ) The First General Assembly held in Chicago , Illinois from October 10 -- 17 , 1907 brought together the Eastern and the Western streams . The Western group was the Church of the Nazarene founded in October 1895 in Los Angeles , California by Dr. Phineas F. Bresee , a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church , and Dr Joseph Pomeroy Widney , a Methodist physician , and the second president of the University of Southern California . The Eastern group was the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America , a denomination formed on April 13 , 1897 through the merger of two older bodies : The Central Evangelical Holiness Association ( organized March 13 -- 14 , 1890 ) and led by Fred A. Hillery and C. Howard Davis ; and three churches organized by William Howard Hoople since January 1894 , and formed into the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America . On November 12 , 1896 , these two groups met in Brooklyn , agreed upon a plan of union , which included retaining the name and Manual of Hoople 's group . Prominent leaders included Hiram F. Reynolds , Davis , and Hoople . At the time of its merger with the Church of the Nazarene in 1907 , the APCA existed principally from Nova Scotia to Iowa and the northeastern United States . The name of the united body adopted at the First General Assembly was Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene , and Bresee and Reynolds were elected the first general superintendents . Interim accessions ( edit ) In April 1908 Bresee accepted Edgar P. Ellyson , president of the Holiness University of Texas of Peniel , Texas , his wife , Mary Emily Ellyson ( 1869 -- 1943 ) , and many leaders and members of the Holiness Association of Texas into the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene , with Emily Ellyson elected pastor of the new congregation at Peniel . In September 1908 the Pennsylvania Conference of the Holiness Christian Church under the leadership of Horace G. Trumbauer merged with the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene . Second General Assembly ( edit ) At the Second General Assembly held at Pilot Point , Texas , the Holiness Church of Christ ( located in the southern United States ) merged with the Pentecostal Nazarenes . The Holiness Church of Christ itself was the merger of the New Testament Church of Christ ( founded in July 1894 at Milan , Tennessee by R.L. Harris , but soon led by his widow Mary Lee Cagle ) , and a group ( also called the Holiness Church of Christ ) , that resulted in November 1904 at Rising Star , Texas from the prior merger of The Holiness Church ( founded in 1888 in Texas ) and the Independent Holiness Church ( formed at Van Alstyne , Texas in 1901 , and led by Charles B. Jernigan and J.B. Chapman ) . The merger of the Holiness Church of Christ in the south and the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene took place on Tuesday , October 13 , 1908 , at 10 : 40 am , `` amid great shouts of joy and holy enthusiasm . '' The newly merged Church of the Nazarene began with 10,034 members , 228 congregations , 11 districts , and 19 missionaries , according to historical records . The latter date marks the `` official '' founding date . Bresee , Reynolds and Ellyson were elected general superintendents . Later accessions ( edit ) Other independent bodies joined at later dates , including the Pentecostal Church of Scotland ( founded in 1909 by Rev. George Sharpe ) and the Pentecostal Mission ( founded in 1898 by J.O. McClurkan ) , both in 1915 . At this point , the Church of the Nazarene now embraced seven previous denominations and significant parts of two other groups . In time , the Church of the Nazarene and the Wesleyan Church would emerge as the two major denominations to gather in the smaller bodies of the 19th century Wesleyan - holiness movement . In subsequent decades , there were new accessions and mergers . In the 1922 , more than one thousand members and most of the workers led by Joseph G. Morrison , from the Laymen 's Holiness Association ( founded in 1917 ) located in the Dakotas , joined the Church of the Nazarene . In the 1950s , there were mergers with the Hephzibah Faith Missionary Association ( founded in 1893 in Tabor , Iowa ) in 1950 ; the International Holiness Mission ( founded in London in 1907 by David Thomas ) merged on October 29 , 1952 ; the Calvary Holiness Church ( founded in Britain 1934 by Maynard James and Jack Ford ) , united on June 11 , 1955 ; and the Gospel Workers Church of Canada ( founded in Ontario in 1918 ) became part of the Church of the Nazarene on September 7 , 1958 . On April 3 , 1988 , an indigenous Church of the Nazarene in Nigeria , established in the 1940s , merged with the denomination . The 2009 General Assembly authorized a committee with `` the responsibility to approach `` like - minded churches in the Wesleyan - Holiness tradition in order to pursue closer relations , with a goal of exploring the possibility of a merger or a collaborative relationship . '' Separations ( edit ) Throughout its history , there have been several groups that separated from the Church of the Nazarene to form new denominations . Among the new denominations formed by those seceding or being expelled from the Church of the Nazarene are : the People 's Mission Church ( 1912 ) , which had become part of the Church of the Nazarene in 1911 , but subsequently became part of the Pilgrim Holiness Church in 1925 ; the Pentecost Pilgrim Church ( 1917 ) , which merged with the International Holiness Union to form the Pilgrim Holiness Church in 1922 ; the Bible Missionary Church ( 1955 ) , which subsequently split to create the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches ( 1959 ) , and the Nazarene Baptist Church ( 1960 ) ( later Nazarene Bible Church in 1967 ) ; the Holiness Church of the Nazarene ( 1961 ) in the Philippines ; the Church of the Bible Covenant ( 1967 ) ; the Crusaders Churches of the United States of America ( 1972 ) ; and the Fellowship of Charismatic Nazarenes ( 1977 ) . International growth ( edit ) World Ministry headquarters designed by 360 Architecture in Lenexa which opened in 2008 Former International Headquarters of the Church of the Nazarene , Kansas City Even before the merger of October 1908 , the parental bodies of the Church of the Nazarene had a vision to be an international denomination . International expansion began in India in 1898 by missionaries sponsored by the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America . By 1908 , there were churches in Canada and organized work in India , Swaziland , Cape Verde , and Japan , soon followed by work in central Africa , Mexico , and China . The 1915 mergers added congregations in the British Isles and work in Cuba , Central America , and South America . There were congregations in Syria and Palestine by 1922 . General Superintendent Reynolds advocated `` a mission to the world , '' and support for world evangelization became a distinguishing characteristic of Nazarene life . Taking advantage of new technologies , the church began producing the Showers of Blessing radio program in the 1940s , followed by the Spanish broadcast La Hora Nazarena and later by broadcasts in other languages . From the 1940s through the 1980s , indigenous holiness churches in other countries continued to join the church . At the time of the 50th anniversary of the denomination in October 1958 , a total of 19.8 % of all Nazarenes lived outside the continental United States . In 1981 the figure was 28.3 % . In late 1991 there were one million members of the denomination globally , with 43 % living outside the USA . By 2000 the church 's membership was just under 1.4 million , with the church 's membership outside the USA doubling in the previous decade , and now comprising 53 % of total global church membership . In June 2009 64 percent of Nazarene members and 80 percent of the church 's then 429 districts were outside the United States . By September 2016 church membership outside USA had reached 1,844,742 or almost 75 % of the total global church membership of 2,471,553 , with 398 ( 84.5 % ) of the denomination 's 471 districts located outside USA . In 2016 over 27 % of Nazarenes were in the Africa region , and more than 20 % Nazarenes spoke Spanish as their first language . In 2017 , the church was located in 162 `` world areas '' ( approximately equivalent to nations ) . For a map illustrating both the world areas and regions of the Church of the Nazarene , see the nazarene.org website . At the February 2012 annual meeting of the General Board , it was decided that the denomination would enter the following new nations : South Sudan ( Africa Region ) , Turks and Caicos ( Mesoamerica Region ) ; and a tenth `` Creative Access Area '' , thus increasing to 159 the world areas entered . At the February 2017 General Boaard meeting it was announced that the Church of the Nazarene is now in 162 world areas , adding Singapore , Mongolia , and Curaçao . Each week Nazarenes worship in more than 212 languages or tribal languages , with literature produced in 90 of these . The Church of the Nazarene reaches out to persons around the globe through the Internet , radio broadcasts in 33 languages , and video and printed materials in 95 languages . In 2010 , 286 books were produced in 59 languages for pastoral training and holiness , and World Mission Broadcast aired 140 radio broadcasts in 72 countries and 36 languages . Internationalization ( edit ) Developments ( 1907 -- 1932 ) ( edit ) The primary architect of Nazarene mission philosophy and practice was Hiram F. Reynolds , who had served as the foreign missionary superintendent in the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America ( APCA ) from its earliest years , and held a similar role in the Church of the Nazarene ( under various titles ) from 1907 until 1922 . Influenced by the indigenous church mission theories of Anglican Henry Venn ( 1796 -- 1873 ) and American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions secretary Rufus Anderson ( 1796 -- 1880 ) , from the beginning of the global expansion of the Church of the Nazarene ( including its antecedent groups ) , there was a commitment to the development of indigenous churches and districts within the framework of a unitary global denomination under the authority of the Manual . As early as March 3 , 1914 , Nazarene mission policy developed for the work in Japan by Reynolds encouraged the creation of `` self - supporting and self - governing churches '' : When a Mission Church reaches a place where it can become entirely self supporting it shall be organized by the District Missionary Superintendent ( SIC ) Into a self supporting body according to the manual of the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene adapted to the needs peculiar to the country , and shall be governed by the same . The church shall be granted a pastor whose duties and privileges ( SIC ) shall conform to the manual ; and at this time all missionary control shall be relinquished except such superintendency as provided for in the manual . Under the policy , foreign districts would be granted the same rights as US districts , with control passing from missionaries to local leaders . However , in 1919 , all reference to the missionaries relinquishing control was removed , and the following substituted : `` The pastor and delegates from the self - supporting church to the District Assembly must be able to enter into the deliberations of the Assembly in the English language until such time as a self - supporting district may be formed . '' Developments ( 1922 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Gailey indicates , that by 1932 these policy statements had been broadened to full `` three - self '' language , with the instruction to missionaries to cultivate among local Christians `` self support , self leadership and responsibility for the propagation of the gospel in that field . '' The `` language was unchanged for the next twenty years , and has remained essentially intact until the present time . '' By the 1930s , Nazarene missions leaders `` did not aim toward the development of autonomous national churches , but a federation of districts . They did not plan for indefinite missionary control . Without a great deal of thought about where this would lead , without consciously copying any other denomination 's model of church government , and without much theological reflection , the Church of the Nazarene became an international body . '' The first non-missionary district superintendents were George Sharpe ( born in Scotland in 1865 ; died 1948 ) in Britain ( November 1915 ) and Vicente G. Santin ( 1870 -- 1948 ) , appointed district superintendent in Mexico in 1919 . In January 1936 the General Board divided the Japan District into two , and the Western or Kwansai district became the first regular district in the denomination , `` with all the rights and privileges of any of the North American and British Isles districts subject to the Manual and the General Assembly , '' however the effects of World War II on the church in Japan saw the two districts reunified and revert to a missionary - led district . Developments ( 1964 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) According to one denominational historian , W.T. Purkiser , the process of `` internationalizing '' the church began at the General Assembly in Portland , Oregon in 1964 with an eight - year study of the church 's total missionary program . '' Soon after that General Assembly , E.S. Phillips was elected Executive Secretary for World Missions , who encouraged the self - study . In this period , a think tank comprising R. Franklin Cook , a former missionary to India and member of the World Mission department since 1961 ; missiologist Paul Orjala , pioneer missionary to Haiti ; and Honorato Reza , long - time representative for the Hispanic church , was formed to advise Phillips . They were responsible for developing the denomination 's first `` National Church Policy '' that was adopted in 1966 , and indicated explicitly for the first time the steps towards achieving `` regular '' district status . At the General Assembly of 1972 , held at Miami Beach , Florida , Phillips , influenced by the recommendations of the preceding self - study , recommended in his report that `` The administrative bodies of the church must be internationalized ... That portion of the church that lives overseas ... must be given full voice in the councils of the church . '' Phillips advocated contextualization of the gospel and internationalization of denominational programs and structures . It was only in 1972 that the general secretary began to include overseas membership in reporting totals , as prior to this time it had been difficult to collect the needed data . In 1973 Phillips died , and was succeeded by former missionary to Germany Jerald Johnson ( born 1916 ) . In 1974 the Guatemala Northeast district achieved regular status , the first since Japan achieved this milestone in 1936 Also in 1974 the Nazarene Young Peoples Society ( now Nazarene Youth International ) in its desire to be more inclusive , held its fifth International Institute ( now Nazarene World Youth Conference ) on the campus of European Nazarene Bible College in Büsingen , Germany , the first one held outside the United States . At the 1976 General Assembly held in Dallas , Texas , a Commission on Internationalization was created to recommend `` means by which the next stage of internationalization might be implemented . '' In 1976 , concrete steps were taken to make possible an international church with the creation of three intercontinental zones outside the USA and Canada : Intercontinental Zone I ( Europe , the Middle East and Africa ) ; Intercontinental Zone II ( the Orient and South Pacific ) ; and Intercontinental Zone III ( Central and South America ) . In 1977 the General Board had eight members ( 18 % ) from outside the USA among its 44 members . In 1978 the first international district superintendents ' conference was held in Kansas City , Missouri , with 52 leaders from 35 nations attending . At the 1980 General Assembly held in Kansas City , the denomination formally committed itself to the process of internationalization , a deliberate policy of being one church of congregations and districts worldwide , rather than splitting into national churches like earlier Protestant denominations . The principle was set forth of `` one church , one doctrine , one polity , and one policy . '' At that time , the entire denomination was divided into fifteen geographical regions , with eight in the USA based around its regional college ; one in Canada ; and the three Intercontinental Zones subdivided into six regions : Africa ; Asia ; Europe and Middle East ; Mexico , Central America , and Caribbean ; South America ; and the South Pacific . The General Board now included members from outside the USA , Canada and the other parts of the British Commonwealth . In 1980 the General Board had fourteen ( 27 % ) out of its 51 members residing outside the United States and Canada . Developments after 1980 ( edit ) After the election of Jerald Johnson as a general superintendent in June 1980 , the General Board elected L. Guy Nees as his replacement . During his six years of leadership , Nees appointed directors for each of the six missions regions , who supervised the establishment of administrative offices in each region . The 2nd Commission on Internationalization recommended that regional directors should be born in the region , but this recommendation has never been implemented fully . The 1985 General Assembly allowed `` cultural adaptations of local , district , and regional church government procedures '' , approved the creation of regional advisory councils and conferences , and national administrative boards . In 1989 the 3rd Commission recommended that the Church of the Nazarene should be a `` denomination of districts ( not nations ) '' , and that districts and regions should follow geographical rather than racial or ethnic lines . The 1989 General Assembly stated three principles for internationalization : `` ( 1 ) shared mission ; ( 2 ) national identity ; and ( 3 ) indigenization '' ; prohibited districts being constituted on the basis of ethnicity ; explicitly rejected the idea of a commonwealth or federation of the denomination , in favour of it being a `` global family '' ; and created a Commission on the International Church . In 1999 incoming professor of missions at Nazarene Theological Seminary Mario Zani indicated that the biblical concept of koinonia , the fellowship `` that transcended any differences , assignments , or titles '' , should be the basis of the development of the Church of the Nazarene . Zani critiqued the idea of internationalization as being too predetermined and focused on strategies and administrative policies , whereas he advocated the denominational goal should be globalization , which he defined as `` that process by which we become sensitized and responsive to the multi-cultural , multi-lingual , multi-ethnic , and multi-national world of which we are a part . '' Zani concluded that though the Church of the Nazarene was `` international from its conception , it was not truly global . '' By the 2001 General Assembly , held in Indianapolis , 42 percent of delegates present and voting were not native English speakers . In 2011 68 percent of Nazarene members and 82 percent of the church 's 439 districts are outside the United States . However , general secretary David Wilson reported that at the 2009 General Assembly that 562 delegates present and registered were from the USA and Canada ( 55 percent ) and 461 delegates were from other world regions ( 45 percent ) . As many elected delegates from outside the United States could not attend the General Assembly due to US immigration policies , financial or other reasons , the General Assembly authorised the creation of `` a committee to address the concern that a high percentage ( as many as 40 percent in some world regions ) of non-North American / non-United States delegates are unable to attend a General Assembly '' . Since the Church of the Nazarene 's quadrennial General Assembly is based on representation from districts from 162 world areas , the 2009 General Assembly was probably one of the most racially and linguistically diverse general meetings of any religious body that originated on American soil . At the 2009 General Assembly the delegates voted to create a global Manual that would be streamlined in comparison to recent Manuals , consist of the Foreword , and Parts I , II , and III of the current Manual , and would also include parts of the Manual that are global in scope , retaining the universally appropriate polity and principles . '' The General Assembly authorised the different regions to adapt the Manual to fit specific cultural contexts and would function as a `` regional Manual policy handbook . '' For the quadrennium that started in July 2009 , the General Board had 44 members representing the church 's then 15 regions , and an additional four members who were elected to represent Education ( 2 ) , Nazarene Youth International , and Nazarene Missions International . Of the 48 members elected , 27 ( 56 % ) were from outside the USA , and 21 are US citizens . Five were women . The General Board elected at the 2013 General Assembly comprised 48 people , of whom 18 represented the USA 's then 8 regions , while 2 represented Canada , and 28 represented regions located outside of North America , with the additional 4 representing Education ( 2 ) , Nazarene Youth International , and Nazarene Missions International . Five were women , including the NMI Global Vice President Lola Brickey of the USA . Denominational name ( edit ) The denomination inherited its current name from the one of its primary antecedent groups , the Los Angeles , California based Church of the Nazarene founded in October 1895 by Dr. Phineas F. Bresee and Dr. Joseph Pomeroy Widney . The name of the denomination comes from the biblical description of Jesus Christ , who had been raised in the village of Nazareth ( and was regarded consequently as `` a Nazarene '' ) . Jesus is called a Nazarene in Matthew 2 : 23 , and in Acts 24 : 5 , Paul 's accuser Tertullus calls him `` a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes . '' In the Template : New American Standard Version and a few other Bible versions , Jesus is also called a Nazarene in Mark 10 : 47 ; Mark 14 : 67 ; Mark 16 : 6 ; Luke 24 : 19 ; John 18 : 5 ; John 18 : 7 ; John 19 : 19 ; Acts 2 : 22 ; Acts 3 : 6 ; Acts 4 : 10 ; Acts 6 : 14 ; Acts 22 : 8 , whereas most versions simply say `` Jesus of Nazareth '' in these verses . Consequently , the denominational name focuses on Jesus as `` The Nazarene '' . Additionally , the followers of Jesus were initially called `` Nazarenes '' ( Acts 24 : 5 ) , a term perhaps used by Jesus himself . According to Church of the Nazarene archivist Dr. Stan Ingersol : The Hebrew name for `` Jesus , '' derived from `` Joshua , '' was common in first - century Palestinian Judaism , so `` Jesus of Nazareth '' specified which Jesus , and Acts references the early Palestinian Christians as followers `` of the Nazarene '' and `` the sect of the Nazarenes . '' The term `` Christian '' developed outside Palestine , in Syria according to Acts , in conjunction with the mission to the Gentiles . It is derived from `` Christos , '' a Greek translation of the Hebrew `` messiah '' or `` anointed one . '' As Gentile Christianity spread through the Mediterranean basin , Jesus became known as Christ and references to `` the Nazarene '' diminished . Nineteenth and early 20th century European writers produced numerous biographies of Jesus , re-popularizing the term `` Nazarene '' and setting the stage for how the Church of the Nazarene received its name . Dr. Joseph Pomeroy Widney . In 1895 the name of the denomination was first recommended by Dr. Joseph Pomeroy Widney , a former president of the University of Southern California and an influential figure in the early days of the Church of the Nazarene on the West Coast , where with Bresee , he was elected as a general superintendent for life . Ingersol indicates : `` Other proposed names included various uses of ' Methodist ' '' . Widney explained that the name had come to him one morning after spending the whole night in prayer . He said that the word `` Nazarene '' symbolized the toiling , lowly mission of Christ . It was the name that Christ used of Himself , the name which was used in derision of Him by His enemies , the name which above all others linked Him to the great toiling , struggling , sorrowing heart of the world . It is Jesus , Jesus of Nazareth to whom the world in its misery and despair turns , that it may have hope The denomination started as a church that ministered to the homeless and poor , and wanted to keep that attitude of ministering to `` lower classes '' of society . At the First General Assembly that united Bresee 's denomination with the Association of Pentecostal Churches of America in October 1907 , the denominational name that emerged was the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene , reflecting the ancestry of both denominational tributaries . A subsequent General Assembly ( held in October 1908 at Pilot Point , Texas ) , which saw the merger with the Holiness Church of Christ , which was subsequently regarded as the natal date of the denomination , upheld the 1907 decision . The term `` Pentecostal '' in the church 's original name soon proved to be increasingly problematic . In the Wesleyan - holiness movement , the word was used widely as a synonym simply for `` holiness '' . However , from the rise of 20th century Pentecostalism , especially after 1906 , new meanings and associations attached themselves to the term -- meanings that the Pentecostal Nazarenes rejected . Ingersol indicates : `` ( T ) he word was increasingly understood in reference to charismatic gifts like speaking in tongues , which Nazarenes never practiced or approved . '' At the fifth General Assembly ( held in Nashville in 1919 ) , in response to resolutions from thirty - five district assemblies , the General Assembly voted to remove the word `` Pentecostal '' from the church name , leaving it simply as `` Church of the Nazarene '' . Consequently , since 1919 `` the denominational name has been identical to that of its western parent - body -- a name that originated because J.P. Widney read ' lives of Jesus ' books , and his imagination had been captured by a strong personal vision of ' the Nazarene ' . '' Theology and doctrine ( edit ) Part of a series on Arminianism Jacobus Arminius Background Protestantism Reformation Five Articles of Remonstrance Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism in the Church of England People Jacobus Arminius Simon Episcopius Hugo Grotius The Remonstrants Synod of Dort participants John Wesley Doctrine Total depravity Conditional election Unlimited atonement Prevenient grace Conditional preservation Arminianism portal The official doctrines of the Church of the Nazarene are published in the Manual : Church of the Nazarene , which is published quadrennially after the General Assembly , the primary convention and gathering of Nazarenes , at which leaders are elected , and amendments and suggestions are incorporated into the Manual . The Manual is published in print , and is available online at the Nazarene Church 's website . Nazarenes have established 16 `` Articles of Faith '' as a guiding principle for living Christianity . The `` Articles '' include the following : one eternal self - existent God manifest in a threefold nature ; the divinity of Jesus and the Holy Spirit ; the authority of the Bible ; Original and Personal Sin ; the work of atonement ; prevenient grace ; the need for repentance ; justification , regeneration , and adoption ; entire sanctification ; the church ; creedal baptism , `` baptism being a symbol of the new covenant , young children may be baptized , upon request of parents or guardians who shall give assurance for them of necessary Christian training . Baptism may be administered by sprinkling , pouring , or immersion , according to the choice of the applicant '' ( Church of the Nazarene Manual 2013 -- 2017 ) ; the Lord 's Supper for all believers ; divine healing ; the return of Jesus Christ ; and the resurrection of the dead . While there is no official theology text authorised by the denomination , there are several that have been widely used in the pre-ordination training course for ministers . In the early years of the denomination , books by John Miley and William Burt Pope were used . The most influential theologians within the Church of the Nazarene have been Edgar P. Ellyson , author of Theological Compend ( 1908 ) ; A.M. Hills , author of Fundamental Christian Theology ( 1931 ) ; H. Orton Wiley , author of the three - volume Christian Theology ( 1940 -- 1943 ) ; Mildred Bangs Wynkoop , author of A Theology of Love ( 1972 ) and Foundations of Wesleyan - Arminian Theology ( 1972 ) ; Richard S. Taylor , author of A Right Conception of Sin ( 1945 ) and Exploring Christian Holiness , Vol. 3 : The Theological Formulation ( 1985 ) ; H. Ray Dunning , author of Grace , Faith & Holiness ( 1988 ) ; and J. Kenneth Grider , author of A Wesleyan - Holiness Theology ( 1994 ) . Contemporary Nazarene theologians include Craig Keen , Michael Lodahl , Thomas Oord , Samuel M. Powell , Bryan Stone , Rob Staples , and Thomas A. Noble . Noble has been commissioned to write a three - volume systematic theology for the denomination that seeks to be intellectually coherent , comprehensive , contemporary , and global . Arminianism ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene stands in the Arminian tradition of free grace for all and human freedom to choose to partake of that saving grace . The Nazarene Church distinguishes itself from many other Protestant churches because of its belief that God 's Holy Spirit empowers Christians to be constantly obedient to Him -- similar to the belief of other churches in the Evangelical Holiness movement . The Nazarene Church does not believe that a Christian is helpless to sin every day . Rather , the Nazarene Church does teach that sin should be the rare exception in the life of a sanctified Christian . Also , there exists the belief in entire sanctification , the idea that a person can have a relationship of entire devotion to God in which they are no longer under the influence of original sin . This means that , through the power of the Holy Spirit , people can be changed so as to be able to live a holy life for the glory of God . The concept of entire sanctification stems from John Wesley 's concept of spiritual perfection . This is interpreted on a variety of different levels ; as with any denomination , certain believers interpret the theology more rigidly and others less so . Both the doctrines of entire sanctification and prevenient grace are usually interpreted in less rigid fashion by most church members , viewing spiritual perfection as something to strive toward , being already sanctified and forgiven for their sins under the sacrifice of Christ . Hence , thinking in a circular and very Greek fashion , one would be perfect , since one would be forgiven ; however , since Christ was also human , and one is still entirely alive and living in the world , then one would still need to continue striving to live the best , or most `` perfect '' life possible , because Christ was God and man . And so , the dilemma continues in theological interpretation . In recent years , Nazarene theologians have increasingly understood the movement 's distinctive theological doctrine , entire sanctification , as best understood in terms of love . Love is the core notion of the various understandings of holiness and sanctification found in the Bible . Christians are called to love when in relation to God and others ( Oord and Lodahl , 2005 ) . Distinctive Wesleyan emphases ( edit ) Part of a series on Methodism John Wesley Background ( show ) History ( in the United States ) Anglicanism Arminianism First Great Awakening Nonconformism Pietism Wesleyanism Theology ( show ) Articles of Religion Assurance of salvation Conditional preservation of the saints Four sources of theological authority Covenant theology Substitutionary atonement Imparted righteousness New birth Prevenient grace Plain dress Real presence Sanctification Sunday Sabbatarianism Temperance Christian perfection Works of Piety Works of Mercy People ( show ) John Wesley Charles Wesley George Whitefield Richard Allen Francis Asbury Thomas Coke William Law William Williams Pantycelyn Howell Harris Albert Outler James Varick Countess of Huntingdon Bishops Theologians Groups Churches ( show ) Methodist Church of Great Britain Free Methodist Church United Methodist Church World Methodist Council Other Methodist denominations Organization ( show ) Connexionalism Methodist Circuit Related groups ( show ) Holiness movement Conservative holiness movement Pentecostalism Evangelicalism Other topics ( show ) Circuit rider Saints in Methodism Christian views on alcohol Methodist local preacher Homosexuality and Methodism Ordination of women in Methodism Methodism portal The spiritual vision of early Nazarenes was derived from the doctrinal core of John Wesley 's preaching and the holiness movement of the 19th century . The affirmations of the church include justification by grace through faith alone in Jesus Christ , sanctification by grace through faith united with good works , entire sanctification as an inheritance available to every Christian , and the witness of the Spirit to God 's work in human lives . The holiness movement arose in the 1830s to promote these doctrines , especially Entire Sanctification , but splintered by 1900 . The Church of the Nazarene remains committed to Christian holiness . The key emphasis of Wesley 's theology relates to how Divine grace operates within the individual . Wesley defined the Way of Salvation as the operation of grace in at least three parts : Prevenient Grace , Justifying Grace , and Sanctifying Grace . Prevenient grace , or the grace that `` goes before '' us , is given to all people . It is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ . This grace is the present work of God to turn us from our sin - corrupted human will to the loving will of the Father . In this work , God desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before God and God 's offer of salvation . Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God 's salvation in Christ . Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace is that grace , offered by God to all people , that we receive by faith and trust in Christ , through which God pardons the believer of sin . It is in justifying grace we are received by God , in spite of our sin . In this reception , we are forgiven through the atoning work of Jesus Christ on the cross . The justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love God and neighbor . Today , justifying grace is also known as conversion , `` accepting Jesus as your personal Lord and Savior , '' or being `` born again '' . John Wesley originally called this experience the New Birth . This experience can occur in different ways ; it can be one transforming moment , such as an altar call experience , or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time . Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection : a genuine love of God with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves . Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit - filled and Christ - like life aimed toward love . Wesleyan theology maintains that salvation is the act of God 's grace entirely , from invitation , to pardon , to growth in holiness . Furthermore , God 's prevenient , justifying , and sanctifying grace interact dynamically in the lives of Christians from birth to death . For Wesley , good works were the fruit of one 's salvation , not the way in which that salvation was earned . Faith and good works go hand in hand in Methodist theology : a living tree naturally and inevitably bears fruit . Wesleyan theology rejects the doctrine of eternal security , believing that salvation can be rejected . Wesley emphasized that believers must continue to grow in their relationship with Christ , through the process of Sanctification . A key outgrowth of this theology is the commitment of Nazarenes not only to the Evangelical Gospel of repentance and a personal relationship with God , but also to compassionate ministry to the poor . Historical and contemporary issues ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene also takes a stance on a wide array of current moral and social issues , which is published in the Manual and online . These issues have included stances regarding human sexuality , theatrical arts , movies , social dancing , AIDS / HIV , and organ donation . On some matters , such as human sexuality , the church remains relatively conservative , while its stance on scientific discovery might be considered comparatively liberal . Consistent with the position of classical Nazarene theologian H. Orton Wiley , several contemporary Nazarene theologians , including Thomas Jay Oord , Michael Lodahl , and Samuel M. Powell , have endeavored to reconcile the theory of evolution with theology . There are an increasing number of Nazarene scientists who support theistic evolution , among them Karl Giberson , Darrel R. Falk , and Richard G. Colling , whose 2004 book , Random Designer , has been controversial within the denomination since 2007 . At the most recent General Assembly , held in Orlando , Florida in July 2009 , there was extended debate on a resolution to adopt a more fundamentalist view of the doctrine of Creation based on a more literal view of the Bible . This resolution was defeated resoundingly . Throughout its history , the Church of the Nazarene has maintained a stance supporting total abstinence from alcohol and any other intoxicant , including cigarettes . Primary Nazarene founder Bresee was active in the Prohibition cause . Although this continues to be debated , the position remains in the church . While the church does not consider alcohol itself to be the cause of sin , it recognizes that intoxication and the like are a ' danger ' to many people , both physically and spiritually . Historically , the Nazarene Church was founded in order to help the poor . Alcohol , gambling and the like , and their addictions , were cited as things that kept people poor . So in order to help the poor , as well as everyone else , Nazarenes have traditionally abstained from those things . Also , a person who is meant to serve an example to others should avoid the use of them , in order not to cause others to stray from their ' walk with God , ' as that is considered a sin for both parties . Worship and rituals ( edit ) First Church of the Nazarene near Central Square in Cambridge , Massachusetts For many years Church of the Nazarene congregations had worship services ( each lasting about an hour ) three times a week : Sunday morning , Sunday evening , and Wednesday evening . The Sunday evening service was more evangelistically focused with gospel songs sung rather than hymns , testimonies given , and often concluded with an altar call inviting those seeking either salvation or entire sanctification to come forward and kneel at the altar . However , increasingly in recent years , the Sunday and Wednesday evening services in many Nazarene churches have changed from worship services to discipleship training , and many growing churches have utilized weekly small group meetings . Worship services typically contain singing a mix of hymns and contemporary worship songs , prayer , special music , reading of Scripture , sermon , and offering . Services are often focused toward a time of prayer and commitment at the end of the sermon , with people finding spiritual help as they gather for corporate praying . Worship styles vary widely . Over the last twenty years , an increasing number of Nazarene churches have utilized contemporary worship services as their predominant worship style . This may involve the use of a projector to display song and chorus lyrics onto a video screen . More traditional Nazarene churches may have a song leader who directs congregational hymns from the pulpit or platform . In some worship services , particularly the traditional Wednesday night prayer meeting , members are often encouraged to `` testify , '' that is , give an account of some aspect of their spiritual journey . A testimony may describe a personal encounter with the Holy Spirit or speak to a particular event of meaning in a person 's recent Christian life . Prayers offered during services are most often communal and led by a single person . More recently , a small number of local churches have adopted a more formal liturgical style based on practices in the Anglican tradition . Annual revival meetings have long been a traditional part of Nazarene life , and are still encouraged in the Manual , though may be seen less today than they once were . An evangelist comes to preach the revival services . The Church of the Nazarene licenses and credentials evangelists , many of whom earn their entire living through their ministry of evangelism . Most Nazarene districts also sponsor an annual camp meeting for adults and their families as well as separate camps for both teens and children . A distinct approach to worship , especially in the early days of the Nazarene church , was the belief that ultimately the Holy Spirit should lead the worship . Services that were considered to be palpably evidenced by leadership of the Holy Spirit were marked by what was called `` the Glory . '' Almost equal to the emphasis on the doctrine of entire sanctification was the emphasis on these unusual worship experiences . Church leaders were careful to avoid emotional techniques to bring about such services . Ritual and the usual order of services were not abandoned but were held loosely . While some of the services were marked by shouting , others were marked by testimony , weeping , and individuals seeking spiritual help . While Nazarenes believe that the ill should utilize all appropriate medical agencies , Nazarenes also affirm God 's will of divine healing and pastors may `` lay hands '' upon the ill in prayer , either at the hospital or in a worship service . A prayer for divine healing is never understood as excluding medical services and agencies . Sacraments ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene recognizes two sacraments : Christian baptism and the Lord 's Supper , or communion . Every Nazarene church is required to administer the sacrament of the Lord 's Supper at least four times a year . The 2009 -- 2013 Manual encourages pastors to increase the frequency of the Lord 's Supper , which some congregations celebrate monthly or even weekly . Nazarenes permit both believer 's baptism and infant baptism . When a family in the Church of the Nazarene chooses not to baptize their infants they often participate in an infant dedication . Whether a child is baptized or dedicated is the choice of the parents of the child . This decision is often based on geographic location , local church culture , and their pastor 's theological leanings , and if they were baptized or dedicated as a child . The Nazarene Manual includes rituals for the believer 's baptism , infant baptism , infant dedication , reception of new church members , communion , weddings , funerals , the organization of a local church , the installation of new officers , and church dedications . Polity and leadership ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene combines episcopal and congregational polities to form a `` representative '' government . The salient feature of this structure is shared power between people and clergy as well as between the local church and the denomination . At the 1923 General Assembly , the following was stated in relation to the denomination 's polity : `` Our people have felt they did not want extreme episcopacy in the appointment of pastors , neither did they want extreme congregationalism . In the past , we have tried to find a middle ground , so as to respect the spirit of democracy and at the same time retain a degree of efficiency . '' General Assembly ( edit ) Main article : List of Church of the Nazarene conventions According to the denominational website , `` The General Assembly of the church serves as the supreme doctrine - formulating , lawmaking , and elective authority of the Church of the Nazarene , subject to the provisions of the church constitution . '' Composed of elected representatives from all of the denomination 's districts globally , since 1985 the General Assembly has met once every four years . All General Assemblies have been held in the United States . At the General Assembly held in Orlando , Florida , USA , in June 2009 , a total of 1,030 delegates were finally registered , with 982 eligible to vote , and 48 non-voting delegates . The General Assembly elects the members of the Board of General Superintendents and considers legislative proposals from the church 's 465 districts . Topics under consideration may range from the method of calling a pastor to bioethics . Board of General Superintendents ( edit ) Main article : General Superintendent ( Church of the Nazarene ) The highest elected office in the Church of the Nazarene is that of General Superintendent . Every four years six ordained elders , who are at least 35 years old and are not over 68 years old , are elected by the General Assembly of the Church of the Nazarene for a four - year term . Both ordained females and males are eligible to be elected to the office of General Superintendent . However of the forty - one persons who have served in this office , only two women have been elected : Dr. Nina G. Gunter ( born 1940 ) , who served for four years from 2005 , and Dr. Carla Sunberg ( born 1961 ) , who was elected in 2017 and is currently serving . The youngest person elected General Superintendent was Roy T. Williams ( 1883 -- 1946 ) , who was only 32 when chosen to fill a vacancy caused by the deaths of Phineas F. Bresee ( 1837 -- 1915 ) and William C. Wilson ( 1866 -- 1915 ) , both of whom died within weeks of the 1915 General Assembly . Wilson is the shortest - serving General Superintendent , dying only 33 days after his election at the age of 47 . R.T. Williams was the longest - serving general superintendent , who served for just over 30 years from January 1916 to his death in March 1946 . Eight of the first eleven General Superintendents died in office , resulting in both the expansion in the number of general superintendents , and an upper age limit of 72 . Dr Hiram F. Reynolds ( 1854 -- 1938 ) , one of the original two General Superintendents elected in October 1907 , holds the record as the oldest person to serve in this office , retiring in 1932 , at the age of 78 . Collectively these six elders constitute the Board of General Superintendents , which is , according to the denominational website , `` charged with the responsibility of administering the worldwide work of the Church of the Nazarene . The Board of General Superintendents also interprets the denomination 's book of polity , the Manual of the Church of the Nazarene . '' All official acts of the Board of General Superintendents are subject to the review of the General Assembly , the supreme legislative body in the denomination . At the 2013 General Assembly , General Superintendents Jerry D. Porter ( born 1949 ) , elected initially in 1997 in San Antonio , Texas , was re-elected to a fifth term ; J.K. Warrick ( born 1945 ) , who was elected initially in 2005 in Indianapolis , Indiana , was re-elected to a third four - year term ; Eugenio Duarte , from Cape Verde , the 37th general superintendent , the first person elected to the Board of General Superintendents from Africa , was re-elected to a 2nd term ; and David W. Graves , the 38th general superintendent , was re-elected to a 2nd term . After the mandatory retirement of Jesse C. Middendorf ( born 1942 ) ; and the resignation of Stan Toler , the 39th general superintendent , Dr. David Busic , President of Nazarene Theological Seminary since 2011 , and Gustavo Crocker , director of the Eurasia region since 2004 , were elected as the 40th and 41st General Superintendents respectively . Crocker , a native of San Jerónimo , Guatemala , the first General Superintendent from Central America , and the 2nd general superintendent elected while residing outside the USA / Canada Region , was elected on a record 53rd ballot . In December 2013 , Porter and Warrick , who is term limited , announced that they would will retire at the 29th General Assembly in June 2017 . General Board ( edit ) The General Board of the Church of the Nazarene was created by action of the 1923 General Assembly to replace a system of independent general boards that often competed with one another for the church dollar . These independent boards became departments of the General Board . The General Board is made up of district superintendents , pastors and lay leaders representing the global church and elected by the regional caucuses at General Assembly . Convening in late February each year , the board has governing responsibility for the international Church of the Nazarene between general assemblies . The General Board carries out the corporate business of the denomination . At the June 2013 General Assembly a new General Board was elected to a four - year term . The General Board currently has 48 members representing the church 's then 15 regions , and an additional four members were elected to represent Education ( 2 ) , Nazarene Youth International , and Nazarene Missions International . Of the 52 members elected , 27 are from outside the USA , and 25 are US citizens . Six are women . Meeting at least annually , the most recent meeting of the General Board was its 92nd Session held February 24 -- 26 , 2015 in Lenexa , Kansas . At that meeting , The General Board members represented the following world areas : Papua New Guinea , Uruguay , Trinidad and Tobago , Bangladesh , USA , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , India , Canada , El Salvador , Philippines , Netherlands , Brazil , Germany , Mozambique , South Africa , Fiji , Guyana , South Korea , United Kingdom , and Swaziland . Ministers ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene has two orders of ordained ministry : the ordained elder and the ordained deacon . The ordained elder is a person , either male or female , who has been set apart for a ministry of `` Word and Sacrament . '' Their primary assignment is to preach the Word , administer the sacraments , and lead the local church . The ordained deacon is a man or woman who has been set apart for full - time ministry in a role other than `` Word and Sacrament . '' Those eligible to be ordained as deacons include those who are called to a full - time ministry of music , Christian social ministry , or director of Christian education , or another ministry that does not typically involve leading a congregation . The church also has district licensed ministers . Usually these are persons who are on the path toward ordination or who are strongly considering a call to ordained ministry . A licensed minister may , in some cases , be the pastor of a church . The Church of the Nazarene also recognizes these specialized forms of Christian service and ministry . In September 2014 , the Church of the Nazarene had 17,017 ordained elders , 838 ordained deacons and 9,847 licensed ministers , for a total of 27,702 credentialed or licensed ministers . On March 24 , 2010 the Bangladesh District set a denominational record with 193 women and men ordained in one service , including 30 women , the most ever in the denomination 's history , exceeding the 39 ordained in Peru . Organization ( edit ) Local Church ( edit ) The basic unit of organization in the Church of the Nazarene is the local church congregation , which may be either an organized church or church - type mission ( often known as `` New Starts '' ) . At the end of September 2014 , there were 21,425 organized churches and a further 7,970 church - type missions , for a total of 29,395 congregations . The average Nazarene congregation globally has 78 members , and an average weekly worship attendance of 51 . The largest congregation in the denomination as measured by average weekly attendance each Sunday morning ( as of February 2009 ) was the Central De Campinas church on the Paulista Sudeste district in Brazil , which reported 8,216 members and an average weekly Sunday morning worship attendance of 7,237 . During 2009 it received 873 new Nazarenes . The next four largest congregations were the Casa De Oracion Paso Ancho church in Colombia ( 4,600 members ; 7,000 worship ) ; the Americana church in Brazil ; Grove City Church of the Nazarene in Grove City , Ohio ; and College Church of the Nazarene in Olathe , Kansas . District ( edit ) Local congregations are grouped administratively into geographical Districts . At the 2009 General Assembly a resolution was passed defining a district as `` an entity made up of interdependent local churches organized to facilitate the mission of each local church through mutual support , and sharing of resources , and collaboration . '' Each district is led by a District Superintendent , who is usually elected by delegates from each local church in an annual meeting called the District Assembly . In embryonic districts , the District Superintendent may be appointed by the jurisdictional General Superintendent . There are currently 465 Districts worldwide . In 2008 these were 174 are Phase 3 ( regular districts ) ; 85 are Phase 2 ; and 141 are Phase 1 . There were also 33 pioneer areas . There are 80 Districts in the USA and Canada . The largest districts are Brazil Sudeste Paulista ( 24,686 full members ) , South Korea National District ( 23,143 members ) , India East ( 19,490 members ) , and Oklahoma ( 17,530 ) , the largest district in the USA . Districts may also be divided into several Zones or missional networks , where local churches within a Zone may cooperate for various activities , particularly for youth events . Region ( edit ) All Districts of the Church of the Nazarene are organized into Regions . Previously there were 15 regions , but from February 28 , 2011 , there were 6 Regions . At 30 September 2014 , there were : Africa ( 611,398 members ) , in 8,686 churches in 130 districts in 6 fields in 42 world areas ; Asia - Pacific ( 119,349 members in 1,894 churches in 46 districts in 7 fields in 29 world areas ) ; Eurasia ( 240,585 members in 7,832 churches in 52 districts in 7 fields in 36 world areas ) ; MesoAmerica ( which combines the former Caribbean and Mexico & Central America regions ) ( 364,368 members in 3,133 churches in 77 districts in 5 fields in 31 world areas ) ; South America ( 279,408 members in 2,603 churches in 80 districts in 8 fields in 10 world areas ) ; USA / Canada , which comprises the USA , Canada , and Bermuda , has 649,998 members in 5,247 churches in 80 districts in 9 zones in 3 world areas , and has 11 Nazarene universities and colleges , and also Nazarene Theological Seminary in Kansas City , Missouri . The regions are administered through Nazarene Global Mission , an entity formed in 2011 after a strategic restructuring that incorporates all functions of the former World Mission Department . It focuses on partnership and collaboration to help equip Nazarene churches support mission at community , district , regional and international levels . The Global Mission Director is Dr. Verne Ward III , who was at the time of his election in March 2012 , Director of the Asia - Pacific Region . Each region has a regional director . In the United States and Canada , there are educational zones centered on one of the denominational institutions of higher education . Each local church pays an agreed budget to the District level , and each District remits a portion of the local and district budgets for their zone 's Nazarene institution of higher education ( see `` Higher Education '' below ) . Educational zones for the Church of the Nazarene were first established in 1918 . Field ( edit ) Districts in areas administered by the Global Mission are often grouped into `` fields '' , with a field strategy co-ordinator providing strategic leadership . In the USA and Canada the sub-regional areas may be referred to as `` Zones '' . On January 31 , 2008 , India became the first field in the global Church of the Nazarene to be entirely indigenous with the field strategy co-ordinator , Rev Sunil Dange , and all 15 district superintendents , all ministry coordinators , and all pastors from India . Higher education ( edit ) See also : List of Church of the Nazarene schools The 2013 -- 2017 Manual of the Church of the Nazarene states that `` ( t ) he Church of the Nazarene , from its inception , has been committed to higher education . The church provides the college / university with students , administrative and faculty leadership , and financial and spiritual support ... The church college / university , while not a local congregation , is an integral part of the church ; it is an expression of the church . '' A portion of each local church and district budget is allocated for Nazarene higher education , which subsidizes the cost of each educational zone or nation 's respective institution . Globally the denomination contributed US $23,904,271 in 2010 ( a decrease of US $1,865,713 from 2009 ) to Nazarene educational institutions . Hence , in the United States and Canada , there is one Nazarene liberal arts college per Region . The regional colleges are Canada Region for Ambrose University College in Calgary , Alberta , Eastern USA Region for Eastern Nazarene College ( ENC ) in Quincy , Massachusetts , North Central USA Region for MidAmerica Nazarene University ( MNU ) in Olathe , Kansas , East Central USA Region for Mount Vernon Nazarene University ( MVNU ) in Mount Vernon , Ohio , Northwest USA Region for Northwest Nazarene University ( NNU ) in Nampa , Idaho , Central USA Region for Olivet Nazarene University ( ONU ) in Bourbonnais , Illinois , Southwest USA Region for Point Loma Nazarene University ( PLNU ) in San Diego , California , South Central USA Region for Southern Nazarene University ( SNU ) in Bethany , Oklahoma , Southeast USA Region for Trevecca Nazarene University ( TNU ) in Nashville , Tennessee . Accompanying that logic of institutional support , there is a gentlemen 's agreement between the Nazarene liberal arts colleges in the United States to not actively recruit outside their respective educational zone , requiring that a Nazarene prospective college student must first seek information from any `` Off - Region '' institution on an individual basis . In 2016 , the Church of the Nazarene owned and operated 52 educational institutions in 35 countries on six continents , comprising 5 graduate seminaries ; 31 undergraduate Bible / theological colleges ; 2 nurses training colleges in Swaziland and Papua New Guinea , and 1 teacher training college in Papua New Guinea , that had a 2016 combined enrollment of 51,555 students globally . In these Nazarene institutions of higher education in 2011 there were 30,936 students enrolled in on - campus programs ( a decrease of 221 from the previous year ) and 18,612 students enrolled in extension programs ( an increase of 3,802 over last year ) . At the end of 2010 these educational assets were valued at US $1,041,436,984 ( an increase of US $54.9 million over 2009 ) , with liabilities of US $341,009,574 , for a net worth of US $ $700,427,410 . During the 2010 -- 2011 academic year , 11,015 degrees or diplomas were awarded by Nazarene institutions worldwide , an increase of 1,691 over the previous year . In 2016 , the largest Nazarene educational institution was Korea Nazarene University , with 5,208 students , followed by Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais , Illinois ( 4,670 students ) , Africa Nazarene University in Nairobi , Kenya ( 3,872 students ) , Point Loma Nazarene University in San Diego , California ( 3,806 students ) , and Trevecca Nazarene University in Nashville , Tennessee ( 3,093 students ) . On October 16 , 2009 the Global Consortium of Nazarene Graduate Seminaries and Schools of Theology ( GCNGSST ) was inaugurated in Manchester , England . It comprised the following eight institutions : Africa Nazarene University ( Ongata Rongai , Kenya ) ; Asia - Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary ( Taytay , Rizal , Philippines ) ; Brazil Nazarene College ( Faculdade Nazarena do Brasil ) ( Campinas , Brazil ) ; Korea Nazarene University ( Cheonan , South Korea ) ; Nazarene Theological College , ( Brisbane , Australia ) ; Nazarene Theological College , ( Manchester , England ) ; Nazarene Theological Seminary ( Kansas City , Missouri ) ; and Seminario Nazareno de las Americas ( SENDAS ) ( San José , Costa Rica ) . Nazarene educational institutions are overseen by the Nazarene International Board of Education ( IBOE ) . Funded through a grant from the Henry Luce Foundation , the consortium connects Nazarene seminaries by optimizing the global resources available for theological education . While much of the work of the consortium is done throughout the year via video conferencing , subsequent meetings of the presidents and academic deans of the member institutions were held on the campuses of Korean Nazarene University in October 2010 , and Nazarene Theological Seminary in August 2012 . Ministries ( edit ) There are several key ministries that focus on different aspect of the larger mission statement . The biggest of these are Nazarene Youth International ( NYI ) , Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries , Nazarene Missions International ( NMI ) , and Nazarene Publishing House ( NPH ) . Nazarene Youth International ( NYI ) ( edit ) Nazarene Youth International is a youth organisation that has partnered with the Church of the Nazarene since its inception as the Nazarene Young Peoples Society ( NYPS ) in 1923 . In 1976 it adopted its current name , and focused on young people aged 12 to 23 ( later 12 to 29 ) . In September 2014 NYI membership globally was 422,012 young people aged 14 -- 25 ( a decrease of 8,871 from 2013 , but an increase of 85,062 or 25.24 % ) since 2004 ) in 16,597 local organizations . The NYI - sponsored Third Wave emerging leadership conference was held from January 3 -- 8 , 2012 in Bangkok , Thailand , with approximately 250 participants from 55 countries attending . Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries International ( SDMI ) ( edit ) At the end of 2010 , Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries International ( SDMI ) reported an average global Sunday School weekly attendance of 703,344 , and the Global Discipleship Group attendance was 191,912 , for a total of 895,256 ( an increase of 52,132 from 2009 ) . The Total Global Responsibility List was 1,690,255 in 2009 . In 2016 , the Global Discipleship attendance was 1,245,818 ; a decadal growth rate of 55 % . The total global responsibility lists was 1,845,786 . Missions ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene has been committed to obeying the Great Commission since its inception . According to the 2013 -- 2017 Manual , `` Historically , Nazarene global ministry has centered around evangelism , compassionate ministry , and education . '' In 2014 the denomination had a total of 702 salaried ( funded by the World Evangelism Fund for the Church of the Nazarene ) in 40 world areas , of whom , forty percent of General Board missionaries were non-U.S. missionaries . Additionally , there were contracted volunteers serving as missionaries in 40 world areas . In 2013 , 687 missionaries and 231 missionary kids were deployed from 27 world areas ( including 313 Mission Corps volunteers ) . In 2014 Nazarene missionaries originated from 35 different world areas . 10,824 volunteers participated in mission in 2013 . In addition to Mission Corps , there were 292 individual volunteers , and 10,219 Work & Witness team members . In 2010 , 92 Youth in Mission participants served in 14 world areas , including 52 participants from outside the USA / Canada Regions . Nazarene Missions International ( NMI ) ( edit ) Nazarene Missions International ( NMI ) was founded in 1915 at the fourth General Assembly , as the Nazarene Foreign Missionary Society , with Susan Norris Fitkin , wife of financier Abram Fitkin , elected the first president . Fitkin remained in office until June 1948 . NMI is `` the church - relations heart of World Mission within each local church '' , and `` the local - church - based global mobilization and promotional arm of the Church of the Nazarene '' . has 916,470 members . The purpose of NMI is to mobilize churches in mission through praying , discipling , giving , and educating . From a peak of $54 million given for the World Evangelism Fund ( WEF ) in 2002 , as a consequence of the Late - 2000s financial crisis , the total amount raised for the World Evangelism Fund in 2012 was approximately US $38.3 million ( a decrease of $0.5 million from the previous year ) . However , Mission Specials receipted were an additional US $26.1 million , a decrease of US $5.3 million from the previous year . This combined giving totaled US $64.4 million , a decrease of $5.8 million . Despite its membership being less than 33 % of the denominational total , the USA regions contributed 94 % of WEF funding , and 90 % of Approved Specials . During 2012 , 27.7 % of Nazarene congregations gave the recommended 5.5 % of total income to the WEF , an additional 37.5 % of congregations made some contribution to the WEF , while 35 % of congregations made no contribution . Jesus Film Harvest Partners ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene is an active participant in the Jesus Film Project , organizing teams to show the Jesus film . In 2014 Global Mission ( GM ) and JESUS Film Harvest Partners ( JFHP ) has 619 JESUS Film teams working with missionaries and local leaders , spreading the gospel in 290 languages and in 135 world areas . The cumulative total from 1998 to June 2014 is 67,280,854 evangelistic contacts with a reported 12,640,017 decisions made for Christ ( 18.8 percent of contacts ) and 5,261,310 ( 41.6 percent of decisions ) initial discipleship follow - ups . Since 1998 , 43,481 new preaching points were started . The most current information is available on the jfhp.org website . Work and Witness ( edit ) Since its inception in 1974 , Work and Witness , an endeavor that sends teams of volunteers into cross-cultural situations primarily to construct buildings on the mission field , has 196,060 participants who have given 13,246,196 labor hours , which equals 6,564 years of labor . In 2010 , there were 537 Work & Witness teams with a total of 8,955 participants . In 2008 teams served in 72 world areas . Nazarene compassionate Ministries ( edit ) The Church of the Nazarene has 245 full - time compassionate ministries centers and volunteer efforts around the world . Nazarenes have been instrumental in assisting people in every part of the globe who have been affected by war , famine , hurricane , flood , and other natural and human - made disasters . In 2008 , Nazarene Compassionate Ministries ' Child Development program had 123 Child Development Centers globally that provided more than 11,140 sponsorships in 77 countries , and met the needs of more than 50,000 children through nutritional programs . The church operates 64 medical clinics and hospitals worldwide . In 2010 , 11,874 children were fed each week through Nazarene Compassionate Ministries . Nazarene Publishing House ( NPH ) ( edit ) Nazarene Publishing House ( NPH ) , the publishing arm of the Church of the Nazarene , is the largest publisher of Wesleyan - Holiness literature in the world . NPH prints more than 25 million pieces of literature each year . NPH processes more than 250,000 orders each year from more than 11,000 churches . The Third General Assembly of the Church of the Nazarene held in Nashville , Tennessee in 1911 recommended that the infant denomination 's three publishing companies ( then located in Rhode Island , Texas , and Los Angeles , California ) each founded by a different Nazarene parent body , consolidate into `` one central publishing company '' and merge their three papers into one strong paper . The newly created Pentecostal Nazarene Publishing House was sited at 2923 Troost Avenue , Kansas City , Missouri , in 1912 , with Clarence J. Kinne , a Nazarene ordained minister , as its first manager . The Herald of Holiness , the new weekly paper , edited by B.F. Haynes , appeared for the first time on Wednesday , April 17 , 1912 . The Other Sheep ( later World Mission ) magazine began publication in 1913 under founding editor Charles Allen McConnell ( born June 19 , 1860 in Valparaiso , Indiana ; died c. 1950 ) , who was NPH manager from 1916 to 1918 . Both magazines were published until 1999 , when they were discontinued in favor of Holiness Today , a new publication . In the meantime , Spanish , Portuguese , and French editions of Herald of Holiness appeared over the years . NPH is a separate corporate entity from General Church of the Nazarene , although it is accountable to the church . NPH has a Board of Directors and is also accountable to one of the six General Superintendents of the Church of the Nazarene who has oversight of NPH . NPH publishes a variety of books , music and materials . The primary label under which books are published is Beacon Hill Press . Sunday school curriculum is published under the label Word Action . Youth ministry resources are published under the label Barefoot Ministries . Spanish materials are produced by Casa Nazarena de Publicaciones . Music and drama resources are published under the label Lillenas Publishing , which was founded in Indianapolis , Indiana in 1925 by Nazarene minister and composer Haldor Lillenas ( born November 19 , 1885 at Stord Island , Norway ; died August 18 , 1959 at Aspen , Colorado ) , and subsequently purchased by NPH in 1930 . Notable Nazarenes ( edit ) The following are notable people who have past or current affiliation or membership in the Church of the Nazarene . Current Nazarenes ( edit ) South African politician Rev. William Bantom ( born ca . 1946 ) , the first black mayor of Cape Town ( 1995 -- 2000 ) , was a minister in the Church of the Nazarene since 1968 ; Historical fiction author Donna Fletcher Crow ( born November 15 , 1941 ) , author of Glastonbury , a graduate of Northwest Nazarene University , is a member of the Church of the Nazarene ; American psychologist Dr. James Dobson ( born April 21 , 1936 ) , founder of Focus on the Family , a fourth - generation Nazarene , a graduate of Nazarene school Pasadena College , who does not `` advertise his Nazarene identity '' ; is a member of the Eastborough Church of the Nazarene in Colorado Springs , Colorado ; USAID Acting Administrator Dr. Kent R. Hill , a graduate of Northwest Nazarene University , and former president of Eastern Nazarene College ( 1992 -- 2001 ) , is an active member ; Dove Award - winning Gospel singer Crystal Lewis ( Born September 11 , 1969 in Corona , California ) , the granddaughter of Nazarene ministers , the daughter of Mary and Dr. Holland Lewis ( an ordained elder in the Church of the Nazarene , and the former general president of Nazarene Youth International ) , began singing in her father 's churches ; Mexican politician Pablo Salazar Mendiguchía ( born August 9 , 1954 ) , former Governor of Chiapas ( 2000 -- 2006 ) and former Senator of the Republic ( 1994 -- 2000 ) , is a member of the Church of the Nazarene ; Tom Oord , co-creator of the Nazarenes Exploring Evolution project , was a faculty member of the Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa , Idaho , and runs his own website promoting evolution and science as well . Esther R. Sanger ( 1926 -- 1995 ) was the founder of two nonprofit organizations : the Quincy Crisis Center , based in Quincy , Massachusetts , and the Martha -- Mary Learning Center in Hingham , Massachusetts . After her death , the organization that runs both centers was named the Esther R. Sanger Center for Compassion . Known locally as the `` Mother Teresa of the South Shore '' , she was ordained an elder in the Church of the Nazarene in 1994 . Scottish businessman Brian Souter ( born 1954 in Perth , Scotland ) , the prominent leader of the Keep the Clause campaign , is an active member of the denomination ; Members of the Southern Gospel singing group the Speer Family ( which was inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame in 1998 ) have close associations with the Church of the Nazarene . Among those are Jackson Brock Speer ( the oldest son of Tom and Lena Speer , the founders of the group ) , who was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1998 , who is a graduate of Trevecca Nazarene University , and is an ordained elder in the Church of the Nazarene ; Larry Wall ( born September 27 , 1954 ) , creator of the Perl computer programming language , is a member of the New Life Church of the Nazarene in Cupertino , California ; Notable Nazarene historians include Timothy L. Smith , Stan Ingersol , Floyd T. Cunningham , Paul M. Bassett , Paul Wesley Ragland Jr ( of Virginia ) , and Randall J. Stephens . Biblical scholars of note include Olive Winchester , Ralph Earle ) , and William Greathouse . Former Nazarenes ( edit ) Four - time governor of Louisiana Edwin Edwards ( born 1927 ) early in life was a Nazarene preacher before converting to Roman Catholicism . ( see also Edwin Edwards # Early life and career ) ; American investment banker and philanthropist Abram Fitkin , ( died 1933 ) , husband of NMI founder , Susan Norris Fitkin , was a member of the John Wesley Church of the Nazarene , Brooklyn ; American nuclear scientist Robert W. Faid ( 1929 -- May 26 , 2008 ) was a member of the First Church of the Nazarene , Greenville , South Carolina ; Convicted murderer Caril Ann Fugate ( born July 31 , 1943 ) , the then girlfriend of spree killer Charles Starkweather , the youngest female in United States history to be tried for first - degree murder , while imprisoned at the Nebraska Center for Women in York , Nebraska ( 1958 -- 1976 ) , `` worked in a Nazarene church nursery , taught Bible classes on Sunday , and occasionally delivered sermons '' . In 1971 Fugate became a member of the York Church of the Nazarene , After her release from prison , Fugate relocated to St. Johns , Michigan , where she served as a volunteer at a Nazarene church in the area ; Southern Gospel singer and songwriter Bill Gaither ( born March 28 , 1936 ) , winner of five Grammy Awards and 28 Dove Awards , and a 1982 inductee to the Gospel Music Hall of Fame , grew up in a Nazarene family , and became a member of the denomination at his home church in Alexandria , Indiana . Currently he attends the Park Place Church of God in Anderson , Indiana ; Academy Award - winning actor Tom Hanks ( born July 9 , 1956 ) attended the Church of the Nazarene while living with an aunt as a teenager ; American politician Gary Hart ( born Gary Warren Hartpence , November 28 , 1936 ) , who served as a United States Senator ( 1974 -- 1980 ) and was a two - time candidate for President of the United States ( 1984 , 1988 ) , was raised as a member of the Church of the Nazarene ; married Oletha Ludwig , the daughter of the General Secretary of the denomination ; and also graduated from Southern Nazarene University ; Tunney Hunsaker ( September 1 , 1932 -- April 27 , 2005 ) , former police chief of Fayetteville , West Virginia , the first opponent of Muhammad Ali in a professional boxing bout in 1960 , was a member of the Church of the Nazarene in Oak Hill , West Virginia ; Haitian - American musician Wyclef Jean ( born October 17 , 1972 ) , is the son of the late Rev. Gesner Jean ( born ca . 1940 ; died September 3 , 2001 ) , a Nazarene pastor , and was raised in the denomination , including the Good Shepherd Church of the Nazarene in Newark , New Jersey , and briefly attended Eastern Nazarene College ; Prolific Christian author R.T. Kendall ( born July 13 , 1935 ) , who pastored the Westminster Chapel for 25 years ( 1977 -- 2002 ) , was born into a Nazarene family in Ashland , Kentucky , named for general superintendent Roy T. Williams , graduated from Trevecca Nazarene University ( 1970 ) , and commenced his ministry in the denomination before his Calvinistic convictions necessitated his resignation . In 2008 he was awarded an honorary doctor of divinity degree by Trevecca Nazarene University ; American artist Thomas Kinkade ( January 19 , 1958 -- April 6 , 2012 ) was a member of the Church of the Nazarene ; Norwegian Gospel Hall of Fame inductee Haldor Lillenas ( November 19 , 1885 -- August 18 , 1959 ) , was an ordained minister in the Church of the Nazarene , author , song evangelist , poet , music publisher and prolific hymnwriter , who is estimated to have composed over 4,000 hymns ; Grammy Award - winning American rock singer - songwriter John Mellencamp ( born October 7 , 1951 ) , was raised in the Church of the Nazarene in Seymour , Indiana ; Actor Ron Raines ( born December 2 , 1949 ) , is the son of a Nazarene minister , and was active in the denomination until at least 1969 . Actress Debbie Reynolds ( April 1 , 1932 -- December 28 , 2016 ) , was raised within the Church of the Nazarene , attending three times a week for sixteen years ; American Bob Pierce ( 1914 -- 1978 ) , the founder of international Christian relief and development organizations World Vision in 1950 , and Samaritan 's Purse ( 1970 ) , was an ordained minister in the Church of the Nazarene ; Canadian Charles Templeton ( October 7 , 1915 -- June 7 , 2001 ) , the co-founder of Youth for Christ , was an evangelist in the Church of the Nazarene , and founder of the Avenue Road Church of the Nazarene in Toronto , Canada , before becoming an agnostic , Ontario Liberal Party politician , newspaper editor , inventor , broadcaster and author ; Southern Gospel pioneer and music publisher James David Vaughan ( 1864 -- 1941 ) , the founder of the Vaughan Conservatory of Music ( 1911 ) and the James D. Vaughan Publishing Company ( 1902 ) , who was inducted into the Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1997 , became a member of the Church of the Nazarene in Lawrenceburg , Tennessee ( now known as Vaughan Memorial Church of the Nazarene ) in the 1920s , and brought the singing Speers Family into the denomination . Japanese graphic designer , set designer , essayist and novelist Kappa Senoo , ( 1930 -- ) grew up in a Nazarene family in Kobe , Japan before and during WWII . He recounts the conversion of his parents and his experiences in church and family life in his book A Boy Called H . See also ( edit ) Methodism portal Arminianism portal List of Church of the Nazarene conventions List of Church of the Nazarene schools Nazarene Hymnals Nazarene Missionaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pentecostalism '' , in Encyclopedia of Religion and Society , eds . William H. Swatos and Peter Kivisto ( Rowman Altamira , 1998 ) : 358 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` General secretary releases 2016 stats '' . NCN News . December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` New York economy is down , but mission passion is up '' . Engage . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene Growth , 2006 -- 2016 Annual Statistics from the General Secretary 's Reports '' ( 8 December 2016 ) , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` 244823 Manual 2005 - 09 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legislative Actions and G.S. Ballots -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene -- Clergy Development '' ( PDF ) . nazarenepastor.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` The Board of General Superintendents of the Church of the Nazarene , Nazarene Essentials : Who We Are - What We Believe Version 1.2 ( 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ 2013 -- 2017 Manual of the Church of the Nazarene ( Kansas City , Missouri : Nazarene Publishing House , 2013 ) : 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Board of Education releases global statistics '' . NCN News . December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enrollment figures for IBOE schools worldwide '' ( PDF ) . www.nazarene.org . December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of the 87th Session of the General Board '' , Holiness Today ( May / June 2010 ) : 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` 1 About the GMC '' . nazarene.org . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Holiness leaders form Global Wesleyan Alliance -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived July 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David Neff interviews Kevin Mannoia . `` Holiness Without the Legalism '' . christianitytoday.com . Jump up ^ Finke and Starke , 177 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Stan A. Toler , `` Report of the Board of General Superintendents to the 90th Session of the General Board , Church of the Nazarene '' , Lenexa , Kansas , 24 February 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise of the Church of the Nazarene '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ List of Church of the Nazarene conventions Jump up ^ `` Historical Statement '' , Manual of the Church of the Nazarene 2005 -- 2009 ( Kansas City , MO : Nazarene Publishing House , 2005 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 62 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Statement '' , Manual of the Church of the Nazarene 2005 -- 2009 ( Kansas City , MO : Nazarene Publishing House , 2005 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 157 . Jump up ^ Manual 2005 -- 2009 , 22 . Jump up ^ Manual , 19 . Jump up ^ Manual , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Proof Copy Version3 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Manual , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed discussion of these separations , see History of the Church of the Nazarene . Jump up ^ Manual Church of the Nazarene 2005 -- 2009 : 24 . Jump up ^ `` Called unot Holiness '' ( PDF ) . Wesley.nnu.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Called 2 : 224 . ^ Jump up to : Watchword , 511 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived July 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Nazarene Media Library '' . nazarenemedialibrary.org . Jump up ^ Watchword , : 512 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived April 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` World Areas : Church of the Nazarene '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Global Mission report -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ Watchword , 245 . Jump up ^ Charles R. Galley . `` Internationalization in the Church of the Nazarene '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Policy of the General Missionary Board of the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene to Govern the Work in Japan '' , 3 March 1914 , quoted in Gailey , 2 . Jump up ^ Gailey , 2 . Jump up ^ `` Policy of the General Missionary Board of the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene to Govern Its Work in the Foreign Fields '' , quoted in Gailey , 3 . Jump up ^ `` Policy of the General Board of the Church of the Nazarene To Govern Its Work In Foreign Fields '' , Kansas City , Missouri , 1932 ( Nazarene Archives ) : 14 , quoted in Gailey , 3 . Jump up ^ Gailey , 3 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 181 , 184 , 253 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 257 . Jump up ^ Purkiser , Called 2 : 234 . Jump up ^ Gailey , 4 . Jump up ^ Gailey , 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Watchword , 525 -- 526 . ^ Jump up to : Watchword , 526 . Jump up ^ Purkiser , Called 2 : 317 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 513 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 525 ; however Purkiser indicates it was in 1972 , see Purkiser , Called 2 : 224 . ^ Jump up to : Purkiser , Called 2 : 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Purkiser , Called 2 : 225 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 516 -- 517 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 517 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 528 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 529 . Jump up ^ Mario Zani , quoted in Watchword , 531 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 531 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives ' Answers : The denomination 's name -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ Smith , Called Unto Holiness , Volume I . Jump up ^ M.E. Redford . `` The Rise of the Church of the Nazarene '' ( PDF ) . Wesley.nnu.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Manual 2005 -- 2009 pages 30 -- 38 Jump up ^ Thomas Noble , in Bob Broadbooks , `` An Interview with Thomas Noble '' , Grace & Peace Magazine 6 ( Spring 2012 ) : 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` God 's Preparing , Accepting , and Sustaining Grace '' . The United Methodist Church GBGM . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Belief '' . Cambridge Christ United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The New Birth by John Wesley ( Sermon 45 ) '' . The United Methodist Church GBGM . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Altar Call '' . The United Methodist Church . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes by various Methodist Bishops and Leaders of the Past '' . The Independent Methodist Arminian Resource Center . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weber , Max ; Kalberg , Stephen . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 338 - 5 . Retrieved January 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Pastoral Perspective on Homosexuality '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Manual 2001 -- 2005 pages 367 -- 373 ^ Jump up to : ( 7 ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of Nazarene Polity '' ( PDF ) . nazarenepastor.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Nina G. Gunter - Church of the Nazarene '' . Church of the Nazarene . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Carla D. Sunberg - Church of the Nazarene '' . Church of the Nazarene . Jump up ^ `` Bowling rescinds election as GS '' . ncnnews.com. 2009 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Busic elected 40th general superintendent -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Crocker elected GS after record number of ballots -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ `` Porter , Warrick to conclude time in office at 2017 General Assembly -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived January 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Archived August 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Search -- engagemagazine.com '' . engagemagazine.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Church of the Nazarene Growth , 2004 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` General secretary releases 2013 stats -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Churches in 2014 Worship Attendance '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : ( 11 ) Archived December 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene Africa Region '' . Church of the Nazarene Africa Region . ^ Jump up to : `` Nazarene Global Mission '' . globalmission.nazarene.org. 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ `` Asia - Pacific Region Church of the Nazarene '' . asiapacificnazarene.org . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Eurasia Region Church of the Nazarene '' . eurasiaregion.org . Jump up ^ `` Fields -- Mesoamerica Region '' . mesoamericaregion.org . Jump up ^ `` Iglesia del Nazareno ( Región SAM ) '' . samnaz.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights of the 87th General Board '' , Holiness Today ( May / June 2010 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ `` USA / Canada Region '' . usacanadaregion.org . Jump up ^ `` Mission Structure Revision '' . globalmission.nazarene.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nazarene Global Mission2 '' . nazareneworldmission.org . Jump up ^ `` Nazarene Communications Network '' . ncnnews.com. 2008 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Paragraph 400 , The 2013 -- 2017 Manual of the Church of the Nazarene ( 2013 ) : 180 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 International Board of Education report -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the 87th General Board '' , Holiness Today ( May / June 2010 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nazarene Educational Regions '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Archived September 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Guidelines and Handbook for Educational Institutions of the Church of the Nazarene ( PDF ) . Church of the Nazarene International Board of Education . 1997 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Archived January 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Archived December 26 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Archived September 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NTS hosts Nazarene Global Consortium of Graduate Schools of Theology -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nazarene Youth International report -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries International report -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ Manual 2013 -- 2017 : 23 . Jump up ^ `` Prayer Mobilization Line '' . nazarene.org . Jump up ^ Grace & Peace Magazine . `` Missions , Holiness , and Education : An Interview with Carla Sunberg '' . graceandpeacemagazine.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Nazarene Missions International '' . nazarene.org . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Nazarene Missions International Report -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ `` NMI : Nazarene Missions International information '' . Home.snu.edu. 2014 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Archived February 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Nazarene Missions International report -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ `` Board of General Superintendents Report : ' Called To Be Witnesses ' -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Stan A. Toler , `` The Radical Optimism of Grace '' , Report of the Board of General Superintendents to the 90th Session of the General Board , Church of the Nazarene , Lenexa , Kansas , 24 February 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Progress : JESUS Film Harvest Partners Official Website '' . jfhp.org . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nazarene Compassionate Ministries '' . ncm.org . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Child Development and Sponsorship Report '' , NCM Magazine ( spring 2009 ) : 12 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 18 March 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Retrieved 18 March 2009 '' . oracle.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Archived May 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ ( 19 ) Archived February 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` HoMY 67 : Wonderful Grace of Jesus '' . subversiveinfluence.com . Jump up ^ `` A Hymn of Grace : Wonderful Grace of Jesus '' . faithalone.org . Jump up ^ Stacey Nicholas , `` Holiness Churches '' , in The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis , eds . David J. Bodenhamer , Robert Graham Barrows , and David Gordon Vanderstel ( Indiana University Press , 1994 ) : 699 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- AFRICA -- Cape Town mayor resigns over porn '' . bbc.co.uk . September 13 , 2000 . Jump up ^ 2002 -- 2012 Andrew Maltsev , 2012 -- 2013 Derek J. Curtis . `` Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City '' . isbndb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ William D. Lindsey and Mark Silk , Religion and Public Life in the Southern Crossroads : Showdown States ( Rowman Altamira , 2004 ) : 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Stephen M. Miller , Raising Kids ( Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 1994 ) : 104 . Jump up ^ Wade Clark Roof , and Mark Silk , Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Region : Fluid Identities ( Rowman Altamira , 2005 ) : 75 ; R.T. Kendall , In Pursuit of His Glory : My 25 Years at Westminster Chapel ( Charisma House , May 2004 ) : 201 . Jump up ^ `` Nazarenes in the News : 01.26 -- 01.30. 2009 -- Nazarene Communications Network '' . Nazarene Communications Network . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Archived August 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Crystal Lewis Blog '' . crystallewis.com . Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Jump up ^ `` Laredo Morning Times '' ( PDF ) . Airwolf.lmtonline.com . July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Out of the Salt Shaker '' . christianitytoday.com . Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Archived July 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Thomas Jay Oord . Biography For The Love of Wisdom and The Wisdom of Love . thomasjayoord.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Bill M. ( June 1990 ) . `` Esther Sanger Called Nazarene Mother Teresa : Throwaway People Find Soul Friend Near Boston '' . Grow : A Journal of Church Growth , Evangelism and Discipleship . Olivet Nazarene University . 65 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Rearick , Ann Cubie ( 2001 ) . `` A Nazarene Mother Teresa in Boston : Esther Sanger '' . In Wiseman , Neil B. Architects of the Enduring : Uncommon Stories from Everyday Nazarenes . Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8341 - 1897 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Archived January 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Speer Family and Descendants in America '' . Speer Family and Descendants in America . Jump up ^ ( 24 ) Archived October 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` After 17 years Behind Bars , Carol Ann Fugate Anticipates Her Freedom '' , Ludington Daily News ( August 4 , 1975 ) : 1 ; `` Carol Fugate Paroled , Spent 18 Years in Prison '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( June 9 , 1976 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ `` Parole urged for girlfriend of killer in 1958 spree '' , Eugene Register - Guard ( August 25 , 1973 ) : 3 . Jump up ^ The Boston Globe ( September 9 , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ William Kostlevy and Gari - Anne Patzwald , eds. , Historical Dictionary of the Holiness Movement ( Scarecrow Press , 2001 ) : 112 ; Robert H. Lochte , Christian Radio : The Growth of a Mainstream Broadcasting Force ( McFarland & Co. , 2005 ) : 112 . Jump up ^ `` Denomination and style at averyfineline '' . averyfineline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 25 ) Archived August 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Religion of Tom Hanks '' . ldsfilm.com . Jump up ^ Gary Hart , God and Caesar in America : An Essay on Religion and Politics ( Fulcrum Publishing , 2005 ) : 11 -- 16 , 87 ; Richard Ben Cramer , What it Takes : The Way to the White House ( Vintage Books , 1993 ) : 328ff. ; The CQ Guide to Current American Government 41 ( Congressional Quarterly , inc. , 1983 ) : 2538 . Jump up ^ `` Music News '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With ' The Carnival II ( Memoirs of an Immigrant ) ' Artist Wyclef Jean -- New York Magazine '' . nymag.com . Jump up ^ ( 26 ) Archived October 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lutheran Renewal '' . Lutheran Renewal . October 31 , 1955 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Church of the Nazarene '' . ncnnews.com . Jump up ^ Randall Balmer . `` The Kinkade Crusade '' . christianitytoday.com . Jump up ^ Haldor Lillenas , Down Melody Lane : An Autobiography ( Beacon Hill Press , 1953 ) ; L.C. Rudolph , Hoosier Faiths : A History of Indiana Churches & Religious Groups ( Indiana University Press , 1995 ) : 424 ; William Kostlevy and Gari - Anne Patzwald , eds. , Historical Dictionary of the Holiness Movement ( Scarecrow Press , 2001 ) : 59 . Jump up ^ wnij . `` Mellencamp Muses About Mortality , ' Love ' ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) '' . publicbroadcasting.net . Jump up ^ `` God In Popular Culture - Ronstadt and Mellencamp : The Search For Roots '' . ronstadt-linda.com . Jump up ^ `` John Mellencamp , The Modern Mortal '' . npr.org . March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Show Music . Vol. 7 ( Max O. Pree , 1991 ) : 37 . Jump up ^ Arnold Gingrich , Coronet 48 ( David A. Smart ) ; Debbie Reynolds and David Patrick Columbia , Debbie : My Life ( Pocket Books , 1988 ) : 43 , 142 ; David Fisher , Been There , Done That ( St. Martin 's Press , 2000 ) : 87 ; Dick Sheppard , Elizabeth : The Life and Career of Elizabeth Taylor ( W.H. Allen , 1975 ) . Jump up ^ Franklin Graham and Jeanette W. Lockerbie , Bob Pierce : This One Thing I Do ( Word Books , 1983 ) : 40ff . Jump up ^ `` CANADA : Evangelist to Editor '' . TIME . October 3 , 1960 . Jump up ^ Watchword , 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ '' 少年 H '' ( `` A Boy Called H '' ) ( Kodansha , 1997 ) . Further reading ( edit ) The Manual : Church of the Nazarene . Nazarene Publishing House 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8341 - 1944 - 4 General ( edit ) Hill , Samuel S. , ed . Encyclopedia of Religion in the South . Mead , Frank S. , Samuel S. Hill , & Craig D. Atwood . Handbook of Denominations , Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States , Glenmary Research Center Biographies ( edit ) Bangs , Carl . Phineas F. Bresee : His Life in Methodism , the Holiness Movement , and the Church of the Nazarene . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press , 1995 . Laird , Rebecca . Ordained Women in the Church of the Nazarene : The First Generation . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 1993 . Comparative and sociological ( edit ) Finke , Roger & Rodney Stark . The Churching of America , 1776 -- 2005 : Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy , Revised and Expanded Edition . Rutgers University Press ; Revised edition , 2005 . Newman , William M. and Peter L. Halvorson , eds. , Atlas of American Religion : The Denominational Era , 1776 -- 1990 . Rowman Altamira , 2000 . Tracy , Wesley and Stan Ingersol . Here We Stand : Where Nazarenes Fit in the Religious Marketplace . Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 1999 . History ( edit ) Chapman , J.B. A History of the Church of the Nazarene . Kansas City , MO : Nazarene , 1926 . Cunningham , Floyd T. Holiness Abroad : Nazarene Missions in Asia . Pietist and Wesleyan Studies , No. 16 . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press , 2003 . Cunningham , Floyd T. , ed . Our Watchword and Song : The Centennial History of the Church of the Nazarene . Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8341 - 2444 - 8 Parker , J. Fred . Mission to the World : A History of Missions in the Church of the Nazarene Through 1985 . Kansas City , MO : Nazarene Publishing House , 1988 . Purkiser , Westlake T. Called Unto Holiness : Volume Two : The Story of the Nazarenes : The Second Twentyfive Years , 1933 -- 1958 . Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 1983 . Smith , Timothy L. Called Unto Holiness : Volume One : The Story of the Nazarenes : The Formative Years . Nazarene Publishing House , 1962 . Thornton , Wallace Jr . Radical Righteousness : personal ethics and the development of the Holiness Movement . Schmul Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88019 - 372 - 6 Church History : M15 Plenary # 1 . Vimeo . A brief narrated history of the Christian Church and the founding of the Church of the Nazarene . Internationalisation ( edit ) Cook , R. Franklin . The International Dimension : Six Expressions of the Great Commission . Nazarene Publishing House , 1984 . Ingersol , Stan . `` Nazarene Odyssey and the Hinges of Internationalization '' . Wesleyan Theological Journal 38 : 1 ( 2003 ) . Johnson , Jerald D. International Experience . Beacon Hill Press , 1982 . Smith , Timothy L. `` Internationalization and Ethnicity : Nazarene problems and Accomplishments '' ( PDF ) . Nazarene.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Theology ( edit ) Dunning , H. Ray . Grace , Faith & Holiness : A Wesleyan Systematic Theology . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8341 - 1219 - 3 Ellyson , Edgar P. Theological Compend . Chicago , Christian Witness Co. , 1908 . Greathouse , William M. Wholeness in Christ : Toward a Biblical Theology of Holiness . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 1998 . Grider , J. Kenneth . A Wesleyan - Holiness Theology . Beacon Hill Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8341 - 1512 - 5 Hills , A.M. Fundamental Christian Theology : A Systematic Theology. 2 vols . C.J. Kinne , 1931 . Vol. 1 Vol. 2 ( PDF ) Leclerc , Diane . Discovering Christian Holiness : The Heart of Wesleyan - Holiness Theology . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 2010 . Oord , Thomas Jay and Michael Lodahl . Relational Holiness : Responding to the Call of Love . Kansas City : Beacon Hill Press , 2005 . Quanstrom , Mark R. A Century of Holiness Theology : The Doctrine of Entire Sanctification in the Church of the Nazarene : 1905 to 2004 . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 2004 . Taylor , Richard S. Exploring Christian Holiness , Volume 3 : Theological Formulation . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City , 1985 . Wiley , H. Orton . Christian Theology. 3 vols . Kansas City , MO ; Beacon Hill Press , 1940 , 1941 , 1943 . Wynkoop , Mildred Bangs . Foundations of Wesleyan - Arminian Theology . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press , 1972 . Wynkoop , Mildred Bangs . A Theology of Love : The Dynamic of Wesleyanism . Kansas City , MO : Beacon Hill Press , 1972 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of the Nazarene . Official website Church of the Nazarene at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Church of the Nazarene : Association of Religion Data Archives VIAF : 156592523 ISNI : 0000 0001 0729 8311 GND : 2040678 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Nazarene&oldid=833753312 '' Categories : Church of the Nazarene Arminian denominations Arminianism Christian terminology Evangelical denominations in North America Members of the National Association of Evangelicals Organizations based in Kansas City , Missouri Protestant holiness denominations Religious organizations established in 1895 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2011 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2015 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from February 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 07 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the church of the nazarene founded | [
"\n\nChurch of the Nazarene\n\n\n\nSeal of the Church of the Nazarene\n\n\n\nClassification\nProtestant\n\n\nOrientation\nHoliness\n\n\nPolity\nMixed. Elements of Congregationalist,\nPresbyterian,\nand Episcopal polities.\n\n\nAssociations\nChristian Holiness Partnership;\nNational Association of Evangelicals;\nWorld Methodist Council;\nGlobal Wesleyan Alliance\n\n\nRegion\nGlobal\n\n\nFounder\nInclude: Phineas F. Bresee,\nHiram F. Reynolds,\nWilliam Howard Hoople,\nMary Lee Cagle,\nRobert Lee Harris,\nJ.B. Chapman,\nand C. W. Ruth.\n\n\nOrigin\nOctober 13, 1908\nPilot Point, Texas\n\n\nMerger of\n15 Holiness denominations 1907–1988\n\n\nSeparations\nPentecost-Pilgrim Church (1917);\nBible Missionary Church (1955);\nHoliness Church of the Nazarene (1958);\nChurch of the Bible Covenant (1967).\n\n\nCongregations\n30,574 (2016)\n\n\nMembers\n2,471,553 (2016)\n\n"
] | [
"October 13, 1908"
] |
7410210057865427058 | Year of the Cat (song) | Year of the Cat ( song ) - wikipedia Year of the Cat ( song ) This article is about the Al Stewart song . For the Lemonheads song , see Lovey ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Year of the Cat '' Single by Al Stewart from the album Year of the Cat B - side `` Broadway Hotel '' Released July 1976 ( 1976 - 07 ) ( UK ) October 1976 ( US ) Recorded Abbey Road Studios , London , England , January 1976 Genre Soft rock Length 6 : 40 ( album ) 4 : 38 ( single ) Label RCA ( UK ) Janus ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Al Stewart , Peter Wood Producer ( s ) Alan Parsons Al Stewart singles chronology `` Carol '' ( 1975 ) `` Year of the Cat '' ( 1976 ) `` On the Border '' ( 1977 ) `` Carol '' ( 1975 ) `` Year of the Cat '' ( 1976 ) `` On the Border '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample file help `` Year of the Cat '' is a single by Scottish singer - songwriter Al Stewart , released in July 1976 . The song is the title track of his 1976 album Year of the Cat , and was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , London in January 1976 by engineer Alan Parsons . The song reached # 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1977 . Although Stewart 's highest charting single on that chart was 1978 's `` Time Passages '' , `` Year of the Cat '' has remained Stewart 's signature recording , receiving regular airplay on both classic rock and folk rock stations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Structure 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Cover versions 5 Appearances in media 6 References 7 External links Recording ( edit ) The track is noted for its lengthy instrumental sections -- over four minutes of the 6 : 40 album version is instrumental , including a long , melodic series of solos that encompass cello , violin , piano , acoustic guitar , distorted electric guitar , synthesizer and saxophone . The transition from acoustic guitar to electric to saxophone was initiated by Tim Renwick . The acoustic lead is played by Peter White with Tim Renwick then taking the electric lead . Parsons had Phil Kenzie add the saxophone part of the song -- and by doing so transformed the original folk concept into the jazz - influenced ballad that put Al Stewart onto the charts . According to Al Stewart on an episode of In the Studio with Redbeard ( which devoted an episode to the making of the Year of the Cat album ) , Phil Kenzie was watching a movie and did n't want to be bothered with going to do session work ; but as a favour to Alan Parsons he went to Abbey Road , and the sax solos were recorded in one or two takes , after which Phil left the studio to go back home and watch the rest of his movie . Al also told Redbeard that he did n't like the sax solos at first but grew to like them . Shorter versions of the track can be found on some European 7 '' single formats . Though both of the discs carry the same label and catalogue number ( RCA PB 5007 ) , the French single features the A-side track clocking in at 4 : 30 , while the Italian one features an even shorter mix of just 3 : 30 so that the lengthy instrumental intro is completely missing . Co-written by Peter Wood , `` Year of the Cat '' is a narrative song written in the second person whose protagonist , a tourist , is visiting an exotic market when a mysterious silk - clad woman appears and takes him away for a gauzy romantic adventure . On wakening the next day beside her , the tourist realizes , with equanimity , that his tour bus has left without him and he has lost his ticket . The Cat is one of the twelve signs of the Vietnamese zodiac . It corresponds to that of the Rabbit in the Chinese zodiac . At the time of the song 's release , the most recent Year of the Rabbit had been 11 February 1975 to 30 January 1976 ; thus , the song was recorded in the Vietnamese Year of the Cat . The song `` Year of the Cat '' began as `` Foot of the Stage '' , a song written by Stewart in 1966 after seeing a performance by comedian Tony Hancock whose patter about `` being a complete loser '' who might as well `` end it all right here '' drew laughs from the audience : Stewart 's intuitive response that Hancock was in genuine despair led to the writing of `` Foot of the Stage '' . It was the melody for this never - recorded song which Stewart set the lyrics of `` Year of the Cat '' to in 1975 : pianist Peter Wood was given a co-writing credit on the song in recognition of his piano riff on the recorded track . Subsequent to the entry of the single on the US charts , the track afforded Stewart a major hit in Australia ( # 13 ) , Belgium / Flemish Region ( # 7 ) , Canada ( # 3 ) , Italy ( # 5 ) , the Netherlands ( # 6 ) and New Zealand ( # 15 ) . In the UK , where the single had been overlooked on its original July 1976 release , it gained renewed interest which was evident in a Top 40 chart entry although interest levelled off outside the Top 30 with a # 31 peak in January 1977 . `` Year of the Cat '' would remain Stewart 's sole chart single in his native UK . Structure ( edit ) The song is mainly written in E minor / G major , with the electric guitar solo in the bridge in D major . Chart performance ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 - 77 ) Peak position Australia 13 Belgium 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Italy 5 Netherlands 6 New Zealand 15 UK 31 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 82 Canada 42 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 92 Cover versions ( edit ) Hector recorded the song with his own Finnish lyrics as `` Kissojen Yö '' on his 1978 album Kadonneet Lapset . The Spanish rendering `` El Año Del Gato '' was recorded by Érica García for her 2001 album release El Cerebro . A cover version by F.R. David appeared on the 1999 album Words -- ' 99 Version . The experimental band Psapp recorded a version for the compilation Take It Easy : 15 Soft Rock Anthems in 2006 , which contained cat sound effects . In 2012 , Washington DC based trio Volta Bureau released a remixed instrumental version entitled `` Alley Cat '' . Appearances in media ( edit ) Another version of the song , also performed by Stewart , appears on Volume 1 of the Cities 97 Sampler . The song appears in the film version of Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) and in the film Radiofreccia ( 1998 ) , the directorial debut of Italian rock star Luciano Ligabue . In 2013 , the song was used during the credits of `` The Dinner '' episode of HBO show Hello Ladies . The song is used frequently as bumper music on the late - night radio talk show Coast to Coast AM . The song also appears in the German film Die Katze . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Year Of The Cat - Record Collector Magazine '' . recordcollectormag.com . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 603 . Jump up ^ Dave Thompson , 1000 Songs that Rock Your World , p. 142 , Krause Publications , Iola , WI ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1422 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . March 5 , 1977 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Schweitzer , Ally ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Defected Label To Release Volta Bureau 's `` Alley Cat '' - Arts Desk `` . Washingtoncitypaper.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat '' . 21 January 1988 -- via www.imdb.com . External links ( edit ) `` Year of the Cat '' at songfacts.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Al Stewart Studio albums Bed - Sitter Images ( 1967 ) Love Chronicles ( 1969 ) Zero She Flies ( 1970 ) Orange ( 1972 ) Past , Present and Future ( 1973 ) Modern Times ( 1975 ) Year of the Cat ( 1976 ) Time Passages ( 1978 ) 24 Carrots ( 1980 ) Russians & Americans ( 1984 ) Last Days of the Century ( 1988 ) Famous Last Words ( 1993 ) Between the Wars ( 1995 ) Down in the Cellar ( 2000 ) A Beach Full of Shells ( 2005 ) Sparks of Ancient Light ( 2008 ) Live albums Live / Indian Summer ( 1981 ) Rhymes in Rooms ( 1992 ) Uncorked ( 2009 ) Singles `` The Elf '' ( 1966 ) `` Bedsitter Images '' ( 1967 ) `` Electric Los Angeles Sunset '' ( 1970 ) `` The News From Spain '' ( 1971 ) `` Amsterdam '' ( 1972 ) `` You Do n't Even Know Me '' ( 1972 ) `` Terminal Eyes '' ( 1973 ) `` Nostradamus '' ( 1974 ) `` Carol '' ( 1975 ) `` Year of the Cat '' ( 1976 ) `` On The Border '' ( 1977 ) `` Time Passages '' ( 1978 ) `` Song on the Radio '' ( 1979 ) `` Midnight Rocks '' ( 1980 ) `` Mondo Sinistro '' ( 1980 ) `` Paint By Numbers '' ( 1980 ) `` Lori , Do n't Go Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` King of Portugal '' ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Forget Me '' ( 1993 ) `` Class of ' 58 '' ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Year_of_the_Cat_(song)&oldid=841417406 '' Categories : 1976 singles Al Stewart songs Debut singles 1976 songs RCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Alan Parsons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Македонски Nederlands Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 18 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the song the year of the cat | [
"\"Year of the Cat\" is a single by Scottish singer-songwriter Al Stewart, released in July 1976. The song is the title track of his 1976 album Year of the Cat, and was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London in January 1976 by engineer Alan Parsons. The song reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1977. Although Stewart's highest charting single on that chart was 1978's \"Time Passages\",[2] \"Year of the Cat\" has remained Stewart's signature recording, receiving regular airplay on both classic rock and folk rock stations."
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"Al Stewart"
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-2771530258960712475 | Gertrude Ederle | Gertrude Ederle - wikipedia Gertrude Ederle Jump to : navigation , search Gertrude Ederle Full name Gertrude Caroline Ederle Nickname ( s ) `` Trudy , '' `` Gertie '' National team United States ( 1905 - 10 - 23 ) October 23 , 1905 Manhattan , New York City November 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 30 ) ( aged 98 ) Wyckoff , New Jersey Height 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Weight 141 lb ( 64 kg ) Sport Sport Swimming Strokes Freestyle Club Women 's Swimming Association Medal record ( show ) Women 's swimming Representing the United States Olympic Games 1924 Paris 4 × 100 m freestyle 1924 Paris 100 m freestyle 1924 Paris 400 m freestyle Gertrude Caroline Ederle ( October 23 , 1905 -- November 30 , 2003 ) was an American competition swimmer , Olympic champion , and former world record - holder in five events . On 6 August 1926 , she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel . Among other nicknames , the press sometimes called her `` Queen of the Waves . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Amateur career 3 Professional career 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early years ( edit ) Gertrude Ederle was born on October 23 , 1905 in Manhattan , New York City . She was the third of six children and the daughter of German immigrants , Gertrude Anna Haberstroh and Henry Ederle . According to a biography of Ederle , America 's Girl , her father ran a butcher shop on Amsterdam Avenue in Manhattan . Her father taught her to swim in Highlands , New Jersey , where the family owned a summer cottage . Amateur career ( edit ) Ederle trained at the Women 's Swimming Association ( WSA ) , which produced such competitors as Ethelda Bleibtrey , Charlotte Boyle , Helen Wainwright , Aileen Riggin , Eleanor Holm and Esther Williams . Her yearly dues of $3 allowed Trudy to swim at the tiny Manhattan indoor pool . But , according to America 's Girl , `` the WSA was already the center of competitive swimming , a sport that was becoming increasingly popular with the evolution of a bathing suit that made it easier to get through the water . '' The director , Charlotte `` Eppy '' Epstein , had already urged the AAU to endorse women 's swimming as a sport in 1917 and in 1919 pressured the AAU to `` allow swimmers to remove their stockings for competition as long as they quickly put on a robe once they got out of the water . '' That was n't the only advantage of belonging to the WSA . The American crawl , a variation of the Australian crawl , was developed at the WSA by Louis Handley . According to America 's Girl , `` Handley thought the Australian crawl , in which swimmers did three kicks and then turned on their side to take a breath and do a scissors kick , could be improved ... The finished product -- and its eight - beat variation , which Ederle would use -- became the American crawl , and Handley was its proud father . '' Along with Handley , Epstein made New York female swimmers a force to be reckoned with . Ederle joined the club when she was only twelve . The same year , she set her first world record in the 880 yard freestyle , becoming the youngest world record holder in swimming . She set eight more world records after that , seven of them in 1922 at Brighton Beach . In total , Ederle held 29 US national and world records from 1921 until 1925 . At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , Ederle won a gold medal as a member of the first - place U.S. team in the 4 × 100 meter freestyle relay . Together with her American relay teammates Euphrasia Donnelly , Ethel Lackie and Mariechen Wehselau , she set a new world record of 4 : 58.8 in the event final . Individually , she received bronze medals for finishing third in the women 's 100 - meter freestyle and women 's 400 - meter freestyle races . Trudy had been favored to win a gold in all three events and `` would later say her failure to win three golds in the games was the biggest disappointment of her career . '' Still , she was proud to have been a part of the American team that brought home 99 medals from the Paris Olympics . It was an illustrious Olympic team -- swimmer Johnny Weissmuller , oarsman Benjamin Spock , tennis player Helen Wills , and long - jumper DeHart Hubbard , who , according to America 's Girl , was `` the first black man to win an individual gold . '' The U.S. Olympic team had its own ticker - tape parade in 1924 . Professional career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gertrude Ederle : `` People said women could n't swim the Channel , but I proved they could . '' Parade for Ederle along the Canyon of Heroes , 1926 In 1925 , Ederle turned professional . The same year she swam the 22 miles from Battery Park to Sandy Hook in 7 hours and 11 minutes , a record time which stood for 81 years before being broken by Australian swimmer Tammy van Wisse . Ederle 's nephew Bob later described his aunt 's swim as a `` midnight frolic '' and a `` warm - up '' for her later swim across the English channel . The Women 's Swimming Association sponsored Helen Wainwright and Trudy for an attempt at swimming the Channel . Helen Wainwright pulled out at the last minute because of an injury , but Trudy decided to go to France on her own . She trained with Jabez Wolffe , a swimmer who had attempted to swim the Channel 22 times . During the training , Wolffe continually tried to slow Trudy 's pace , saying that she would never last at that speed . The training with Wolffe did not go well . In her first attempt at the Channel on August 18 , 1925 , Trudy was disqualified when Wolffe ordered another swimmer ( who was keeping her company in the water ) , Ishak Helmy , to recover her from the water . According to Trudy and other witnesses , she was not `` drowning '' but resting , floating face - down . Trudy bitterly disagreed with Wolffe 's decision . Her successful Channel swim -- this time training with coach Bill Burgess who had successfully swum the Channel in 1911 -- began approximately one year later at Cape Gris - Nez in France at 07 : 08 on the morning of August 6 , 1926 . She came ashore at Kingsdown , Kent , 14 hours and 34 minutes later . Her record stood until Florence Chadwick swam the channel in 1950 in 13 hours and 20 minutes . Ederle used motorcycle goggles to protect her eyes from salty water , as did Burgess in 1911 . However , while Burgess swam breaststroke , she used crawl , and therefore had her goggles sealed with paraffin to render them water tight . Gertrude possessed a contract from both the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune when she attempted the Channel swim a second time . The money she received paid her expenses and provided her with a modest salary . It also gave her a bonus in exchange for exclusive rights to her personal story . The Daily News and the Chicago Tribune got the jump on every other newspaper in America . Another American swimmer in France in 1926 to try and swim the Channel was Lillian Cannon from Baltimore . She was also sponsored by a newspaper , the Baltimore Post , which tried to create a rivalry between her and Ederle in the weeks spent training off the French coast . In addition to Cannon , several other swimmers , including two other American women -- Clarabelle Barrett and Amelia Gade Corson -- were training in England with the goal of becoming the first woman to swim the Channel . Barrett and Cannon were unsuccessful but three weeks after Ederle 's feat , Corson crossed in a time that was 50 minutes slower than Ederle . For her second attempt at the Channel , Ederle had an entourage aboard the tug ( the Alsace ) on August 6 , 1926 , which included her father and one of her sisters , Meg , as well as Julia Harpman , wife of Westbrook Pegler and a writer for the New York Daily News , the paper that sponsored Ederle 's swim . Harpman would n't allow reporters from other newspapers on the tug -- in order to protect her `` scoop '' -- and as a result a second tug was hired by the disgruntled reporters . On several occasions during the swim this tug ( the Morinie ) came in close to Ederle and nearly endangered her chances . The incident caused subsequent bitterness . It also led to accusations in the British press that the two tugs had in fact sheltered Ederle from the bad weather and thus made her swim `` easier '' . During her twelfth hour at sea , Burgess , her trainer , had become so concerned by unfavorable winds that he called to her ' Gertie , you must come out ! ' The swimmer lifted her head from the choppy waters and replied , ' What for ? ' Only five men had been able to swim the English Channel before Ederle . The best time had been 16 hours , 33 minutes by Enrique Tiraboschi . Ederle walked up the beach at Kingsdown , England after 14 hours and 34 minutes . The first person to greet her was a British immigration officer who requested a passport from `` the bleary - eyed , waterlogged teenager . '' ( She was actually 20 , not `` a teenager , '' when she successfully swam the Channel . ) When Ederle returned home , she was greeted with a ticker - tape parade in Manhattan . More than two million people lined the streets of the parade route to cheer her . Subsequently , she went on to play herself in a movie ( Swim Girl , Swim starring Bebe Daniels ) and tour the vaudeville circuit , including later Billy Rose 's Aquacade . She met President Coolidge and had a song and a dance step named for her . Her manager , Dudley Field Malone , was not able to capitalize on her notoriety , so Ederle 's career in vaudeville was n't a huge financial success . The Great Depression also diminished her financial rewards . A fall down the steps of her apartment building in 1933 twisted her spine and left her bedridden for several years , but she recovered well enough to appear at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Death ( edit ) The grave of Gertrude Ederle She had poor hearing since childhood due to measles , and by the 1940s she was almost completely deaf . Aside from her time in Vaudeville , Trudy taught swimming to deaf children . She never married and died on November 30 , 2003 , in Wyckoff , New Jersey , at the age of 98 . She was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City . Legacy ( edit ) Ederle was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an `` Honor Swimmer '' in 1965 . She is mentioned in Episode 11 of the first season of Barney Miller by the Bird Man character Roland Gusik , as being one who lived her dreams , and did not allow them to be stopped . An annual swim from New York City 's Battery Park to Sandy Hook , New Jersey is called the Ederle Swim in memory of Gertrude Ederle , and follows the course she swam . The Gertrude Ederle Recreation Center is located in Manhattan . A BBC Radio 4 play , The Great Swim , by Anita Sullivan , based on the 2008 book of the same name by Gavin Mortimer , was first broadcast on September 1 , 2010 , and repeated on January 23 , 2012 . It dramatises Ederle 's record - breaking crossing of the English Channel . Her name makes a cameo appearance in Disney 's The Princess and the Frog in a newspaper article being read by character Eli `` Big Daddy '' La Bouff . A film adaptation , `` Young Woman and the Sea '' based on the book of the same name by Glenn Stout , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer with a screenplay by Jeff Nathanson , was set up at Paramount Pictures in 2015 and remains in development . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Olympics portal Swimming portal List of female adventurers List of Olympic medalists in swimming ( women ) World record progression 100 meters freestyle World record progression 200 meters freestyle World record progression 400 meters freestyle World record progression 800 meters freestyle World record progression 4 × 100 meters freestyle relay She broke the Record set by all men before her . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Severo , Richard ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Gertrude Ederle , the First Woman to Swim Across the English Channel , Dies at 98 '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . Gertrude Ederle , who was called America 's best girl by President Calvin Coolidge in 1926 after she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel . She was 98 when she passed away . Jump up ^ `` Ederle , Gertrude Caroline ( '' Trudy `` ; `` Gertie '' ) - Dictionary definition of Ederle , Gertrude Caroline ( `` Trudy '' ; `` Gertie '' ) - Encyclopedia.com : FREE online dictionary `` . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gertrude Ederle becomes first woman to swim English Channel . History.com . Retrieved on May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sports-Reference.com , Olympic Sports , Athletes , Trudy Ederle Archived April 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : International Swimming Hall of Fame , Honorees , Gertrude Ederle ( USA ) . Retrieved on March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Two River Times Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Trtnj.com . Retrieved on May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://www.ishof.org/news/pdf/goggles.pdf%7Ctitle=The history of goggles ) Template : Webarchive - url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101123215521/http://ishof.org/news/pdf/goggles.pdf - date = November 23 , 2010 . ( ( International Swimming Hall of Fame ) author = date = website = ishof.org accessdate = March 21 , 2018 ) ) Jump up ^ Swimmers Brave Chill For NY - NJ Course `` CBS New York . Newyork.cbslocal.com ( October 24 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Girls swimming : Charlotte Samuels of Ridgewood featured in ' Faces in the Crowd ' -- NJ.com . Highschoolsports.nj.com . Retrieved on May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gertrude Ederle Recreation Center : NYC Parks . Nycgovparks.org . Retrieved on May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 -- Afternoon Drama , The Great Swim . Bbc.co.uk ( January 23 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Dahlberg , Tim , Mary Ederle Ward and Brenda Greene , America 's Girl ( 2009 ) , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 0 - 312 - 38265 - 0 . Mortimer , Gavin , The Great Swim ( 2008 ) Walker and Co , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1595 - 8 . Stout , Glenn . Young Woman and the Sea : How Trudy Ederle Conquered the English Channel and Inspired the World ( 2009 ) , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , ISBN 0 - 618 - 85868 - 7 . A full biography of Ederle . Morris , Bonnie ( 2016 ) , `` Women 's Sports History : a Heritage of Mixed Messages '' , National Women 's History Museum External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gertrude Ederle . N.Y. Times Obituary for Gertrude Ederle Gertrude Ederle at Find a Grave Records Preceded by Ethelda Bleibtrey Women 's 100 - meter freestyle world record - holder ( long course ) June 30 , 1923 -- July 19 , 1924 Succeeded by Mariechen Wehselau 1924 USA Olympic swimming team Men 's Team Ralph Breyer Harry Glancy Dick Howell Duke Kahanamoku Samuel Kahanamoku Warren Kealoha Bill Kirschbaum Henry Luning Wally O'Connor Bob Skelton Adam Smith Lester Smith Johnny Weissmuller Paul Wyatt Women 's Team Sybil Bauer Florence Chambers Eleanor Coleman Euphrasia Donnelly Gertrude Ederle Agnes Geraghty Ethel Lackie Martha Norelius Aileen Riggin Matilda Scheurich Helen Wainwright Mariechen Wehselau Olympic champions in women 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 1912 : Moore , Fletcher , Speirs , Steer ( GBR ) 1920 : Woodridge , Schroth , Guest , Bleibtrey ( USA ) 1924 : Donnelly , Ederle , Lackie , Wehselau ( USA ) 1928 : Lambert , Osipowich , Saville , Norelius ( USA ) 1932 : Johns , Saville , McKim , Madison ( USA ) 1936 : Selbach , Wagner , Den Ouden , Mastenbroek ( NED ) 1948 : Corridon , Kalama , Helser , Curtis ( USA ) 1952 : I. Novák , Temes , E. Novák , Szőke ( HUN ) 1956 : Fraser , Leech , Morgan , Crapp ( AUS ) 1960 : Spillane , Stobs , Wood , von Saltza ( USA ) 1964 : Stouder , de Varona , Watson , Ellis ( USA ) 1968 : Barkman , Gustavson , Pedersen , Henne ( USA ) 1972 : Babashoff , Barkman , Kemp , Neilson ( USA ) 1976 : Peyton , Sterkel , Babashoff , Boglioli ( USA ) 1980 : Krause , Metschuck , Diers , Hülsenbeck ( GDR ) 1984 : Johnson , Steinseifer , Torres , Hogshead ( USA ) 1988 : Otto , Meissner , Hunger , Stellmach ( GDR ) 1992 : Haislett , Martino , Thompson , Torres ( USA ) 1996 : Martino , Van Dyken , Fox , Thompson ( USA ) 2000 : Van Dyken , Shealy , Thompson , Torres ( USA ) 2004 : Mills , Lenton , Thomas , Henry ( AUS ) 2008 : Dekker , Kromowidjojo , Heemskerk , Veldhuis ( NED ) 2012 : Coutts , C. Campbell , Elmslie , Schlanger ( AUS ) 2016 : McKeon , Elmslie , B. Campbell , C. Campbell ( AUS ) Inductees to the National Women 's Hall of Fame 1970 -- 1979 1973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred `` Babe '' Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980 -- 1989 1981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary `` Mother '' Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Ida B. Wells - Barnett 1990 -- 1999 Margaret Bourke - White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C.J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert - Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien - Shiung Wu 2000 -- 2009 2000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence Ellinwood Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler - Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly - Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010 -- 2019 2011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters VIAF : 1184106 LCCN : n95074067 GND : 132822954 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Ederle&oldid=833427257 '' Categories : 1905 births 2003 deaths American female freestyle swimmers Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery ( Bronx ) Deaf sportspeople English Channel swimmers Former world record holders in swimming Female long - distance swimmers Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in swimming Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming Olympic swimmers of the United States People from Highlands , New Jersey People from Wyckoff , New Jersey Sportspeople from Queens , New York Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics Vaudeville performers International Swimming Hall of Fame inductees Deaf people from the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Pages using Infobox sportsperson with module2 parameter Pages using infobox swimmer with national team parameter Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 13 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | first american woman to swim the english channel | [
"Gertrude Caroline Ederle (October 23, 1905 – November 30, 2003) was an American competition swimmer, Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in five events. On 6 August 1926, she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel. Among other nicknames, the press sometimes called her \"Queen of the Waves.\"[1]"
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"Gertrude Caroline Ederle"
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8948953399361241368 | History of Australia (1788–1850) | History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) - Wikipedia History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) `` Settlement of Australia '' redirects here . For the initial settlement of Australia by indigenous Australians , see History of Australian Aboriginals § Origins . For the Australian economic policy history , see Australian settlement . Part of a series on the History of Australia Chronological Prehistory European exploration ( sea ) European exploration ( land ) 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 1945 -- present Timeline By topic Constitution Diplomacy Economy Federation Immigration Indigenous people Military Monarchy Rail transport By region State / Territory Capital ACT Canberra New South Wales Sydney Northern Territory Darwin Queensland Brisbane South Australia Adelaide Tasmania Hobart Victoria Melbourne Western Australia Perth Australia portal The history of Australia from 1788 -- 1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia 's history , from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney , New South Wales , who established the penal colony , the scientific exploration of the continent and later , establishment of other Australian colonies and the beginnings of representative democratic government . European colonisation created a new dominant society in Australia in place of the pre-existing population of Indigenous Australians , and socio - political debate continues in the 21st century as to whether the colonisation process should be described as settlement , invasion , or a mixture of both . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonisation 1.1 Convicts and free settlers 2 Exploration 3 Growth of free settlement 3.1 Timeline 4 Economy and trade 5 Religion , education , and culture 6 Aboriginal resistance 7 Representations in literature and film 8 See also 9 Further reading 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 External links Colonisation ( edit ) See also : Convicts in Australia The continent of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) in a 1796 map , which was incorporated within Asia or the ' Eastern world ' . It is commonly reported that the colonisation of Australia was driven by the need to address overcrowding in the British prison system , and the fact of the British losing the Thirteen Colonies of America in the American Revolution ; however , it was simply not economically viable to transport convicts halfway around the world for this reason alone . Many convicts were either skilled tradesmen or farmers who had been convicted for trivial crimes and were sentenced to seven years transportation , the time required to set up the infrastructure for the new colony . Convicts were often given pardons prior to or on completion of their sentences and were allocated parcels of land to farm . Sir Joseph Banks , the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage , recommended Botany Bay as a suitable site . Banks accepted an offer of assistance which by the American Loyalist James Matra in July 1783 . Matra had visited Botany Bay with Banks in 1770 as a junior officer on the Endeavour commanded by James Cook . Under Banks 's guidance , he rapidly produced `` A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales '' ( 24 August 1783 ) , with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists , Chinese and South Sea Islanders ( but not convicts ) . Following an interview with Secretary of State Lord Sydney in March 1784 , Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers . Matra 's plan can be seen to have `` provided the original blueprint for settlement in New South Wales '' . A cabinet memorandum December 1784 shows the Government had Matra 's plan in mind when considering the creation of a settlement in New South Wales . The London Chronicle of 12 October 1786 said : `` Mr. Matra , an Officer of the Treasury , who , sailing with Capt . Cook , had an opportunity of visiting Botany Bay , is the Gentleman who suggested the plan to Government of transporting convicts to that island '' . The Government also incorporated into the colonisation plan the project for settling Norfolk Island , with its attractions of timber and flax , proposed by Banks 's Royal Society colleagues , Sir John Call and Sir George Young . On 13 May 1787 , the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1,530 people ( 736 convicts , 17 convicts ' children , 211 marines , 27 marines ' wives , 14 marines ' children and about 300 officers and others ) under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip set sail for Botany Bay . A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 . This date later became Australia 's national day , Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney . Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour , which Philip famously described as : `` being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World ( ... ) Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security . '' Phillip named the settlement after the Home Secretary , Thomas Townshend , 1st Baron Sydney ( Viscount Sydney from 1789 ) . The only people at the flag raising ceremony and the formal taking of possession of the land in the name of King George III were Phillip and a few dozen marines and officers from the Supply , the rest of the ship 's company and the convicts witnessing it from on board ship . The remaining ships of the Fleet were unable to leave Botany Bay until later on 26 January because of a tremendous gale . The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February . A map of Sydney from 1789 On 24 January 1788 a French expedition of two ships led by Admiral Jean - François de La Pérouse had arrived off Botany Bay , on the latest leg of a three - year voyage that had taken them from Brest , around Cape Horn , up the coast from Chile to California , north - west to Kamchatka , south - east to Easter Island , north - west to Macao , and on to the Philippines , the Friendly Isles , Hawaii and Norfolk Island . Though amicably received , the French expedition was a troublesome matter for the British , as it showed the interest of France in the new land . Nevertheless , on 2 February Lieutenant King , at Phillip 's request , paid a courtesy call on the French and offered them any assistance they may need . The French made the same offer to the British , as they were much better provisioned than the British and had enough supplies to last three years . Neither of these offers was accepted . On 10 March the French expedition , having taken on water and wood , left Botany Bay , never to be seen again . Phillip and La Pérouse never met . La Pérouse is remembered in a Sydney suburb of that name . Various other French geographical names along the Australian coast also date from this expedition . Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony . Phillip 's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony . Phillip and several of his officers -- most notably Watkin Tench -- left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement . Often Phillip 's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales . Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were few and far between . Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney -- many `` professional criminals '' with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony . Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement . The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its `` passengers '' through sickness , while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip . From 1791 however , the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies . In 1792 , two French ships , La Recherche and L'Espérance anchored in a harbour near Tasmania 's southernmost point they called Recherche Bay . This was at a time when Britain and France were trying to be the first to discover and colonise Australia . The expedition carried scientists and cartographers , gardeners , artists and hydrographers who , variously , planted , identified , mapped , marked , recorded and documented the environment and the people of the new lands that they encountered at the behest of the fledgling Société D'Histoire Naturelle . White settlement began with a consignment of English convicts , guarded by a detachment of the Royal Marines , a number of whom subsequently stayed in the colony as settlers . Their view of the colony and their place in it was eloquently stated by Captain David Collins : `` From the disposition to crimes and the incorrigible character of the major part of the colonists , an odium was , from the first , illiberally thrown upon the settlement ; and the word `` Botany Bay '' became a term of reproach that was indiscriminately cast upon every one who resided in New South Wales . But let the reproach light upon those who have used it as such ... if the honour of having deserved well of one 's country be attainable by sacrificing good name , domestic comforts , and dearest connections in her service , the officers of this settlement have justly merited that distinction `` . Convicts and free settlers ( edit ) When the Bellona transport came to anchor in Sydney Cove on 16 January 1793 , she brought with her the first immigrant free settlers . They were : Thomas Rose , a farmer from Dorset , his wife and four children ; he was allowed a grant of 120 acres ; Frederic Meredith , who had formerly been at Sydney with HMS Sirius ; Thomas Webb ( who had also been formerly at Sydney with the Sirius ) , his wife , and his nephew , Joseph Webb ; Edward Powell , who had formerly been at Sydney with the Juliana transport , and who married a free woman after his arrival . Thomas Webb and Edward Powell each received a grant of 80 acres ; and Joseph Webb and Frederic Meredith received 60 acres each . The conditions they had come out under were that they should be provided with a free passage , be furnished with agricultural tools and implements by the Government , have two years ' provisions , and have grants of land free of expense . They were likewise to have the labour of a certain number of convicts , who were also to be provided with two years ' rations and one year 's clothing from the public stores . The land assigned to them was some miles to the westward of Sydney , at a place named by the settlers , `` Liberty Plains '' . It is now the area covered mainly by the suburbs of Strathfield and Homebush . One in three convicts transported after 1798 was Irish , about a fifth of whom were transported in connection with the political and agrarian disturbances common in Ireland at the time . While the settlers were reasonably well - equipped , little consideration had been given to the skills required to make the colony self - supporting -- few of the first wave convicts had farming or trade experience ( nor the soldiers ) , and the lack of understanding of Australia 's seasonal patterns saw initial attempts at farming fail , leaving only what animals and birds the soldiers were able to shoot . The colony nearly starved , and Phillip was forced to send a ship to Batavia ( Jakarta ) for supplies . Some relief arrived with the Second Fleet in 1790 , but life was extremely hard for the first few years of the colony . A historical map of Australia and New Zealand 1788 -- 1911 Convicts were usually sentenced to seven or fourteen years ' penal servitude , or `` for the term of their natural lives '' . Often these sentences had been commuted from the death sentence , which was technically the punishment for a wide variety of crimes . Upon arrival in a penal colony , convicts would be assigned to various kinds of work . Those with trades were given tasks to fit their skills ( stonemasons , for example , were in very high demand ) while the unskilled were assigned to work gangs to build roads and do other such tasks . Female convicts were usually assigned as domestic servants to the free settlers , many being forced into prostitution . Where possible , convicts were assigned to free settlers who would be responsible for feeding and disciplining them ; in return for this , the settlers were granted land . This system reduced the workload on the central administration . Those convicts who were n't assigned to settlers were housed at barracks such as the Hyde Park Barracks or the Parramatta female factory . Convict discipline was harsh ; convicts who would not work or who disobeyed orders were punished by flogging , being put in stricter confinement ( e.g. leg - irons ) , or being transported to a stricter penal colony . The penal colonies at Port Arthur and Moreton Bay , for instance , were stricter than the one at Sydney , and the one at Norfolk Island was strictest of all . Convicts were assigned to work gangs to build roads , buildings , and the like . Female convicts , who made up 20 % of the convict population , were usually assigned as domestic help to soldiers . Those convicts who behaved were eventually issued with ticket of leave , which allowed them a certain degree of freedom . Those who saw out their full sentences or were granted a pardon usually remained in Australia as free settlers , and were able to take on convict servants themselves . In 1789 former convict James Ruse produced the first successful wheat harvest in NSW . He repeated this success in 1790 and , because of the pressing need for food production in the colony , was rewarded by Governor Phillip with the first land grant made in New South Wales . Ruse 's 30 acre grant at Rose Hill , near Parramatta , was aptly named ' Experiment Farm ' . This was the colony 's first successful farming enterprise , and Ruse was soon joined by others . The colony began to grow enough food to support itself , and the standard of living for the residents gradually improved . The Castle Hill convict rebellion of 1804 In 1804 the Castle Hill convict rebellion was led by around 200 escaped , mostly Irish convicts , although it was broken up quickly by the New South Wales Corps . On 26 January 1808 , there was a military rebellion against Governor Bligh led by John Macarthur . Following this , Governor Lachlan Macquarie was given a mandate to restore government and discipline in the colony . When he arrived in 1810 , he forcibly deported the NSW Corps and brought the 73rd regiment to replace them . 13 May 1787 -- The 11 ships of the First Fleet leave Portsmouth under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip . Different accounts give varying numbers of passengers but the fleet consisted of at least 1,350 persons of whom 780 were convicts and 570 were free men , women and children and the number included four companies of marines . About 20 % of the convicts were women and the oldest convict was 82 . About 50 % of the convicts had been tried in Middlesex and most of the rest were tried in the county assizes of Devon , Kent and Sussex 18 January 1788 -- The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay but the landing party was not impressed with the site , and moved the fleet to Port Jackson , landing in Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788 ( now celebrated as Australia Day ) April 1789 -- A suspicious outbreak of smallpox decimates local tribes . Research by Michael J Bennett published in 2009 , corroborated independently by Christopher Warren in 2013 , demonstrates this outbreak was most likely deliberate . 1790 -- the Second Fleet of convicts arrives in Sydney Cove . 1791 -- Third Fleet of convicts arrives 1793 -- January : the first free settlers arrive in NSW . 1793 -- March -- April : visit of the expedition led by Alessandro Malaspina . 1825 - May : Founding of Brisbane 14 June 1825 -- the colony of Van Diemen 's Land is established in its own right ; its name is officially changed to Tasmania on 1 January 1856 . The first settlement was made at Risdon , Tasmania on 11 September 1803 when Lieut John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers , crew , soldiers and convicts . The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804 . Lieut - Col David Collins finally established a successful settlement at Hobart in February 1804 with a party of about 260 people , including 178 convicts . ( Collins had previously attempted a settlement in Victoria . ) Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812 to 1853 and over the 50 years from 1803 -- 1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania . About 14,492 were Irish but many of them had been sentenced in English and Scottish courts . Some were also tried locally in other Australian colonies . The Indefatigable brought the first convicts direct from England on 19 October 1812 and by 1820 there were about 2,500 convicts in the colony . By the end of 1833 the number had increased to 14,900 convicts of whom 1864 were females . About 1,448 held ticket of leave , 6,573 were assigned to settlers and 275 were recorded as `` absconded or missing '' . In 1835 there were over 800 convicts working in chain - gangs at the penal station at Port Arthur which operated from 1830 to 1877 . Convicts were transferred to Van Diemen 's Land from Sydney and , in later years , from 1841 to 1847 , from Melbourne . Between 1826 and 1840 , there were at least 19 ship loads of convicts sent from Van Diemen 's Land to Norfolk Island and at other times they were sent from Norfolk Island to Van Diemen 's Land . 21 January 1827 -- Western Australia was established when a small British settlement was established at King George 's Sound ( Albany ) by Major Edmund Lockyer who was to provide a deterrent to the French presence in the area . On 18 June 1829 the new Swan River Colony was officially proclaimed with Captain James Stirling as the first Governor . Except for the settlement at King George 's Sound , the colony was never really a part of NSW . King George 's Sound was handed over in 1831 . In 1849 the colony was proclaimed a British penal settlement and the first convicts arrived in 1850 . Rottnest Island , off the coast of Perth , became the colony 's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders . Around 9,720 British convicts were sent directly to the colony in 43 ships between 1850 and 1868 . The convicts were sought by local settlers because of the shortage of labour needed to develop the region . On 9 January 1868 , Australia 's last convict ship , the Hougoumont brought its final cargo of 269 convicts . Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6 , 7 , 10 , 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75 % as opposed to 50 % for those sent to NSW and Tasmania . About a third of the convicts left the Swan River Colony after serving their time . 1835 -- the Proclamation of Governor Bourke , issued by the Colonial Office and sent to the Governor with Despatch 99 of 10 October 1835 , implements the doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based . Reinforcing the British assertion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it , it effectively quashes pre-existing treaties with Aboriginal peoples ( e.g. that signed by John Batman ) . Its publication in the Colony means that from then on , all people found occupying land without the authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers . Aboriginal people therefore could not sell or assign the land , nor could an individual person acquire it , other than through distribution by the Crown . 28 December 1836 -- the British province of South Australia was established . In 1842 it became a crown colony and on 22 July 1861 its area was extended westwards to its present boundary and more area was taken from New South Wales . South Australia was never a British convict colony and between 1836 -- 1840 about 13,400 immigrants arrived in the area . 24,900 more arrived between 1841 -- 1850 . Some escaped convicts did settle in the area and no doubt a number of ex-convicts moved there from other colonies . On 4 January 1837 Governor Hindmarsh proclaimed that any offenders convicted in South Australia , and being under sentence of transportation , were to be transported to either New South Wales or Van Diemens Land , by the first opportunity . 1841 -- New Zealand is separated from New South Wales 1851 -- Victoria is separated from New South Wales ( formerly known as the Port Phillip District of NSW ) . Apart from castaways and runaway convicts in the 1790s , the first attempt at settlement was made on 13 October 1803 by Lieut . David Collins and his party of soldiers and convicts . Harsh conditions convinced him to abandon the settlement in January 1804 . He moved on to Tasmania and it was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay on 19 November 1834 and John Batman settled on the site of Melbourne that the Port Phillip District was officially sanctioned on 10 April 1837 . The first immigrant ships arrived at Port Phillip in 1839 . Apart from those involved in early attempts at settlement in 1803 and 1826 , the only convicts sent directly to Victoria from Britain were about 1,750 convicts known as the `` Exiles '' and they arrived between 1844 -- 1849 . They were sometimes called the `` Pentonvillians '' because most of them came from Pentonville Probationary Prison in England . Many ex-convicts and convicts on Tickets of Leave and Conditional Pardons also moved to Port Phillip from Van Diemen 's Land . 10 December 1859 -- Queensland is separated from New South Wales . In 1824 the explorer Lieut . John Oxley took a party of 30 convicts and established a penal colony at Redcliffe . Known as the Moreton Bay Settlement , this later moved to the site now called Brisbane . The name Brisbane Town was in use by 1825 and the main inhabitants in the area were the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Station until it was closed in 1839 . Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824 -- 1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337 . The first free settlers moved to the district in 1838 and others followed in 1840 . 23 December 1862 -- the area of Queensland is increased . 1863 -- control of the Northern Territory is granted to the Province ( later State ) of South Australia . In 1825 the area occupied today by Northern Territory was incorporated into the colony of New South Wales . It was first settled by Europeans in 1824 at Fort Dundas , Port Essington . Its capital city , Darwin was established in 1869 and was originally known as Palmerston . On 1 January 1911 , the Northern Territory as we know it today was separated from South Australia and became part of the Commonwealth of Australia . 1 January 1901 -- the Federation of Australian States to form the Commonwealth of Australia . 1911 -- The Federal Capital Territory is established . Exploration ( edit ) Main article : European exploration of Australia Matthew Flinders led the first successful circumnavigation of Australia in 1801 -- 2 . In October 1795 George Bass and Matthew Flinders , accompanied by William Martin sailed the boat Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists . Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks ' Town . In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat , which they also called the Tom Thumb . During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra , which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon . They discovered and explored Port Hacking . In 1798 -- 99 , Bass and Flinders set out in a sloop and circumnavigated Van Diemen 's Land , thus proving it to be an island . Aboriginal guides and assistance in the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions . In 1801 -- 02 Matthew Flinders in The Investigator lead the first circumnavigation of Australia . Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree , of the Sydney district , who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent . Previously , the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe , when , in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III . In 1813 , Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains , west of Sydney , by following the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys . At Mount Blaxland they looked out over `` enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years '' , and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin . In 1824 the Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales 's western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 -- 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Victoria . Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey . Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles . The Polish scientist / explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia 's highest peak , which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko . Growth of free settlement ( edit ) Australian colonies in 1846 Traditional Aboriginal society had been governed by councils of elders and a corporate decision - making process , but the first European - style governments established after 1788 were autocratic and run by appointed governors -- although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The Second Fleet in 1790 brought to Sydney two men who were to play important roles in the colony 's future . One was D'Arcy Wentworth , whose son , William Charles , went on to be an explorer , to found Australia 's first newspaper and to become a leader of the movement to abolish convict transportation and establish representative government . The other was John Macarthur , a Scottish army officer and founder of the Australian wool industry , which laid the foundations of Australia 's future prosperity . Macarthur was a turbulent element : in 1808 he was one of the leaders of the Rum Rebellion against the governor , William Bligh . From about 1815 the colony , under the governorship of Lachlan Macquarie , began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived and new lands were opened up for farming . Despite the long and arduous sea voyage , settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land . From the late 1820s settlement was only authorised in the limits of location , known as the Nineteen Counties . Many settlers occupied land without authority and beyond these authorised settlement limits : they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class . As a result of opposition from the labouring and artisan classes , transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840 , although it continued in the smaller colonies of Van Diemen 's Land ( first settled in 1803 , later renamed Tasmania ) and Moreton Bay ( founded 1824 , and later renamed Queensland ) for a few years more . The Swan River Settlement ( as Western Australia was originally known ) , centred on Perth , was founded in 1829 . The colony suffered from a long - term shortage of labour , and by 1850 local capitalists had succeeded in persuading London to send convicts . ( Transportation did not end until 1868 . ) New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony . The first governments established after 1788 were autocratic and each colony was governed by a British Governor , appointed by the British monarch . There was considerable unhappiness with the way some of the colonies were run . In most cases the administration of the early colonies was carried out by the British military . The New South Wales Corps , which was in charge of New South Wales , became known as the `` Rum Corps '' , due to its stranglehold on the distribution of rum , which was used as a makeshift currency at the time . In New South Wales this led to the `` Rum Rebellion '' . Although English law was transplanted into the Australian colonies by virtue of the doctrine of reception , thus notions of the rights and processes established by the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights 1689 were brought from Britain by the colonists . Agitation for representative government began soon after the settlement of the colonies . The oldest legislative body in Australia , the New South Wales Legislative Council , was created in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists . In 1840 , the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established . Men who possessed 1000 pounds worth of property were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections . Australia 's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843 , again with voting rights ( for males only ) tied to property ownership or financial capacity . Voter rights were extended further in New South Wales in 1850 and elections for legislative councils were held in the colonies of Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania . By the mid-19th century , there was a strong desire for representative and responsible government in the colonies of Australia , later fed by the democratic spirit of the goldfields and the ideas of the great reform movements sweeping Europe , the United States and the British Empire . The end of convict transportation accelerated reform in the 1840s and 1850s . The Australian Colonies Government Act ( 1850 ) was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments -- though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic `` interests '' and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . Timeline ( edit ) 1788 -- New South Wales , according to Arthur Phillip 's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787 , includes `` all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean '' and running westward to the 135th meridian east . These islands included the current islands of New Zealand , which was administered as part of New South Wales . 1824 -- Brisbane is founded 1825 -- New South Wales 's western border is extended to 129 ° E. In the same year , Van Diemen 's Land is proclaimed . 1829 -- Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain . 1832 -- Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia . 1836 -- South Australia is proclaimed with its western border at 132 ° E . 1840 -- New Zealand is proclaimed . 1846 -- The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February . This was all of New South Wales north of 26 ° S. Although revoked in December 1846 , the colony did formally exist . Economy and trade ( edit ) Ships importing resources from India played a vital role in establishing Sydney . The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival . The official currency of the colonies was the British pound , but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum . During this period Australian businessmen began to prosper . For example , the partnership of Berry and Wollstonecraft made enormous profits by means of land grants , convict labour , and exporting native cedar back to England . Religion , education , and culture ( edit ) Lithograph of St James ' Church , Sydney c. 1836 by Robert Russell . The church , designed by Francis Greenway , still stands . Since time immemorial in Australia , indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religion of the Dreamtime . The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however , came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788 . As a British colony , the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England , but one - tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic , and at least half of them were born in Ireland . A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic . Some of the Irish convicts had been Transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland , so the authorities were suspicious of the minority religion for the first three decades of settlement . It was therefore the crew of the French explorer La Pérouse who conducted the first Catholic ceremony on Australian soil in 1788 -- the burial of Father Louis Receveur , a Franciscan monk , who died while the ships were at anchor at Botany Bay , while on a mission to explore the Pacific . In early colonial times , Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors . Richard Johnson , Anglican chaplain to the First Fleet , was charged by the governor , Arthur Phillip , with improving `` public morality '' in the colony , but he was also heavily involved in health and education . The Reverend Samuel Marsden ( 1765 -- 1838 ) had magisterial duties , and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts . He became known as the ' floging parson ' for the severity of his punishments Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant . The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 -- James Harold , James Dixon , and Peter O'Neill , who had been convicted for ' complicity ' in the Irish 1798 Rebellion . Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass . On 15 May 1803 , in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales . The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and Dixon 's permission to celebrate Mass was revoked . Fr Jeremiah Flynn , an Irish Cistercian , was appointed as Prefect Apostolic of New Holland , and set out from Britain for the colony , uninvited . Watched by authorities , Flynn secretly performed priestly duties before being arrested and deported to London . Reaction to the affair in Britain led to two further priests being allowed to travel to the Colony in 1820 -- John Joseph Therry and Philip Connolly . The foundation stone for the first St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney was laid on 29 October 1821 by Governor Lachlan Macquarie . The absence of a Catholic mission in Australia before 1818 reflected the legal disabilities of Catholics in Britain and the difficult position of Ireland within the British Empire . The government therefore endorsed the English Benedictines to lead the early Church in the Colony . The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836 . Drafted by the reformist attorney - general John Plunkett , the Act established legal equality for Anglicans , Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists . Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system , publishing a pamphlet , The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People , in Britain in 1837 . Laywoman Caroline Chisolm did ecumenical work to alleviate the suffering of female migrants . Watkin Tench , captain of the marines on the First Fleet and author of seminal works of Australian literature . Initially , education was informal , primarily occurring in the home . At the instigation of the then British Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington , and with the patronage of King William IV , Australia 's oldest surviving independent school , The King 's School , Parramatta , was founded in 1831 as part of an effort to establish grammar schools in the colony . By 1833 , there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies . Today one in five Australian students attend Catholic schools . Sydney 's first Catholic Bishop , John Bede Polding requested a community of nuns be sent to the colony and five Irish Sisters of Charity arrived in 1838 to set about pastoral care of convict women and work in schools and hospitals before going on to found their own schools and hospitals . At Polding 's request , the Christian Brothers arrived in Sydney in 1843 to assist in schools . Establishing themselves first at Sevenhill , in South Australia in 1848 , the Jesuits were the first religious order of priests to enter and establish houses in South Australia , Victoria , Queensland and the Northern Territory -- where they established schools and missions . Some Australian folksongs date to this period . Among the first true works of Australian literature produced over this period was the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench , a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788 . In 1819 , poet , explorer , journalist and politician William Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian : A Statistical , Historical , and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen 's Land , With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America , in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales , trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts . In 1838 The Guardian : a tale by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney . It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman . It is a Gothic romance . European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet , with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts : The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar . Two centuries later , the extraordinary circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in Our Country 's Good by Timberlake Wertenbaker : the participants were prisoners watched by sadistic guards and the leading lady was under threat of the death penalty . The play is based on Thomas Keneally 's novel The Playmaker . The Theatre Royal , Hobart , opened in 1837 and it remains the oldest theatre in Australia . The Melbourne Athenaeum is one of the oldest public institutions in Australia , founded in 1839 and it served as library , school of arts and dance hall ( and later became Australia 's first cinema , screening The Story of the Kelly Gang , the world 's first feature film in 1906 ) . The Queen 's Theatre , Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland . Aboriginal resistance ( edit ) See also : Australian Frontier Wars and History of Indigenous Australians Aboriginal reactions to the sudden arrival of British settlers were varied , but often hostile when the presence of the colonisers led to competition over resources , and to the occupation by the British of Aboriginal lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources led to starvation . By contrast with New Zealand , where the Treaty of Waitangi was seen to legitimise British settlement , no treaty was signed with Aborigines , who never authorised British colonisation . According to the historian Geoffrey Blainey , in Australia during the colonial period : `` In a thousand isolated places there were occasional shootings and spearings . Even worse , smallpox , measles , influenza and other new diseases swept from one Aboriginal camp to another ... The main conqueror of Aborigines was to be disease and its ally , demoralisation '' . Since the 1980s , the use of the word `` invasion '' to describe the British colonisation of Australia has been highly controversial . According to Australian Henry Reynolds however , government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as `` invasion '' and `` warfare '' to describe their presence and relations with Indigenous Australians . In his book The Other Side of the Frontier , Reynolds described in detail armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments by means of guerilla warfare , beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth . Statue of Yagan on Heirisson Island In the early years of colonisation , David Collins , the senior legal officer in the Sydney settlement , wrote of local Aborigines : While they entertain the idea of our having dispossessed them of their residences , they must always consider us as enemies ; and upon this principle they ( have ) made a point of attacking the white people whenever opportunity and safety concurred . In 1847 , Western Australian barrister E.W. Landor stated : `` We have seized upon the country , and shot down the inhabitants , until the survivors have found it expedient to submit to our rule . We have acted as Julius Caesar did when he took possession of Britain . '' In most cases , Reynolds says , Aborigines initially resisted British presence . In a letter to the Launceston Advertiser in 1831 , a settler wrote : We are at war with them : they look upon us as enemies -- as invaders -- as oppressors and persecutors -- they resist our invasion . They have never been subdued , therefore they are not rebellious subjects , but an injured nation , defending in their own way , their rightful possessions which have been torn from them by force . Reynolds quotes numerous writings by settlers who , in the first half of the nineteenth century , described themselves as living in fear and even in terror due to attacks by Aborigines determined to kill them or drive them off their lands . He argues that Aboriginal resistance was , in some cases at least , temporarily effective ; the Aboriginal killings of men , sheep and cattle , and burning of white homes and crops , drove some settlers to ruin . Aboriginal resistance continued well beyond the middle of the nineteenth century , and in 1881 the editor of The Queenslander wrote : During the last four or five years the human life and property destroyed by the aborigines in the North total up to a serious amount . ( ... ) ( S ) ettlement on the land , and the development of the mineral and other resources on the country , have been in a great degree prohibited by the hostility of the blacks , which still continues with undiminished spirit . Reynolds argues that continuous Aboriginal resistance for well over a century belies the `` myth '' of peaceful settlement in Australia . Settlers in turn often reacted to Aboriginal resistance with great violence , resulting in numerous indiscriminate massacres by whites of Aboriginal men , women and children . Among the most famous massacres of the early nineteenth century were the Pinjarra massacre and the Myall Creek massacre . Famous Aborigines who resisted British colonisation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include Pemulwuy and Yagan . In Tasmania , the `` Black War '' was fought in the first half of the nineteenth century . Representations in literature and film ( edit ) Marcus Clarke 's 1874 novel , For the Term of his Natural Life , and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel . Eleanor Dark 's 1947 Timeless Land trilogy , which spans the colonisation from 1788 -- 1811 . The 1980s television drama , The Timeless Land , was based on this trilogy . D. Manning Richards . Destiny in Sydney : An epic novel of convicts , Aborigines , and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney , Australia . First book in Sydney series . Washington DC : Aries Books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9845410 - 0 - 3 See also ( edit ) Europeans in Oceania European Australian Journals of the First Fleet History of Australia : History of Australia ( 1851 -- 1900 ) Further reading ( edit ) Lepailleur , François - Maurice . 1980 . Land of a Thousand Sorrows . The Australian Prison Journal 1840 -- 1842 , of the Exiled Canadien Patriote , François - Maurice Lepailleur . Trans . and edited by F. Murray Greenwood . University of British Columbia Press , Vancouver . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0123 - 9 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2001 . Voyage to Australia and the Pacific 1791 -- 1793 . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84932 - 6 . Duyker , Edward & Maryse. 2003 . Citizen Labillardière -- A Naturalist 's Life in Revolution and Exploration . The Miegunyah Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 85010 - 3 . Horner , Frank . 1995 . Looking for La Pérouse . Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84451 - 0 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example the UK Act New South Wales Judicature Act 1823 made specific provision for administration of justice of New Zealand by the New South Wales Courts ; stating `` And be it further enacted that the said supreme courts in New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land respectively shall and may inquire of hear and determine all treasons piracies felonies robberies murders conspiracies and other offences of what nature or kind soever committed or that shall be committed upon the sea or in any haven river creek or place where the admiral or admirals have power authority or jurisdiction or committed or that shall be committed in the islands of New Zealand '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan Frost , `` A Fit of Absence of Mind ? The decision to colonise Botany Bay , 1779 -- 1786 '' , Botany Bay Mirages : Illusions of Convict Beginnings , Melbourne University Press , 1994 , pp. 98 -- 109 . Jump up ^ John Gascoigne , Science in the Service of Empire : Joseph Banks , the British State and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution , Melbourne , Cambridge University Press , 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Harold B. Carter , `` Banks , Cook and the Century Natural History Tradition '' , in Tony Delamotte and Carl Bridge ( eds . ) , Interpreting Australia : British Perceptions of Australia since 1788 , London , Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies , 1988 , pp. 4 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Matra to Fox , 2 April 1784 . British Library , Add . Ms 47568 . ^ Jump up to : Alan Atkinson , `` The first plans for governing New South Wales , 1786 -- 87 '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 24 , no. 94 , April 1990 , pp. 22 -- 40 , p. 31. , dated and photoduplicated in Alan Frost , `` Historians , Handling Documents , Transgressions and Transportable Offences '' , Australian Historical Studies , vol. 25 , no. 98 , Oct. 1992 , pp. 192 -- 213 , pp. 208 -- 9 . Jump up ^ ' Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet ' , State Library of New South Wales , Dixon 12Library Add . MS Q522 Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` Norfolk Island : Phantasy and Reality , 1770 -- 1814 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 25 , no. 2 , 2003 , pp. 20 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Alan Frost , The First Fleet : The Real Story , Melbourne , Black Inc. , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horne , Donald ( 1972 ) . The Australian People : Biography of a Nation . Sydney , NSW : Angus and Robertson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 207 - 12496 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rosalind Miles ( 2001 ) Who Cooked the Last Supper : The Women 's History of the World Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80695 - 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hill ( 2008 ) p. 141 - 150 Jump up ^ Arthur Phillip State Library of New South Wales , p. 1 / 4 p. 2 / 4 p. 3 / 4 p. 4 / 4 . Sl.nsw.gov.au ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 16 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Hill , 1788 : The Brutal Truth of the First Fleet Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788 '' , The Great Circle , vol. 3 , no. 2 , 1981 , pp. 70 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` What brought Lapérouse to Botany Bay ? '' , Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society , vol. 85 , pt. 2 , December 1999 , pp. 140 -- 147 . At : www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-russia/1659966-1.html Jump up ^ Biography -- Arthur Phillip -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ David Collins , An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales , London , Vol. I , 1798 , p. 502 Jump up ^ Anne Summers ( 1975 ) . Damned Whores and God 's Police . Ringwood , Victoria . pp. 270 -- 274 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 021832 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` First Farms '' . Discover Collections . State Library of New South Wales . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett Michael J ( 2009 ) . `` Smallpox and Cowpox Under the Southern Cross : The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 and the Advent of Vaccination in Colonial Australia '' . Bulletin of the History of Medicine . 83 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 62 . doi : 10.1353 / bhm. 0.0167 . Jump up ^ Warren Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` Smallpox at Sydney Cove -- Who , When , Why '' . Journal of Australian Studies . doi : 10.1080 / 14443058.2013. 849750 . Jump up ^ Governor Bourke 's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius Australia 's migration history timeline NSW Migration Heritage Centre . Migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/31749645 SA Colonial Gazette and Register Jump up ^ Timeline source Jump up ^ Scott , Ernest ( 1914 ) . The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders , RN . Sydney : Angus & Robertson . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Flinders , Matthew . Narrative of expeditions along the coast of New South Wales , for the further discovery of its harbours from the year 1795 to 1799 . ^ Jump up to : Biography -- George Bass -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Gregory Blaxland -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hume , Stuart H ... ( 17 August 1960 ) Biography -- Hamilton Hume -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Charles Sturt -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Suttor , T.L. `` Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Australia 's major electoral developments Timeline : 1788 -- 1899 -- Australian Electoral Commission . Aec.gov.au ( 28 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Right to Vote in Australia -- Australian Electoral Commission . Aec.gov.au ( 28 January 2011 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( dfat.gov.au dfat.gov.au ) ^ Jump up to : The Catholic Community in Australia Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Catholic Australia . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( 1753 ? -- 1827 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Jump up ^ Marsden , Samuel ( 1765 -- 1838 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Catholic Encyclopedia : Australia . Newadvent.org . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Biography -- John Bede Polding -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) Biographical Entry -- Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Jump up ^ Biography -- William Bernard Ullathorne -- Australian Dictionary of Biography . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Welcome -- Brief history of The King 's School -- The King 's School Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Kings.edu.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 4102.0 -- Australian Social Trends , 2006 . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ St Vincent 's Hospital , history and tradition , sesquicentenary -- sth.stvincents.com.au . Stvincents.com.au . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Hasluck , Alexandra ( 1967 ) . `` Yagan ( -- 1833 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Turcotte , Gerry ( 1998 ) . `` Australian Gothic '' ( PDF , 12 pages ) . Faculty of Arts -- Papers . University of Wollongong . Retrieved 9 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Our Country 's Good : The Recruiting Officer . Olioweb.me.uk . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 18 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 17 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Queen 's Theatre Archived 21 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... History.sa.gov.au ( 1 July 2010 ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey , A Very Short History of the World , Penguin Books , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ Reynolds , Henry , The Other Side of the Frontier : Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia , 1981 , ISBN 0 - 86840 - 892 - 1 Jump up ^ quoted in Reynolds ( 1999 ) , p. 165 Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 163 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , p. 148 ) Jump up ^ ( Reynolds 1999 , pp. 140 -- 141 ) Jump up ^ Reynolds ( 1999 ) , Chapter 9 : `` The Killing Times '' , pp. 117 -- 133 Bibliography ( edit ) Reynolds , Henry ( 1999 ) . Why Were n't We Told ? . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027842 - 7 . External links ( edit ) U.S. State Department Background Note : Australia Australian Broadcasting Corporation Hindsight Story : The French Connection History and ideas , National Museum of Australia The Australian History page at Project Gutenberg of Australia British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . 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League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Convicts in Australia Australia Day Emancipation Female factories Freedom History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) New Holland Women Penal colonies Cockatoo Island Rose Hill Sydney Cove Moreton Bay Redcliffe Maria Island Port Arthur Richmond Risdon Cove Macquarie Harbour ( History ) Norfolk Island ( History ) Saltwater River Sullivans Cove Events First Fleet ( List ) Second Fleet Third Fleet Castle Hill Rebellion Cyprus mutiny Bathurst Rebellion Catalpa rescue Rum Rebellion Norfolk Island mutinies ( Cooking Pot Uprising ) Frederick escape Anti-Transportation League Governors and commandants Arthur Bligh Bourke Brisbane Collins Darling Davey Denison Eardley - Wilmot Franklin Gipps Hunter Johnston King Logan Macquarie Paterson Phillip Sorell Notable convicts and personnel Surgeons William Bland Arthur Bowes Smyth William Redfern D'Arcy Wentworth Entrepreneurs Enoch Barratt Daniel Connor Daniel Cooper John Davies William Field William Hutchinson Mary Hyde Henry Kable Solomon Levey Simeon Lord Mary Reibey Robert Sidaway James Squire John Tawell Samuel Terry Architects James Blackburn Francis Greenway Bushrangers and escapees Charlotte Badger Matthew Brady Mary Bryant William Bryant William Buckley Moondyne Joe John Caesar Martin Cash William Chopin Michael Howe Lawrence Kavenagh John Mitchel Thomas Muir John Boyle O'Reilly Alexander Pearce William Westwood Artists Joseph Backler Thomas Bock Richard Browne Knud Bull John Eyre William Buelow Gould Joseph Lycett Charles Rodius Thomas Griffiths Wainewright Thomas Watling James Walsh Politicians William Cuffay William Henry Groom Kevin Izod O'Doherty Chroniclers Denis Cashman Margaret Catchpole Frank the Poet Henry Savery James Hardy Vaux John Acton Wroth Explorers John Baxter James Meehan Joseph Wild Other convicts Esther Abrahams John Baughan James Bloodsworth Billy Blue John Cadman Elizabeth Callaghan Margaret Dawson Laurence Hynes Halloran Mark Jeffrey Jørgen Jørgensen William Smith O'Brien Robert Palin Isaac Nichols Joseph Potaski James Ruse Elizabeth Thackery Mary Wade Popular culture Music `` Botany Bay '' `` Moreton Bay '' `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' `` Van Diemen 's Land '' Film For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1908 ) The Assigned Servant ( 1911 ) It Is Never Too Late to Mend ( 1911 ) The Lady Outlaw ( 1911 ) The Life of Rufus Dawes ( 1911 ) The Mark of the Lash ( 1911 ) One Hundred Years Ago ( 1911 ) The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole ( 1911 ) Sentenced for Life ( 1911 ) Moondyne ( 1913 ) Transported ( 1913 ) The Tenth Straw ( 1926 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1927 ) To New Shores ( 1937 ) Red Sky at Morning ( 1944 ) Under Capricorn ( 1949 ) Botany Bay ( 1953 ) Adam 's Woman ( 1970 ) Journey Among Women ( 1977 ) The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant ( 2005 ) The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce ( 2008 ) Van Diemen 's Land ( 2009 ) The Nightingale ( 2017 ) Television Against the Wind ( 1978 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1983 ) Banished ( 2015 ) The Secret River ( 2015 ) Literature Journals of the First Fleet It 's Never Too Late to Mend ( 1856 ) Great Expectations ( 1861 ) For the Term of His Natural Life ( 1872 ) Moondyne ( 1879 ) Bring Larks and Heroes ( 1967 ) A Fringe of Leaves ( 1973 ) The Playmaker ( 1987 ) Remembering Babylon ( 1993 ) The Potato Factory ( 1995 ) Jack Maggs ( 1997 ) Gould 's Book of Fish ( 2001 ) The Secret River ( 2005 ) The Lieutenant ( 2008 ) Parrot and Olivier in America ( 2010 ) Stage The Transports ( 1977 ) Our Country 's Good ( 1988 ) Art Charlotte Medal Port Jackson Painter Sydney punchbowls Twenty Dollar Note Australian Convict Sites Brickendon Estate Cadmans Cottage Cascades Female Factory Coal Mines Darlington Probation Station Elizabeth Farm Experiment Farm Cottage Great North Road Hyde Park Barracks Kingston and Arthurs Vale Lennox Bridge Old Government House Parramatta Female Factory Port Arthur Richmond Bridge Richmond Gaol Ross Female Factory Vaucluse House Woolmers Estate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Australia_(1788 -- 1850 ) &oldid = 846541362 '' Categories : History of Australia ( 1788 -- 1850 ) 19th century in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use Australian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English EngvarB from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bahasa Melayu Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 11 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the free settlers settle in australia | [
"The conditions they had come out under were that they should be provided with a free passage, be furnished with agricultural tools and implements by the Government, have two years' provisions, and have grants of land free of expense. They were likewise to have the labour of a certain number of convicts, who were also to be provided with two years' rations and one year's clothing from the public stores. The land assigned to them was some miles to the westward of Sydney, at a place named by the settlers, \"Liberty Plains\". It is now the area covered mainly by the suburbs of Strathfield and Homebush."
] | [
"Liberty Plains"
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-2107885038276325971 | The Great Gilly Hopkins (film) | The Great Gilly Hopkins ( film ) - wikipedia The Great Gilly Hopkins ( film ) The Great Gilly Hopkins Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Herek Produced by David L. Paterson John Paterson William Teitler Brian Kennedy Written by David L. Paterson Based on The Great Gilly Hopkins by Katherine Paterson Starring Sophie Nélisse Kathy Bates Julia Stiles Bill Cobbs Billy Magnussen Octavia Spencer Glenn Close Cinematography David M. Dunlap Edited by David Leonard Production company Arcady Bay Entertainment Distributed by Lionsgate Premiere Release date October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) ( Schlingel ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English The Great Gilly Hopkins is a 2015 American comedy - drama film directed by Stephen Herek and written by David L. Paterson . It is based on Katherine Paterson 's 1978 children 's book of the same name . The film stars Sophie Nélisse , Julia Stiles , Glenn Close , Kathy Bates , Octavia Spencer , Bill Cobbs , and Billy Magnussen . The film was released on October 7 , 2016 , by Lionsgate Premiere . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Gilly Hopkins is the meanest girl in town : she has a birth mother she has never seen and has moved from one foster home to another . Learning that she will be sent to a new home , she wastes no time stirring up trouble . Then she meets a woman named Trotter , who wants to be the mother Gilly needs . With Gilly posing a challenge , Trotter must prove a good relationship will benefit both of them . Cast ( edit ) Sophie Nélisse as Gilly Hopkins Kathy Bates as Maime Trotter Glenn Close as Nonnie Hopkins Julia Stiles as Courtney Rutherford Hopkins Zachary Hernandez as W.E. ( William Ernest ) Bill Cobbs as Mr. Randolph Octavia Spencer as Miss Harris Billy Magnussen as Ellis Clare Foley as Agnes Sammy Pignalosa as Rajeem Toby Turner as Ticket Agent Production ( edit ) On February 8 , 2013 , it was announced that Stephen Herek would direct an adaption of The Great Gilly Hopkins , with Kathy Bates and Danny Glover set to star in the film . On February 6 , 2014 , Sophie Nélisse , Glenn Close and Octavia Spencer joined the cast of the film . On May 9 , 2014 , Julia Stiles and Bill Cobbs joined the cast of the film . Cobbs replaced Glover , who dropped out due to scheduling conflicts . Principal photography began on April 9 , 2014 , and ended on June 15 , 2014 . Release ( edit ) The film premiered on October 6 , 2015 , at the SCHLINGEL International Film Festival . Lionsgate Premiere acquired distribution rights , and set the film for an October 7 , 2016 , release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Great Gilly Hopkins Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Leo Barraclough ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Glenn Close , Sophie Nelisse , Octavia Spencer Join ' The Great Gilly Hopkins ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Julia Stiles Joins Movie Adaptation ' The Great Gilly Hopkins ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Magnussen and Julia Stiles Join `` The Great Gilly Hopkins '' Film `` . Playbill.com. 2014 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Berlin : Stephen Herek To Direct Kathy Bates , Danny Glover In ' The Great Gilly Hopkins ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 4 / 14 / 14 : Kristen Stewart & Jesse Eisenberg 's American Ultra Starts '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 6 / 16 / 14 : Boxing Drama Southpaw Starts , American Ultra Wraps '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Filmarchiv '' . Archiv.ff-schlingel.de . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Lionsgate adopts ' The Great Gilly Hopkins ' for US '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Great Gilly Hopkins on IMDb The Great Gilly Hopkins at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Stephen Herek Critters ( 1986 ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) The Gifted One ( 1989 ) Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Holy Man ( 1998 ) Rock Star ( 2001 ) Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) Man of the House ( 2005 ) Picture This ( 2008 ) Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) The Chaperone ( 2011 ) Jinxed ( 2013 ) Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gilly_Hopkins_(film)&oldid=852574057 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films directed by Stephen Herek Lions Gate Entertainment films Films based on American novels Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 23 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays mr randolph in the great gilly hopkins | [
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6031346672331888996 | Ray Bradbury | Ray Bradbury - Wikipedia Ray Bradbury Jump to : navigation , search For the author 's 1975 story collection , see Ray Bradbury ( collection ) . Ray Bradbury Bradbury in 1975 Ray Douglas Bradbury ( 1920 - 08 - 22 ) August 22 , 1920 Waukegan , Illinois , U.S. June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) ( aged 91 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Resting place Westwood Memorial Park , Westwood , Los Angeles Occupation Writer Nationality American Period 1938 -- 2012 Genre Fantasy , social commentary , science fiction , horror fiction , mystery fiction , magic realism Notable works Fahrenheit 451 The Martian Chronicles Something Wicked This Way Comes Dandelion Wine Notable awards American Academy of Arts and Letters ( 1954 ) ; Daytime Emmy Award ( 1994 ) ; National Medal of Arts ( 2004 ) ; Pulitzer Prize ( 2007 ) Spouse Marguerite McClure ( m . 1947 ; her death 2003 ) Children Signature Website www.raybradbury.com Ray Douglas Bradbury ( August 22 , 1920 -- June 5 , 2012 ) was an American author and screenwriter . He worked in a variety of genres , including fantasy , science fiction , horror , and mystery fiction . Widely known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 ( 1953 ) , and his science - fiction and horror - story collections , The Martian Chronicles ( 1950 ) , The Illustrated Man ( 1951 ) , and I Sing the Body Electric ( 1969 ) , Bradbury was one of the most celebrated 20th - and 21st - century American writers . While most of his best known work is in speculative fiction , he also wrote in other genres , such as the coming - of - age novel Dandelion Wine ( 1957 ) and the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows , White Whale ( 1992 ) . Recipient of numerous awards , including a 2007 Pulitzer Citation , Bradbury also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts , including Moby Dick and It Came from Outer Space . Many of his works were adapted to comic book , television , and film formats . On his death in 2012 , The New York Times called Bradbury `` the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Influences 2.1 Literature 2.2 Hollywood 3 Career 4 Writing 4.1 `` Green Town '' 5 Cultural contributions 6 Personal life 7 Death 8 Bibliography 8.1 First novel 8.2 Intended first novel 9 Adaptations to other media 10 Awards and honors 11 Documentaries 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Bradbury as a senior in high school , 1938 Bradbury was born on August 22 , 1920 , in Waukegan , Illinois , to Esther ( née Moberg ) Bradbury ( 1888 -- 1966 ) , a Swedish immigrant , and Leonard Spaulding Bradbury ( 1890 -- 1957 ) , a power and telephone lineman of English descent . He was given the middle name `` Douglas '' after the actor Douglas Fairbanks . Bradbury was related to the American Shakespeare scholar Douglas Spaulding and descended from Mary Bradbury , who was tried at one of the Salem witch trials in 1692 . Bradbury was surrounded by an extended family during his early childhood and formative years in Waukegan . An aunt read him short stories when he was a child . This period provided foundations for both the author and his stories . In Bradbury 's works of fiction , 1920s Waukegan becomes `` Green Town '' , Illinois . The Bradbury family lived in Tucson , Arizona , during 1926 -- 1927 and 1932 -- 1933 while their father pursued employment , each time returning to Waukegan . They eventually settled in Los Angeles in 1934 when Bradbury was 14 years old . The family arrived with only US $40 , which paid for rent and food until his father finally found a job making wire at a cable company for $14 a week . This meant that they could stay , and Bradbury -- who was in love with Hollywood -- was ecstatic . Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and was active in the drama club . He often roller - skated through Hollywood in hopes of meeting celebrities . Among the creative and talented people Bradbury met were special - effects pioneer Ray Harryhausen and radio star George Burns . Bradbury 's first pay as a writer was at the age of 14 , when Burns hired him to write for the Burns and Allen show . Influences ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) Throughout his youth , Bradbury was an avid reader and writer and knew at a young age that he was `` going into one of the arts . '' Bradbury began writing his own stories at age 11 ( 1931 ) , during the Great Depression -- sometimes writing on the only available paper , butcher paper . In his youth , he spent much time in the Carnegie library in Waukegan , reading such authors as H.G. Wells , Jules Verne , and Edgar Allan Poe . At 12 , Bradbury began writing traditional horror stories and said he tried to imitate Poe until he was about 18 . In addition to comics , he loved Edgar Rice Burroughs , creator of Tarzan of the Apes , especially Burroughs ' John Carter of Mars series . The Warlord of Mars impressed him so much that at the age of 12 , he wrote his own sequel . The young Bradbury was also a cartoonist and loved to illustrate . He wrote about Tarzan and drew his own Sunday panels . He listened to the radio show Chandu the Magician , and every night when the show went off the air , he would sit and write the entire script from memory . As a teen in Beverly Hills , he often visited his mentor and friend science - fiction writer Bob Olsen , sharing ideas and maintaining contact . In 1936 , at a secondhand bookstore in Hollywood , Bradbury discovered a handbill promoting meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society . Excited to find there were others sharing his interest , Bradbury joined a weekly Thursday - night conclave at age 16 . At age 17 , Bradbury read stories published in Astounding Science Fiction , and read everything by Robert A. Heinlein , Arthur C. Clarke , and the early writings of Theodore Sturgeon and A.E. van Vogt . Bradbury cited H.G. Wells and Jules Verne as his primary science - fiction influences . Bradbury identified with Verne , saying , `` He believes the human being is in a strange situation in a very strange world , and he believes that we can triumph by behaving morally '' . Bradbury admitted that he stopped reading genre books in his 20s and embraced a broad field of literature that included Alexander Pope and poet John Donne . Bradbury had just graduated from high school when he met Robert Heinlein , then 31 years old . Bradbury recalled , `` He was well known , and he wrote humanistic science fiction , which influenced me to dare to be human instead of mechanical . '' Hollywood ( edit ) The family lived about four blocks from the Uptown Theater on Western Avenue in Los Angeles , the flagship theater for MGM and Fox . There , Bradbury learned how to sneak in and watched previews almost every week . He rollerskated there , as well as all over town , as he put it , `` hell - bent on getting autographs from glamorous stars . It was glorious . '' Among stars the young Bradbury was thrilled to encounter were Norma Shearer , Laurel and Hardy , and Ronald Colman . Sometimes , he spent all day in front of Paramount Pictures or Columbia Pictures and then skated to the Brown Derby to watch the stars who came and went for meals . He recounted seeing Cary Grant , Marlene Dietrich , and Mae West , whom he learned made a regular appearance every Friday night , bodyguard in tow . Bradbury relates the following meeting with Sergei Bondarchuk , director of Soviet epic film series War and Peace , at a Hollywood award ceremony in Bondarchuk 's honor : They formed a long queue and as Bondarchuk was walking along it he recognized several people : `` Oh Mr. Ford , I like your film . '' He recognized the director , Greta Garbo , and someone else . I was standing at the very end of the queue and silently watched this . Bondarchuk shouted to me ; `` Ray Bradbury , is that you ? '' He rushed up to me , embraced me , dragged me inside , grabbed a bottle of Stolichnaya , sat down at his table where his closest friends were sitting . All the famous Hollywood directors in the queue were bewildered . They stared at me and asked each other `` Who is this Bradbury ? '' And , swearing , they left , leaving me alone with Bondarchuk ... Career ( edit ) Bradbury 's `` Undersea Guardians '' was the cover story for the December 1944 issue of Amazing Stories Bradbury 's first published story was `` Hollerbochen 's Dilemma '' , which appeared in the January 1938 number of Forrest J. Ackerman 's fanzine Imagination ! . In July 1939 , Ackerman gave 19 - year - old Bradbury the money to head to New York for the First World Science Fiction Convention in New York City , and funded Bradbury 's fanzine , titled Futuria Fantasia . Bradbury wrote most of its four issues , each limited to under 100 copies . Between 1940 and 1947 , he was a contributor to Rob Wagner 's film magazine , Script . Bradbury was free to start a career in writing , when owing to his bad eyesight , he was rejected admission into the military during World War II . Having been inspired by science - fiction heroes such as Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers , Bradbury began to publish science - fiction stories in fanzines in 1938 . Bradbury was invited by Forrest J. Ackerman to attend the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society , which at the time met at Clifton 's Cafeteria in downtown Los Angeles . This was where he met the writers Robert A. Heinlein , Emil Petaja , Fredric Brown , Henry Kuttner , Leigh Brackett , and Jack Williamson . In 1939 , Bradbury joined Laraine Day 's Wilshire Players Guild , where for two years , he wrote and acted in several plays . They were , as Bradbury later described , `` so incredibly bad '' that he gave up playwriting for two decades . Bradbury 's first paid piece , `` Pendulum '' , written with Henry Hasse , was published in the pulp magazine Super Science Stories in November 1941 , for which he earned $15 . Bradbury sold his first story , `` The Lake '' , for $13.75 at 22 , and became a full - time writer by 24 . His first collection of short stories , Dark Carnival , was published in 1947 by Arkham House , a small press in Sauk City , Wisconsin , owned by writer August Derleth . Reviewing Dark Carnival for the New York Herald Tribune , Will Cuppy proclaimed Bradbury `` suitable for general consumption '' and predicted that he would become a writer of the caliber of British fantasy author John Collier . After a rejection notice from the pulp Weird Tales , Bradbury submitted `` Homecoming '' to Mademoiselle , which was spotted by a young editorial assistant named Truman Capote . Capote picked the Bradbury manuscript from a slush pile , which led to its publication . Homecoming won a place in the O. Henry Award Stories of 1947 . In UCLA 's Powell Library , in a study room with typewriters for rent , Bradbury wrote his classic story of a book burning future , The Fireman , which was about 25,000 words long . It was later published at about 50,000 words under the name Fahrenheit 451 , for a total cost of $9.80 , due to the library 's typewriter - rental fees of ten cents per half - hour . A chance encounter in a Los Angeles bookstore with the British expatriate writer Christopher Isherwood gave Bradbury the opportunity to put The Martian Chronicles into the hands of a respected critic . Isherwood 's glowing review followed . Writing ( edit ) Bradbury attributed to two incidents his lifelong habit of writing every day . The first of these , occurring when he was three years old , was his mother 's taking him to see Lon Chaney 's performance in The Hunchback of Notre Dame . The second incident occurred in 1932 , when a carnival entertainer , one Mr. Electrico , touched the young man on the nose with an electrified sword , made his hair stand on end , and shouted , `` Live forever ! '' Bradbury remarked , `` I felt that something strange and wonderful had happened to me because of my encounter with Mr. Electrico ... ( he ) gave me a future ... I began to write , full - time . I have written every single day of my life since that day 69 years ago . '' At that age , Bradbury first started to do magic , which was his first great love . If he had not discovered writing , he would have become a magician . Bradbury claimed a wide variety of influences , and described discussions he might have with his favorite poets and writers Robert Frost , William Shakespeare , John Steinbeck , Aldous Huxley , and Thomas Wolfe . From Steinbeck , he said he learned `` how to write objectively and yet insert all of the insights without too much extra comment '' . He studied Eudora Welty for her `` remarkable ability to give you atmosphere , character , and motion in a single line '' . Bradbury 's favorite writers growing up included Katherine Anne Porter , who wrote about the American South , Edith Wharton , and Jessamyn West . Bradbury was once described as a `` Midwest surrealist '' and is often labeled a science - fiction writer , which he described as `` the art of the possible . '' Bradbury resisted that categorization , however : First of all , I do n't write science fiction . I 've only done one science fiction book and that 's Fahrenheit 451 , based on reality . It was named so to represent the temperature at which paper ignites . Science fiction is a depiction of the real . Fantasy is a depiction of the unreal . So Martian Chronicles is not science fiction , it 's fantasy . It could n't happen , you see ? That 's the reason it 's going to be around a long time -- because it 's a Greek myth , and myths have staying power . Bradbury recounted when he came into his own as a writer , the afternoon he wrote a short story about his first encounter with death . When he was a boy , he met a young girl at the beach and she went out into the water and never came back . Years later , as he wrote about it , tears flowed from him . He recognized he had taken the leap from emulating the many writers he admired to connecting with his voice as a writer . When later asked about the lyrical power of his prose , Bradbury replied , `` From reading so much poetry every day of my life . My favorite writers have been those who 've said things well . '' He is quoted , `` If you 're reluctant to weep , you wo n't live a full and complete life . '' In high school , Bradbury was active in both the poetry club and the drama club , continuing plans to become an actor , but becoming serious about his writing as his high school years progressed . Bradbury graduated from Los Angeles High School , where he took poetry classes with Snow Longley Housh , and short - story writing courses taught by Jeannet Johnson . The teachers recognized his talent and furthered his interest in writing , but he did not attend college . Instead , he sold newspapers at the corner of South Norton Avenue and Olympic Boulevard . In regard to his education , Bradbury said : Libraries raised me . I do n't believe in colleges and universities . I believe in libraries because most students do n't have any money . When I graduated from high school , it was during the Depression and we had no money . I could n't go to college , so I went to the library three days a week for 10 years . He told The Paris Review , `` You ca n't learn to write in college . It 's a very bad place for writers because the teachers always think they know more than you do -- and they do n't . '' Bradbury described his inspiration as , `` My stories run up and bite me in the leg -- I respond by writing them down -- everything that goes on during the bite . When I finish , the idea lets go and runs off '' . `` Green Town '' ( edit ) A reinvention of Waukegan , Green Town is a symbol of safety and home , which is often juxtaposed as a contrasting backdrop to tales of fantasy or menace . It serves as the setting of his semiautobiographical classics Dandelion Wine , Something Wicked This Way Comes , and Farewell Summer , as well as in many of his short stories . In Green Town , Bradbury 's favorite uncle sprouts wings , traveling carnivals conceal supernatural powers , and his grandparents provide room and board to Charles Dickens . Perhaps the most definitive usage of the pseudonym for his hometown , in Summer Morning , Summer Night , a collection of short stories and vignettes exclusively about Green Town , Bradbury returns to the signature locale as a look back at the rapidly disappearing small - town world of the American heartland , which was the foundation of his roots . Cultural contributions ( edit ) Bradbury wrote many short essays on the culture and the arts , attracting the attention of critics in this field , but he used his fiction to explore and criticize his culture and society . Bradbury observed , for example , that Fahrenheit 451 touches on the alienation of people by media : In writing the short novel Fahrenheit 451 I thought I was describing a world that might evolve in four or five decades . But only a few weeks ago , in Beverly Hills one night , a husband and wife passed me , walking their dog . I stood staring after them , absolutely stunned . The woman held in one hand a small cigarette - package - sized radio , its antenna quivering . From this sprang tiny copper wires which ended in a dainty cone plugged into her right ear . There she was , oblivious to man and dog , listening to far winds and whispers and soap opera cries , sleep walking , helped up and down curbs by a husband who might just as well not have been there . This was not fiction . In a 1982 essay , he wrote , `` People ask me to predict the Future , when all I want to do is prevent it '' . This intent had been expressed earlier by other authors , who sometimes attributed it to him . On May 24 , 1956 , Bradbury appeared on television in Hollywood on the popular quiz show You Bet Your Life hosted by Groucho Marx . During his introductory comments and on - air banter with Marx , Bradbury briefly discussed some of his books and other works , including giving an overview of `` The Veldt '' , his short story published six years earlier in The Saturday Evening Post under the title `` The World the Children Made '' . Bradbury was a consultant for the American Pavilion at the 1964 New York World 's Fair and for the original exhibit housed in Epcot 's Spaceship Earth geosphere at Walt Disney World . Bradbury concentrated on detective fiction in the 1980s . In the latter half of the 1980s and early 1990s , he also hosted The Ray Bradbury Theater , a televised anthology series based on his short stories . Bradbury was a strong supporter of public library systems , raising money to prevent the closure of several libraries in California facing budgetary cuts . He said `` libraries raised me '' , and shunned colleges and universities , comparing his own lack of funds during the Depression with poor contemporary students . His opinion varied on modern technology . In 1985 Bradbury wrote , `` I see nothing but good coming from computers . When they first appeared on the scene , people were saying , ' Oh my God , I 'm so afraid . ' I hate people like that -- I call them the neo-Luddites '' , and `` In a sense , ( computers ) are simply books . Books are all over the place , and computers will be , too '' . He resisted the conversion of his work into e-books , saying in 2010 , `` We have too many cellphones . We 've got too many internets . We have got to get rid of those machines . We have too many machines now '' . When the publishing rights for Fahrenheit 451 came up for renewal in December 2011 , Bradbury permitted its publication in electronic form provided that the publisher , Simon & Schuster , allowed the e-book to be digitally downloaded by any library patron . The title remains the only book in the Simon & Schuster catalog where this is possible . Several comic - book writers have adapted Bradbury 's stories . Particularly noted among these were EC Comics ' line of horror and science - fiction comics . Initially , the writers plagiarized his stories , but a diplomatic letter from Bradbury about it led to the company paying him and negotiating properly licensed adaptations of his work . The comics featuring Bradbury 's stories included Tales from the Crypt , Weird Science , Weird Fantasy , Crime Suspenstories , and Haunt of Fear . Bradbury remained an enthusiastic playwright all his life , leaving a rich theatrical legacy , as well as literary . Bradbury headed the Pandemonium Theatre Company in Los Angeles for many years and had a five - year relationship with the Fremont Centre Theatre in South Pasadena . Bradbury is featured prominently in two documentaries related to his classic 1950s - 1960s era : Jason V Brock 's Charles Beaumont : The Life of Twilight Zone 's Magic Man , which details his troubles with Rod Serling , and his friendships with writers Charles Beaumont , George Clayton Johnson , and most especially his dear friend William F. Nolan , as well as Brock 's The AckerMonster Chronicles ! , which delves into the life of former Bradbury agent , close friend , mega-fan , and Famous Monsters of Filmland editor Forrest J Ackerman . Bradbury 's legacy was celebrated by the bookstore Fahrenheit 451 Books in Laguna Beach , California , in the 1970s and 1980s . The grand opening of an annex to the store was attended by Bradbury and his favorite illustrator , Joseph Mugnaini , in the mid-1980s . The shop closed its doors in 1987 , but in 1990 , another shop with the same name ( with different owners ) opened in Carlsbad , California . Personal life ( edit ) Bradbury in December 2009 Bradbury was married to Marguerite McClure ( January 16 , 1922 -- November 24 , 2003 ) from 1947 until her death ; they had four daughters : Susan , Ramona , Bettina , and Alexandra . Bradbury never obtained a driver 's license , but relied on public transportation or his bicycle . He lived at home until he was 27 and married . His wife of 56 years , Maggie , as she was affectionately called , was the only woman Bradbury ever dated . He was raised Baptist by his parents , who were themselves infrequent churchgoers . As an adult , Bradbury considered himself a `` delicatessen religionist '' who resisted categorization of his beliefs and took guidance from both Eastern and Western faiths . He felt that his career was `` a God - given thing , and I 'm so grateful , so , so grateful . The best description of my career as a writer is , ' At play in the fields of the Lord . ' '' Bradbury was a close friend of Charles Addams , and Addams illustrated the first of Bradbury 's stories about the Elliotts , a family that resembled Addams ' own Addams Family placed in rural Illinois . Bradbury 's first story about them was `` Homecoming '' , published in the 1946 Halloween issue of Mademoiselle , with Addams ' illustrations . Addams and he planned a larger collaborative work that would tell the family 's complete history , but it never materialized , and according to a 2001 interview , they went their separate ways . In October 2001 , Bradbury published all the Family stories he had written in one book with a connecting narrative , From the Dust Returned , featuring a wraparound Addams cover of the original `` Homecoming '' illustration . Another close friend was animator Ray Harryhausen , who was best man at Bradbury 's wedding . During a BAFTA 2010 awards tribute in honor of Ray Harryhausen 's 90th birthday , Bradbury spoke of his first meeting Harryhausen at Forrest J Ackerman 's house when they were both 18 years old . Their shared love for science fiction , King Kong , and the King Vidor - directed film The Fountainhead , written by Ayn Rand , was the beginning of a lifelong friendship . These early influences inspired the pair to believe in themselves and affirm their career choices . After their first meeting , they kept in touch at least once a month , in a friendship that spanned over 70 years . Late in life , Bradbury retained his dedication and passion despite what he described as the `` devastation of illnesses and deaths of many good friends . '' Among the losses that deeply grieved Bradbury was the death of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , who was an intimate friend for many years . They remained close friends for nearly three decades after Roddenberry asked him to write for Star Trek , which Bradbury never did , objecting that he `` never had the ability to adapt other people 's ideas into any sensible form . '' Bradbury suffered a stroke in 1999 that left him partially dependent on a wheelchair for mobility . Despite this , he continued to write , and had even written an essay for The New Yorker , about his inspiration for writing , published only a week prior to his death . Bradbury made regular appearances at science - fiction conventions until 2009 , when he retired from the circuit . Ray Bradbury 's headstone in May 2012 prior to his death Bradbury chose a burial place at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles , with a headstone that reads `` Author of Fahrenheit 451 '' . On February 6 , 2015 , The New York Times reported that the house that Bradbury lived and wrote in for 50 years of his life , at 10265 Cheviot Drive in Cheviot Hills , Los Angeles , California , had been demolished by the buyer , architect Thom Mayne . Death ( edit ) Bradbury died in Los Angeles , California , on June 5 , 2012 , at the age of 91 , after a lengthy illness . Bradbury 's personal library was willed to the Waukegan Public Library , where he had many of his formative reading experiences . The New York Times called Bradbury `` the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream . '' The Los Angeles Times credited Bradbury with the ability `` to write lyrically and evocatively of lands an imagination away , worlds he anchored in the here and now with a sense of visual clarity and small - town familiarity '' . Bradbury 's grandson , Danny Karapetian , said Bradbury 's works had `` influenced so many artists , writers , teachers , scientists , and it 's always really touching and comforting to hear their stories '' . The Washington Post noted several modern day technologies that Bradbury had envisioned much earlier in his writing , such as the idea of banking ATMs and earbuds and Bluetooth headsets from Fahrenheit 451 , and the concepts of artificial intelligence within I Sing the Body Electric . On June 6 , 2012 , in an official public statement from the White House Press Office , President Barack Obama said : For many Americans , the news of Ray Bradbury 's death immediately brought to mind images from his work , imprinted in our minds , often from a young age . His gift for storytelling reshaped our culture and expanded our world . But Ray also understood that our imaginations could be used as a tool for better understanding , a vehicle for change , and an expression of our most cherished values . There is no doubt that Ray will continue to inspire many more generations with his writing , and our thoughts and prayers are with his family and friends . Numerous Bradbury fans paid tribute to the author , noting the influence of his works on their own careers and creations . Filmmaker Steven Spielberg stated that Bradbury was `` ( his ) muse for the better part of ( his ) sci - fi career ... On the world of science fiction and fantasy and imagination he is immortal '' . Writer Neil Gaiman felt that `` the landscape of the world we live in would have been diminished if we had not had him in our world '' . Author Stephen King released a statement on his website saying , `` Ray Bradbury wrote three great novels and three hundred great stories . One of the latter was called ' A Sound of Thunder ' . The sound I hear today is the thunder of a giant 's footsteps fading away . But the novels and stories remain , in all their resonance and strange beauty . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Bradbury 's `` The Golden Apples of the Sun '' was published in the November 1953 issue of Planet Stories . Main articles : Ray Bradbury bibliography and Ray Bradbury short fiction bibliography Bradbury is credited with writing 27 novels and over 600 short stories . More than eight million copies of his works , published in over 36 languages , have been sold around the world . First novel ( edit ) In 1949 , Bradbury and his wife were expecting their first child . He took a Greyhound bus to New York and checked into a room at the YMCA for 50 cents a night . He took his short stories to a dozen publishers and no one wanted them . Just before getting ready to go home , Bradbury had dinner with an editor at Doubleday . When Bradbury recounted that everyone wanted a novel and he did not have one , the editor , coincidentally named Walter Bradbury , asked if the short stories might be tied together into a book - length collection . The title was the editor 's idea ; he suggested , `` You could call it The Martian Chronicles . '' Bradbury liked the idea and recalled making notes in 1944 to do a book set on Mars . That evening , he stayed up all night at the YMCA and typed out an outline . He took it to the Doubleday editor the next morning , who read it and wrote Bradbury a check for $750 . When Bradbury returned to Los Angeles , he connected all the short stories that became The Martian Chronicles . Intended first novel ( edit ) What was later issued as a collection of stories and vignettes , Summer Morning , Summer Night , started out to be Bradbury 's first true novel . The core of the work was Bradbury 's witnessing of the American small - town life in the American heartland . In the winter of 1955 -- 56 , after a consultation with his Doubleday editor , Bradbury deferred publication of a novel based on Green Town , the pseudonym for his hometown . Instead , he extracted 17 stories and , with three other Green Town tales , bridged them into his 1957 book Dandelion Wine . Later , in 2006 , Bradbury published the original novel remaining after the extraction , and retitled it Farewell Summer . These two titles show what stories and episodes Bradbury decided to retain as he created the two books out of one . The most significant of the remaining unpublished stories , scenes , and fragments were published under the originally intended name for the novel , Summer Morning , Summer Night , in 2007 . Adaptations to other media ( edit ) Bradbury in 1959 , when some of his short stories were adapted for television shows like Alfred Hitchcock Presents From 1950 to 1954 , 31 of Bradbury 's stories were adapted by Al Feldstein for EC Comics ( seven of them uncredited in six stories , including `` Kaleidoscope '' and `` Rocket Man '' being combined as `` Home To Stay '' - for which Bradbury was retroactively paid - and EC 's first version of `` The Handler '' under the title `` A Strange Undertaking '' ) and 16 of these were collected in the paperbacks , The Autumn People ( 1965 ) and Tomorrow Midnight ( 1966 ) , both published by Ballantine Books with cover illustrations by Frank Frazetta . Also in the early 1950s , adaptations of Bradbury 's stories were televised in several anthology shows , including Tales of Tomorrow , Lights Out , Out There , Suspense , CBS Television Workshop , Jane Wyman 's Fireside Theatre , Star Tonight , Windows and Alfred Hitchcock Presents . `` The Merry - Go - Round '' , a half - hour film adaptation of Bradbury 's `` The Black Ferris '' , praised by Variety , was shown on Starlight Summer Theater in 1954 and NBC 's Sneak Preview in 1956 . During that same period , several stories were adapted for radio drama , notably on the science fiction anthologies Dimension X and its successor X Minus One . Scene from The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms , based on Bradbury 's The Fog Horn Producer William Alland first brought Bradbury to movie theaters in 1953 with It Came from Outer Space , a Harry Essex screenplay developed from Bradbury 's screen treatment `` Atomic Monster '' . Three weeks later came the release of Eugène Lourié 's The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms ( 1953 ) , which featured one scene based on Bradbury 's `` The Fog Horn '' , about a sea monster mistaking the sound of a fog horn for the mating cry of a female . Bradbury 's close friend Ray Harryhausen produced the stop - motion animation of the creature . Bradbury later returned the favor by writing a short story , `` Tyrannosaurus Rex '' , about a stop - motion animator who strongly resembled Harryhausen . Over the next 50 years , more than 35 features , shorts , and TV movies were based on Bradbury 's stories or screenplays . Bradbury was hired in 1953 by director John Huston to work on the screenplay for his film version of Melville 's Moby Dick ( 1956 ) , which stars Gregory Peck as Captain Ahab , Richard Basehart as Ishmael , and Orson Welles as Father Mapple . A significant result of the film was Bradbury 's book Green Shadows , White Whale , a semifictionalized account of the making of the film , including Bradbury 's dealings with Huston and his time in Ireland , where exterior scenes that were set in New Bedford , Massachusetts , were filmed . Bradbury 's short story I Sing the Body Electric ( from the book of the same name ) was adapted for the 100th episode of The Twilight Zone . The episode was first aired on May 18 , 1962 . In 1965 , three of Bradbury 's stories were adapted for the stage . These included `` The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit '' , `` The Day It Rained Forever '' , and `` Device Out of Time '' . The last was adapted from his 1957 novel Dandelion Wine . The plays debuted at the Coronet Theater in Hollywood and featured Booth Coleman , Joby Baker , Fredric Villani , Arnold Lessing , Eddie Sallia , Keith Taylor , Richard Bull , Gene Otis Shane , Henry T. Delgado , F. Murray Abraham , Anne Loos , and Len Lesser . The director was Charles Rome Smith and the production company was Pandemonium Productions . Oskar Werner and Julie Christie starred in Fahrenheit 451 ( 1966 ) , an adaptation of Bradbury 's novel directed by François Truffaut . In 1966 , Bradbury helped Lynn Garrison create AVIAN , a specialist aviation magazine . For the first issue , Bradbury wrote a poem , `` Planes That Land on Grass '' . In 1969 , The Illustrated Man was brought to the big screen , starring Rod Steiger , Claire Bloom , and Robert Drivas . Containing the prologue and three short stories from the book , the film received mediocre reviews . The same year , Bradbury approached composer Jerry Goldsmith , who had worked with Bradbury in dramatic radio of the 1950s and later scored the film version , to compose a cantata Christus Apollo based on Bradbury 's text . The work premiered in late 1969 , with the California Chamber Symphony performing with narrator Charlton Heston at UCLA . Play media Ray Bradbury takes part in a symposium at Caltech with Arthur C. Clarke , journalist Walter Sullivan , and scientists Carl Sagan and Bruce Murray . In this excerpt , Bradbury reads his poem ' If Only We Had Taller Been ' ( poem begins at 2 : 20 , full text ) . Video released by NASA in honor of the naming of Bradbury Landing in 2012 . In 1972 , The Screaming Woman was adapted as an ABC Movie - of - the - Week starring Olivia de Havilland . The Martian Chronicles became a three - part TV miniseries starring Rock Hudson , which was first broadcast by NBC in 1980 . Bradbury found the miniseries `` just boring '' . The 1982 television movie The Electric Grandmother was based on Bradbury 's short story `` I Sing the Body Electric '' . The 1983 horror film Something Wicked This Way Comes , starring Jason Robards and Jonathan Pryce , is based on the Bradbury novel of the same name . In 1984 , Michael McDonough of Brigham Young University produced `` Bradbury 13 '' , a series of 13 audio adaptations of famous stories from Bradbury , in conjunction with National Public Radio . The full - cast dramatizations featured adaptations of `` The Ravine '' , `` Night Call , Collect '' , `` The Veldt '' , `` There Was an Old Woman '' , `` Kaleidoscope '' , `` Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed '' , `` The Screaming Woman '' , `` A Sound of Thunder '' , `` The Man '' , `` The Wind '' , `` The Fox and the Forest '' , `` Here There Be Tygers '' , and `` The Happiness Machine '' . Voiceover actor Paul Frees provided narration , while Bradbury was responsible for the opening voiceover ; Greg Hansen and Roger Hoffman scored the episodes . The series won a Peabody Award and two Gold Cindy awards , and was released on CD on May 1 , 2010 . The series began airing on BBC Radio 4 Extra on June 12 , 2011 . From 1985 to 1992 , Bradbury hosted a syndicated anthology television series , The Ray Bradbury Theater , for which he adapted 65 of his stories . Each episode began with a shot of Bradbury in his office , gazing over mementoes of his life , which he states ( in narrative ) are used to spark ideas for stories . During the first two seasons , Bradbury also provided additional voiceover narration specific to the featured story and appeared on screen . Deeply respected in the USSR , Bradbury 's fiction has been adapted into five episodes of the Soviet science - fiction TV series This Fantastic World which adapted the stories film version of `` I Sing The Body Electric '' , Fahrenheit 451 , `` A Piece of Wood '' , `` To the Chicago Abyss '' , and `` Forever and the Earth '' . In 1984 a cartoon adaptation of There Will Come Soft Rains ( `` Будет ласковый дождь '' ) came out by Uzbek director Nazim Tyuhladziev . He made a film adaptation of `` The Veldt '' ( `` Вельд '' ) in 1987 . In 1989 , a cartoon adaptation of `` Here There Be Tygers '' ( `` Здесь могут водиться тигры '' ) by director Vladimir Samsonov came out . Bradbury wrote and narrated the 1993 animated television version of The Halloween Tree , based on his 1972 novel . The 1998 film The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit , released by Touchstone Pictures , was written by Bradbury . It was based on his story `` The Magic White Suit '' originally published in The Saturday Evening Post in 1957 . The story had also previously been adapted as a play , a musical , and a 1958 television version . In 2002 , Bradbury 's own Pandemonium Theatre Company production of Fahrenheit 451 at Burbank 's Falcon Theatre combined live acting with projected digital animation by the Pixel Pups . In 1984 , Telarium released a game for Commodore 64 based on Fahrenheit 451 . Bradbury and director Charles Rome Smith co-founded Pandemonium in 1964 , staging the New York production of The World of Ray Bradbury ( 1964 ) , adaptations of `` The Pedestrian '' , `` The Veldt '' , and `` To the Chicago Abyss '' . In 2005 , the film A Sound of Thunder was released , loosely based upon the short story of the same name . The film The Butterfly Effect revolves around the same theory as A Sound of Thunder and contains many references to its inspiration . Short film adaptations of A Piece of Wood and The Small Assassin were released in 2005 and 2007 , respectively . In 2005 , it was reported that Bradbury was upset with filmmaker Michael Moore for using the title Fahrenheit 9 / 11 , which is an allusion to Bradbury 's Fahrenheit 451 , for his documentary about the George W. Bush administration . Bradbury expressed displeasure with Moore 's use of the title , but stated that his resentment was not politically motivated , though Bradbury was conservative - leaning politically . Bradbury asserted that he did not want any of the money made by the movie , nor did he believe that he deserved it . He pressured Moore to change the name , but to no avail . Moore called Bradbury two weeks before the film 's release to apologize , saying that the film 's marketing had been set in motion a long time ago and it was too late to change the title . In 2008 , the film Ray Bradbury 's Chrysalis was produced by Roger Lay Jr. for Urban Archipelago Films , based upon the short story of the same name . The film won the best feature award at the International Horror and Sci - Fi Film Festival in Phoenix . The film has international distribution by Arsenal Pictures and domestic distribution by Lightning Entertainment . In 2010 , The Martian Chronicles was adapted for radio by Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air . Bradbury 's works and approach to writing are documented in Terry Sanders ' film Ray Bradbury : Story of a Writer ( 1963 ) . Bradbury 's poem `` Groon '' was voiced as a tribute in 2012 . Awards and honors ( edit ) Bradbury receiving the National Medal of Arts in 2004 with President George W. Bush and his wife Laura Bush The Ray Bradbury Award for excellency in screenwriting was occasionally presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America -- presented to six people on four occasions from 1992 to 2009 . Beginning 2010 , the Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation is presented annually according to Nebula Awards rules and procedures , although it is not a Nebula Award . The revamped Bradbury Award replaced the Nebula Award for Best Script . In 1971 , an impact crater on Earth 's moon was named Dandelion Crater by the Apollo 15 astronauts , in honor of Bradbury 's novel Dandelion Wine . In 1984 , he received the Prometheus Award for Fahrenheit 451 . Ray Bradbury Park was dedicated in Waukegan , Illinois , in 1990 . He was present for the ribbon - cutting ceremony . The park contains locations described in Dandelion Wine , most notably the `` 113 steps '' . In 2009 , a panel designed by artist Michael Pavelich was added to the park detailing the history of Ray Bradbury and Ray Bradbury Park . An asteroid discovered in 1992 was named `` 9766 Bradbury '' in his honor . In 1994 , he received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award , presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust . In 1994 , he won an Emmy Award for the screenplay The Halloween Tree . In 2000 , he was awarded the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation . For his contribution to the motion picture industry , Bradbury was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 1 , 2002 . In 2003 , he received an honorary doctorate from Woodbury University , where he presented the Ray Bradbury Creativity Award each year until his death . On November 17 , 2004 , Bradbury received the National Medal of Arts , presented by President George W. Bush and Laura Bush . Bradbury received a World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement at the 1977 World Fantasy Convention and was named Gandalf Grand Master of Fantasy at the 1980 World Science Fiction Convention . In 1989 the Horror Writers Association gave him the fourth or fifth Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement in horror fiction and the Science Fiction Writers of America made him its 10th SFWA Grand Master . He won a First Fandom Hall of Fame Award in 1996 and the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in 1999 , its fourth class of two deceased and two living writers . In 2005 , he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws ( honoris causa ) by the National University of Ireland , Galway , at a conferring ceremony in Los Angeles . On April 14 , 2007 , Bradbury received the Sir Arthur Clarke Award 's Special Award , given by Clarke to a recipient of his choice . On April 16 , 2007 , Bradbury received a special citation by the Pulitzer Prize jury `` for his distinguished , prolific , and deeply influential career as an unmatched author of science fiction and fantasy . '' In 2007 , Bradbury received the French Commandeur Ordre des Arts et des Lettres medal . In 2008 , he was named SFPA Grandmaster . On May 17 , 2008 , Bradbury received the inaugural J. Lloyd Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction , presented by the UCR Libraries at the 2008 Eaton Science Fiction Conference , `` Chronicling Mars '' . In 2009 , Bradbury was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Columbia College Chicago . In 2010 , Spike TV Scream Awards Comic - Con Icon Award went to Bradbury In 2012 , the NASA Curiosity rover landing site ( 4 ° 35 ′ 22 '' S 137 ° 26 ′ 30 '' E / 4.5895 ° S 137.4417 ° E / - 4.5895 ; 137.4417 ) on the planet Mars was named `` Bradbury Landing '' . On December 6 , 2012 , the Los Angeles street corner at 5th and Flower Streets was named in his honor . On February 24 , 2013 , Bradbury was honored at the 85th Academy Awards during that event 's `` In Memoriam '' segment . Documentaries ( edit ) Bradbury appeared in the documentary The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal ( 1985 ) , produced and directed by Arnold Leibovit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ray Bradbury at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database ( ISFDB ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information . Select a particular edition ( title ) for more data at that level , such as a front cover image or linked contents . ^ Jump up to : Jonas , Gerald ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Ray Bradbury , Master of Science Fiction , Dies at 91 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Society for the Study of Midwestern Literature ( 2001 ) . Greasley , Philip A. , ed . Dictionary of Midwestern Literature. 1 , The Authors . Indiana University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9780253336095 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ p. 141 Bloom , Harold Ray Bradbury 2010 Infobase Publishing Jump up ^ Touponce , William F. `` Ray ( Douglas ) Bradbury . '' American Writers : A Collection of Literary Biographies , Supplement 4 . Ed . A Walton Litz and Molly Weigel . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1996 . Literature Resources from Gale . November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Certificate of Birth , Ray Douglas Bradbury , August 22 , 1920 , Lake County Clerk 's Record # 4750 . Although he was named after Rae Williams , a cousin on his father 's side , Ray Bradbury 's birth certificate spells his first name as `` Ray '' . Jump up ^ The Spaulding Family Memorial , 1899 Jump up ^ Eller , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . Becoming Ray Bradbury . University of Illinois Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0252036298 . Jump up ^ Paradowski , Robert J. `` Ray Bradbury '' . Critical Survey of Short Fiction , Second Revised Edition '' 2001 : 1 -- 5 . EBSCO . November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury 's close encounters with W.C. Fields , George Burns ... by Susan King ; Los Angeles Times , August 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Old Radio Shows.org '' . Old Radio Shows.org . Jump up ^ Litz , A. Walton . American Writers Supplement IV . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1996 . Print . Jump up ^ Weller , Sam ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Ray Bradbury , The Art of Fiction No. 203 '' . Paris Review ( 192 ) . ISSN 0031 - 2037 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sam ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Ray Bradbury , The Art of Fiction No. 203 '' . Paris Review ( 192 ) . ISSN 0031 - 2037 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Contemporary Authors Online . Ray Bradbury . Detroit : Gale , 2009 . Web . Jump up ^ Heller , Terry . Magill 's Survey of American Literature . Revised Edition . Pasadena : Salem Press , 2006 . Print . Jump up ^ The article linked appears in the source , but this name conflicts with the group 's web site . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read '' . Neabigread.org . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury interview -- The art of Fiction No. 203 The Paris Review ; Spring , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Ken Kelley ( 1996 ) . `` About Ray Bradbury Interview '' . Playboy . Jump up ^ `` Ray Bradbury : `` Russians have an unparalleled capacity for love '' `` . www.rbth.ru . Russia Beyond The Headlines . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marguerite bradbury -- Ray Bradbury Discussion Ray Bradbury Official website Jump up ^ Sam Weller ( Spring 2010 ) . `` Ray Bradbury , The Art of Fiction No. 203 '' . The Paris Review . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Ray ( 1972 ) . The Veldt . Woodstock , Illinois : Dramatic Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 1 - 58342 - 028 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Biographies : Bradbury , Raymond Douglas '' . s9.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cuppy , Will , `` Review of Dark Carnival , '' New York Herald Tribune Books , May 25 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury , From Truman Capote to A.T.M. 's , by Dean Robinson -- 6th floor ; The New York Times , June 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ A Bruin Birthday Tribute To Ray Bradbury Tweet ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` First Spark : Ray Bradbury Turns 90 ; The Universe and UCLA Academy Celebrate '' . Spotlight.ucla.edu . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Christopher ( October 1950 ) , `` A Review of The Martian Chronicles '' , Tomorrow , 10 : 56 -- 58 Jump up ^ Paradowski , Robert J. `` Ray Bradbury . '' Critical Survey of Short Fiction , Second Revised Edition ( 2001 ) : UFO . November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` In His Words '' . RayBradbury.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Terry Sanders ' film Ray Bradbury : Story of a Writer ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : The Art of Fiction No. 203 : Ray Bradbury , Interviewed by Sam Weller ; The Paris Review , Spring 2010 Jump up ^ Wil Gerken ; Nathan Hendler ; Doug Floyd ; John Banks . `` Books : Grandfather Time ( Weekly Alibi . 09 - 27 - 99 ) '' . Weeklywire.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Conversation with Ray Bradbury Point Loma Nazarene University , Writer 's Symposium By The Sea ; `` The only science fiction I have written is Fahrenheit 451 . It 's the art of the possible . Science fiction is the art of the possible . It could happen . It has happened . '' Discussion of genres , finding one 's voice . April 2001 ; Cosmos Learning , English Literature Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury interview `` I am not a science fiction writer . I am a fantasy writer . But the label got put on me and stuck . '' March 23 , 2005 Jump up ^ Personal lessons from futurist Ray Bradbury on crying , escaping , laughing , by Mick Mortlock ; Oregon Live , June 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury Biography Ray Bradbury Online Jump up ^ Litz , A. Walton , and Molly Weigel , eds . American Writers ( Supp. 4 , Pt. 1 ) . New York : Macmillian Library Reference. 1996 . Print . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` A Literary Legend Fights for a Local Library '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor , Author Launch Library Funding Drive '' . Los Angeles Times , October 1 , 1988 Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury Interview The Paris Review Jump up ^ Garg , Anu , A Word a Day , 2017.08. 22 , wordsmith.org Jump up ^ `` Summer Morning , Summer Night by Ray Bradbury '' . Subterranean Press . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sites from these works which still exist in Waukegan include his boyhood home , his grandparents ' home next door ( and their connecting lawns where his grandfather and he gathered dandelions to make wine ) and , less than a block away , the famous ravine which Bradbury used as a metaphor throughout his career . Jump up ^ Quoted by Kingsley Amis in New Maps of Hell : A Survey of Science Fiction ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ `` I Do Not Want to Predict the Future . I Want to Prevent It '' . Quote Investigator . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ You Bet Your Life # 55 - 35 Science fiction author Ray Bradbury ( Secret word ' House ' , May 24 , 1956 ) . YouTube . November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Ray . `` The American Journey '' . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury . `` In 1982 he created the interior metaphors for the Spaceship Earth display at Epcot Center , Disney World '' . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury . `` The images at Spaceship Earth in DisneyWorld 's EPCOT Center in Orlando ? Well , they are all Bradbury 's ideas '' . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury . `` He also serves as a consultant , having collaborated , for example , in the design of a pavilion in the Epcot Center at Walt Disney World . '' Referring to Spaceship Earth ... raybradbury.com Jump up ^ Litz , A. Walton. , and Molly V. Weigel . American Writers : a Collection of Literary Biographies . New York : Scribner , 1996 . Print Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` A Literary Legend Fights for a Local Library '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lemley , Brad ( January 8 , 1985 ) . `` Other Voices , Other Futures '' . PC Magazine . p. 133 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fahrenheit 451 becomes e-book despite author 's feelings '' . BBC News . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jablon , Robert ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fahrenheit 451 ' Author Ray Bradbury Dies at 91 '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray Bradbury , 91 , leaves a rich theatrical legacy too by David Ng ; Los Angeles Times , June 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ French , Lawrence `` Richard Matheson remembers his good friend Charles Beaumont '' , March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray Riegert , Hidden Coast of California : The Adventurer 's Guide ( Berkeley , Cal. : Ulysses Press , 1988 ) , p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph obituary '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Author Ray Bradbury dies , aged 91 '' . BBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Riddle , Warren ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Sci - Fi Author Ray Bradbury Trashes the Web '' . Switched . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blake , John ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Sci - fi legend Ray Bradbury on God , ' monsters and angels ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Interview with Ray Bradbury in IndieBound , fall 2001 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Ray , From The Dust Returned : A Novel . William Morrow , 2001 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sheila ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Ray Harryhausen obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ BAFTA Online . `` Ray Bradbury pays Tribute to Ray Harryhausen '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal ( November 12 , 1999 ) . `` Sci - Fi Great Ray Bradbury Suffers Stroke '' . E !. Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jim ( January 18 , 2002 ) . `` Ray Bradbury Still Writing At 81 '' . CBS News . Associated Press . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Ray ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Take Me Home '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting Marilyn Monroe 's grave : Resting places of the rich and famous '' . Test Pattern . MSNBC . August 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Bruce . `` CA -- Westwood -- Pierce Bros. Westwood Village Memorial Park : Ray Bradbury '' . Bruce Guthrie Photos . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Classic or Ramshackle , Old Homes in Los Angeles Are Being Bulldozed Into History '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sci - fi legend Ray Bradbury dies '' . CNN . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Russell Lissau ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ray Bradbury book collection going to Waukegan library '' . Daily Herald . ^ Jump up to : George , Lynell ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Ray Bradbury dies at 91 ; author lifted fantasy to literary heights '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tsukayama , Hayley ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Dreams of Ray Bradbury : 10 predictions that came true '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the Passing of Ray Bradbury '' . The White House . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tributes paid to sci - fi author Ray Bradbury '' . BBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Writers , filmmakers react to Ray Bradbury 's death '' . Boston Globe . Associated Press . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Ray Bradbury was a huge influence on the film world too '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Comments on the Death of Ray Bradbury . Stephen King . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Summer Morning , Summer Night , by Ray Bradbury ; PS Publishing , 2007 Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Jerry ( 2002 ) . Jerry Goldsmith : Christus Apollo ( CD ) . Telarc . Jump up ^ Jessie Lendennie , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` If Only We Had Taller Been '' . Daughter and Other Poems . Salmon Publishing . pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ In Memoriam : Ray Bradbury 1920 -- 2012 . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sam ( 2005 ) . The Bradbury Chronicles : The Life of Ray Bradbury . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 301 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054581 - X . Jump up ^ `` State fund of Television and Radio Programs '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Будет ласковый дождь ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Вельд '' , Киностудия `` Узбекфильм '' , 1987 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Мультипликационные фильмы . Творческое объединение `` Экран '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fahrenheit 451 ( 1984 game ) '' . Jump up ^ Fund , John ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Ray Bradbury , a Great Conservative '' . Nationalreview.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sam ( 2005 ) . The Bradbury Chronicles : The Life of Ray Bradbury . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 330 -- 331 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054581 - X . Jump up ^ `` Groon '' ( a poem ) by Ray Bradbury . Vimeo . Jump up ^ `` Other SFWA Awards '' Archived October 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Locus Index to SF Awards : About the Awards . Locus Publications . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' Archived July 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... SFWA . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Quote : `` Effective January 2009 , here are the new rules for the Nebula Awards . '' Jump up ^ Keilman , John ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Waukegan 's landscape , values never left Bradbury '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Distinguished Contribution to American Letters Award with his acceptance speech . Jump up ^ `` Ray Bradbury Receives Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Press release , office of Mayor Hahn , April 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woodbury mourns the passing of Ray Bradbury '' . Woodbury university . June 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime honors : National medal of the arts '' . National Endowment for the arts . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bradbury , Ray '' Archived October 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Locus Index to SF Awards : Index to Literary Nominees . Locus Publications . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement '' Archived May 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Horror Writers Association ( HWA ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master '' Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( SFWA ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Fandom : First Fandom hall of fame award '' . First Fandom . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame '' Archived May 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions , Inc . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The 2007 Pulitzer Prize Winners : Special Awards and Citations '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The US conference of mayors , 80th annual meeting : Honoring the life of Ray Bradbury '' . The US conference of mayors . June 13 -- 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen M. ( 2008 ) . `` 2008 SFPA Grandmaster '' . The Science Fiction Poetry Association . SFPA . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Eaton Awards '' . Eaton Science Fiction Conference . University of California , Riverside ( ucr.edu ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` College history : Honorary degree recipients '' . Columbia University . 2011 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MSNBC Staff ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Video from rover looks down on Mars during landing '' . MSNBC . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , Monica ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Watch Curiosity Descend onto Mars '' . SkyandTelescope.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Cole , Steve ; Webster , Guy ; Agle , D.C. ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` NASA Mars Rover Begins Driving at Bradbury Landing '' . NASA . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Curiosity Rover Twitter feed '' . Jump up ^ Bob Pool , Intersection near L.A. library named for Ray Bradbury , Los Angeles Times , December 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Oscars ' In Memoriam ' 2013 : Full list '' . MSN . Sources ( edit ) Anderson , James Arthur ( 2013 ) . The Illustrated Ray Bradbury . Wildside Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4794 - 0007 - 2 . Albright , Donn ( 1990 ) . Bradbury Bits & Pieces : The Ray Bradbury Bibliography , 1974 -- 88 . Starmont House . ISBN 1 - 55742 - 151 - X . Eller , Jonathan R. ; Touponce , William F. ( 2004 ) . Ray Bradbury : The Life of Fiction . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 779 - 1 . Eller , Jonathan R. ( 2011 ) . Becoming Ray Bradbury . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 03629 - 8 . Nolan , William F. ( 1975 ) . The Ray Bradbury Companion : A Life and Career History , Photolog , and Comprehensive Checklist of Writings . Gale Research . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 0930 - 0 . Paradowski , Robert J. ; Rhynes , Martha E. ( 2001 ) . Ray Bradbury . Salem Press . Reid , Robin Anne ( 2000 ) . Ray Bradbury : A Critical Companion . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30901 - 9 . Tuck , Donald H. ( 1974 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy . Chicago : Advent . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 0 - 911682 - 20 - 1 . Weist , Jerry ( 2002 ) . Bradbury , an Illustrated Life : A Journey to Far Metaphor . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 001182 - 3 . Weller , Sam ( 2005 ) . The Bradbury Chronicles : The Life of Ray Bradbury . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054581 - X . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRay Bradburyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Official website Center for Ray Bradbury Studies , at Indiana University Works by or about Ray Bradbury at Internet Archive Works by Ray Bradbury at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) `` Ray Bradbury collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Ray Bradbury on IMDb Ray Bradbury at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Works by Ray Bradbury at Project Gutenberg Works by Ray Bradbury at Open Library ( hide ) Ray Bradbury Bibliography Novels The Martian Chronicles ( 1950 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1953 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1957 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1962 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1972 ) Death Is a Lonely Business ( 1985 ) A Graveyard for Lunatics ( 1990 ) Green Shadows , White Whale ( 1992 ) From the Dust Returned ( 2001 ) Let 's All Kill Constance ( 2002 ) Farewell Summer ( 2006 ) Short stories `` The Scythe '' ( 1943 ) `` The Lake '' ( 1944 ) `` Frost and Fire '' ( 1946 ) `` The Million Year Picnic '' ( 1946 ) `` The Small Assassin '' ( 1946 ) `` I See You Never '' ( 1947 ) `` Fever Dream '' ( 1948 ) `` The Fruit at the Bottom of the Bowl '' ( 1948 ) `` The Long Years '' ( 1948 ) `` Mars Is Heaven ! '' ( 1948 ) `` Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed '' ( 1949 ) `` The Exiles '' ( 1949 ) `` Marionettes , Inc . '' ( 1949 ) `` The Long Rain '' ( 1950 ) `` The Rocket '' ( 1950 ) `` There Will Come Soft Rains '' ( 1950 ) `` The Veldt '' ( 1950 ) `` Ylla '' ( 1950 ) `` Embroidery '' ( 1951 ) `` The Fog Horn '' ( 1951 ) `` Here There Be Tygers '' ( 1951 ) `` The Pedestrian '' ( 1951 ) `` The April Witch '' ( 1952 ) `` A Sound of Thunder '' ( 1952 ) `` The Wilderness '' ( 1952 ) `` The Flying Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` The Golden Kite , the Silver Wind '' ( 1953 ) `` The Meadow '' ( 1953 ) `` The Murderer '' ( 1953 ) `` Sun and Shadow '' ( 1953 ) `` All Summer in a Day '' ( 1954 ) `` The Dragon '' ( 1955 ) `` The Aqueduct '' ( 1979 ) `` Banshee '' ( 1984 ) `` The Toynbee Convector '' ( 1984 ) `` Is That You , Herb ? '' ( 2003 ) Collections Dark Carnival ( 1947 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1951 ) The Golden Apples of the Sun ( 1953 ) The October Country ( 1955 ) A Medicine for Melancholy ( 1959 ) The Day It Rained Forever ( 1959 ) The Small Assassin ( 1962 ) R Is for Rocket ( 1962 ) The Machineries of Joy ( 1964 ) The Autumn People ( 1965 ) The Vintage Bradbury ( 1965 ) Tomorrow Midnight ( 1966 ) S Is for Space ( 1966 ) Twice 22 ( 1966 ) I Sing the Body Electric ( 1969 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1975 ) Long After Midnight ( 1976 ) The Fog Horn & Other Stories ( 1979 ) The Last Circus and the Electrocution ( 1980 ) The Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 1980 ) The Fog Horn and Other Stories ( 1980 ) Dinosaur Tales ( 1983 ) A Memory of Murder ( 1984 ) The Toynbee Convector ( 1988 ) Classic Stories 1 ( 1990 ) Classic Stories 2 ( 1990 ) The Parrot Who Met Papa ( 1991 ) Selected from Dark They Were , and Golden - Eyed ( 1991 ) Quicker Than the Eye ( 1996 ) Driving Blind ( 1997 ) Ray Bradbury Collected Short Stories ( 2001 ) One More for the Road ( 2002 ) Bradbury Stories : 100 of His Most Celebrated Tales ( 2003 ) The Cat 's Pajamas : Stories ( 2004 ) A Sound of Thunder and Other Stories ( 2005 ) The Dragon Who Ate His Tail ( 2007 ) Summer Morning , Summer Night ( 2007 ) A Pleasure to Burn ( 2010 ) The Collected Stories of Ray Bradbury ( 2011 , 2014 ) Plays The Meadow ( 1947 ) The Flying Machine : A One - Act Play for Three Men ( 1953 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit and Other Plays ( 1972 ) Pillar of Fire and Other Plays ( 1975 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1986 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1986 ) Fahrenheit 451 ( 1986 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1988 ) The Veldt ( 1988 ) Adaptations It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 screenplay ) `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1962 ) The Picasso Summer ( 1969 ) The Illustrated Man ( 1969 ) The Martian Chronicles ( 1980 miniseries ) The Electric Grandmother ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Bradbury 13 ( radio series , 1983 - 84 ) The Ray Bradbury Theater ( TV series , 1985 - 86 , 1988 - 92 ) The Halloween Tree ( 1993 ) Dandelion Wine ( 1997 ) The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit ( 1998 ) A Sound of Thunder ( 2005 ) Ray Bradbury 's Chrysalis ( 2008 ) The Whispers ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Futuria Fantasia ( 1939 - 1940 ) The Mummies of Guanajuato ( 1978 ) Zen in the Art of Writing ( 1990 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 2003 book ) Related Spaceship Earth Bradbury Landing Ray Bradbury Award Fuck Me , Ray Bradbury Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards ( Letters ) Love Songs by Sara Teasdale ( 1918 ) Corn Huskers by Carl Sandburg ( 1919 ) Old Road to Paradise by Margaret Widdemer ( 1919 ) Kenneth Roberts ( 1957 ) Garrett Mattingly for The Armada ( 1960 ) American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War ( 1961 ) James Thomas Flexner for George Washington , Vols . I - IV ( 1973 ) Alex Haley for Roots ( 1977 ) E.B. White ( 1978 ) Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1984 ) Art Spiegelman for Maus ( 1992 ) Edmund Morgan ( 2006 ) Ray Bradbury ( 2007 ) Complete list ( Journalism ) ( Letters ) ( Arts ) ( Service ) Saturn Award for Best Writing William Peter Blatty ( 1973 ) Ib Melchior / Harlan Ellison ( 1974 / 75 ) Jimmy Sangster ( 1976 ) George Lucas ( 1977 ) Elaine May and Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) Nicholas Meyer ( 1979 ) William Peter Blatty ( 1980 ) Lawrence Kasdan ( 1981 ) Melissa Mathison ( 1982 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1983 ) James Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd ( 1984 ) Tom Holland ( 1985 ) James Cameron ( 1986 ) Michael Miner and Edward Neumeier ( 1987 ) Gary Ross and Anne Spielberg ( 1988 ) William Peter Blatty ( 1989 / 90 ) Ted Tally ( 1991 ) James V. Hart ( 1992 ) Michael Crichton and David Koepp ( 1993 ) Jim Harrison and Wesley Strick ( 1994 ) Andrew Kevin Walker ( 1995 ) Kevin Williamson ( 1996 ) Mike Werb and Michael Colleary ( 1997 ) Andrew Niccol ( 1998 ) Charlie Kaufman ( 1999 ) David Hayter ( 2000 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2001 ) Scott Frank and Jon Cohen ( 2002 ) Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) Alvin Sargent ( 2004 ) Christopher Nolan and David S. Goyer ( 2005 ) Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris ( 2006 ) Brad Bird ( 2007 ) Christopher and Jonathan Nolan ( 2008 ) James Cameron ( 2009 ) Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Jeff Nichols ( 2011 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2012 ) Spike Jonze ( 2013 ) Christopher and Jonathan Nolan ( 2014 ) Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams , and Michael Arndt ( 2015 ) Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) World Fantasy Award -- Life Achievement Robert Bloch ( 1975 ) Fritz Leiber ( 1976 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1977 ) Frank Belknap Long ( 1978 ) Jorge Luis Borges ( 1979 ) Manly Wade Wellman ( 1980 ) C.L. Moore ( 1981 ) Italo Calvino ( 1982 ) Roald Dahl ( 1983 ) L. Sprague de Camp / Richard Matheson / E. Hoffmann Price / Jack Vance / Donald Wandrei ( 1984 ) Theodore Sturgeon ( 1985 ) Avram Davidson ( 1986 ) Jack Finney ( 1987 ) Everett F. Bleiler ( 1988 ) Evangeline Walton ( 1989 ) R.A. Lafferty ( 1990 ) Ray Russell ( 1991 ) Edd Cartier ( 1992 ) Harlan Ellison ( 1993 ) Jack Williamson ( 1994 ) Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1995 ) Gene Wolfe ( 1996 ) Madeleine L'Engle ( 1997 ) Edward L. Ferman / Andre Norton ( 1998 ) Hugh B. Cave ( 1999 ) Marion Zimmer Bradley / Michael Moorcock ( 2000 ) Frank Frazetta / Philip José Farmer ( 2001 ) Forrest J Ackerman / George H. Scithers ( 2002 ) Lloyd Alexander / Donald M. Grant ( 2003 ) Stephen King / Gahan Wilson ( 2004 ) Tom Doherty / Carol Emshwiller ( 2005 ) John Crowley / Stephen Fabian ( 2006 ) Betty Ballantine / Diana Wynne Jones ( 2007 ) Leo and Diane Dillon / Patricia A. McKillip ( 2008 ) Ellen Asher / Jane Yolen ( 2009 ) Brian Lumley / Terry Pratchett / Peter Straub ( 2010 ) Peter S. Beagle / Angélica Gorodischer ( 2011 ) Alan Garner / George R.R. Martin ( 2012 ) Susan Cooper / Tanith Lee ( 2013 ) Ellen Datlow / Chelsea Quinn Yarbro ( 2014 ) Ramsey Campbell / Sheri S. Tepper ( 2015 ) Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awards ( SFWA Grand Masters ) 1975 -- 1999 Robert A. Heinlein ( 1975 ) Jack Williamson ( 1976 ) Clifford D. Simak ( 1977 ) L. Sprague de Camp ( 1979 ) Fritz Leiber ( 1981 ) Andre Norton ( 1984 ) Arthur C. Clarke ( 1986 ) Isaac Asimov ( 1987 ) Alfred Bester ( 1988 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1989 ) Lester del Rey ( 1991 ) Frederik Pohl ( 1993 ) Damon Knight ( 1995 ) A.E. van Vogt ( 1996 ) Jack Vance ( 1997 ) Poul Anderson ( 1998 ) Hal Clement ( 1999 ) 2000 -- present Brian Aldiss ( 2000 ) Philip José Farmer ( 2001 ) Ursula K. 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Fi Fictional technology Future Future history Horror Magic realism Mecha Rubber science Science , technology and society Speculative fiction Superhero Supernatural Weird Techno - thriller Technology and society Utopian and dystopian fiction Category Portal VIAF : 12305881 LCCN : n79139258 ISNI : 0000 0003 6863 3990 GND : 118659723 SELIBR : 42556 SUDOC : 026749327 BNF : cb118937366 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90083059 ULAN : 500292267 MusicBrainz : 6b9750c5 - 04c3 - 45b4 - aef2 - 55b8c957a923 NLA : 35021120 NDL : 00434120 NKC : jn19990001008 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 007830 BNE : XX1641453 Speculative fiction portal Horror fiction portal Biography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Bradbury&oldid=818221847 '' Categories : Ray Bradbury 1920 births 2012 deaths 20th - century American novelists 20th - century male writers 21st - century American novelists American fantasy writers American horror writers American people of Swedish descent American people of English descent American science fiction writers American male screenwriters 21st - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did ray bradbury wrote his first book | [
"In 1949, Bradbury and his wife were expecting their first child. He took a Greyhound bus to New York and checked into a room at the YMCA for 50 cents a night. He took his short stories to a dozen publishers and no one wanted them. Just before getting ready to go home, Bradbury had dinner with an editor at Doubleday. When Bradbury recounted that everyone wanted a novel and he did not have one, the editor, coincidentally named Walter Bradbury, asked if the short stories might be tied together into a book-length collection. The title was the editor's idea; he suggested, \"You could call it The Martian Chronicles.\" Bradbury liked the idea and recalled making notes in 1944 to do a book set on Mars. That evening, he stayed up all night at the YMCA and typed out an outline. He took it to the Doubleday editor the next morning, who read it and wrote Bradbury a check for $750. When Bradbury returned to Los Angeles, he connected all the short stories that became The Martian Chronicles.[33]"
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5563899793563011070 | Robert Smigel | Robert Smigel - wikipedia Robert Smigel Jump to : navigation , search Robert Smigel Smigel at the 2008 San Diego Comic - Con with Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog ( 1960 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1960 ( age 57 ) New York City , New York , U.S Years active 1985 -- present Genres Insult comedy Spouse Michelle Saks Children Notable works and roles Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog Robert Smigel ( born February 7 , 1960 ) is an American actor , humorist , comedian and writer known for his Saturday Night Live `` TV Funhouse '' cartoon shorts and as the puppeteer and voice behind Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog . He also co-wrote both Hotel Transylvania films and You Do n't Mess with the Zohan , all starring Adam Sandler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Recurring characters on SNL 5 Celebrity impressions 6 Recurring characters on Late Night with Conan O'Brien 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Music video 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Smigel was born in New York City to Irwin Smigel and Lucia Smigel . He is Jewish and frequently went to Jewish summer camp . He attended Cornell University , studying pre-dental , and graduated from New York University in 1983 with a degree in political science . Smigel began developing his comedic talent at The Players Workshop in Chicago , where he studied improvisation with Josephine Forsberg . Bob Odenkirk was a fellow student there . Smigel was also a member of the Chicago comedy troupe `` All You Can Eat '' in the early 1980s . Career ( edit ) Smigel first established himself as a writer on Saturday Night Live by joining the writing staff when Lorne Michaels returned as executive producer for the 1985 -- 1986 season . Smigel was hired after then - SNL producers Al Franken and Tom Davis saw Smigel in a Chicago sketch show . After the 1985 -- 1986 season proved to be a disappointment with critics , in the ratings , and with Brandon Tartikoff ( who was planning to have SNL canceled by the last episode of season 11 due to its sliding ratings ) , Michaels fired most of the cast and writers , retained the cast and writers who were standouts during the otherwise dismal season ( Smigel being one of them ) , and hired new ones for the 1986 -- 1987 season . This is when Smigel began to write more memorable sketches , including one where host William Shatner urged worshipful attendees at a Star Trek convention to `` get a life . '' Smigel rarely appeared on screen , though he was credited as a featured player in the early 1990s and played a recurring character in the Bill Swerski 's Superfans sketches . While on a writers ' strike from Saturday Night Live following the 1987 -- 88 season , Smigel wrote for an improvisational comedy revue in Chicago with fellow SNL writers Bob Odenkirk and Conan O'Brien called Happy Happy Good Show . Smigel co-wrote Lookwell with Conan O'Brien for NBC . The pilot never went to series , but it has become a cult hit and has screened live at `` The Other Network '' , a festival of un-aired TV pilots produced by Un-Cabaret , featuring live and taped intros by Smigel . Smigel later became the first head writer at Late Night with Conan O'Brien , where he created numerous successful comedy bits , including one where Smigel performed only the lips of public figures which were superimposed on photos of the actual people . ( This technique was pioneered on the Clutch Cargo cartoon series as a cost - saving measure , and was known as Syncro - Vox . ) In 1996 , Smigel wrote and performed on the short - lived Dana Carvey Show , a primetime sketch comedy program on ABC . Despite its premature end , the show provided Smigel the opportunity to debut his first cartoon , The Ambiguously Gay Duo . Upon the show 's cancellation , Smigel continued developing more cartoon ideas the following summer and would begin airing them on Saturday Night Live under the TV Funhouse banner . Smigel would later claim , `` My whole career came out of the impulse to do cartoons on The Dana Carvey Show . '' Robert Smigel performing Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog Smigel 's most famous creation , however , would be the foul - mouthed puppet Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog , who mercilessly mocks celebrities and others in the style of a Borscht Belt comedian . This character debuted on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in February 1997 and would continue to make appearances on the show , as well as others , for many years to come . Smigel continued to establish himself on Saturday Night Live by producing short animated segments under the title TV Funhouse , which usually satirizes public figures and popular culture . It spawned a TV show on Comedy Central featuring a mix of puppets , animation , and short sketches , although only eight episodes were aired ( during the winter of 2000 -- 2001 ) . Smigel occasionally appears in films ( usually alongside SNL veterans such as Adam Sandler ) . According to interviews , Smigel helped punch up the scripts for Little Nicky and The Wedding Singer . Smigel acted alongside fellow SNL writer Bob Odenkirk in Wayne 's World 2 as a nerd backstage at an Aerosmith concert . His contributions were uncredited . In 2000 , he voiced a sage bulldog in Little Nicky . Smigel , along with Adam Sandler and Judd Apatow , wrote the script for the film You Do n't Mess with the Zohan in which Smigel played Yosi , an Israeli electronics salesman . Smigel is also one of the executive producers of the film , which is a first for him despite his frequent collaborations with Sandler . It was reported in 2006 that Smigel and Adam Sandler were working on an animated sitcom for Fox called Animals . Fox has not made any official statement regarding the show . Additionally , Smigel played a gay mailman in the Adam Sandler film I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry and Yari the Mechanic in the `` Mister Softee '' episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm . He voiced Ray and a parody of the Star Wars character , Emperor Palpatine , in the first episode of Robot Chicken Star Wars , as well as the monster 100 in the episode of the same name of Aqua Unit Patrol Squad on Cartoon Network 's ( adult swim ) . Currently living in New York , he co-wrote and co-executive produced the films Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) and Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) , in which he voiced Marty , a fake version of Dracula , and Harry Three - Eye , respectively . In the fifth season of the FX show , Louie , Smigel received a story credit on the episode `` Cop Story '' , as a similar incident as to what appears in the show actually happened to him , down to the cop crying in his apartment while Smigel went out , found the missing gun and carried it home , terrified that anyone would notice . Michael Rapaport 's character was n't based on the man Smigel knew , however , since all Smigel ever told Louis C.K. about was the gun itself . Smigel created , wrote , executive produced , and starred as Triumph the Insult Comic Dog in The Jack and Triumph Show , alongside Jack McBrayer in 2015 . It was announced in January 2016 that Smigel would be starring as Triumph in Triumph 's Election Special 2016 on Hulu the following February . Personal life ( edit ) Smigel has a wife , Michelle , and a child . They serve on the board of New York Collaborates for Autism due to their child being autistic . They are active members of ( NYCA ) , a non-profit organization founded in 2003 to address the needs of individuals and families who are living with autism . Smigel created the Night of too Many Stars , a biannual celebrity fundraiser to benefit autism education . He won an Emmy on the 2012 broadcast of Night of Too Many Stars for his writing . Recurring characters on SNL ( edit ) Carl Wollarski , from `` Bill Swerski 's Superfans '' Hank Fielding , with `` The Moron 's Perspective '' on Weekend Update One of the Hub 's Gyros employees ( aka the `` You like - ah the Juice ? '' guys ) Avi , the `` Sabra Price is Right '' announcer Bighead , in `` The Ambiguously Gay Duo '' cartoons Celebrity impressions ( edit ) Alan Dershowitz ( on SNL ) Woody Allen ( on SNL ) Al Sharpton ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Al Franken ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) William Ginsburg ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Don McLean ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Lorne Michaels ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Pat Robertson ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Michael Gross ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Thomas Mesereau ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Sinbad ( on SNL TV Funhouse cartoon ) Bob Dole ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Gene Shalit ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Joel Siegel ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Bob Ross ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Rip Torn ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Bill Walton ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Richard Nixon ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Sam Donaldson ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Hussein of Jordan ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Quentin Tarantino ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Ringo Starr ( on The Dana Carvey Show ) Recurring characters on Late Night with Conan O'Brien ( edit ) Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog `` Clutch Cargo '' celebrity interviews ( Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Don King , Bob Dole , etc . ) One of the `` Nicknames for Conan '' guys ( aka the `` Conan the Barbarian '' guys ) One of the `` Ameri - clan '' guys ( with Doug Dale , Louis CK and Dino Stamatopoulos ) Voice of `` The Late Night Emergency Guest '' mannequin Gibberish Speaking Ronald Reagan on the Phone Ira , Conan 's publicist Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 Wayne 's World 2 Concert Nerd 1995 Billy Madison Mr. Oblaski Happy Gilmore IRS Agent 1998 Tomorrow Night Mail Room Guy with Glasses The Wedding Singer Andre 2000 Little Nicky Mr. Beefy ( voice ) 2002 Punch - Drunk Love Walter the Dentist 2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Mailman 2008 You Do n't Mess with the Zohan Yosi Also co-writer and producer 2011 Jack and Jill N / A Executive producer 2012 Hotel Transylvania Fake Dracula / Marty ( voices ) Also co-writer and executive producer This Is 40 Barry 2015 Pixels White House Reporter # 2 Hotel Transylvania 2 Marty / Harry Three - Eye / Navigator ( voices ) Also co-writer and executive producer 2016 The Do - Over Doctor 2017 Too Funny to Fail Himself Documentary 2018 The Week Of Co-writer and director Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 -- 2013 Saturday Night Live Various Writer , producer Superman 50th Anniversary Special The Brainwave 1991 Lookwell N / A Television pilot ; co-writer 1993 Late Night with Conan O'Brien Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Also writer and producer 1995 Howie Mandel 's Sunny Skies Phillip 1 episode The Dana Carvey Show Various Writer 1999 LateLine Pearce Dummy Episode : `` Pearce on Conan '' 2000 ShortCuts Clive Barnes Episode : `` Food '' 2000 -- 2001 TV Funhouse Various ( voices ) Also creator , writer , and producer 2002 It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) 2003 -- 2007 Crank Yankers Lawer / Samir / John Tierney Three episodes 2003 -- 2017 Night of Too Many Stars Himself / Triumph the Insult Comic Dog Television specials ; also writer and executive producer Space Ghost Coast to Coast Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Episode : `` Dreams '' 2005 Arrested Development Motherboy Member Episode : `` Motherboy XXX '' 2007 Robot Chicken : Star Wars Palpatine Parody / Ray ( voices ) 2008 Lewis Black 's Root of All Evil Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Episode : `` NRA vs PETA '' 2009 -- 2010 The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) 3 episodes Aqua Teen Hunger Force One Hundred Episode : `` One Hundred '' 2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm Yari Episode : `` Mister Softee '' 2011 -- 2016 Conan Various 11 episodes 2012 -- 2015 Bob 's Burgers Security Guard 2 episodes 2013 The Aquabats ! Super Show ! Krampus ( voice ) Episode : `` Christmas with the Aquabats ! '' 2015 The Jack and Triumph Show Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Also creator , writer , and executive producer Louie N / A Episode : `` Cop Story '' ; story The Jim Gaffigan Show Cory Episode : `` Red Velvet If You Please '' 2016 Triumph 's Election Special 2016 Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Television special ; also writer and executive producer Portlandia Jarvis Episode : `` Lance Is Smart '' Triumph 's Summer Election Special 2016 Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Television special ; also writer and executive producer Triumph 's Election Watch 2016 Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Miniseries ; also writer and executive producer Music video ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 `` Ass Like That '' Triumph the Insult Comic Dog ( voice ) Music video Further reading ( edit ) DiGiacomo , Frank . `` Triumph Sniffs a Hit '' . The New York Observer ( October 20 , 2003 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Rober Smigal '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Nate ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Jewish Stars '' . Cleveland Jewish News . Jump up ^ https://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/robert-smigel-556-v17n10 Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone Magazine : Robert Smigel 's Dog Days '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.nyu.edu/alumni.magazine/issue10/10_culture_snl.html Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( August 4 , 2004 ) . `` Robert Smigel Interview '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : Anjelica Huston & Billy Martin : 05 / 24 / 86 '' . Snltranscripts.jt.org . May 24 , 1986 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ? Good ? Conan 's big Chicago show '' . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation : TV & Broadcast -- The Dana Carvey Show '' . J.J. Sedelmaier Productions . 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Steve Interview -- Dana Carvey and Robert Smigel The A.V. Club ( June 15 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 5 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ West , Kelly ( 2 October 2006 ) . `` Smigel And Sandler Team Up For A New Fox Animated Series '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1640888/ Jump up ^ http://www.hitfix.com/whats-alan-watching/how-louie-got-a-shorter-season-because-louis-ck-got-high#c26jcPl3TElThwXL.99 Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon . `` Triumph the Insult Comic Dog to Host Hulu Election Special Read more : https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/news/triumph-the-insult-comic-dog-to-host-hulu-election-special-20160121 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.nyc4a.org/boardofdirectors Jump up ^ `` At autism fund - raiser , too many funny ' Stars ' '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big Wins and Brief Moments at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards - Los Angeles Magazine '' . Los Angeles Magazine . 2013 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Robert Smigel on IMDb Interview with The A.V. Club Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( 1980 -- 89 ) Buz Kohan ( 1980 ) Jerry Juhl , Chris Langham and David Odell ( 1981 ) Jeffrey Barron , Dick Blasucci , John Candy , Chris Cluess , Bob Dolman , Joe Flaherty , Paul Flaherty , Stuart Kreisman , Eugene Levy , Andrea Martin , John McAndrew , Brian McConnachie , Rick Moranis , Catherine O'Hara , Mert Rich , Michael Short , Doug Steckler and Dave Thomas ( 1982 ) Dick Blasucci , John Candy , Bob Dolman , Joe Flaherty , Paul Flaherty , Eugene Levy , Andrea Martin , John McAndrew , Martin Short , Michael Short , Doug Steckler and Mary Charlotte Wilcox ( 1983 ) Chris Elliott , Sanford Frank , Ted Greenberg , David Letterman , Merrill Markoe , Jeff Martin , Gerard Mulligan , Steve O'Donnell , Joe Toplyn , Matt Wickline and David Yazbek ( 1984 ) Randy Cohen , Kevin Curran , Chris Elliott , Sandy Frank , Eddie Gorodetsky , Fred Graver , Larry Jacobson , David Letterman , Merrill Markoe , Jeff Martin , Gerard Mulligan , Joe Toplyn and Matt Wickline ( 1985 ) Randy Cohen , Kevin Curran , Chris Elliott , Sandy Frank , Fred Graver , Larry Jacobson , David Letterman , Merrill Markoe , Jeff Martin , Gerard Mulligan , Steve O'Donnell , Joe Toplyn and Matt Wickline ( 1986 ) Randy Cohen , Kevin Curran , Chris Elliott , Sandy Frank , Fred Graver , Larry Jacobson , David Letterman , Jeff Martin , Gerard Mulligan , Steve O'Donnell , Adam Resnick , Joe Toplyn and Matt Wickline ( 1987 ) Jackie Mason ( 1988 ) John Bowman , A. Whitney Brown , Greg Daniels , Tom Davis , James Downey , Al Franken , Shannon Gaughan , Jack Handey , Phil Hartman , George Meyer , Lorne Michaels , Mike Myers , Conan O'Brien , Bob Odenkirk , Herb Sargent , Tom Schiller , Robert Smigel , Bonnie Turner , Terry Turner and Christine Zander ( 1989 ) Complete list ( 1957 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2000 ) Eric Drysdale , Jim Earl , Dan Goor , Charlie Grandy , J.R. Havlan , Tom Johnson , Kent Jones , Paul Mecurio , Chris Regan , Allison Silverman and Jon Stewart ( 2001 ) Doug Abeles , James Anderson , Max Brooks , James Downey , Tina Fey , Hugh Fink , Charlie Grandy , Jack Handey , Steve Higgins , Erik Kenward , Dennis McNicholas , Lorne Michaels , Matt Murray , Paula Pell , Matt Piedmont , Ken Scarborough , Michael Schur , Frank Sebastiano , T. Sean Shannon , Robert Smigel , Emily Spivey , Andrew Steele and Scott Wainio ( 2002 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Tom Johnson , Ben Karlin , Rob Kutner , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2003 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Stephen Colbert , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Ben Karlin , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2004 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Stephen Colbert , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Ben Karlin , Rob Kutner , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Rachel Axler , Kevin Bleyer , Tim Carvell , Stephen Colbert , Eric Drysdale , J.R. Havlan , Scott Jacobson , David Javerbaum , Ben Karlin , Rob Kutner , Sam Means , Chris Regan , Jason Reich , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) Chris Albers , Jose Arroyo , Dan Cronin , Kevin Dorff , Dan Goor , Michael Gordon , Berkley Johnson , Brian Kiley , Michael Koman , Tim Harrod , Brian McCann , Guy Nicolucci , Conan O'Brien , Brian Stack , Mike Sweeney and Andrew Weinberg ( 2007 ) Bryan Adams , Michael Brumm , Stephen Colbert , Richard Dahm , Eric Drysdale , Rob Dubbin , Glenn Eichler , Peter Grosz , Peter Gwinn , Barry Julien , Laura Krafft , Jay Katsir , Frank Lesser , Tom Purcell , Meredith Scardino and Allison Silverman ( 2008 ) Rory Albanese , Rachel Axler , Kevin Bleyer , Rich Blomquist , Steve Bodow , Tim Carvell , Wyatt Cenac , J.R. Havlan , David Javerbaum , Elliott Kalan , Rob Kutner , Josh Lieb , Sam Means , John Oliver , Jason Ross and Jon Stewart ( 2009 ) Complete list ( 1957 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 38145809 ISNI : 0000 0001 1567 3935 SUDOC : 177324538 BNF : cb162630965 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Smigel&oldid=821373813 '' Categories : 1960 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American puppeteers American television writers Autism activists Cornell University alumni Jewish American male actors Jewish American writers Living people Male actors from Chicago Male actors from New York City Male television writers Primetime Emmy Award winners Steinhardt School of Culture , Education , and Human Development alumni Writers Guild of America Award winners Jewish American comedians Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from December 2013 Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice for triumph the insult dog | [
"Robert Smigel (born February 7, 1960) is an American actor, humorist, comedian and writer known for his Saturday Night Live \"TV Funhouse\" cartoon shorts and as the puppeteer and voice behind Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog. He also co-wrote both Hotel Transylvania films and You Don't Mess with the Zohan, all starring Adam Sandler."
] | [
"Robert Smigel"
] |
3411122054458827523 | Nintendo video game consoles | Nintendo video Game consoles - wikipedia Nintendo video Game consoles A size comparison of the ( top to bottom ) Wii , Nintendo GameCube , Nintendo 64 , North American SNES and NES The Japanese multinational consumer electronics company Nintendo has developed seven home video game consoles and multiple portable consoles for use with external media , as well as dedicated consoles and other hardware for their consoles . As of September 30 , 2015 , Nintendo has sold over 722.22 million hardware units . Although the company had earlier released Color TV Game and Game & Watch , which were their first and second systems respectfully , they did not achieve worldwide success until the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) in 1983 . The NES restarted the video game industry after the video game crash of 1983 , and was an international success . In 1989 , Nintendo released the Game Boy , which became the first handheld console to sell in large numbers . In the early 1990s , Nintendo 's market lead began to decrease ; although the 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) was a strong seller , the Mega Drive / Genesis was a very strong contender . Nintendo and Sega would both lose a significant portion of the console market towards the end of the 1990s , as Sony Computer Entertainment 's PlayStation became the most popular console , beating the Nintendo 64 , though Nintendo managed to sell more than Sega Saturn . The Dreamcast , released in 1999 , PlayStation 2 , released in 2000 , and Microsoft 's Xbox , released in 2001 , would eventually relegate Nintendo to third place in the international market , despite the release of the GameCube . However , they retained their lead in the handheld console market , with the Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance models . Towards the middle of the 2000s , Nintendo introduced the first successful handheld device with a touch screen ( DS ) and the first successful console designed for motion controlled inputs ( the Wii ) ; they became some of the best - selling consoles of all time . In 2010 , Nintendo became the first major company to release a handheld game console with stereoscopic 3D capabilities , with the 3DS , which had very strong sales from the beginning . The Wii U , released in 2012 , was much less successful , and sales were significantly lower than predicted . The company 's most recent console , Nintendo Switch , was released in March 2017 and has now surpassed the entire lifetime sales of the Wii U . Contents 1 Home consoles 1.1 Color TV - Game 1.2 Nintendo Entertainment System 1.3 Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1.4 Nintendo 64 1.5 Nintendo GameCube 1.6 Wii 1.7 Wii U 1.8 Nintendo Switch 2 Portable consoles 2.1 Game & Watch 2.2 Game Boy 2.3 Virtual Boy 2.4 Game Boy Color 2.5 Game Boy Advance 2.6 Nintendo DS 2.7 Nintendo 3DS 2.8 Nintendo Switch 3 Other hardware 4 References Home consoles ( edit ) One of five Color TV - Game consoles Color TV - Game ( edit ) Main article : Color TV - Game The Color TV - Game is a series of five dedicated home consoles released only in Japan . Each of the consoles contained a small number of games and a built - in controller . In total , approximately 4 million units were sold . The Color TV - Game series consists of : Color TV - Game 6 , released June 1 , 1977 , with six variations of Pong : Tennis , Hockey , and Volleyball in Singles or Doubles mode . Sold approximately 1 million units . Color TV - Game 15 , released June 8 , 1978 , with 15 variations of Pong . This was the most popular console in the series , selling just over 1 million units . Color TV - Game Racing 112 , released June 8 , 1978 , with a racing game . Notable for being the first Nintendo project that Shigeru Miyamoto worked on . Sold approximately half a million units . Color TV - Game Block Breaker , released April 23 , 1979 , with a game based on Breakout . Sold approximately half a million units . Computer TV - Game , released in 1980 , with Computer Othello . Sold in limited quantities . Nintendo Entertainment System ( edit ) The Nintendo Entertainment System Main article : Nintendo Entertainment System Released July 15 , 1983 , the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) is an 8 - bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America , South America , Europe , Asia , Oceania and Africa and was Nintendo 's first home video game console released outside Japan . In Japan , it is known as the `` Family Computer '' ( or `` Famicom '' , as it is commonly abbreviated ) . Selling 61.91 million units worldwide , the NES helped revitalize the video game industry following the video game crash of 1983 and set the standard for subsequent consoles in everything from game design to business practices . The NES was the first console for which the manufacturer openly courted third - party developers . Many of Nintendo 's most iconic franchises , such as The Legend of Zelda and Metroid were started on the NES . Nintendo continued to repair Famicom consoles in Japan until October 31 , 2007 , attributing the decision to discontinue support to an increasing shortage of the necessary parts . Nintendo released a software - emulation - based version of the Nintendo Entertainment System on November 10 , 2016 . Called the NES Classic Edition , it is a dedicated console that comes with a single controller and 30 preloaded games . Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( edit ) North American version of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System Main article : Super Nintendo Entertainment System Released November 21 , 1990 , The Super Nintendo Entertainment System , officially abbreviated the Super NES or SNES and colloquially shortened to Super Nintendo , is a 16 - bit video game console released by Nintendo in North America , South America , Europe , Asia , Oceania and Africa . In Japan it is known as the Super Famicom . In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . The Super NES was Nintendo 's second home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System . Whereas the earlier console had struggled in the PAL region and large parts of Asia , the Super NES was a global success , albeit one that could not match its predecessor 's popularity in Northeast Asia and North America -- due in part to increased competition from Sega 's Genesis console ( released in Europe as the Mega Drive ) . Despite its relatively late start , the Super NES became the best selling console of the 16 - bit era , selling 49.10 million systems worldwide . The Super NES library is known for upgrading some of Nintendo 's most famous franchises , and making the games even more critically acclaimed , such as Super Metroid , The Legend of Zelda : A Link to the Past , Final Fantasy IV and VI , Donkey Kong Country and Super Mario World , as well starting some popular franchises such as Star Fox and Mega Man X . Nintendo 64 ( edit ) The Nintendo 64 Main article : Nintendo 64 Released June 23 , 1996 , The Nintendo 64 , commonly called the N64 , and codenamed Ultra 64 , was Nintendo 's third home video game console for the international market . It was released with three launch games in Japan ( Super Mario 64 , Pilotwings 64 and Saikyo Habu Shogi ) and two in North America ( Super Mario 64 and Pilotwings 64 ) . PAL regions also had three launch titles ( Super Mario 64 , Shadows of the Empire and Pilotwings 64 ) with Turok : Dinosaur Hunter delayed until three days after launch . Other key games included Donkey Kong 64 , Diddy Kong Racing , Banjo - Kazooie , two games in The Legend of Zelda series , GoldenEye 007 , Mario Kart 64 , Super Smash Bros. and Star Fox 64 . The Nintendo 64 sold 32.93 million systems . Nintendo GameCube ( edit ) The GameCube Main article : GameCube The Nintendo GameCube ( commonly shortened to GameCube , NGC or GCN ) was released in 2001 . It was Nintendo 's sixth generation game console , the same generation as Sega 's Dreamcast , Sony 's PlayStation 2 and Microsoft 's Xbox . Until the console 's unveiling at SpaceWorld 2000 , the design project was known as Dolphin -- this can still be seen in the console and its accessories ' model numbers . The GameCube is the most compact sixth generation console . The GameCube is Nintendo 's first game console to use optical discs rather than game cartridges . An agreement with the optical drive manufacturer Matsushita led to a DVD - playing GameCube system named the Panasonic Q , which was only released in Japan . Much of Nintendo 's core line - up centered on sequels to their established hit franchises such as Super Mario Sunshine , Super Smash Bros. Melee , The Legend of Zelda : Wind Waker , Metroid Prime , Pokémon Colosseum and Star Fox Adventures , while new franchises like Animal Crossing and Pikmin were born , although the former franchise had seen a Japan - exclusive release on the N64 . The GameCube has sold 21.74 million units . Wii ( edit ) The Wii Main article : Wii The Wii was released on November 19 , 2006 as Nintendo 's seventh - generation home console . Nintendo designed the console to appeal towards a wider audience than those of its main competitors , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , including `` casual '' players and audiences that were new to video games . These aims were emphasized by the console 's distinguishing feature , the Wii Remote -- a handheld motion controller that can detect motion and rotation in three dimensions , using a mixture of internal sensors and infrared positioning . The controller includes an expansion port that can be used to connect other accessories , such as the Nunchuk -- an attachment with an analog stick and additional buttons , a `` Classic Controller '' gamepad providing a traditional control scheme , and Wii MotionPlus -- an accessory designed to enhance the motion detection capabilities of the original Wii Remote models . The Wii 's internal hardware is an updated derivative of that of the GameCube ; in comparison to its seventh - generation competitors , the Wii had lower overall graphics capabilities , and does not output in high - definition . The Wii also featured internet - enabled features ; the Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection service allowed supported games to offer online multiplayer and other features , while the WiiConnect24 feature allowed messages and updates to be downloaded while the console was in standby . Through Wii Shop Channel , additional games and apps can be downloaded or purchased for the console , including Virtual Console -- a selection of classic video games emulated from older consoles . Early models of the Wii also had backwards compatibility with GameCube games and controllers , but this was dropped from later hardware revisions . The Wii was a major success for Nintendo ; in April 2007 , the Wall Street Journal declared that Nintendo had `` become the company to beat in the games business '' , citing the success of the Wii and the portable Nintendo DS line . As of December 31 , 2013 , the Wii had sold 100.90 million units worldwide . Wii Sports -- a collection of sports minigames that were designed to leverage the Wii Remote , was bundled with the console outside of Japan , and had a major cultural impact as the console 's `` killer app '' among the mainstream audience . Wii U ( edit ) Main article : Wii U The Wii U and GamePad . The Wii U was released on November 18 , 2012 as a direct successor to the Wii , and the first entry in the eighth generation of home video game consoles . The Wii U 's distinguishing hardware feature is the GamePad , a tablet - like controller which contains a touchscreen that wirelessly streams a video output from the console . The GamePad 's display can be used to provide alternative or complimentary perspectives within a game , or as the main display in lieu of a television . In particular , Nintendo promoted the concept of `` asymmetric '' multiplayer , where a player with the GamePad would have a different objective and perspective than that of other players . Alongside the GamePad , the Wii U supports Wii controllers and games . A conventional gamepad known as the Wii U Pro Controller was also released . The Wii U features more - extensive online functionality than the Wii , using the Nintendo Network platform ; as with the Wii , it supports online multiplayer and downloading and purchasing new games and apps , but also allows video chat . It previously featured an internal social network known as Miiverse , which allowed users to write and draw posts in game - specific communities , the service was discontinued on November 8 , 2017 . Nintendo also attempted to provide second screen experiences for television programming for the Wii U through a feature known as Nintendo TVii , but it was discontinued outside of Japan in August 2015 . Unlike the Wii , the Wii U 's hardware is capable of high - definition graphics . The Wii U received an initially tepid response , credited to a weak launch lineup , diminishing third - party commitment to the platform , as well as the subsequent release of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One the following year . However , some critics argued that the Wii U still had advantages over PS4 and Xbox One , including its lower cost and notable early exclusives such as Super Mario 3D World . Sales steadily increased following the release of several notable first - party exclusives , including new entries in the Mario Kart and Super Smash Bros. franchises , and the new franchise Splatoon . In January 2017 , a Nintendo spokesperson stated that production of the console had ended , with just 13.94 million units sold . Nintendo Switch ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo Switch The Nintendo Switch . The Nintendo Switch was released on March 3 , 2017 and is Nintendo 's second entry in the eighth generation of home video game consoles . It is a hybrid device that can be used as a home console inserted to the Nintendo Switch Dock attached to a television , stood up on a table with the kickstand , or as a tablet - like portable console . It features two detachable wireless controllers called Joy - Con , that can be used individually or attached to a grip to provide a more traditional game pad form . Both Joy - Con are built with motion sensors and HD Rumble , Nintendo 's haptic vibration feedback system for improved gameplay experiences . However , only the right Joy - Con has an NFC reader on its analog joystick for Amiibo and an IR sensor on the back . The Nintendo Switch Pro Controller is a traditional style controller much like the one of the Gamecube . The console 's reveal trailer premiered on October 20 , 2016 and showcased the hybrid functionality of the system as well as footage from The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild and from potential new titles in the Super Mario , Mario Kart , and Splatoon franchises . These unknown games were later announced to be Super Mario Odyssey , Mario Kart 8 Deluxe , and Splatoon 2 respectively . The Nintendo Switch has sold 17.79 million units as of March 31 , 2018 . Portable consoles ( edit ) Game & Watch ( edit ) The Donkey Kong 2 Game & Watch Main article : Game & Watch The Game & Watch series were handheld electronic games made by Nintendo and created by its game designer Gunpei Yokoi from 1980 to 1991 . Most featured a single game that could be played on an LCD screen , in addition to a clock and an alarm . Most titles had a `` GAME A '' and a `` GAME B '' button . Game B is usually a faster , more difficult version of Game A. Different models were manufactured , with some consoles having two screens ( the Multiscreen Series ) and a clam - shell design . The Nintendo DS later reused this design . The Game & Watch made handhelds vastly popular . Many toy companies followed in the footsteps of Game & Watch , such as Tiger Electronics and their Star Wars themed games . Nintendo 's Game & Watch units were eventually superseded by the original Game Boy . Each Game & Watch was only able to play one game , due to the use of a segmented LCD display being pre-printed with an overlay . The speed and responsiveness of the games was also limited by the time it took the LCD to change state . The Game & Watch sold over 80 million units worldwide . The original Game Boy Game Boy ( edit ) Main article : Game Boy The Game Boy was the first handheld game console sold by Nintendo that featured interchangeable cartridges for each game , unlike the Game & Watch that had a different system for each game . Released in 1989 in Japan , it is one of the world 's best - selling game console lines , with over 100 million units sold worldwide . The classic Game Boy was sold in a number of different revisions and variations , including the streamlined Game Boy Pocket and the Game Boy Light in Japan . In 1998 , Nintendo released the Game Boy Color , a new Game Boy platform with color graphics . Combined , the Game Boy and Game Boy Color sold 118.69 million units worldwide . Virtual Boy ( edit ) Main article : Virtual Boy The Virtual Boy Nintendo 's Virtual Boy ( also known as the VR - 32 during development ) was the first portable game console capable of displaying true 3D graphics . Most video games are forced to use monocular cues to achieve the illusion of three dimensions on a two - dimensional screen , but the Virtual Boy was able to create a more accurate illusion of depth through an effect known as parallax . The Nintendo 3DS also uses this technology . In a manner similar to using a head - mounted display , the user looks into an eyepiece made of neoprene on the front of the machine , and then an eyeglass - style projector allows viewing of the monochromatic ( in this case , red ) image . It was released on July 21 , 1995 in Japan and August 14 , 1995 in North America and at a price of around US $180 . It met with a lukewarm reception that was unaffected by continued price drops . Exactly 14 titles were released for Virtual Boy in North America , but only a few were met with positive reception . The system is rarely mentioned by Nintendo , however it is seen through microgames in WarioWare games . Nintendo discontinued the Virtual Boy within a few months of release . Game Boy Color - Dandelion Game Boy Color ( edit ) Main article : Game Boy Color In 1998 , Nintendo introduced the Game Boy Color as the successor to the original Game Boy . It features a color screen and an 8 - bit processor and a custom Zilog Z80 central processing unit . It was made to compete with the WonderSwan Color and the Neo Geo Pocket . Its best selling game was Pokémon Gold and Silver series . The original Game Boy Advance Game Boy Advance ( edit ) Main article : Game Boy Advance The Game Boy Advance SP In 2001 , Nintendo introduced the Game Boy Advance , the first major technological upgrade to the Game Boy line . Nintendo later released two revised models of the Game Boy Advance , the Game Boy Advance SP and the Game Boy Micro . The Game Boy Advance SP features a smaller clamshell design , and introduced a built - in screen light and rechargeable battery which became standard features for future Nintendo handhelds . The Game Boy Micro is an even smaller variant with interchangeable designer faceplates . The three Game Boy Advance models have sold 81.51 million units worldwide . The Nintendo DS Lite Nintendo DS ( edit ) Main articles : Nintendo DS , Nintendo DS Lite , Nintendo DSi , and Nintendo DS line The Nintendo DS ( abbreviated NDS , DS , or the full name Nintendo Dual Screen , and iQue DS in China ) is a handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo , released in 2004 . It is visibly distinguishable by its horizontal clamshell design , and the presence of two displays , the lower of which acts as a touchscreen . The system also has a built - in microphone and supports wireless IEEE 802.11 ( Wi - Fi ) standards , allowing players to interact with each other within short range ( 10 -- 30 meters , depending on conditions ) or over the Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection service via a standard Wi - Fi access point . According to Nintendo , the letters `` DS '' in the name stand for `` Developers ' System '' and `` Double Screen '' , the former of which refers to the features of the handheld designed to encourage innovative gameplay ideas among developers . The system was known as `` Project Nitro '' during development . On March 2 , 2006 , Nintendo released the Nintendo DS Lite , a redesigned model of the Nintendo DS , in Japan . It was later released in North America , Australia and Europe . As of December 31 , 2013 , Nintendo DS consoles have sold 154.98 million units , including 93.86 million Nintendo DS Lites . A second redesign of the Nintendo DS , the Nintendo DSi , was released on November 1 , 2008 , in Japan , on April 2 , 2009 in Australia , April 3 , 2009 in Europe , and April 5 , 2009 in North America . It contains two cameras and downloadable software capabilities , plus a built - in flash memory and web browser . An SD card slot replaces the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot . A similar model , known as the Nintendo DSi XL , was released in 2010 . It features the same configurations as its predecessor , but is slightly larger and features a large stylus designed for home use . As of December 31 , 2013 , Nintendo DSi consoles have sold 41.33 million units . Nintendo 3DS ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo 3DS The Nintendo 3DS Although the name and look of the device are similar to that of the DS series , the Nintendo 3DS ( or shortly 3DS ) is the successor to the DS and a brand new console . It contains three cameras , two on the outside ( for 3D photographs ) and one internal one above the top screen . The bottom screen is a touch screen comparable to the DS bottom screens , and the top screen is Wide Screen and an autostereoscopic 3D LCD . Autostereoscopy is a process that sends different images to the left and right eyes to enable the viewer to view the screen in 3D `` without the need for special glasses '' . The 3DS is said to enhance Nintendo 's online experience . In 2012 , the 3DS XL was released , similar to the change between the DSi and DSi XL . It has 90 % larger screens and design changes such as a matte finish and the stylus in a more accessible area . The 2DS was released on October 12 , 2013 . It is a variant designed to be affordable without the clamshell design or 3D capabilities of the 3DS . Another redesign , the New Nintendo 3DS , was released in Japan in October 2014 , Australia for November 2014 , and everywhere else in February 2015 . It includes a C - Stick , ZR and ZL shoulder buttons , and a faster CPU , allowing for more software specifically for the New Nintendo 3DS ( such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D ) . Like the original 3DS , the New Nintendo 3DS also has an XL form . As of December 31 , 2013 , Nintendo has sold 42.74 million units , including 15.21 million Nintendo 3DS XLs and 2.11 million Nintendo 2DS units. . The latest handheld console from Nintendo is the New Nintendo 2DS XL , which was released in July 2017 across five different countries . Nintendo Switch ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo Switch The Nintendo Switch The Nintendo Switch is a hybrid home and portable console . More information can be found in the home consoles section of this article . Other hardware ( edit ) Pokémon mini Game Boy Camera -- a monochrome camera cartridge for the original version of the Game Boy which includes a picture editor and the ability to print pictures via Game Boy Printer Satellaview -- only released in Japan , an add - on for the Super Famicom ( Japanese SNES ) which allowed anyone to download games by a satellite Game Boy Player -- an adapter for playing Game Boy games on the GameCube Game Boy Printer -- an adapter designed for printing things from the Game Boy onto adhesive stickers . For example , it was used for printing out Game Boy Camera pictures and Pokémon information from the Pokédex in the Game Boy Pokémon games . iQue Player -- a version of the Nintendo 64 , with double the clock speed and downloadable games , released only in China iQue DS -- a version of the Nintendo DS released only in China Nintendo 64DD -- only released in Japan , this add - on system 's games are on rewritable magnetic disks . Games released include a paint and 3D construction package , F - Zero X Expansion Kit , for creating new F - Zero X tracks , a sequel to the SNES version of SimCity , SimCity 64 and others . Pokémon Mini -- unveiled in London at Christmas 2000 , the Pokémon Mini was Nintendo 's cheapest console ever produced ; with games costing £ 10 ( $15 ) each , and the consoles costing £ 30 ( $45 ) . This remains the smallest cartridge - based games console ever made . Sales of this console were mostly poor . Mobile System GB -- released in Japan on December 14 , 2000 . The Mobile System is an adapter to play Game Boy Color games on mobile phones . Pokémon Crystal was the first game to take advantage of the Mobile System . The player can hook an adapter to their Game Boy and connect it to a mobile phone which people can receive news , trade , and battle with other players across Japan . Pokémon Pikachu -- a handheld device similar to the popular Tamagotchi toy which allows the user to take care of Pikachu in the manner of a pet Super Game Boy -- adapter for playing Game Boy games on the Super NES , displayed in color Triforce -- an arcade system based on GameCube hardware , developed in partnership with Sega and Namco Yakuman -- a handheld mahjong game released in 1983 GameCube Microphone -- used in Karaoke Revolution Party , Mario Party 6 , Mario Party 7 and Odama for the GameCube . It recognizes basic sounds and incorporates them into gameplay . Nintendo Gateway -- a proprietary hardware / software console available on commercial aircraft and hotel properties , providing shopping , information , and interactive entertainment Panasonic Q -- a version of the GameCube which could play DVDs developed by Panasonic Pokéwalker -- a Pedometer used in Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver that can be used to enhance your Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver game by giving some special Pokémon and items as well as other added benefits that reward depending on how many steps one can take . Activity Meter -- an Infrared ( IR ) Pedometer for use the Nintendo DS game , Personal Trainer : Walking Fit Meter -- a portable accessory for use with the Wii U game , Wii Fit U , that tracks the number of steps taken and the elevation climbed . Can be synced with the game using the Wii U GamePad . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Iwata Asks : Game & Watch '' . Nintendo of America . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ; Eddy , Andy ( 1999 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Zapped an American Industry , Captured Your Dollars , and Enslaved Your Children . GamePress . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9669617 - 0 - 6 . Nintendo entered the home market in Japan with the dramatic unveiling of Color TV - Game 6 , which played six versions of light tennis . It was followed by a more powerful sequel , Color TV - Game 15 . A million units of each were sold . The engineering team also came up with systems that played a more complex game , called `` Blockbuster , '' as well as a racing game . Half a million units of these were sold . Jump up ^ 初代 「 ファミコン 」 など 公式 修理 サポート 終了 . ITmedia News ( in Japanese ) . ITmedia. 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ RyanDG ( 2007 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Nintendo of Japan dropping Hardware support for the Famicom '' . Arcade Renaissance . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 's classic Famicom faces end of road '' . AFP . 2007 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original ( Reprint ) on 2007 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nintendo . `` NES Classic Edition '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Schiesel , Seth ( 2006 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Getting Everybody Back in the Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo hopes Wii spells wiinner '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Casamassina , Matt ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Revolution 's Horsepower '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nick Wingfield and Yukari Iwatani Kane , Wii and DS Turn Also - Ran Nintendo Into Winner in Videogames Business , Wall Street Journal , April 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ Boyes , Emma ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Study : Wii kids lose weight '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Iwata : Wii Sports 2 benched for now '' . GameSpot. 2007 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) , The surprising ( mundane ) tech behind the Wii U 's magical GamePad , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 ^ Jump up to : `` Wii U review '' . Polygon. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric . `` Nintendo Unveils Wii U , Controller With Built - In 6.2 '' Touchscreen `` . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jon Fingas ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Nintendo : two Wii U Gamepads will work on one system '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Unveils Hardcore Wii U Controller '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Wii U Adds Video Chat '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U allows 12 user accounts per system , eShop downloads playable by all '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U 's online gaming and ' Miiverse ' outlined , including video chat and web client '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo reveals English version of ' Mii WaraWara ' : the WaraWara Plaza '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo TVii for Wii U Hands - On '' . IGN . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo TVii Streams Video , DVR , Live TV to Wii U '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo shutting down Wii U TVii service in August '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` What the Hell Is Wrong With Nintendo ? '' . Wired . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nowak , Peter ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Year in review : The biggest tech flops of 2013 '' . CBC News . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox or PS4 ? Maybe that 's the wrong question '' . CNET . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( November 24 , 2013 ) . `` Mario Tries to Rescue His Console '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo says Wii U just had its biggest month of sales '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Mario Kart 8 Sells 1.2 Million , Becoming Wii U 's Fastest - Selling Game '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo at E3 : A comeback is always just a game away '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` Splatoon is Wii U 's fastest - selling new franchise in UK '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Wii U Production Ends Worldwide '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5uik5fgIaI Jump up ^ Kerr , Chris . `` Lifetime Switch sales have surpassed 17M units '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Game Console Warfare : Game Boy '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Umezu ; Sugino . `` Nintendo 3DS ( Volume 3 -- Nintendo 3DS Hardware Concept ) '' . Iwata Asks ( Interview : Transcript ) . Interviewed by Satoru Iwata . Nintendo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` GBC Hardware Info '' . The Internet . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Platinum Game Chart '' . The Magic Box . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` US Platinum Videogame Chart '' . The Magic Box . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo DS Frequently Asked Questions '' . Nintendo . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Other Stuff . DieHard GameFan . Volume 1 . Issue 12 . No. 12 . P. 163 . November 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway System Gets Shanghaied '' . GamePro ( 56 ) . IDG . March 1994 . p. 186 . Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 S - APU GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista Allwinner R16 List of products Video game consoles Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- present ) Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Nintendo Presidents Fusajiro Yamauchi ( 1889 -- 1929 ) Sekiryo Kaneda ( 1929 -- 1949 ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( 1949 -- 2002 ) Satoru Iwata ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Tatsumi Kimishima ( 2015 -- 2018 ) Shuntaro Furukawa ( 2018 -- present ) Locations Nintendo Mégadôme Nintendo New York Shigureden Products Video games Video games mobile games Consoles Controllers Toys Love Tester Nintendo tumbler puzzle Ultra Hand Ultra Machine Services Nintendo eShop Nintendo Network Nintendo Network Service Database Club Nintendo Publications Nintendo Fun Club Nintendo La Rivista Ufficiale Nintendo Magazine System ( Australia ) Nintendo Player 's Guide Nintendo Power Official Nintendo Magazine Events Camp Hyrule Classic Tetris World Championship Nintendo Direct presentations Iwata Asks interviews Nintendo Campus Challenge Nintendo Campus Challenge 1991 Nintendo Campus Challenge 1992 Nintendo Fusion Tour Nintendo PowerFest ' 94 Nintendo World Championships Legal cases Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc . Lewis Galoob Toys , Inc. v. Nintendo of America , Inc . Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . Related History Development teams Characters My Nintendo Nintendo Australia Marketing Nintendo Power Line Nintendo Selects Nintendo Space World Symphonic Legends -- Music from Nintendo Billy Berghammer Fusajiro Yamauchi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo_video_game_consoles&oldid=854543015 '' Categories : Nintendo consoles Electronics lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 03 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first video game console made by nintendo | [
"Although the company had earlier released Color TV Game and Game & Watch, which were their first and second systems respectfully, they did not achieve worldwide success until the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1983. The NES restarted the video game industry after the video game crash of 1983, and was an international success. In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, which became the first handheld console to sell in large numbers. In the early 1990s, Nintendo's market lead began to decrease; although the 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) was a strong seller, the Mega Drive/Genesis was a very strong contender. Nintendo and Sega would both lose a significant portion of the console market towards the end of the 1990s, as Sony Computer Entertainment's PlayStation became the most popular console, beating the Nintendo 64, though Nintendo managed to sell more than Sega Saturn.\n"
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"Color TV Game"
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8167992487681016624 | Long bone | Long bone - Wikipedia Long bone Jump to : navigation , search Long bone Structure of a long bone ( Femur ) Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) Details Identifiers Latin Os longum MeSH 52 Dorlands / Elsevier 2205 TA A02. 0.00. 011 FMA 7474 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide . They are one of five types of bones : long , short , flat , irregular and sesamoid . Long bones , especially the femur and tibia , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility . They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis , with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone . The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ( `` articular cartilage '' ) . The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone ( GH ) , a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland . The long bones include the femora , tibiae , and fibulae of the legs ; the humeri , radii , and ulnae of the arms ; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet , the phalanges of the fingers and toes , and the clavicles or collar bones . The long bones of the human leg comprise nearly half of adult height . The other primary skeletal component of height are the vertebrae and skull . The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum . Additionally , the outer shell of the long bone is compact bone , then a deeper layer of cancellous bone ( spongy bone ) which contains in the medullary cavity the bone marrow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 References Structure ( edit ) The outer shell of the long bone is made of cortical bone also known as compact bone . This is covered by a membrane of connective tissue called the periosteum . Beneath the cortical bone layer is a layer of spongy cancellous bone . Inside this is the medullary cavity which has an inner core of bone marrow made up of yellow marrow in the adult and red marrow in the child . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are two congenital disorders of the long bones . In a disorder known as rachitis fetalis anularis the ends of the long bones ( epiphyses ) are enlarged . Another disorder is known as rachitis fetalis micromelica in which there is a deficiency in the growth ( as a shortness ) of the bones . There is a surgical procedure called distraction osteogenesis which is used to lengthen long bones . Additional images ( edit ) Long bones in human skeleton . ( shown in red ) Parts of a long bone ( Femur ) Classification of bones by shape Distribution of forces on a long bone ( Femur ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : al . ) , consultants Daniel Albert ... ( et ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary . ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1570 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Stedman 's Online Medical Dictionary , 27th Edition Anatomy of long bone Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long bones . ( hide ) Bone and cartilage Cartilage perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cells chondroblast chondrocyte Types hyaline elastic fibrous Bone Ossification Primary bone intramembranous endochondral Cells osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical Regions subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal plate / metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle Structure Osteon Haversian canals Volkmann 's canals connective tissue endosteum periosteum Sharpey 's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_bone&oldid=776071640 '' Categories : Long bones Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2017 , at 20 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the connective tissue that covers the epiphyses of a long bone | [
"The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (\"articular cartilage\"). The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland."
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"hyaline cartilage"
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-3652829736979019610 | The Familiars (novel) | The familiars ( novel ) - wikipedia The familiars ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search The Familiars Cover of the first book in The Familiars series The Familiars The Familiars : Secrets of the Crown The Familiars : Circle of Heroes The Familiars : Palace of Dreams Author Adam Jay Epstein Andrew Jacobson Country United States Language English Genre Fantasy Publisher HarperCollins Published 2010 - 2014 ( On Hiatus ) Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) Electronic book The Familiars is a series of children 's fantasy books written by Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson . The Familiars is also the title of the first book in the series , featuring familiars , magical animal companions to a wizard or witch . The series consists of 4 books , published between 2010 and 2013 by HarperCollins . As of 2017 , Adam Jay Epstein stated that the series is on hiatus but is working on another project to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 2 Characters 3 Plot synopses 3.1 The Familiars ( 2010 ) 3.2 The Familiars : Secrets of the Crown ( 2011 ) 3.3 The Familiars : Circle of Heroes ( 2012 ) 3.4 The Familiars : Palace of Dreams ( 2013 ) 4 Film 5 References 6 External links Books ( edit ) The Familiars ( 2010 ) The Familiars : Secrets of the Crown ( 2011 ) The Familiars : Circle of Heroes ( 2012 ) The Familiars : Palace of Dreams ( 2013 ) Characters ( edit ) Aldwyn , a familiar , an orphan alley cat pretending to possess the magical power of telekinesis , which turns out to be true when he uses them for the first time to save his friends Skylar , a familiar , a know - it - all blue jay who can cast illusions ; she also dabbles in dark magic , hoping to master necromancy in order to revive her dead sister Gilbert , a familiar , a hapless tree frog with the ability to see visions of the past , present and future in pools of water Jack , an apprentice wizard and Aldwyn 's loyal , as well as Marianne 's younger brother Dalton , an apprentice wizard and Skylar 's loyal , as well as the oldest of Kalstaff 's three apprentices . Marianne , an apprentice witch and Gilbert 's loyal , as well as Jack 's older sister Kalstaff , an elderly wizard and mentor to Jack , Dalton , and Marianne . Sadly , this wizard died in vain to Paksahara , who was shifted as the Queen . Grimslade , a cruel bounty hunter who is enemies with Aldwyn . However , in the 3rd book , he was willing to help them against Paksahara and her Zombie revolution , which resulted in his death to a Zombie Crocadile . Paksahara , The evil hare who possesses the ability to shape shift as well as the familiar of Queen Loranella Queen Loranella , the queen of Vastia Tammy , an orange and white farm cat who helps the familiars and she is Aldwyn 's love interest Plot synopses ( edit ) The familiars ( 2010 ) ( edit ) The Familiars Publication date September 7 , 2010 Pages 360 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 196108 - 3 Followed by The Familiars : Secrets of the Crown Aldwyn is an ordinary alley cat , who accidentally enters a shop while attempting to escape from a bounty hunter named Grimslade . He discovers that it is a shop full of magical animals , who are all prepared to become a wizard 's familiar - that is to say , a magical animal companion . Just then , a young wizard - in - training , Jack , enters the shop with his mentor , the powerful wizard Kalstaff , to choose a familiar . Aldwyn was chosen , even though he could not be a true familiar as he was not magical ( Jack did not know that of course ) . They travelled back to Stone Runlet , Kalstaff 's dwelling , together , and Aldwyn met the other two wizards - in - training , Dalton and Marianne , as well as their respective familiars , Skylar and Gilbert . Just when Aldwyn had settled down and was finally content , with an omen of three shooting stars , portending that three young wizards from Stone Runlet would save the world , things took a dark turn . That night , Queen Loranella , an old ally of Kalstaff as well as sovereign of the kingdom appeared . She turned on her old friend Kalstaff , killing him , then kidnapped Jack , Marianne and Dalton , leaving the three familiars behind . Aldwyn , Skylar and Gilbert , determined to save their loyals ( the human companion of a familiar ) , go on a quest to free them . They experience many trials on their quest , vanquishes a witch , defeats a mountain troll , pay a visit to Gilbert 's homeland , and encounters the great Mountain Alchemist , who along with Queen Loranella and Kalstaff , were the first ' prophesized three ' 60 years ago . Finally , just before the third sunset when the protection spells around their three loyals fade , which will allow Queen Loranella to finally kill them , the three familiars arrive . Upon arrival , they realize that their real enemy is the Queen Loranella 's familiar , a hare named Paksahara , who had imprisoned the real queen , and shifted into her likeliness . They also become aware that murdering Kalstaff and kidnapping their loyals was also really done by Paksahara under the guise of Queen Loranella . As the three familiars make desperate endeavors to rescue their loyals , Aldwyn discovers that he is in fact magical and possesses the power of telekinesis . With his newfound power , Aldwyn and his fellow familiars defeat Paksahara , who ultimately escapes . Aldwyn , Skylar and Gilbert free their loyals , and discover that the three real wizards that the shooting stars foretold are Aldwyn , Skylar and Gilbert , the three animal wizards . The familiars : Secrets of the Crown ( 2011 ) ( edit ) The Familiars : Secrets of the Crown Publication date September 6 , 2011 Pages 384 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 196111 - 3 Preceded by The Familiars Followed by The Familiars : Circle of Heroes As their old mentor Kalstaff was dead , the three loyals and familiars are completing their studies with Sorceress Edna . All of a sudden , when human magic mysteriously disappears from the land , Queen Loranella is rendered powerless , and is thus unable to stop the impending army of the Dead led by Paksahara which is about to invade the land . Hence , it is once more up to the familiars to save the land . In order to do so , they must find the Shifting Fortress from which Paksahara is casting her magic from . However , the Shifting Fortress never appears in the same place twice , and the only way to access it is to find the Snow Leopard 's Crown . Following the clues hidden in a nursery rhyme , the familiars find their way to the sacred Tree Temple where they discovered that the Spheris , the globe which would lead them towards the Crown , had been taken three years ago by none other than Aldwyn 's father , Baxley . Desiring to find out all they can about Baxley , and bearing the knowledge that the future of the Queendom of Vastia depended on it , the three travel to Maidenmere , Aldwyn 's birthplace . They discover that the pride leader of the Maidenmere Bicoloured Cats , masters of telekinesis , Malvern , is Aldwyn 's own uncle . Malvern introduces Aldwyn to a kind of magic which permits him to see the last footsteps of his father - which would end either when he found his father , or when he arrived at the last place Baxley had been before dying . Guided by the footsteps of his father and the clues , the familiars face many dangers before arriving at their destination - the place where the Snow Leopard 's crown lies . They found out that the crown is really a circle formed by seven ancient stones , each of which speaks the name of an animal upon contact . In order to summon the shifting fortress , the familiars have to bring the seven animals together . Then they find out Malvern is a traitor working for Paksahara . Malvern had drowned Aldwyn 's mother and tricked his father , Baxley , into dying . Malvern was killed by a blast from Paksahara when she tried to shoot Aldwyn but missed instead . The book ends with the familiars , with the hired help of the bounty hunter Grimslade , prepare to seek out the seven animals , as Paksahara 's Dead Army begins their invasion on Vastia . The familiars : circle of Heroes ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The Familiars : Circle of Heroes Publication date September 4 , 2012 Pages 336 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 196114 - 4 Preceded by The Familiars : Secrets of the Crown Followed by The Familiars : Palace of Dreams Human magic in Vastia is still gone , and as the familiars begin their journey to find the seven animals needed to summon the Shifting Fortress , an army of the Dead besieges the city of Bridgetower , destroying the first of three glyph stones , the only places where the Shifting Fortress can be called from . They escape , but are forced to leave the bounty hunter , Grimslade , behind . The familiars retain the map he made to find the animals , however , and use it to start their journey , leaving their loyals , Jack , Marianne , and Dalton , in the cellar of Stone Runlet to keep them safe . Traveling to different places , the familiars collect all animals needed to summon the fortress . During this time , two of the three glyph stones fall , Aldwyn learns the current whereabouts of his twin sister , Yeardly , and has another encounter with his traitorous uncle , Malvern , who has been brought back to life due to Paksahara 's summoning of the Dead . Heading to the final glyph stone outside of Bronzhaven , the familiars and the seven animals needed to summon the Shifting Fortress encounter a brutal battle between Paksahara 's zombie forces and Queen Loranella 's troops . They manage to make it to the third glyph stone , and summon the Shifting Fortress . The familiars and a few of their animal friends journey inside to stop Paksahara . After being accosted in the fortress by Dead warriors , the familiars ' friends stay behind to fend them off , leaving Aldwyn , Skylar , and Gilbert to continue on . Once more , Aldwyn encounters his uncle , but puts an end to him this time . They continue to the room where Paksahara waits , resulting in a deadly battle . In the midst , Gilbert attempts to summon fire and successfully completes a spell , showing the improvement of his magic . Paksahara takes advantage of this distraction to disguise herself as Gilbert . Aldwyn discovers he has inherited his mother 's telepathic powers as he and Skylar struggle to find the real Gilbert , and he uses this power to determine which frog is Gilbert , giving Skylar the opportunity to kill Paksahara . The familiars release human magic back into Vastia , which helps turn the tide of the battle raging outside Bronzhaven , resulting in the success of Loranella 's army . However , Paksahara is brought back to life by the spell she used to summon the Dead . The familiars vanquish her once more by throwing her to the vultures that swarm above the battleground , who destroy her carcass . Later on , the familiars are reunited with their loyals . Aldwyn , Skylar , and Gilbert are thanked by the queen and her new council , which now consists of a mixture of humans and animals . They are immortalized in a picture in a stained glass window . As they study it , Gilbert tells Aldwyn about his latest puddle vision : that their adventures are n't over yet . The familiars : Palace of Dreams ( 2013 ) ( edit ) The Familiars : Palace of Dreams Publication date December 23 , 2013 Pages 323 ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 212029 - 8 Preceded by The Familiars : Circle of Heroes The Three are invited to Queen Loranella 's birthday party , whence they bestow a gift for her . Queen Loranella tried it on , but the necklace cursed her , putting her to sleep in the Wander . The Three are then framed for cursing her . They must find a potion that can bring her back , and they must find it within three days time or else she is gone forever . They go to the Turn to find an answer , and the potion ingredients were said to be found in Kalstaff 's belongings . They turn to Turnbuckle Academy to find the ingredients , but they must go without getting found out by anyone , and more importantly their loyals . They peer into numerous classrooms as they try to find the library . Film ( edit ) In September 2010 , it was revealed that Sony Pictures Animation will adapt The Familiars into a 3D animated feature film , with Doug Sweetland set to direct it . According to the books ' authors , the film was scheduled to be released in 2014 . Fergal Reilly joined Sweetland to co-direct the film , but in 2013 , he left to co-direct The Angry Birds Movie . In January 2013 , when it was announced that Sweetland will direct a 2015 film for Warner Bros. , Sony Pictures Animation responded that `` The Familiars is still in development . '' Epstein and Jacobson said in September 2013 in an interview : `` We 've written multiple drafts of the screenplay , had artists working on concept art and storyboards , and a director overseeing it all . We 're more anxious than anyone to see the movie realized , but know that in Hollywood , things can take a LONG time . So stay tuned . '' In March 2016 , Adam Jay Epstein confirmed that the film will be made at another studio . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jay , Adam Jay ( 27 May 2017 ) . `` Thanks for asking ! Although the Familiars series is on hold , I have a brand new fantasy series coming out in 2018 . '' . Twitter . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Familiars '' . Harper Collins . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Familiars # 2 : Secrets of the Crown '' . Harper Collins . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Familiars # 3 : Circle of Heroes '' . Harper Collins . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Familiars # 4 : Palace of Dreams '' . Harper Collins . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) . `` ' The Familiars ' movie gets a director '' . TheFamiliars.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Charaipotra , Sona ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Debut Author Q&A : Endcap Entertainment 's Andrew Jacobson and Adam Epstein On ' The Familiars ' '' . Teen Writers Bloc . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Sorcha ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` IADT graduate to co-direct big budget animated feature in LA '' . SiliconRepublic . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weber , Rachel ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Angry Birds film signs Disney director '' . Games Industry . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jardine , William ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATED : Warner Bros. Looks to Rejuvenate its Animation House '' . A113 Animation . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguirre , Natalie ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson Interview and Starbounders Giveaway '' . Literary rambles . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jay , Adam Jay ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` @ BritishKidsTV A new exciting home for the animated Familiars film is coming soon ... thanks for asking . '' . Twitter . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Familiars at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Familiars on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Familiars_(novel)&oldid=801657038 '' Categories : Fantasy novels HarperCollins books 2010 novels Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 01 : 03 . About Wikipedia | when is the next familiars book coming out | [
"The Familiars is a series of children's fantasy books written by Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson. The Familiars is also the title of the first book in the series, featuring familiars, magical animal companions to a wizard or witch. The series consists of 4 books, published between 2010 and 2013 by HarperCollins. As of 2017, Adam Jay Epstein stated that the series is on hiatus but is working on another project to be released in 2018.[1]"
] | [
"in 2018"
] |
2006642463274690024 | 2005 World Series | 2005 World Series - wikipedia 2005 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2005 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Chicago White Sox ( 4 ) Ozzie Guillén 99 -- 63 , . 611 , GA : 6 Houston Astros ( 0 ) Phil Garner 89 -- 73 , . 549 , GB : 11 Dates October 22 -- 26 MVP Jermaine Dye ( Chicago ) Umpires Joe West ( crew chief ) , Jeff Nelson , Jerry Layne , Derryl Cousins , Gary Cederstrom , Ángel Hernández Hall of Famers White Sox : Tim Raines ( 1B Coach ) , Frank Thomas ( DNP ) Astros : Jeff Bagwell , Craig Biggio ALCS Chicago White Sox defeated Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 1 NLCS Houston Astros defeated St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 2 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WMVP ( White Sox ) KTRH ( Astros ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) John Rooney and Ed Farmer ( White Sox ) Milo Hamilton and Alan Ashby ( Astros ) ← 2004 World Series 2006 → The 2005 World Series was the 101st edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series , a best - of - seven playoff between the American League ( AL ) champions Chicago White Sox and the National League ( NL ) champions Houston Astros . The White Sox swept the Astros four games to none in the series , played between October 22 to 26 , winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons . Although the series was a sweep , all four games were quite close , being decided by two runs or fewer . Home - field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the American League 's 7 -- 5 victory over the National League in the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series , following the Anaheim Angels ( 2002 ) , Florida Marlins ( 2003 ) and Boston Red Sox ( 2004 ) . Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment , with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title . The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play , while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title , having last won the Series in 1917 , and had not been in the Series since 1959 , three years before the Astros ' inaugural season . Like the 1982 World Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Milwaukee Brewers , the 2005 World Series is one of only two World Series in the modern era ( 1903 -- present ) with no possibility for a rematch between the two opponents , because the Astros moved to the American League in 2013 . However , the Brewers did meet the Cardinals in the 2011 National League Championship Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Chicago White Sox 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Matchups 2.1 Game 1 2.2 Game 2 2.3 Game 3 2.4 Game 4 3 Series statistics 4 Media 5 Ratings 6 Aftermath 7 Notes 8 External links Background ( edit ) Chicago White Sox ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Chicago White Sox season The Chicago White Sox finished the regular season with the best record in the American League at 99 -- 63 . After starting the season on a tear , the White Sox began to fade in August , when a 15 ⁄ game lead fell all the way to 1 ⁄ . However , the Sox were able to hold off the Cleveland Indians to win the American League Central Division by six games , sweeping Cleveland in three games on the season 's final weekend . In the Division Series , the White Sox swept the defending champion Boston Red Sox . The League Championship Series began with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim winning Game 1 , but a controversial uncaught third strike in Game 2 helped the Sox start a run and win Games 2 -- 5 , all on complete games pitched by starters Mark Buehrle , Jon Garland , Freddy García , and José Contreras , clinching their first American League pennant in 46 years . Frank Thomas throws out the ceremonial first pitch of the 2005 ALDS between the White Sox and Red Sox . Manager Ozzie Guillén then led the White Sox to a World Series victory , their first in 88 years . Slugger Frank Thomas was not on the post-season roster because he was injured , but the team honored his perennial contributions to the franchise during Game 1 of the Division Series against the Boston Red Sox when he was chosen to throw out the ceremonial first pitch . `` What a feeling , '' Thomas said . `` Standing O all around the place . People really cheering me . I had tears in my eyes . To really know the fans cared that much about me -- it was a great feeling . One of my proudest moments in the game . '' Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season The Houston Astros won the Wild Card for the second straight year , once again clinching it on the final day of the season . The Astros embarked on a memorable Division Series rematch against the Atlanta Braves . With the Astros in the lead two games to one , the teams played an eighteen - inning marathon in Game 4 , which was the longest ( in both time and innings played ) postseason game in history . In this game , Roger Clemens made only the second relief appearance of his career , and the first in postseason play . Chris Burke 's walk - off home run ended the game in the bottom of the eighteenth . For the second straight year , the Astros played the St. Louis Cardinals in the League Championship Series . Like the White Sox , the Astros dropped Game 1 , but were able to regroup and win Games 2 -- 4 . With the Astros on the verge of clinching their first ever National League pennant in Game 5 , Albert Pujols hit a mammoth three - run home run off Brad Lidge in the top of the ninth inning to take the lead , and subsequently stave off elimination . However , behind NLCS MVP Roy Oswalt , the Astros were able to defeat the Cards 5 -- 1 in Game 6 and earned a trip to the World Series . This was the Astros ' first World Series appearance in franchise history . Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 22 , 2005 7 : 05 pm ( CDT ) at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Chicago 0 0 0 0 X 5 10 0 WP : José Contreras ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Wandy Rodríguez ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Bobby Jenks ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Mike Lamb ( 1 ) CWS : Jermaine Dye ( 1 ) , Joe Crede ( 1 ) The teams on the field before Game 1 . Playing in their first World Series home game since 1959 , the White Sox took an early lead with a home run from Jermaine Dye in the first inning . After Mike Lamb 's home run tied the game in the second , the Sox scored two more in the second when Juan Uribe doubled in A.J. Pierzynski after Carl Everett had already scored on a ground - out earlier in the inning . The Astros responded in the next inning when Lance Berkman hit a double , driving in Adam Everett and Craig Biggio . In the White Sox half of the fourth , Joe Crede hit what turned out to be the game - winning home run . In the bottom of the eighth , Scott Podsednik hit a triple with Pierzynski on second off of Russ Springer for an insurance run . Roger Clemens recorded his shortest World Series start , leaving after the second inning with 53 pitches , including 35 for strikes , due to a sore hamstring that he had previously injured ( which had caused him to also miss his last regular season start ) as the loss went to Wandy Rodríguez . José Contreras pitched seven innings , allowing three runs on six hits for the win . Before exiting , Contreras allowed a leadoff double by Willie Taveras with no outs . Neal Cotts entered the game in the top of the eighth inning . It marked the first time in five games that the White Sox had gone to their bullpen . Cotts pitched ⁄ innings before Bobby Jenks was called upon by manager Ozzie Guillén to relieve him . Guillen signaled for the large pitcher by holding his arms out wide and then up high . In the postgame conference , the Sox manager joked that he wanted to be clear he was asking for `` The Big Boy . '' Jenks returned in the ninth to earn the save , giving the White Sox a 1 -- 0 lead in the series . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 23 , 2005 7 : 16 pm ( CDT ) at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago , Illinois Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 12 0 WP : Neal Cotts ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Morgan Ensberg ( 1 ) CWS : Paul Konerko ( 1 ) , Scott Podsednik ( 1 ) On a miserably cold ( 51 ° F ( 11 ° C ) ) and rainy evening , Morgan Ensberg 's first - pitch home run off starter Mark Buehrle put the Astros on top in the second inning . The White Sox answered in the bottom of the second with two runs off Andy Pettitte on Joe Crede 's RBI single with two on and Juan Uribe 's sacrifice fly . Houston 's Lance Berkman tied the game on a sacrifice fly in the third after a one - out triple , then hit a two - run double in the fifth to give the Astros a 4 -- 2 lead . In the seventh , Dan Wheeler loaded the bases with a double by Juan Uribe , a walk to Tadahito Iguchi , and plate umpire Jeff Nelson 's ruling that Jermaine Dye was hit by a pitched ball . The Astros brought in Chad Qualls , who promptly served up a grand slam to Paul Konerko on his first pitch , the 18th grand slam in the annals of the Fall Classic . In the top of the ninth , Sox closer Bobby Jenks blew the save on a game - tying pinch - hit single by José Vizcaíno . In the bottom of the ninth , Astros closer Brad Lidge gave up a one - out , walk - off home run -- the 14th in Series history -- to Scott Podsednik , giving Lidge his second loss in as many post-season appearances ( his previous appearance was in Game 5 of 2005 National League Championship Series ) . Podsednik had not hit a single homer in the regular season , but this was his second of the post-season . This was the second time in World Series history where a grand slam and a walk - off home run were hit in the same game . The Oakland A 's Jose Canseco ( grand slam ) and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson ( walk - off ) in Game 1 of the 1988 World Series were the first to do it . Never before had a World Series grand slam and a World Series walk - off home run been hit by the same team in the same game . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 25 , 2005 7 : 39 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chicago 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 WP : Dámaso Marte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ezequiel Astacio ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mark Buehrle ( 1 ) Home runs : CWS : Joe Crede ( 2 ) , Geoff Blum ( 1 ) HOU : Jason Lane ( 1 ) Game 3 was the first World Series game played in the state of Texas . Before the game , it was ruled by Commissioner Bud Selig that the retractable roof would be open at Minute Maid Park , weather permitting . The Astros objected , citing that their record in games with the roof closed was better than with the retractable roof open . Selig 's office claimed that the ruling was based on the rules established by Houston and were consistent with how the Astros organization treated the situation all year long , as well as the weather forecasts for that period of time . The game would become the longest World Series game in length of time ( 5 hours and 41 minutes ) and tied for the longest in number of innings ( 14 , tied with Game 2 of the 1916 World Series and Game 1 of the 2015 World Series ) . Houston struck early on a Lance Berkman single after a Craig Biggio lead - off double in the bottom of the first off Chicago starter Jon Garland . A White Sox rally was snuffed in the second inning ; after Paul Konerko hit a leadoff double and A.J. Pierzynski walked , Aaron Rowand lined out into a double play . Houston scored in the third ; Adam Everett walked , was caught in a rundown and got hit by the ball on a Juan Uribe throwing error , then scored on a Roy Oswalt sacrifice bunt and a Biggio single . Two batters later , Morgan Ensberg singled Biggio home . Jason Lane led off the Astros ' fourth with a home run to left - center field . It was later shown in replays that the ball should not have been ruled a home run , hitting to the left of the yellow line on the unusual wall in left - center field . The White Sox rallied in the top of the fifth , true to their `` Win Or Die Trying '' mantra of 2005 , starting with a Joe Crede lead - off homer . Uribe , on first after hitting a single , scored on a Tadahito Iguchi base hit with one out , followed by Scott Podsednik coming home on a single by Jermaine Dye . Pierzynski hit a two - out double to Tal 's Hill , driving in two runs , scoring Iguchi and Dye giving the Sox the lead . The Astros rallied in the last of the eighth with two outs when Lane 's double scored Ensberg with the tying run after back - to - back walks by Ensberg and Mike Lamb , giving Dustin Hermanson a blown save . Houston tried to rally to win in the ninth , but stranded Chris Burke at third , after he had walked , reached second on an error and stolen third . The Astros tried again in the 10th as well as in the 11th , but failed each time . In the top of the 14th , after the Sox hit into a spectacular double play started by Ensberg , Geoff Blum ( a former Astro and the Astros ' television color analyst as of 2015 ) , who had entered the game in the 13th , homered to right with two outs off Ezequiel Astacio . Infield singles by Rowand and Crede were followed by walks to Uribe and Chris Widger . Trailing 7 - 5 , Houston tried to rally with the tying runs on first and third and two outs after a Uribe error . Game 2 starter Mark Buehrle earned the save for winning pitcher Dámaso Marte when Everett popped out , bringing Chicago one game closer to its first championship in 88 years . Buehrle became the first pitcher to start a game in the Series and save the next one since Bob Turley of the Yankees in the 1958 World Series . Many records were set or tied besides time and innings : The teams combined to use 17 pitchers ( nine for the White Sox , eight for the Astros ) , throwing a total of 482 pitches , and walking 21 batters ( a dozen by Chicago , nine by Houston ) ; 43 players were used ( the White Sox used 22 and the Astros used 21 ) , and 30 men were left on base ( 15 for each team ) , all new high - water marks in Fall Classic history . Scott Podsednik set a new all - time record with eight official at - bats in this game . One tied record was total double plays , with six ( four by the Astros , two by the White Sox ) . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 26 , 2005 7 : 41 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas Team 5 6 7 8 9 Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 WP : Freddy García ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brad Lidge ( 0 -- 2 ) Sv : Bobby Jenks ( 2 ) Before the game , Major League Baseball unveiled its Latino Legends Team . The fourth game was the pitchers ' duel that had been promised throughout the series . Both Houston starter Brandon Backe and Chicago starter Freddy García put zeros on the scoreboard through seven innings , the longest Series scoreless stretch since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series . Scott Podsednik had a two - out triple in the top of the third , but a Tadahito Iguchi groundout ended that threat . The Astros wasted a chance in the sixth , Jason Lane striking out with the bases loaded . The White Sox in the top of the seventh put runners at second and third , but shortstop Juan Uribe struck out to end the inning . Chicago broke through in the next inning against embattled Houston closer Brad Lidge . Willie Harris hit a pinch - hit single . Podsednik advanced him with a sacrifice bunt . Carl Everett pinch - hit for Iguchi and grounded out to the right side to allow Harris to move to third . Jermaine Dye , the Most Valuable Player of the series , had the game - winning single , driving in Harris . Things got a little sticky for the Sox in the Astros half of the eighth when reliever Cliff Politte hit Willy Taveras , threw a wild pitch , sending Taveras to second , and walked Lance Berkman . After Morgan Ensberg flew out to center , the White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén brought in Neal Cotts to finish the inning . Cotts induced pinch - hitter José Vizcaíno into a ground out to Uribe . Bobby Jenks , the 24 - year - old fireballer , started the ninth inning . He allowed a single to Jason Lane and a sacrifice bunt to Brad Ausmus . Chris Burke came in to pinch - hit ; he fouled one off to the left side , but Uribe made an amazing catch in the stands to retire Burke . The game ended when Orlando Palmeiro grounded to Uribe . It was a bang - bang play as Paul Konerko caught the ball from Uribe at 11 : 01 pm CDT to begin the biggest celebration in Chicago since the sixth NBA championship by the Bulls , co-owned with the White Sox , in 1998 . As a result , Jerry Reinsdorf , owner of both teams , had won seven championships overall . This game would be the last playoff game for the Astros as a member of the NL , as they would move to the AL in 2013 , and not appear in a playoff game until the 2015 American League Wild Card Game . The last two Series games technically ended on the same day , Game 3 having concluded after midnight , Houston time . The 1 -- 0 shutout was the first game with a total of one run scored to end a World Series since the 1995 World Series , in which Game 6 was won by the Atlanta Braves over the Cleveland Indians , and the first 1 -- 0 game in any Series game since Game 5 of the 1996 World Series when the New York Yankees shut - out the Braves in the last game ever played at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium . The 2005 White Sox joined the 1995 Atlanta Braves and 1999 New York Yankees as the only teams to win a World Series after losing no more than one game combined in the Division Series and Championship Series . This was the second consecutive World Series to be won by a team that has the word `` Sox '' in its nickname , after the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals . This also happened in 1917 and 1918 . Furthermore , it was the second year in a row in which the Series champions broke a long - lived `` curse . '' In one of those ways that patterns appear to emerge in sporting events , the White Sox World Series win in 2005 , along with the Boston Red Sox win in 2004 , symmetrically bookended the two teams ' previous World Series winners and the long gaps between , with the Red Sox and White Sox last Series wins having come in 1918 and 1917 , respectively . Series statistics ( edit ) Victorious White Sox players being honored at the White House by President George W. Bush . Chicago skyline during the World Series supporting the White Sox AL Chicago White Sox ( 4 ) vs. NL Houston Astros ( 0 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 22 Houston Astros -- 3 , Chicago White Sox -- 5 U.S. Cellular Field 3 : 13 41,206 October 23 Houston Astros -- 6 , Chicago White Sox -- 7 U.S. Cellular Field 3 : 11 41,432 October 25 Chicago White Sox -- 7 , Houston Astros -- 5 ( 14 innings ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 41 42,848 October 26 Chicago White Sox -- 1 , Houston Astros -- 0 Minute Maid Park 3 : 20 42,936 2005 World Series ( 4 -- 0 ) : Chicago White Sox ( A.L. ) over Houston Astros ( N.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chicago White Sox 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 20 44 Houston Astros 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 29 Total attendance : 168,422 Average attendance : 42,106 Winning player 's share : $324,533 Losing player 's share : $191,985 U.S. Cellular Field Media ( edit ) As per their contract , Fox Sports carried the World Series on United States television . Joe Buck provided play - by - play for his eighth World Series while analyst Tim McCarver worked his sixteenth . ESPN Radio was the nationwide radio broadcaster , as it had been since 1998 . Jon Miller and Joe Morgan provided the play - by - play and analysis . Locally , KTRH - AM and WMVP were the primary carriers for the World Series in the Houston and Chicago markets . For KTRH long time Astros voice Milo Hamilton provided play - by - play while John Rooney called the games for the White Sox . Game 4 was Rooney 's last call after seventeen years as the radio voice of the White Sox , as he left to take the same position with the St. Louis Cardinals . The Cardinals proceeded to win the 2006 World Series , making Rooney the first home announcer to call back - to - back World Series wins for two different teams . That the teams were in two different leagues makes the feat even more unusual . Ratings ( edit ) The ratings for the 2005 World Series were considered weak . With an overall average of 11.1 , 2005 set a record for the lowest rated World Series of all - time . The prior lowest was 11.9 , set by the 2002 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Anaheim Angels ( importantly , this series went 7 games , and the 2005 Series went 4 ) . Following the 2005 World Series , however , every subsequent Series through 2013 except for 2009 produced lower ratings . The record - low 2012 World Series , another four - game sweep , averaged 7.6 ( 3.5 points lower than 2005 's rating ) and 12.7 million viewers ( 4.4 million fewer viewers than 2005 ) . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 9.5 17 15.0 11.1 17 17.19 11.0 21 16.65 13.0 21 19.98 Aftermath ( edit ) Neither team advanced to the post-season in 2006 , but the 2006 World Series again featured teams from the American League Central and National League Central divisions , this time represented by the Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals , respectively . The Cardinals won the World Series in five games , in which manager Tony La Russa became the second manager to win the World Series in both American and National leagues , previously managing the Oakland Athletics to the 1989 World Series championship . Both the White Sox and the Astros were in the Wild Card race until the final weeks of the season , with the White Sox finishing with 90 wins , the Astros with 82 wins . The White Sox made their first post-2005 playoff appearance in 2008 , while the Astros would not return to the postseason until 2015 , their third season as an American League team and would not return to the World Series until 2017 , their fifth season as an American League team . October 28 , 2005 Parade This was the city of Chicago 's first professional sports championship since the Chicago Fire won MLS Cup ' 98 ( which came four months after the Chicago Bulls ' sixth NBA championship that year ) . The next major Chicago sports championship came in 2010 , when the NHL 's Chicago Blackhawks ended a 49 - year Stanley Cup title drought . With the Chicago Bears ' win in Super Bowl XX and the Chicago Cubs ' own World Series championship in 2016 , all Chicago sports teams have won at least one major championship since 1985 . Meanwhile , the Astros themselves made it back to the World Series in 2017 , but this time as an AL team , where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games , resulting in Houston 's first professional sports championship since the 2006 -- 07 Houston Dynamo won their back - to - back MLS Championships . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- Big Hurt is far from forgotten -- MLB '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( October 27 , 2005 ) . `` No fear : Uribe goes head over heels '' . MLB . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox end 88 - year drought , sweep Astros to win World Series '' . ESPN . 26 October 2005 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 1 -- Houston Astros vs. Chicago White Sox '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 2 -- Houston Astros vs. Chicago White Sox '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 3 -- Chicago White Sox vs. Houston Astros '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 World Series Game 4 -- Chicago White Sox vs. Houston Astros '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ World Series television ratings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2005 World Series . 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Archived from the original on 2008 . 2005 Postseason Schedule at MLB.com 2005 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League teams Boston Red Sox Chicago White Sox Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim New York Yankees National League teams Atlanta Braves Houston Astros St. Louis Cardinals San Diego Padres World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Chicago White Sox Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise History Seasons Owners and executives Managers Players Opening Day starting pitchers first - round draft picks Broadcasters Team records Award winners No - hitters Ballparks South Side Park Comiskey Park Guaranteed Rate Field Spring training : * Recreation Park Palm Springs Stadium Plant Field Al Lopez Field Payne Park Ed Smith Stadium Tucson Electric Park Camelback Ranch Culture and lore 1994 bat burglary 2008 Blackout Game Andy the Clown Armour Square / Bridgeport Black Sox Scandal Curse of the Black Sox Eight Men Out Field of Dreams Shoeless Joe ( novel ) Captain Stubby and the Buccaneers Disco Demolition Night `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Gene Honda The Hitless Wonders `` Let 's Go , Go - Go White Sox '' `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' Nancy Faust Nicknames Only The Lonely Perfect games Charlie Robertson Mark Buehrle Philip Humber Ribbie and Roobarb The Sodfather Southpaw South Side Hitmen Sox -- 35th The Stratton Story `` Sweet Home Chicago '' `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' Turn Back the Clock Winning Ugly White Flag Trade Rivalries Chicago Cubs Key personnel Chairman : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice Chairman : Eddie Einhorn Executive Vice President : Ken Williams General Manager : Rick Hahn Special Assistant to the GM : Jim Thome Manager : Rick Renteria World Series championships ( 3 ) 1906 1917 2005 American League championships ( 6 ) 1901 1906 1917 1919 1959 2005 Division championships ( 5 ) West : 1983 1993 Central : 2000 2005 2008 Minor league affiliates Charlotte Knights ( AAA ) Birmingham Barons ( AA ) Winston - Salem Dash ( A Adv . ) Kannapolis Intimidators ( A ) Great Falls Voyagers ( Rookie Adv . ) AZL White Sox ( Rookie ) DSL White Sox ( Rookie ) Media NBC Sports Chicago WGN Sports ( WGN9 / CW50 ) 89 WLS ESPN Deportes 1220 AM White Sox Radio Network Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the white sox win their last world series | [
"The 2005 World Series was the 101st edition of Major League Baseball's championship series, a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champions Chicago White Sox and the National League (NL) champions Houston Astros.[1] The White Sox swept the Astros four games to none in the series, played between October 22 to 26, winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons. Although the series was a sweep, all four games were quite close, being decided by two runs or fewer."
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"2005 World Series"
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2129322046393558613 | Portuguese India | Portuguese India - Wikipedia Portuguese India Jump to : navigation , search State of India Estado da Índia Colony ; Overseas Province State of the Portuguese Empire 1505 -- 1961 Flag Coat of Arms Anthem `` Hymno Patriótico '' ( 1808 -- 26 ) Patriotic Anthem `` Hino da Carta '' ( 1826 -- 1911 ) Hymn of the Charter `` A Portuguesa '' ( 1911 -- 61 ) The Portuguese Evolution of Portuguese empire Capital Nova Goa ( Cochin to 1530 ) Languages Portuguese Also spoken ; Konkani , Kannada , Gujarati , Marathi , Malayalam , others Political structure Colony ; Overseas Province State of the Portuguese Empire Head of state King 1511 -- 21 Manuel I of Portugal President 1958 -- 61 Américo Tomás Viceroy 1505 -- 9 Francisco de Almeida ( first ) 1896 Afonso , Duke of Porto ( last ) Governor - general 1509 -- 15 Afonso de Albuquerque ( first ) 1958 -- 61 Manuel António Vassalo e Silva ( last ) Historical era Imperialism Fall of Sultanate of Bijapur 15 August 1505 Indian Annexation ; 19 December 1961 Currency Portuguese Indian rupia ( INPR ) Portuguese Indian escudo ( INPES ) Preceded by Succeeded by Bahmani Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate Goa , Daman and Diu Dadra and Nagar Haveli Today part of Goa , Daman and Diu , and Dadra and Nagar Haveli , India Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BCE ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture ( 500,000 -- 250,000 BCE ) Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BCE ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BCE ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BCE ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BCE ) ( show ) Jorwe Culture ( 3500 -- 2000 BCE ) Ahar - 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The first viceroy , Francisco de Almeida , established his headquarters in Cochin ( Cochim , Kochi ) . Subsequent Portuguese governors were not always of viceroy rank . After 1510 , the capital of the Portuguese viceroyalty was transferred to Goa . Until the 18th century , the Portuguese governor in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean , from southern Africa to southeast Asia . In 1752 Mozambique got its own separate government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau , Solor and Timor , and its authority was confined to the colonial holdings on the Malabar coast of present - day India . At the time of the British Indian Empire 's dissolution in 1947 , Portuguese India was subdivided into three districts located on modern - day India 's western coast , sometimes referred to collectively as Goa : These were Goa ; Daman ( Portuguese : Damão ) , which included the inland enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli ; and Diu . Portugal lost effective control of the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954 , and finally the rest of the overseas territory in December 1961 , when it was taken by India after military action . In spite of this , Portugal only recognised Indian control in 1975 , after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Vasco da Gama lands in India 1.2 Pedro Álvares Cabral 1.3 Francisco de Almeida 1.4 Afonso de Albuquerque and later governors 2 Post-British Raj 3 Post-annexation 3.1 Status of the new territories 3.2 Citizenship 3.3 Indo - Portuguese relations 3.4 Portuguese Cemetery in Kollam 4 Postal history 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early history ( edit ) Remnants of St. Thomas Fort in Tangasseri , Kollam city Main article : Portuguese India Armadas Vasco da Gama lands in India ( edit ) The first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498 when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on Malabar Coast . Anchored off the coast of Calicut , the Portuguese invited native fishermen on board and immediately bought some Indian items . One Portuguese accompanied the fishermen to the port and met with a Tunisian Muslim . On the advice of this man , Gama sent a couple of his men to Ponnani to meet with ruler of Calicut , the Zamorin . Over the objections of Arab merchants , Gama managed to secure a letter of concession for trading rights from the Zamorin , Calicut 's Hindu ruler . But , the Portuguese were unable to pay the prescribed customs duties and price of his goods in gold . Later Calicut officials temporarily detained Gama 's Portuguese agents as security for payment . This , however , annoyed Gama , who carried a few natives and sixteen fishermen with him by force . Nevertheless , Gama 's expedition was successful beyond all reasonable expectation , bringing in cargo that was worth sixty times the cost of the expedition . Pedro Álvares Cabral ( edit ) Pedro Álvares Cabral sailed to India , marking the arrival of Europeans to Brazil on the way , to trade for pepper and other spices , negotiating and establishing a factory at Calicut , where he arrived on 13 September 1500 . Matters worsened when the Portuguese factory at Calicut was attacked by surprise by the locals , resulting in the death of more than fifty Portuguese . Cabral was outraged by the attack on the factory and seized ten Arab merchant ships anchored in the harbour , killing about six hundred of their crew and confiscating their cargo before burning the ships . Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in retaliation for the violation of the agreement . In Cochin and Cannanore Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties with the local rulers . Cabral started the return voyage on 16 January 1501 and arrived in Portugal with only 4 of 13 ships on 23 June 1501 . The Portuguese built the Pulicat fort in 1502 , with the help of the Vijayanagar ruler . Vasco da Gama sailed to India for a second time with 15 ships and 800 men , arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502 , where the ruler was willing to sign a treaty . Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims ( Arabs ) from Calicut which was vehemently turned down . He bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels . He returned to Portugal in September 1503 . Francisco de Almeida ( edit ) Main article : 7th Portuguese India Armada ( Almeida , 1505 ) On 25 March 1505 , Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy of India , on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast : at Anjediva Island , Cannanore , Cochin and Quilon . Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men . Fort Anjediva , Anjediva Island Fort St. Angelo , Cannanore On 13 September , Francisco de Almeida reached Anjadip Island , where he immediately started the construction of Fort Anjediva . On 23 October , with the permission of the friendly ruler of Cannanore , he started building St. Angelo Fort at Cannanore , leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships . Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin on 31 October 1505 with only 8 vessels left . There he learned that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed . He decided to send his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships , who destroyed 27 Calicut vessels in the harbour of Quilon . Almeida took up residence in Cochin . He strengthened the Portuguese fortifications of Fort Manuel on Cochin . The Zamorin prepared a large fleet of 200 ships to oppose the Portuguese , but in March 1506 Lourenço de Almeida ( son of Francisco de Almeida ) was victorious in a sea battle at the entrance to the harbour of Cannanore , the Battle of Cannanore , an important setback for the fleet of the Zamorin . Thereupon Lourenço de Almeida explored the coastal waters southwards to Colombo , in what is now Sri Lanka . In Cannanore , however , a new ruler , hostile to the Portuguese and friendly with the Zamorin , attacked the Portuguese garrison , leading to the Siege of Cannanore . In 1507 Almeida 's mission was strengthened by the arrival of Tristão da Cunha 's squadron . Afonso de Albuquerque 's squadron had , however , split from that of Cunha off East Africa and was independently conquering territories in the Persian Gulf to the west . In March 1508 a Portuguese squadron under command of Lourenço de Almeida was attacked by a combined Mameluk Egyptian and Gujarat Sultanate fleet at Chaul and Dabul respectively , led by admirals Mirocem and Meliqueaz in the Battle of Chaul . Lourenço de Almeida lost his life after a fierce fight in this battle . Mamluk - Indian resistance was , however , to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Diu . Afonso de Albuquerque and later governors ( edit ) In the 16th and 17th centuries , the Portuguese Eastern empire , the Estado da Índia ( State of India ) , with its capital in Goa , then often called in Europe as the `` Rome of the East '' , included possessions ( as subjected areas with a certain degree of autonomy ) in all the Asian Subcontinents , East Africa , and in the Pacific A Portuguese nobleman riding on a horse from `` Itinerario , voyage , ofte Schipvaert van Jan Huygen van Linschoten naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien , '' Amsterdam , 1596 In the year 1509 , Afonso de Albuquerque was appointed the second governor of the Portuguese possessions in the East . A new fleet under Marshal Fernão Coutinho arrived with specific instructions to destroy the power of Zamorin 's of Calicut . The Zamorin 's palace was captured and destroyed and the city was set on fire . The king 's forces rallied to kill Coutinho and wound Albuquerque . Albuquerque relented , and entered into a treaty with the Zamorin in 1513 to protect Portuguese interests in Malabar . Hostilities were renewed when the Portuguese attempted to assassinate the Zamorin sometime between 1515 and 1518 . In 1510 , Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the Bijapur sultans with the help of Timayya , on behalf of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire , leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa ( or Old Goa ) . The Southern Province , also known simply as Goa , was the headquarters of Portuguese India , and seat of the Portuguese viceroy who governed the Portuguese possessions in Asia . There were Portuguese settlements in and around Mylapore . The Luz Church in Mylapore , Madras ( Chennai ) was the first church that the Portuguese built in Madras in 1516 . Later in 1522 , the São Tomé church was built by the Portuguese . They had also destroyed the original Kapaleeswarar Temple . The Portuguese acquired several territories from the Sultans of Gujarat : Daman ( occupied 1531 , formally ceded 1539 ) ; Salsette , Bombay , and Baçaim ( occupied 1534 ) ; and Diu ( ceded 1535 ) . Coat of Arms of Portuguese India from the 20th century These possessions became the Northern Province of Portuguese India , which extended almost 100 km along the coast from Daman to Chaul , and in places 30 -- 50 km inland . The province was ruled from the fortress - town of Baçaim . In 1526 , under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio , the Portuguese took possession of Mangalore . The territory included parts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in Karnataka state , and Kasaragod in Kerala state ( South Canara ) . Mangalore was named the islands El Padron de Santa Maria ; later came to be known as St Mary 's Islands . In 1640 , the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom defeated the Portuguese . Shivappa Nayaka destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region . Goa , already known often in Europe as the `` Rome of the East '' , was granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon . Its senate or municipal chamber maintained direct communications with the king and paid a special representative to attend to its interests at court . In 1563 the governor proposed to make Goa the seat of a parliament representing all parts of the Portuguese east , but this was rejected by the King . From the 16th century , the Portuguese meddled in the church affairs of the Syrian Christians of Malabar . The Udayamperoor Synod ( 1599 ) was a major attempt by the Portuguese Archbishop Menezes to Latinize the Syrian rite . This led to the local Christians taking an oath against the Portuguese in 1653 , which later became one of the chief reason behind the division of the local church into different factions . Bombay ( present - day Mumbai ) was given to Britain in 1661 as part of the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza 's dowry to Charles II of England . Most of the Northern Province was lost to the Marathas of the Maratha Empire in 1739 when the Maratha General Chimnaji Appa defeated the Portuguese . Later Portugal acquired Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1779 . Portuguese Indian coin from 1799 In 1843 the capital was shifted to Panjim , then renamed `` Nova Goa '' , when it officially became the administrative seat of Portuguese India , replacing the city of Velha Goa ( now Old Goa ) , although the Viceroys lived there already since 1 December 1759 . Before moving to the city , the viceroy remodelled the fortress of ( ( Adil khan ) , transforming it into a palace . The Portuguese also shipped over many Órfãs d'El - Rei to Portuguese colonies in the Indian peninsula , Goa in particular . Órfãs d'El - Rei literally translates to `` Orphans of the King '' , and they were Portuguese girl orphans sent to overseas colonies to marry either Portuguese settlers or natives with high status . Thus there are Portuguese footprints all over the western and eastern coasts of the Indian peninsula , though Goa became the capital of Portuguese Goa from 1530 onward until the annexation of Goa proper and the entire Estado da Índia Portuguesa , and its merger with the Indian Union in 1961 . Post-british raj ( edit ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 After India 's independence from the British in 1947 , Portugal refused to accede to India 's request to relinquish control of its Indian possessions . On 24 July 1954 an organisation called `` The United Front of Goans '' took control of the enclave of Dadra . The remaining territory of Nagar Haveli was seized by the Azad Gomantak Dal on 2 August 1954 . The decision given by the International Court of Justice at The Hague , regarding access to Dadra and Nagar Haveli , was an impasse . Portuguese India in the 19th and 20th centuries From 1954 , peaceful Satyagrahis attempts from outside Goa at forcing the Portuguese to leave Goa were brutally suppressed . Many revolts were quelled by the use of force and leaders eliminated or jailed . As a result , India broke off diplomatic relations with Portugal , closed its Consulate - General in Panjim and demanded that Portugal close its Legation in New Delhi . India also imposed an economic embargo against the territories of Portuguese Goa . The Indian Government adopted a `` wait and watch '' attitude from 1955 to 1961 with numerous representations to the Portuguese Salazar government and attempts to highlight the issue before the international community . Portuguese and other European settlements in India To facilitate the transport of people and goods to and from the Indian enclaves , the Portuguese established an airline , Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa , and airports at Goa , Daman and Diu . Finally , in December 1961 , India militarily invaded Goa , Daman and Diu , where regardless of the odds the Portuguese put up a fight . Portuguese armed forces had been instructed to either defeat the invaders or die . Only meager resistance was offered due to the Portuguese army 's poor firepower and size ( only 3,300 men ) , against a fully armed Indian force of over 30,000 with full air and naval support . The Governor of Portuguese India signed the Instrument of Surrender on 19 December 1961 , ending 450 years of Portuguese rule in India . Post-annexation ( edit ) Status of the new territories ( edit ) Dadra and Nagar Haveli existed as a de facto independent entity from its independence in 1954 until its merger with the Republic of India in 1961 . Following the annexation of Goa , Daman and Diu , the new territories became Union Territories within the Indian Union as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Goa , Daman and Diu . Maj. Gen. K.P. Candeth was declared as military governor of Goa , Daman and Diu . Goa 's first general elections were held in 1963 . In 1967 a referendum was conducted where voters decided whether to merge Goa into the neighbouring state of Maharashtra , which the anti-merger faction won . However full statehood was not conferred immediately , and it was only on 30 May 1987 that Goa became the 25th state of the Indian Union , with Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu being separated , continuing to be administered as Union Territories . The most drastic changes in Portuguese India after 1961 were the introduction of democratic elections , as well as the replacement of Portuguese with English as the general language of government and education . However the Indians allowed certain Portuguese institutions to continue unchanged . Amongst these were the land ownership system of the comunidade , where land was held by the community and was then leased out to individuals . The Indian government left the Portuguese civil code unchanged in Goa , with the result that Goa today remains the only state in India with a common civil code that does not depend on religion . Citizenship ( edit ) The Citizenship Act of 1955 granted the government of India the authority to define citizenship in the Indian union . In exercise of its powers , the government passed the Goa , Daman and Diu ( Citizenship ) Order , 1962 on 28 March 1962 conferring Indian citizenship on all persons born on or before 20 December 1961 in Goa , Daman and Diu . Indo - Portuguese relations ( edit ) The Salazar regime in Portugal refused to recognise the Republic of India 's sovereignty over the annexed territories , which continued to be represented in Portugal 's National Assembly . In addition , a government in exile for the territories was established in Lisbon . Following the Carnation Revolution in 1974 , the new government in Portugal restored diplomatic relations with India , and recognised Indian sovereignty over Goa , Daman and Diu . Portugal continued to give the citizens of Portuguese India automatic citizenship . This led to the opening of a Portuguese Consulate in 1994 . Portuguese cemetery in kollam ( edit ) Main article : Portuguese Cemetery , Kollam Kollam ( formerly known as Quilon / Coulão ) was an ancient Portuguese settlement ; in 1519 they built a cemetery at Tangasseri in Quilon city . After a Dutch invasion , they also buried their dead there . The Pirates of Tangasseri formerly inhabited the cemetery . Remnants of this cemetery are still in existence today at Tangasseri . The site is very close to Tangasseri Lighthouse and St Thomas Fort , which are on the list of centrally protected monuments under the control of Archaeological Survey of India . Postal history ( edit ) Main article : Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India Early postal history of the colony is obscure , but regular mail is known to have been exchanged with Lisbon from 1825 on . Portugal had a postal convention with Great Britain , so much mail was probably routed through Bombay and carried on British packets . Portuguese postmarks are known from 1854 , when a post office was opened in Goa . The last regular issue for Portuguese India was on 25 June 1960 , for the 500th anniversary of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator . Stamps of India were first used on 29 December 1961 , although the old stamps were accepted until 5 January 1962 . Portugal continued to issue stamps for the lost colony but none were offered for sale in the colony 's post offices , so they are not considered valid stamps . Dual franking was tolerated from 22 December 1961 until 4 January 1962 . Colonial ( Portuguese ) postmarks were tolerated until May 1962 . See also ( edit ) Portugal portal India portal Goa portal Proposed flag for Portuguese India . Portuguese Empire Estado Novo ( Portugal ) List of governors of Portuguese India Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino ( archives in Lisbon documenting Portuguese Empire , including India ) Portuguese Indian Rupia Portuguese Indian Escudo Goa liberation movement Cuncolim Revolt French India Dutch India British Raj References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calicut : The City of Truth , M.G.S. Narayanan , Calicut University Publications , 2006 , page 198 Jump up ^ . The incident is mentioned by Camões in The Lusiads , wherein it is stated that the Zamorin `` showed no signs of treachery '' and that `` on the other hand , Gama 's conduct in carrying off the five men he had entrapped on board his ships is indefensible '' . Jump up ^ Sreedhara Menon. A , A Survey of Kerala History ( 1967 ) , p. 152 . D.C. Books Kottayam ^ Jump up to : Malabar manual by William Logan , p. 312 Jump up ^ Portuguese Studies Review ( ISSN 1057 - 1515 ) ( Baywolf Press ) p. 35 Jump up ^ Goa 's Freedom Movement Jump up ^ International Court of Justice Case Summaries , Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory ( Merits ) , Judgment of 12 April 1960 Jump up ^ Rear Admiral Satyindra Singh AVSM ( Ret . ) , Blueprint to Bluewater , The Indian Navy , 1951 -- 65 Jump up ^ Goa Wins Freedom : Reflections and Reminiscences , B. Sheikh Ali , Goa University , 1986 , page 154 Jump up ^ Goa and Its Future , Sarto Esteves , Manaktalas , 1966 , page 88 Jump up ^ Wars , Proxy - wars and Terrorism : Post Independent India , Peter Wilson Prabhakar , Mittal Publications , 2003 , page 39 Jump up ^ Lambert Mascarenhas , `` Goa 's Freedom Movement , '' excerpted from Henry Scholberg , Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo , Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi , Promilla ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Goa Through the Ages : An economic history , Volume 2 , page 276 Jump up ^ Government Polytechnic of Goa , `` Liberation of Goa '' Jump up ^ ' `` The Liberation of Goa : 1961 '' Bharat Rakshak , a Consortium of Indian Military Websites , ' Jump up ^ Jagan Pillarisetti , `` The Liberation of Goa : 1961 '' Bharat Rakshak , a Consortium of Indian Military Websites Jump up ^ Liberation of Goa , Maps of India Jump up ^ Dossier Goa -- A Recusa do Sacrifício Inútil . Shvoong.com . Jump up ^ Concise Encyclopaedia of India , K.R. Gupta & Amita Gupta Atlantic Publishers & Dist , 2006 , page 1214 Jump up ^ But Not Gone , TIME , 27 January 1967 Jump up ^ The Territories and States of India , Tara Boland - Crewe , David Lea , Routledge , 2003 , page 25 Jump up ^ Konkani , Rocky V Miranda , The Indo - Aryan Languages , Danesh Jain , George Cardona , Routledge , 26 July 2007 , page 735 Jump up ^ ' Portuguese Civil Code is no model for India ' , Times of India , 28 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Gangadhar Yashwant Bhandare vs Erasmo Jesus De Sequiria '' . manupatra . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Asian Recorder , Volume 8 , 1962 , page 4490 Jump up ^ Goa To Have An Exile Government , The Age , 5 January 1962 Jump up ^ Treaty on Recognition of India 's Sovereignty over Goa , Daman and Diu , Dadar and Nagar Haveli Amendment , 14 Mar 1975 Jump up ^ ' Portuguese nationality is fundamental right by law ' , Times of India , 15 January 2014 Jump up ^ Portuguese citizens can not contest polls : Faleiro , The Hindu , 18 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Colonial Voyage -- Tangasseri '' . Mathrubhumi . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tangasseri -- OOCITIES '' . OOCITIES . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological site and remains '' . Archaeological Survey of India -- Thrissur Circle . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of Tangasseri '' . Rotary Club of Tangasseri . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Portuguese India Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Andrada ( undated ) . The Life of Dom John de Castro : The Fourth Vice Roy of India . Jacinto Freire de Andrada . Translated into English by Peter Wyche. ( 1664 ) . Henry Herrington , New Exchange , London . Facsimile edition ( 1994 ) AES Reprint , New Delhi . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0900 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portuguese rule in India . ColonialVoyage.com -- History of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon , India , Malacca , Bengal , Formosa , Africa , Brazil . Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? 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Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_India&oldid=803781089 '' Categories : Former countries in South Asia States and territories established in 1505 States and territories disestablished in 1961 Empires and kingdoms of India Portuguese India Former Portuguese colonies Colonial states of the Portuguese Empire History of Kerala History of Goa Former colonies in Asia 1505 establishments in India 1505 establishments in Portuguese India 1961 disestablishments in Portuguese India Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Portuguese - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 16 : 08 . 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"The first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida, established his headquarters in Cochin (Cochim, Kochi). Subsequent Portuguese governors were not always of viceroy rank. After 1510, the capital of the Portuguese viceroyalty was transferred to Goa. Until the 18th century, the Portuguese governor in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to southeast Asia. In 1752 Mozambique got its own separate government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, and its authority was confined to the colonial holdings on the Malabar coast of present-day India."
] | [
"Francisco de Almeida"
] |
3516014416736221525 | Wonder (film) | Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Izabela Vidovic Mandy Patinkin Daveed Diggs Music by Marcelo Zarvos Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $197.5 million Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne , Steve Conrad , and Chbosky , based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts , Owen Wilson , and Jacob Tremblay , and follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in . Wonder was released in the United States on November 17 , 2017 , by Lionsgate and has grossed over $200 million worldwide on a $10 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast members 2.2 Other cast members 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman is a fifth - grade boy living in North River Heights in upper Manhattan . He has a rare medical facial deformity , which he refers to as `` mandibulofacial dysostosis . '' Due to numerous ( 27 ) surgeries , Auggie had been homeschooled by his mother Isabel , but as Auggie is approaching middle school age , Isabel and Nate decide to enroll him in Beecher Prep , a private school , for the start of middle school . At first , Auggie is ostracized by nearly all the student body , but he is soon befriended by a boy named Jack Will . During Halloween , Auggie wears an old GhostFace mask and costume because his dog , Daisy , threw up on his Boba Fett costume . Unrecognized , he walks around school knowing he would not get tormented while incognito . As he walks through the door to his homeroom he overhears Jack telling Julian Albans that he was only pretending to be friends with Auggie . Feeling betrayed , Auggie wants to quit Beecher Prep and go back to homeschooling , but his older sister Olivia , nicknamed `` Via , '' talks him out of it . Auggie later confides the incident to another friend , a girl named Summer , but swears her to secrecy . When Jack notices that Auggie has become quiet and distant he asks Summer why , but she only gives him the term `` Ghost Face '' as a clue ; Jack is shocked when it suddenly dawns on him that it was Auggie wearing the GhostFace costume , and thus had overheard everything he said to Julian . When Julian calls Auggie a `` freak , '' Jack angrily punches him in the face and a fight ensues between the two , which is soon broken up by Mr. Browne and Ms. Petosa . Jack is suspended for two days , and writes an apology letter to Mr. Tushman . Auggie , over winter break , requests Jack 's Minecraft coordinates , which Jack sends . Jack apologizes to Auggie , and Auggie accepts . During the rest of the school year , Auggie is repeatedly harassed by Julian and his group ; they leave hurtful notes on his desk and tape to his locker their class picture with Auggie photoshopped out . When Mr. Tushman later confronts Julian and his parents using all the notes and the doctored picture as evidence , Julian 's mother proclaims that she had had Auggie edited out of the photo to make it look more presentable to her friends at home ; she then says that the school should not be inclusive and that Auggie does not belong there . But despite her threats to pull their funding from the school , Tushman suspends Julian for two days . Julian apologizes to Tushman for harassing Auggie as his mother drags him out the door . Meanwhile , Via signs up for Drama Club at her high school after her best friend , Miranda , ignores her ; in the process , she meets Justin , a friendly boy with whom she forms a close friendship , which later develops into a romantic relationship . Later , Via is selected to be an understudy for the lead role in the school 's production of Our Town , with Justin as the lead actor . Later on , Isabel and Nate find out that Via 's play is coming around , and Via never told them about it , and they get into a fight with Auggie overhearing everything . Auggie later confronts his mom and his sister , who brush it off . Auggie then accuses them of lying and storms off to his room , and then Daisy starts to whimper . Via then rushes up to Auggie 's room telling him that Daisy is sick . They say goodbye to Isabel who meets Nate at the hospital . They then return that night without the dog , implying that Daisy was put to sleep . On the night of the play , Miranda , the lead actress and Via 's former best friend , pretends to fall ill . Via takes her place and gives a performance that earns her a standing ovation . After the play , everyone , including Miranda and Justin , go home to the Pullmans and eat pizza to celebrate . During a school trip to a nature reserve , when Auggie and Jack are accosted and threatened by a group of seventh graders from another school , several of their classmates come to their defense . At the year 's end during the graduation ceremony , Tushman announces that Auggie has been selected for the Henry Ward Beecher Medal for standing out ; Auggie receives a standing ovation , and the movie ends with everyone applauding Auggie , and Isabel commenting on him being a wonder . Cast ( edit ) Main cast members ( edit ) Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman Izabela Vidovic as Olivia `` Via '' Pullman Noah Jupe as Jack Will Bryce Gheisar as Julian Albans Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Cody Millie Davis as Summer Dawson Ty Consiglio as Amos Conti Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Noury James A. Hughes as Henry Joplin Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Navas Nadji Jeter as Justin Gidget as Darth - Daisy `` Daisy '' , Auggie and Via 's dog Other cast members ( edit ) Nicole Oliver as Mrs. Will Rachel Hayward as Mrs. Navas Crystal Lowe as Mrs. Albans Steve Bacic as Mr. Albans Erika McKitrick as Ella Lucia Thain as Savanna Wittenberg Sasha Neuhaus as Maya Markowitz Izzy Lieberman as Reid Kingsley Hannah Hoberman as Rebecca William Dickinson as Eddie ( 7th grader who bullied August ) Maccie Margaret Chbosky as Young Olivia Emma Tremblay as Michelle Lydia Jewett as Lina Annan Armen Bagdasrov as Danny Kaelyn Breitkopf as Angela Victoria V. Cruz as the Science Fair judge Benjamin Ratner as Mr. Davenport Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay . Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in the film to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct the film . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined the film to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the film to play Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast in the film to play Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sonia Braga joined the cast of the film , portraying the role of Roberts ' character 's mother . Jacob 's prosthetic makeup , designed and created by Arjen Tuiten , took an hour and half to apply . It consisted of a skull cap with prosthetic ears attached , a facial prosthetic that covered Jacob 's face , and a wig to tie it all together . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes . '' It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Wonder author R.J. Palacio has often credited Natalie Merchant 's song `` Wonder '' from her 1995 album Tigerlily as the inspiration for her best - selling book and at Merchant 's invitation , the song will be featured in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate . On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of December 31 , 2017 , Wonder has grossed $121.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $75.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $197.5 million , against a production budget of $20 million . In the United States and Canada , Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend . However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales , weekend projections were upped to $15 million . Weekend projections were again increased , this time to $28 million , after the film made $9.4 million on its first day . The film went on to debut to $27.1 million , finishing second at the box office behind Justice League . In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7 % , grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 154 reviews and an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wonder does n't shy away from its bestselling source material 's sentiment , but this well - acted and overall winsome drama earns its tugs at the heartstrings . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . Some with craniofacial disorders have criticized the film for casting an able - bodied actor as Auggie and for its inspirational message . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Justice League ' Perform Like ' Wonder Woman ' or ' Suicide Squad ' at the Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder the Film '' . Natalie Merchant . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media , LLC . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henley , Ariel . `` Hollywood 's Approach to Disabled Characters Is Still a Disaster '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren . `` What it 's really like to have the rare disease in ' Wonder ' '' . New York Post . New York Post . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Barack , Lauren . `` Critics Question the Representation of Disability in ' Wonder ' '' . School Library Journal . School Library Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wonder on IMDb Wonder at AllMovie Wonder at Box Office Mojo Wonder at Metacritic Wonder at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=818186927 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Films about disability Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the star of the movie wonder | [
"Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne, Steve Conrad, and Chbosky, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio. The film stars Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, and Jacob Tremblay, and follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in. Wonder was released in the United States on November 17, 2017, by Lionsgate and has grossed over $200 million worldwide on a $10 million budget.",
"Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne, Steve Conrad, and Chbosky, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio. The film stars Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, and Jacob Tremblay, and follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in. Wonder was released in the United States on November 17, 2017, by Lionsgate and has grossed over $200 million worldwide on a $10 million budget.",
"Wonder is a 2017 American drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Jack Thorne, Steve Conrad, and Chbosky, based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio. The film stars Julia Roberts, Owen Wilson, and Jacob Tremblay, and follows a child with Treacher Collins syndrome trying to fit in. Wonder was released in the United States on November 17, 2017, by Lionsgate and has grossed over $200 million worldwide on a $10 million budget."
] | [
"Julia Roberts",
"Owen Wilson",
"Jacob Tremblay"
] |
-3966512856246462772 | Doctor Who (series 11) | Doctor Who ( series 11 ) - wikipedia Doctor Who ( series 11 ) This article is about the 2018 series . For the 1973 -- 74 season , see Doctor Who ( season 11 ) . Doctor Who ( series 11 ) Promotional poster Starring Jodie Whittaker Tosin Cole Mandip Gill Bradley Walsh Country of origin United Kingdom Release Original network BBC One Series chronology ← Previous Series 10 List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) The eleventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who is set to premiere in 2018 , and will consist of ten episodes . The series will be the first to be led by Chris Chibnall as head writer and executive producer , alongside executive producers Matt Strevens and Sam Hoyle , after Steven Moffat and Brian Minchin stepped down after the tenth series . This series will be the eleventh to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and will be the thirty - seventh season overall . It also marks the beginning of the third production era of the revived series , following Russell T. Davies ' run from 2005 -- 2010 , and Moffat 's from 2010 -- 2017 . The series will introduce Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor , the most recent incarnation of the Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in her TARDIS , which appears to be a British police box on the outside . The series will also introduce Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , and Mandip Gill as the Doctor 's newest companions , Graham O'Brien , Ryan Sinclair and Yasmin Khan , respectively . Filming for the series , which is set to include a Christmas special , commenced in November 2017 and concluded in August 2018 . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Writing and development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design changes 3.4 Music 4 Promotion 5 References Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) For the first time since Doctor Who 's seventh series , each episode of the series is set to be a standalone story with no multi-parters . Story Episode Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) AI 277 TBA Jamie Childs TBA October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 ) TBD TBD Jamie Childs also directed the seventh episode and two other episodes for the series , while Jennifer Perrott and Sallie Aprahamian also directed several episodes . Wayne Yip will direct the 2018 Christmas special . Casting ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who cast members Whittaker at the 2018 San Diego Comic - Con , where she promoted her first full series . The series will introduce Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor . Her predecessor Peter Capaldi departed from his role as the Twelfth Doctor after the tenth series , having played the role for three series . His final appearance was in the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Moffat stated in February 2017 that Chibnall tried to persuade the actor to continue into the eleventh series , but despite this , Capaldi still decided to depart . We 'll cast the role in the traditional way : write the script , then go and find the best person for that part in that script . You could n't go out and cast an abstract idea ... The creative possibilities are endless , but I have a very clear sense of what we 're going to do , without even knowing who 's going to play the part . -- Chris Chibnall , executive producer , on the approach to casting the newest incarnation of the lead character . The search for the actor to portray the Thirteenth Doctor , led by Chibnall , began later in 2017 , after he completed work on the third series of the ITV series Broadchurch , for which he is also the head writer and executive producer . Chibnall had the final say on the actor , although the decision also involved Charlotte Moore and Piers Wenger , the director of content and head of drama for the BBC respectively . Media reports and bookmakers speculated as to who would replace Capaldi as the Thirteenth Doctor , with Ben Whishaw and Kris Marshall among the most popular predictions . On 16 July 2017 , it was announced after the 2017 Wimbledon Championships men 's finals that Whittaker would portray the thirteenth incarnation of the Doctor . After Michelle Gomez reprised her role of Missy in the tenth series , she stated in May 2017 that it would be her last series in the role , and she would not be returning for the eleventh series or beyond . After the tenth series concluded , it was confirmed that neither companion from that series would be reprising their roles for the eleventh series ; Matt Lucas left his role as Nardole after the finale of the tenth series , and Pearl Mackie stated at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con that she would not return as Bill Potts after the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Consequently , series 11 will introduce a new set of companions , including Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , and Mandip Gill as Graham O'Brien , Ryan Sinclair and Yasmin Khan , respectively . Walsh had been a favourite for the role since rumours of his casting began in August 2017 . Actress Sharon D. Clarke is also set to have a recurring role throughout the series , as Graham 's wife . On 8 March 2018 , Alan Cumming announced that he had been cast as King James I in an episode of the series . On 25 March , comedian Lee Mack stated that he would make a brief appearance in one episode . Shaun Dooley is also set to appear in the series . Production ( edit ) Writing and development ( edit ) In April 2015 , Steven Moffat confirmed that Doctor Who would run for at least another five years , extending the show until 2020 . It was announced in January 2016 that the tenth series would be Moffat 's final series as executive producer and head writer , after seven years as showrunner , for which he will be replaced in the role by Chris Chibnall in 2018 . Matt Strevens will serve as executive producer alongside Chibnall , as well as Sam Hoyle . With Moffat 's departure from the role of head writer , he also stated in February 2017 that he was not planning to write for the eleventh series . The series will consist of 10 episodes , a shorter run compared to the 12 and 13 episodes that have comprised the previous ten series of the revived era . Episodes will run for an average of 50 minutes each , with the premiere running for 65 minutes . Chibnall stated at the 2018 San Diego Comic - Con that each episode of the series is set to be a standalone story with no multi-parters ; Chibnall also stated that the series is not set to feature the Daleks . The writing team for the eleventh series is set to include people from black and minority ethnic backgrounds for the first time in the programme 's history . Two females and three males are set to contribute as guest writers , and the series as a whole will feature an equal split between female and male directors . The editors for the eleventh series , consists primarily of females bar one . Chibnall and Strevens stated that it was a priority to have a diverse production team . Jamie Childs directed the first and seventh episode of the series in the opening production block , having directed Whittaker 's introduction video as the Thirteenth Doctor . Sallie Aprahamian directed the third filming block , consisting of two episodes . Filming ( edit ) Pre-production for the eleventh series began in late October 2017 . After filming for the series was expected to begin in late 2017 , it officially began in November 2017 , and concluded on 3 August 2018 for an expected release in October 2018 . The eleventh series will be shot using Cooke and Angénieux anamorphic lenses for the first time in the series ' history , a creative decision made in order to make the show look more cinematic . Eleven episodes will be filmed for the series , which includes the initial ten as well as the annual Christmas special episode . Production blocks are arranged as follows : Block Episode Director Writer Producer Ref ( s ) Episode 1 Episode 7 Jamie Childs TBA Nikki Wilson TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Sallie Aprahamian TBA Alex Mercer TBA TBA Jennifer Perrott TBA TBA TBA TBA Jamie Childs TBA TBA X 2018 Christmas Special Wayne Yip TBA Nikki Wilson Design changes ( edit ) New Doctor Who logo and insignia for the eleventh series A new logo was unveiled at the BBC Worldwide showcase on 20 February 2018 . This logo was designed by the creative agency Little Hawk , who also created a stylized insignia of the word `` who '' enclosed in a circle with an intersecting line . Music ( edit ) Murray Gold announced in February 2018 that he would step down as the programme 's composer , having served as the musical director since 2005 , and that he would not be composing the music for the eleventh series . On 26 June 2018 , producer Chris Chibnall announced that the musical score for the eleventh series would be provided by Royal Birmingham Conservatoire alumnus Segun Akinola . Promotion ( edit ) The first teaser for the series was released during the final of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 15 July 2018 , almost exactly a year after the announcement of Whitaker as the Thirteenth Doctor . Whittaker , Gill , Cole , Chibnall and Strevens promoted the show with a panel at the San Diego Comic - Con on 19 July 2018 , where the first trailer was released . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Doctor Who series 11 wo n't feature any two - part stories '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Davies 1st Assistant Director '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Doctor Who logo revealed for upcoming 11th series '' . BBC . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who series 11 lands its first director as work gets under way on Jodie Whittaker 's debut '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ravens '' . NRFF . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rochelle Stevens & Co : Sallie Aprahamian '' . Rochelle Stevens & Co . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Associates : Helen Murphy '' . Berlin Associates . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edel McDonnell '' . Berlin Associates . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game '' . The Telegraph . 16 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Capaldi announces he will stand down as Doctor Who at the end of the year '' . BBC . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Moffat : Chris Chibnall tried to persuade Peter Capaldi to stay on Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Showrunner Reveals Plan to Cast All - New Doctor Who for Season 11 '' . TVWeb . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowell , Ben ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who boss Chris Chibnall will lead the hunt for Peter Capaldi 's replacement '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` WHO WILL BE WHO ? Who will be the next Doctor Who ? Latest odds on who will replace Peter Capaldi , from Richard Ayoade to Olivia Coleman '' . The Sun . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Gomez confirms she 's leaving Doctor Who with Peter Capaldi : `` It 's the end of an era '' `` . DigitalSpy. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Doctor Who stars say goodbye to their characters '' . DigitalSpy. 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Mackie confirms that she will not return to Doctor Who beyond the Christmas special '' . Radio Times . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , Mandip Gill and Sharon D Clarke join Jodie Whittaker as regular cast members '' . Radio Times . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` Jodie Whittaker Wakes Up in Doctor Who 's Comic - Con Trailer '' . Vulture . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Is Bradley Walsh REALLY the new Doctor Who companion ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who spoilers : Sharon D Clarke spills on Bradley Walsh in new series '' . Metro UK . 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Cumming set to play King James I in Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Mack `` harassed '' Doctor Who team for series 11 role `` . Digital Spy. 25 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` Has Doctor Who just revealed a surprise new guest star ? '' . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who ' to remain on - screen until at least 2020 ' '' . BBC . 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat quits to be replaced by Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything we know so far about ' Doctor Who ' Season 11 '' . CultBox. 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mlot , Stephanie ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Steven Moffat 's Story Arcs End With ' Doctor Who ' Season 10 '' . Geek . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh among new cast members '' . BBC News . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - how long is the new series ? Extra-long opening episode for Jodie Whittaker 's Doctor '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Doctor Who series 11 will not feature any Daleks confirms new showrunner '' . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Doctor Who series 11 will feature the 55 - year - old show 's first ever writers of colour '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Megan ( 12 November 2017 ) . `` Bradley Walsh confirms he starts work on Doctor Who next week '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Doctor Who Official ( @ bbcdoctorwho ) ( 3 August 2018 ) . `` ... and that 's a wrap ! # DoctorWho '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 4 August 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Strauss , Will . `` Films at 59 supplies filmic kit for the next Doctor Who '' . Broadcast . Broadcast . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` Jodie Whittaker WILL get a Doctor Who Christmas special after all '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Childs '' . Independent Talent . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` New Doctor Who logo revealed for Jodie Whittaker 's Thirteenth Doctor era '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Rory ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh WON 'T work with two big stars after they confirm their exits '' . Express . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Doctor Who series 11 composer has been revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan . `` Doctor Who series 11 's first official trailer will air during the World Cup final '' . digitalspy.com . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who Comic - Con panel details revealed '' . RadioTimes . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy . `` Doctor Who Season 11 Trailer & Poster : New Faces , New Worlds '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Doctor Who episodes 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Original series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1996 film Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 840 ( 97 missing ) Stories 276 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_(series_11)&oldid=854530118 '' Categories : Doctor Who lists Doctor Who series Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use British English from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 11 doctor who coming out | [
"StoryEpisodeTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)AI2771TBAJamie Childs[2]TBAOctober 2018 (2018-10)[3]TBDTBD"
] | [
"October 2018"
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-7764971888148631807 | Don't ask, don't tell | Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell - wikipedia Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Jump to : navigation , search `` DADT '' redirects here . For the television syndication company , see Disney - ABC Domestic Television . For other uses , see Do n't ask , do n't tell ( disambiguation ) . Do n't ask , do n't tell President Bill Clinton speaking at an announcement on new policy regarding homosexuals in the military Planned Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 Planned by Clinton Administration Commanded by Bill Clinton Date February 28 , 1994 -- September 30 , 2011 Executed by Les Aspin Outcome service by gays , bisexuals , and lesbians in the military Part of a series on Lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) rights Laws around the world LGBT parenting adoption Immigration issues Intersex rights Military service Recognition of relationships Same - sex marriage Transgender rights LGBT rights organizations Opposition Violence against LGBT people LGBT portal `` Do n't ask , do n't tell '' ( DADT ) was the official United States policy on military service by gays , bisexuals , and lesbians , instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28 , 1994 , when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21 , 1993 , took effect , lasting until September 20 , 2011 . The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants , while barring openly gay , lesbian , or bisexual persons from military service . This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by United States federal law Pub. L. 103 -- 160 ( 10 U.S.C. § 654 ) , which was signed November 30 , 1993 . The policy prohibited people who `` demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts '' from serving in the armed forces of the United States , because their presence `` would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale , good order and discipline , and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability '' . The act prohibited any homosexual or bisexual person from disclosing his or her sexual orientation or from speaking about any homosexual relationships , including marriages or other familial attributes , while serving in the United States armed forces . The act specified that service members who disclose that they are homosexual or engage in homosexual conduct should be separated ( discharged ) except when a service member 's conduct was `` for the purpose of avoiding or terminating military service '' or when it `` would not be in the best interest of the armed forces '' . Since DADT ended in 2011 , persons who are openly homosexual and bisexual have been able to serve . The `` do n't ask '' part of the DADT policy specified that superiors should not initiate investigation of a service member 's orientation without witnessing disallowed behaviors , though credible evidence of homosexual behavior could be used to initiate an investigation . Unauthorized investigations and harassment of suspected servicemen and women led to an expansion of the policy to `` do n't ask , do n't tell , do n't pursue , do n't harass '' . Legislation to repeal DADT was enacted in December 2010 , specifying that the policy would remain in place until the President , the Secretary of Defense , and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff certified that repeal would not harm military readiness , followed by a 60 - day waiting period . A July 6 , 2011 , ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members . President Barack Obama , Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta , and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen sent that certification to Congress on July 22 , 2011 , which set the end of DADT to September 20 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Origin 3 Court challenges 3.1 McVeigh v. Cohen 3.2 Witt v. Department of the Air Force 3.3 Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America 4 Debate 5 Repeal 5.1 Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 5.2 Implementation of repeal 5.3 Day of repeal and aftermath 6 2012 presidential campaign issue 7 Views of the policy 7.1 Public opinion 7.2 Chaplains and religious groups 8 Discharges under DADT 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Sexual orientation and the United States military Dignity and Respect , the U.S. Army 's 2001 training guide on the homosexual conduct policy , gave official guidelines on what can be considered credible information of someone 's homosexuality . Engaging in homosexual activity has been grounds for discharge from the American military since the Revolutionary War . Policies based on sexual orientation appeared as the United States prepared to enter World War II . When the military added psychiatric screening to its induction process , it included homosexuality as a disqualifying trait , then seen as a form of psychopathology . When the army issued revised mobilization regulations in 1942 , it distinguished `` homosexual '' recruits from `` normal '' recruits for the first time . Before the buildup to the war , gay service members were court - martialed , imprisoned , and dishonorably discharged ; but in wartime , commanding officers found it difficult to convene court - martial boards of commissioned officers and the administrative blue discharge became the military 's standard method for handling gay and lesbian personnel . In 1944 , a new policy directive decreed that homosexuals were to be committed to military hospitals , examined by psychiatrists and discharged under Regulation 615 - 360 , section 8 . In 1947 , blue discharges were discontinued and two new classifications were created : `` general '' and `` undesirable '' . Under such a system , a serviceman or woman found to be gay but who had not committed any sexual acts while in service would tend to receive an undesirable discharge . Those found guilty of engaging in sexual conduct were usually dishonorably discharged . A 1957 U.S. Navy study known as the Crittenden Report dismissed the charge that homosexuals constitute a security risk , but advocated stringent anti-homosexual policies because `` Homosexuality is wrong , it is evil , and it is to be branded as such . '' It remained secret until 1976 . Fannie Mae Clackum was the first service member to successfully appeal such a discharge , winning eight years of back pay from the US Court of Claims in 1960 . From the 1950s through the Vietnam War , some notable gay service members avoided discharges despite pre-screening efforts , and when personnel shortages occurred , homosexuals were allowed to serve . The gay and lesbian rights movement in the 1970s and 1980s raised the issue by publicizing several noteworthy dismissals of gay service members . Sgt . Leonard Matlovich appeared on the cover of Time in 1975 . In 1982 the Department of Defense issued a policy stating that , `` Homosexuality is incompatible with military service . '' It cited the military 's need `` to maintain discipline , good order , and morale '' and `` to prevent breaches of security '' . In 1988 , in response to a campaign against lesbians at the Marines ' Parris Island Depot , activists launched the Gay and Lesbian Military Freedom Project ( MFP ) to advocate for an end to the exclusion of gays and lesbians from the armed forces . In 1989 , reports commissioned by the Personnel Security Research and Education Center ( PERSEREC ) , an arm of the Pentagon , were discovered in the process of Joseph Steffan 's lawsuit fighting his forced resignation from the U.S. Naval Academy . One report said that `` having a same - gender or an opposite - gender orientation is unrelated to job performance in the same way as is being left - or right - handed . '' Other lawsuits fighting discharges highlighted the service record of service members like Tracey Thorne and Margarethe ( Grethe ) Cammermeyer . The MFP began lobbying Congress in 1990 , and in 1991 Senator Brock Adams ( D - Washington ) and Rep. Barbara Boxer introduced the Military Freedom Act , legislation to end the ban completely . Adams and Rep. Pat Schroeder ( D - Colorado ) re-introduced it the next year . In July 1991 , Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney , in the context of the outing of his press aide Pete Williams , dismissed the idea that gays posed a security risk as `` a bit of an old chestnut '' in testimony before the House Budget Committee . In response to his comment , several major newspapers endorsed ending the ban , including USA Today , the Los Angeles Times , and the Detroit Free Press . In June 1992 , the General Accounting Office released a report that members of Congress had requested two years earlier estimating the costs associated with the ban on gays and lesbians in the military at $27 million annually . During the 1992 U.S. presidential election campaign , the civil rights of gays and lesbians , particularly their open service in the military , attracted some press attention , and all candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination supported ending the ban on military service by gays and lesbians , but the Republicans did not make a political issue of that position . In an August cover letter to all his senior officers , Gen. Carl Mundy , Jr. , Commandant of the Marine Corps , praised a position paper authored by a Marine Corps chaplain that said that `` In the unique , intensely close environment of the military , homosexual conduct can threaten the lives , including the physical ( e.g. AIDS ) and psychological well - being of others '' . Mundy called it `` extremely insightful '' and said it offered `` a sound basis for discussion of the issue '' . The murder of gay U.S. Navy petty officer Allen R. Schindler , Jr. on October 27 , 1992 , brought calls from advocates of allowing open service by gays and lesbians for prompt action from the incoming Clinton administration . Origin ( edit ) The policy was introduced as a compromise measure in 1993 by President Bill Clinton who campaigned in 1992 on the promise to allow all citizens to serve in the military regardless of sexual orientation . Commander Craig Quigley , a Navy spokesman , expressed the opposition of many in the military at the time when he said , `` Homosexuals are notoriously promiscuous '' and that in shared shower situations , heterosexuals would have an `` uncomfortable feeling of someone watching '' . During the 1993 policy debate , the National Defense Research Institute prepared a study for the Office of the Secretary of Defense published as Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy : Options and Assessment . It concluded that `` circumstances could exist under which the ban on homosexuals could be lifted with little or no adverse consequences for recruitment and retention '' if the policy were implemented with care , principally because many factors contribute to individual enlistment and re-enlistment decisions . On May 5 , 1993 , Gregory M. Herek , associate research psychologist at the University of California at Davis and an authority on public attitudes toward lesbians and gay men , testified before the House Armed Services Committee on behalf of several professional associations . He stated , `` The research data show that there is nothing about lesbians and gay men that makes them inherently unfit for military service , and there is nothing about heterosexuals that makes them inherently unable to work and live with gay people in close quarters . '' Herek added , `` The assumption that heterosexuals can not overcome their prejudices toward gay people is a mistaken one . '' In Congress , Democratic Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia led the contingent that favored maintaining the absolute ban on gays . Reformers were led by Democratic Congressman Barney Frank of Massachusetts , who favored modification ( but ultimately voted for the defense authorization bill with the gay ban language ) , and Barry Goldwater , a former Republican Senator and a retired Major General , who argued on behalf of allowing service by open gays and lesbians . In a June 1993 Washington Post opinion piece , Goldwater wrote : `` You do n't have to be straight to shoot straight , '' after Congressional phone lines were flooded by organized anti-gay opposition , indicating substantial public opposition to Clinton 's open service proposal . External video Video Recording of President William Jefferson Clinton Speaking at a Press Conference on the Topic of Lifting the Ban on Homosexuals in the Military , January 29 , 1993 , NARA Video Recording of President William Jefferson Clinton Speaking at an Announcement on New Policy Regarding Homosexuals in the Military , September 19 , 1993 , NARA Congress rushed to enact the existing gay ban policy into federal law , outflanking Clinton 's planned repeal effort . Clinton called for legislation to overturn the ban , but encountered intense opposition from the Joint Chiefs of Staff , members of Congress , and portions of the public . DADT emerged as a compromise policy . Congress included text in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 ( passed in 1993 ) requiring the military to abide by regulations essentially identical to the 1982 absolute ban policy . The Clinton Administration on December 21 , 1993 , issued Defense Directive 1304.26 , which directed that military applicants were not to be asked about their sexual orientation . This is the policy now known as `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' . The phrase was coined by Charles Moskos , a military sociologist . In accordance with the December 21 , 1993 , Department of Defense Directive 1332.14 , it was legal policy ( 10 U.S.C. § 654 ) that homosexuality was incompatible with military service and that persons who engaged in homosexual acts or stated that they are homosexual or bisexual were to be discharged . The Uniform Code of Military Justice , passed by Congress in 1950 and signed by President Harry S Truman , established the policies and procedures for discharging service members . The full name of the policy at the time was `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , Do n't Pursue '' . The `` Do n't Ask '' provision mandated that military or appointed officials will not ask about or require members to reveal their sexual orientation . The `` Do n't Tell '' stated that a member may be discharged for claiming to be a homosexual or bisexual or making a statement indicating a tendency towards or intent to engage in homosexual activities . The `` Do n't Pursue '' established what was minimally required for an investigation to be initiated . A `` Do n't Harass '' provision was added to the policy later . It ensured that the military would not allow harassment or violence against service members for any reason . The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network was founded in 1993 to advocate an end to discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in the U.S. Armed Forces . Court challenges ( edit ) DADT was upheld by five federal Courts of Appeal . The Supreme Court , in Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights , Inc. ( 2006 ) , unanimously held that the federal government could constitutionally withhold funding from universities , no matter what their nondiscrimination policies might be , for refusing to give military recruiters access to school resources . An association of law schools had argued that allowing military recruiting at their institutions compromised their ability to exercise their free speech rights in opposition to discrimination based on sexual orientation as represented by DADT . McVeigh v. Cohen ( edit ) In January 1998 , Senior Chief Petty Officer Timothy R. McVeigh ( not to be confused with convicted Oklahoma City bomber , Timothy J. McVeigh ) won a preliminary injunction from a U.S. district court that prevented his discharge from the U.S. Navy for `` homosexual conduct '' after 17 years of service . His lawsuit did not challenge the DADT policy , but asked the court to hold the military accountable for adhering to the policy 's particulars . The Navy had investigated McVeigh 's sexual orientation based on his AOL email account name and user profile . District Judge Stanley Sporkin ruled in McVeigh v. Cohen that the Navy had violated its own DADT guidelines : `` Suggestions of sexual orientation in a private , anonymous email account did not give the Navy a sufficient reason to investigate to determine whether to commence discharge proceedings . '' He called the Navy 's investigation `` a search and destroy mission '' against McVeigh . The case also attracted attention because a navy paralegal had misrepresented himself when querying AOL for information about McVeigh 's account . Frank Rich linked the two issues : `` McVeigh is as clear - cut a victim of a witch hunt as could be imagined , and that witch hunt could expand exponentially if the military wants to add on - line fishing to its invasion of service members ' privacy . '' AOL apologized to McVeigh and paid him damages . McVeigh reached a settlement with the Navy that paid his legal expenses and allowed him to retire with full benefits in July . The New York Times called Sporkin 's ruling `` a victory for gay rights , with implications for the millions of people who use computer on - line services '' . Witt v. Department of the Air Force ( edit ) In April 2006 , Margaret Witt , a major in the United States Air Force who was being investigated for homosexuality , filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that DADT violates substantive due process , the Equal Protection Clause , and procedural due process . In July 2007 the Secretary of the Air Force ordered her honorable discharge . Dismissed by the district court , the case was heard on appeal , and the Ninth Circuit issued its ruling on May 21 , 2008 . Its decision in Witt v. Department of the Air Force reinstated Witt 's substantive - due - process and procedural - due - process claims and affirmed the dismissal of her Equal Protection claim . The Ninth Circuit , analyzing the Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) , determined that DADT had to be subjected to heightened scrutiny , meaning that there must be an `` important '' governmental interest at issue , that DADT must `` significantly '' further the governmental interest , and that there can be no less intrusive way for the government to advance that interest . The Obama administration declined to appeal , allowing a May 3 , 2009 , deadline to pass , leaving Witt as binding on the entire Ninth Circuit , and returning the case to the District Court . On September 24 , 2010 , District Judge Ronald B. Leighton ruled that Witt 's constitutional rights had been violated by her discharge and that she must be reinstated to the Air Force . The government filed an appeal with the Ninth Circuit on November 23 , but made no attempt to have the trial court 's ruling stayed pending the outcome . In a settlement announced on May 10 , 2011 , the Air Force agreed to drop its appeal and remove Witt 's discharge from her military record . She will retire with full benefits . Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America ( edit ) In 2010 , a lawsuit filed in 2004 by the Log Cabin Republicans ( LCR ) , the nation 's largest Republican gay organization , went to trial . Challenging the constitutionality of DADT , the plaintiffs stated that the policy violates the rights of gay military members to free speech , due process and open association . The government argued that DADT was necessary to advance a legitimate governmental interest . Plaintiffs introduced statements by President Barack Obama , from prepared remarks , that DADT `` does n't contribute to our national security '' , `` weakens our national security '' , and that reversal is `` essential for our national security '' . According to plaintiffs , these statements alone satisfied their burden of proof on the due process claims . On September 9 , 2010 , Judge Virginia A. Phillips ruled in Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America that the ban on service by openly gay service members was an unconstitutional violation of the First and Fifth Amendments . On October 12 , 2010 , she granted an immediate worldwide injunction prohibiting the Department of Defense from enforcing the `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell '' policy and ordered the military to suspend and discontinue any investigation or discharge , separation , or other proceedings based on it . The Department of Justice appealed her decision and requested a stay of her injunction , which Phillips denied but which the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted on October 20 and stayed pending appeal on November 1 . The U.S. Supreme Court refused to overrule the stay . District Court neither anticipated questions of constitutional law nor formulated a rule broader than is required by the facts . The constitutional issues regarding DADT are well - defined , and the District Court focused specifically on the relevant inquiry of whether the statute impermissibly infringed upon substantive due process rights with regard to a protected area of individual liberty . Engaging in a careful and detailed review of the facts presented to it at trial , the District Court properly concluded that the Government put forward no persuasive evidence to demonstrate that the statute is a valid exercise of congressional authority to legislate in the realm of protected liberty interests . See Log Cabin , 716 F. Supp . 2d at 923 . Hypothetical questions were neither presented nor answered in reaching this decision . On October 19 , 2010 , military recruiters were told they could accept openly gay applicants . On October 20 , 2010 , Lt. Daniel Choi , an openly gay man honorably discharged under DADT , re-enlisted in the U.S. Army . Following passage of the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 , the Justice Department asked the Ninth Circuit to suspend LCR 's suit in light of the legislative repeal . LCR opposed the request , noting that gay personnel were still subject to discharge . On January 28 , 2011 , the Court denied the Justice Department 's request . The Obama administration responded by requesting that the policy be allowed to stay in place while they completed the process of assuring that its end would not impact combat readiness . On March 28 , the LCR filed a brief asking that the court deny the administration 's request . In 2011 , while waiting for certification , several service members were discharged under DADT at their own insistence , until July 6 when a three - judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals re-instated Judge Phillips ' injunction barring further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members . On July 11 , the appeals court asked the DOJ to inform the court if it intended to proceed with its appeal . On July 14 , the Justice Department filed a motion `` to avoid short - circuiting the repeal process established by Congress during the final stages of the implementation of the repeal '' . and warning of `` significant immediate harms on the government '' . On July 15 , the Ninth Circuit restored most of the DADT policy , but continued to prohibit the government from discharging or investigating openly gay personnel . Following the implementation of DADT 's repeal , a panel of three judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the Phillips ruling . Debate ( edit ) Following the July 1999 murder of Army Pfc . Barry Winchell , apparently motivated by anti-gay bias , President Clinton issued an executive order modifying the Uniform Code of Military Justice to permit evidence of a hate crime to be admitted during the sentencing phase of a trial . In December , Secretary of Defense William Cohen ordered a review of DADT to determine if the policy 's anti-gay harassment component was being observed . When that review found anti-gay sentiments were widely expressed and tolerated in the military , the DOD adopted a new anti-harassment policy in July 2000 , though its effectiveness was disputed . On December 7 , 1999 , Hillary Clinton told an audience of gay supporters that `` Gays and lesbians already serve with distinction in our nation 's armed forces and should not face discrimination . Fitness to serve should be based on an individual 's conduct , not their sexual orientation . '' Later that month , retired Gen. Carl E. Mundy defended the implementation of DADT against what he called the `` politicization '' of the issue by both Clintons . He cited discharge statistics for the Marines for the past 5 years that showed 75 % were based on `` voluntary admission of homosexuality '' and 49 % occurred during the first 6 months of service , when new recruits were most likely to reevaluate their decision to enlist . He also argued against any change in the policy , writing in the New York Times : `` Conduct that is widely rejected by a majority of Americans can undermine the trust that is essential to creating and maintaining the sense of unity that is critical to the success of a military organization operating under the very different and difficult demands of combat . '' The conviction of Winchell 's murderer , according to the New York Times , `` galvanized opposition '' to DADT , an issue that had `` largely vanished from public debate '' . Opponents of the policy focused on punishing harassment in the military rather than the policy itself , which Sen. Chuck Hagel defended on December 25 : `` The U.S. armed forces are n't some social experiment . '' The principal candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2000 , Al Gore and Bill Bradley , both endorsed military service by open gays and lesbians , provoking opposition from high - ranking retired military officers , notably the recently retired commandant of the Marine Corps , Gen. Charles C. Krulak . He and others objected to Gore 's statement that he would use support for ending DADT as a `` litmus test '' when considering candidates for the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The 2000 Democratic Party platform was silent on the issue , while the Republican Party platform that year said : `` We affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service . '' Following the election of George W. Bush in 2000 , observers expected him to avoid any changes to DADT , since his nominee for Secretary of State Colin Powell had participated in its creation . Conservative critics of DADT were disappointed that he failed to withdraw the `` do n't ask '' directives and return the military to its earlier complete ban on service by gays and lesbians . In July 2004 the American Psychological Association issued a statement that DADT `` discriminates on the basis of sexual orientation '' and that `` Empirical evidence fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including unit cohesion , morale , recruitment and retention . '' It said that the U.S. military 's track record overcoming past racial and gender discrimination demonstrated its ability to integrate groups previously excluded . The Republican Party platform that year reiterated its support for the policy -- `` We affirm traditional military culture , and we affirm that homosexuality is incompatible with military service . '' -- while the Democratic Party maintained its silence . In February 2005 , the Government Accountability Office released estimates of the cost of DADT . It reported at least $95.4 million in recruiting costs and at least $95.1 million for training replacements for the 9,488 troops discharged from 1994 through 2003 , while noting that the true figures might be higher . In September , as part of its campaign to demonstrate that the military allowed open homosexuals to serve when its manpower requirements were greatest , the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military ( now the Palm Center ) reported that army regulations allowed the active duty deployment of Army Reservists and National Guard troops who claim to be or who are accused of being gay . An U.S. Army Forces Command spokesperson said the regulation was intended to prevent Reservists and National Guard members from pretending to be gay to escape combat . Advocates of ending DADT repeatedly publicized discharges of highly trained gay and lesbian personnel , especially those in positions with critical shortages , including fifty - nine Arabic speakers and nine Persian speakers . Elaine Donnelly , president of the Center for Military Readiness , later argued that the military 's failure to ask about sexual orientation at recruitment was the cause of the discharges : ( Y ) ou could reduce this number to zero or near zero if the Department of Defense dropped Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ... We should not be training people who are not eligible to be in the Armed Forces . '' In February 2006 , a University of California Blue Ribbon Commission that included Lawrence Korb , a former assistant defense secretary during the Reagan administration , William Perry , Secretary of Defense in the Clinton administration , and professors from the United States Military Academy released their assessment of the GAO 's analysis of the cost of DADT released a year earlier . The commission report stated that the GAO did not take into account the value the military lost from the departures . They said that that total cost was closer to $363 million , including $14.3 million for `` separation travel '' following a service member 's discharge , $17.8 million for training officers , $252.4 million for training enlistees , and $79.3 million in recruiting costs . In 2006 , Soulforce , a national LGBT rights organization , organized its Right to Serve Campaign , in which gay men and lesbians in several cities attempted to enlist in the Armed Forces or National Guard . Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness stated in September : `` I think the people involved here do not have the best interests of the military at heart . They never have . They are promoting an agenda to normalize homosexuality in America using the military as a battering ram to promote that broader agenda . '' She said that `` pro-homosexual activists ... are creating media events all over the country and even internationally . '' In 2006 , a speaking tour of gay former service members , organized by SLDN , Log Cabin Republicans , and Meehan , visited 18 colleges and universities . Patrick Guerriero , executive director of Log Cabin , thought the repeal movement was gaining `` new traction '' but `` Ultimately '' , said , `` we think it 's going to take a Republican with strong military credentials to make a shift in the policy . '' Elaine Donnelly called such efforts `` a big P.R. campaign '' and said that `` The law is there to protect good order and discipline in the military , and it 's not going to change . '' In December 2006 , Zogby International released the results of a poll of military personnel conducted in October 2006 that found that 26 % favored allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military , 37 % were opposed , while 37 % expressed no preference or were unsure . Of respondents who had experience with gay people in their unit , 6 % said their presence had a positive impact on their personal morale , 66 % said no impact , and 28 % said negative impact . Regarding overall unit morale , 3 % said positive impact , 64 % no impact , and 27 % negative impact . Retired Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General John Shalikashvili and former Senator and Secretary of Defense William Cohen opposed the policy in January 2007 : `` I now believe that if gay men and lesbians served openly in the United States military , they would not undermine the efficacy of the armed forces '' Shalikashvili wrote . `` Our military has been stretched thin by our deployments in the Middle East , and we must welcome the service of any American who is willing and able to do the job . '' Shalikashvili cited the recent `` Zogby poll of more than 500 service members returning from Afghanistan and Iraq , three quarters of whom said they were comfortable interacting with gay people . The debate took a different turn in March when Gen. Peter Pace , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , told the editorial board of the Chicago Tribune he supported DADT because `` homosexual acts between two individuals are immoral and ... we should not condone immoral acts . '' His remarks became , according to the Tribune , `` a huge news story on radio , television and the Internet during the day and showed how sensitive the Pentagon 's policy has become . '' Sen. John Warner , who backed DADT , said `` I respectfully , but strongly , disagree with the chairman 's view that homosexuality is immoral '' , and Pace expressed regret for expressing his personal views and said that DADT `` does not make a judgment about the morality of individual acts . '' Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , then in the early stages of his campaign for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination , defended DADT : When I first heard ( the phrase ) , I thought it sounded silly and I just dismissed it and said , well , that ca n't possibly work . Well , I sure was wrong . It has worked . It 's been in place now for over a decade . The military says it 's working and they do n't want to change it ... and they 're the people closest to the front . We 're in the middle of a conflict right now . I would not change it . '' That summer , after U.S. senator Larry Craig was arrested for lewd conduct in a men 's restroom , conservative commentator Michael Medved argued that any liberalization of DADT would `` compromise restroom integrity and security '' . He wrote : `` The national shudder of discomfort and queasiness associated with any introduction of homosexual eroticism into public men 's rooms should make us more determined than ever to resist the injection of those lurid attitudes into the even more explosive situation of the U.S. military . '' In November 2007 , 28 retired generals and admirals urged Congress to repeal the policy , citing evidence that 65,000 gay men and women were serving in the armed forces and that there were over a million gay veterans . On November 17 , 2008 , 104 retired generals and admirals signed a similar statement . In December , SLDN arranged for 60 Minutes to interview Darren Manzella , an Army medic who served in Iraq after coming out to his unit . On May 4 , 2008 , while Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen addressed the graduating cadets at West Point , a cadet asked what would happen if the next administration were supportive of legislation allowing gays to serve openly . Mullen responded , `` Congress , and not the military , is responsible for DADT . '' Previously , during his Senate confirmation hearing in 2007 , Mullen told lawmakers , `` I really think it is for the American people to come forward , really through this body , to both debate that policy and make changes , if that 's appropriate . '' He went on to say , `` I 'd love to have Congress make its own decisions '' with respect to considering repeal . In May 2009 , when a committee of military law experts at the Palm Center , an anti-DADT research institute , concluded that the President could issue an Executive Order to suspend homosexual conduct discharges , Obama rejected that option and said he wanted Congress to change the law . On July 5 , 2009 , Colin Powell told CNN said that the policy was `` correct for the time '' but that `` sixteen years have now gone by , and I think a lot has changed with respect to attitudes within our country , and therefore I think this is a policy and a law that should be reviewed . '' Interviewed for the same broadcast , Mullen said the policy would continue to be implemented until the law was repealed , and that his advice was to `` move in a measured way ... At a time when we 're fighting two conflicts there is a great deal of pressure on our forces and their families . '' In September , Joint Force Quarterly published an article by an Air Force colonel that disputed the argument that unit cohesion is compromised by the presence of openly gay personnel . In October 2009 , the Commission on Military Justice , known as the Cox Commission , repeated its 2001 recommendation that Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice , which bans sodomy , be repealed , noting that `` most acts of consensual sodomy committed by consenting military personnel are not prosecuted , creating a perception that prosecution of this sexual behavior is arbitrary . '' In January 2010 , the White House and congressional officials started work on repealing the ban by inserting language into the 2011 defense authorization bill . During Obama 's State of the Union Address on January 27 , 2010 , he said that he would work with Congress and the military to enact a repeal of the gay ban law and for the first time set a timetable for repeal . At a February 2 , 2010 , congressional hearing , Senator John McCain read from a letter signed by `` over one thousand former general and flag officers '' . It said : `` We firmly believe that this law , which Congress passed to protect good order , discipline and morale in the unique environment of the armed forces , deserves continued support . '' The signature campaign had been organized by Elaine Donnelly of the Center for Military Readiness , a longtime supporter of a traditional all - male and all - heterosexual military . Servicemembers United , a veterans group opposed to DADT , issued a report critical of the letter 's legitimacy . They said that among those signing the letter were officers who had no knowledge of their inclusion or who had refused to be included , and even one instance of a general 's widow who signed her husband 's name to the letter though he had died before the survey was published . The average age of the officers whose names were listed as signing the letter was 74 , the oldest was 98 , and Servicemembers United noted that `` only a small fraction of these officers have even served in the military during the ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' period , much less in the 21st century military . '' That same month , the Human Rights Campaign launched its `` Repeal DADT Now Campaign '' to mobilize grassroots support and target swing states . The Center for American Progress issued a report in March 2010 that said a smooth implementation of an end to DADT required eight specified changes to the military 's internal regulations . On March 25 , 2010 , Defense Secretary Gates announced new rules mandating that only flag officers could initiate discharge proceedings and imposing more stringent rules of evidence on discharge proceedings . Repeal ( edit ) The underlying justifications for DADT have been subjected to increasing suspicion and outright rejection by the early 21st century . Mounting evidence obtained from the integration efforts of foreign militaries , surveys of U.S. military personnel , and studies conducted by the DoD gave credence to the view that the presence of open homosexuals within the military would not be detrimental at all to the armed forces . A DoD study conducted on the behest of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in 2010 supports this most . The DoD working group conducting the study considered the impact that lifting the ban would have on unit cohesion and effectiveness , good order and discipline , and military morale . The study included a survey that revealed significant differences between respondents who believed they had served with homosexual troops and those who did not believe they had.In analyzing such data , the DoD working group concluded that it was actually generalized perceptions of homosexual troops that led to the perceived unrest that would occur without DADT . Ultimately , the study deemed the overall risk to military effectiveness of lifting the ban to be low . Citing the ability of the armed forces to adjust to the previous integration of African - Americans and women , the DoD study asserted that the United States military could adjust as had it before in history without an impending serious effect . In March 2005 , Rep. Martin T. Meehan introduced the Military Readiness Enhancement Act in the House . It aimed `` to amend title 10 , United States Code , to enhance the readiness of the Armed Forces by replacing the current policy concerning homosexuality in the Armed Forces , referred to as ' Do n't ask , do n't tell , ' with a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation '' . As of 2006 , it had 105 Democrats and 4 Republicans as co-sponsors . He introduced the bill again in 2007 and 2009 . During the 2008 presidential election campaign , Senator Barack Obama advocated a full repeal of the laws barring gays and lesbians from serving in the military . Nineteen days after his election , Obama 's advisers announced that plans to repeal the policy might be delayed until 2010 , because Obama `` first wants to confer with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his new political appointees at the Pentagon to reach a consensus , and then present legislation to Congress '' . As president he advocated a policy change to allow gay personnel to serve openly in the armed forces , stating that the U.S. government has spent millions of dollars replacing troops expelled from the military , including language experts fluent in Arabic , because of DADT . On the eve of the National Equality March in Washington , D.C. , October 10 , 2009 , Obama stated in a speech before the Human Rights Campaign that he would end the ban , but he offered no timetable . Obama said in his 2010 State of the Union Address : `` This year , I will work with Congress and our military to finally repeal the law that denies gay Americans the right to serve the country they love because of who they are . '' This statement was quickly followed up by Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Joint Chiefs Chairman Michael Mullen voicing their support for a repeal of DADT . Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell repeal Act of 2010 ( edit ) See also : Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 The Senate passed S. 4023 65 - 31 with all Democrats ( except for one abstention ) and 8 Republicans in support . Both yes One yes , one did not vote One yes , one no One no , one did not vote Both no Democrats in both houses of Congress first attempted to end DADT by amending the Defense Authorization Act . On May 27 , 2010 , on a 234 -- 194 vote , the U.S. House of Representatives approved the Murphy amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 . It provided for repeal of the DADT policy and created a process for lifting the policy , including a U.S. Department of Defense study and certification by key officials that the change in policy would not harm military readiness followed by a waiting period of 60 days . The amended defense bill passed the House on May 28 , 2010 . On September 21 , 2010 , John McCain led a successful filibuster against the debate on the Defense Authorization Act , in which 56 Senators voted to end debate , four short of the 60 votes required . Some advocates for repeal , including the Palm Center , OutServe , and Knights Out , opposed any attempt to block the passage of NDAA if it failed to include DADT repeal language . The Human Rights Campaign , the Center for American Progress , Servicemembers United and SLDN refused to concede that possibility . Obama meeting with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the eve of publication of a Defense Department report on repeal of DADT . The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) filed a lawsuit , Collins v. United States , against the Department of Defense in November 2010 seeking full compensation for those discharged under the policy . On November 30 , 2010 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff released the `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Comprehensive Review Working Group ( CRWG ) report authored by Jeh C. Johnson , General Counsel of the Department of Defense , and Army General Carter F. Ham . It outlined a path to the implementation of repeal of DADT . The report indicated that there was a low risk of service disruptions due to repealing the ban , provided time was provided for proper implementation and training . It included the results of a survey of 115,000 active - duty and reserve service members . Across all service branches , 30 percent thought that integrating gays into the military would have negative consequences . In the Marine Corps and combat specialties , the percentage with that negative assessment ranged from 40 to 60 percent . The CRWG also said that 69 percent of all those surveyed believed they had already worked with a gay or lesbian and of those , 92 percent reported that the impact of that person 's presence was positive or neutral . The same day , in response to the CRWG , 30 professors and scholars , most from military institutions , issued a joint statement saying that the CRWG `` echoes more than 20 studies , including studies by military researchers , all of which reach the same conclusion : allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly will not harm the military ... We hope that our collective statement underscores that the debate about the evidence is now officially over ... '' The Family Research Council 's president , Tony Perkins , interpreted the CRWG data differently , writing that it `` reveals that 40 percent of Marines and 25 percent of the Army could leave '' . Gates encouraged Congress to act quickly to repeal the law so that the military could carefully adjust rather than face a court decision requiring it to lift the policy immediately . The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3 , 2010 , to consider the CRWG report . Defense Secretary Robert Gates , Joint Chiefs Chairman Michael Mullen urged immediate repeal . The heads of the Marine Corps , Army , and Navy all advised against immediate repeal and expressed varied views on its eventual repeal . Oliver North , writing in National Review the next week , said that Gates ' testimony showed `` a deeply misguided commitment to political correctness '' . He interpreted the CRWG 's data as indicating a high risk that large numbers of resignations would follow the repeal of DADT . Service members , especially combat troops , he wrote , `` deserve better than to be treated like lab rats in Mr. Obama 's radical social experiment '' . Obama signs the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 On December 9 , 2010 , another filibuster prevented debate on the Defense Authorization Act . In response to that vote , Senators Joe Lieberman and Susan Collins introduced a bill that included the policy - related portions of the Defense Authorization Act that they considered more likely to pass as a stand - alone bill . It passed the House on a vote of 250 to 175 on December 15 , 2010 . On December 18 , 2010 , the Senate voted to end debate on its version of the bill by a cloture vote of 63 -- 33 . The final Senate vote was held later that same day , with the measure passing by a vote of 65 -- 31 . U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates released a statement following the vote indicating that the planning for implementation of a policy repeal would begin right away and would continue until Gates certified that conditions were met for orderly repeal of the policy . President Obama signed the repeal into law on December 22 , 2010 . Implementation of repeal ( edit ) The repeal act established a process for ending the DADT policy . The President , the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were required to certify in writing that they had reviewed the Pentagon 's report on the effects of DADT repeal , that the appropriate regulations had been reviewed and drafted , and that implementation of repeal regulations `` is consistent with the standards of military readiness , military effectiveness , unit cohesion , and recruiting and retention of the Armed Forces '' . Once certification was given , DADT would be lifted after a 60 - day waiting period . Representative Duncan D. Hunter announced plans in January 2011 to introduce a bill designed to delay the end of DADT . His proposed legislation required all of the chiefs of the armed services to submit the certification at the time required only of the President , Defense Secretary and Joint Chiefs Chairman . In April , Perkins of the Family Research Council argued that the Pentagon was misrepresenting its own survey data and that hearings by the House Armed Services Committee , now under Republican control , could persuade Obama to withhold certification . Congressional efforts to prevent the change in policy from going into effect continued into May and June 2011 . On January 29 , 2011 , Pentagon officials stated that the training process to prepare troops for the end of DADT would begin in February and would proceed quickly , though they suggested that it might not be completed in 2011 . On the same day , the DOD announced it would not offer any additional compensation to service members who had been discharged under DADT , who received half of the separation pay other honorably discharged service members received . In May 2011 , the U.S. Army reprimanded three colonels for performing a skit in March 2011 at a function at Yongsan Garrison , South Korea , that mocked the repeal . In May 2011 , revelations that an April Navy memo relating to its DADT training guidelines contemplated allowing same - sex weddings in base chapels and allowing chaplains to officiate if they so chose resulted in a letter of protest from 63 Republican congressman , citing the Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA ) as controlling the use of federal property . Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council said the guidelines `` make it even more uncomfortable for men and women of faith to perform their duties '' . A Pentagon spokesperson replied that DOMA `` does not limit the type of religious ceremonies a chaplain may perform in a chapel on a military installation '' , and a Navy spokesperson said that `` A chaplain can conduct a same - sex ceremony if it is in the tenets of his faith '' . A few days later the Navy rescinded its earlier instructions `` pending additional legal and policy review and interdepartmental coordination '' . While waiting for certification , several service members were discharged at their own insistence until a July 6 ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military 's ban on openly gay service members , which the military promptly did . Anticipating the lifting of DADT , some active duty service members wearing civilian clothes marched in San Diego 's gay pride parade on July 16 . The DOD noted that participation `` does not constitute a declaration of sexual orientation '' . President Obama , Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta , and Admiral Mike Mullen , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , sent the certification required by the Repeal Act to Congress on July 22 , 2011 , setting the end of DADT for September 20 , 2011 . A Pentagon spokesman said that service members discharged under DADT would be able to re-apply to rejoin the military then . At the end of August 2011 , the DOD approved the distribution of the magazine produced by OutServe , an organization of gay and lesbian service members , at Army and Air Force base exchanges beginning with the September 20 issue , coinciding with the end of DADT . On September 20 , Air force officials announced that 22 Air Force Instructions were `` updated as a result of the repeal of DADT '' . On September 30 , 2011 , the Department of Defense modified regulations to reflect the repeal by deleting `` homosexual conduct '' as a ground for administrative separation . Day of repeal and aftermath ( edit ) US Navy LT Gary C. Ross marries Dan Swezy , becoming the first active member of the U.S. military to legally marry a same - sex partner . On the eve of repeal , US Air Force 1st Lt. Josh Seefried , one of the founders of OutServe , an organization of LGBT troops , revealed his identity after two years of hiding behind a pseudonym . Senior Airman Randy Phillips , after conducting a social media campaign seeking encouragement coming out and already out to his military co-workers , came out to his father on the evening of September 19 . When the video of their conversation he posted on YouTube went viral , it made him , in one journalist 's estimation , `` the poster boy for the DADT repeal '' . The moment the repeal took effect at midnight on September 19 , US Navy Lt. Gary C. Ross married his same - sex partner of eleven and a half years Dan Swezy , making them the first same - sex military couple to legally marry in the United States . Retired Rear Adm. Alan S. Steinman became the highest - ranking person to come out immediately following the end of DADT . HBO produced a World of Wonder documentary , The Strange History of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , and premiered it on September 20 . Variety called it `` an unapologetic piece of liberal advocacy '' and `` a testament to what formidable opponents ignorance and prejudice can be '' . Discharge proceedings on the grounds of homosexuality , some begun years earlier , came to an end . In the weeks that followed , a series of firsts attracted press attention to the impact of the repeal . Reservist Jeremy Johnson became the first person discharged under DADT to re-enlist . Jase Daniels became the first to return to active duty , re-joining the Navy as a third class petty officer . On December 2 , Air Force intelligence officer Ginger Wallace became the first open LGBT service member to have a same - sex partner participate in the `` pinning - on '' ceremony that marked her promotion to colonel . On December 23 , after 80 days at sea , US Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta won the right to the traditional `` first kiss '' upon returning to port and shared it with her same - sex partner . Her ship 's commanding officer , in one report , `` said that the crew 's reaction upon learning who was selected to have the first kiss after a raffle was positive '' . On January 20 , 2012 , U.S. service members deployed to Bagram , Afghanistan , produced a video in support of the It Gets Better Project , which aims to support LGBT at - risk youth . Widespread news coverage continued even months after the repeal date , when a photograph of Marine Sgt . Brandon Morgan kissing his partner at a February 22 , 2012 , homecoming celebration on Marine Corps Base Hawaii went viral . When asked for her comment , a spokesperson for the Marine Corps said : `` It 's your typical homecoming photo . '' Petty Officer 2nd Class Marissa Gaeta of the USS Oak Hill ( LSD - 51 ) shares the traditional `` first kiss '' with her fiancée , Petty Officer 3rd Class Citlalic Snell , December 23 , 2011 . On September 30 , 2011 , Under Secretary of Defense Clifford Stanley announced the DOD 's policy that military chaplains are allowed to perform same - sex marriages `` on or off a military installation '' where local law permits them . His memo noted that `` a chaplain is not required to participate in or officiate a private ceremony if doing so would be in variance with the tenets of his or her religion '' and `` a military chaplain 's participation in a private ceremony does not constitute an endorsement of the ceremony by DoD '' . Some religious groups announced that their chaplains would not participate in such weddings , including an organization of evangelical Protestants , the Chaplain Alliance for Religious Liberty and Roman Catholics led by Archbishop Timothy Broglio of the Archdiocese for the Military Services , USA . In late October 2011 , speaking at the Air Force Academy , Col. Gary Packard , leader of the team that drafted the DOD 's repeal implementation plan , said : `` The best quote I 've heard so far is , ' Well , some people 's Facebook status changed , but that was about it . ' '' In late November , discussing the repeal of DADT and its implementation , Marine Gen. James F. Amos said `` I 'm very pleased with how it has gone '' and called it a `` non-event '' . He said his earlier public opposition was appropriate based on ongoing combat operations and the negative assessment of the policy given by 56 % of combat troops under his command in the Department of Defense 's November 2010 survey . A Defense Department spokesperson said implementation of repeal occurred without incident and added : `` We attribute this success to our comprehensive pre-repeal training program , combined with the continued close monitoring and enforcement of standards by our military leaders at all levels . '' In December 2011 , Congress considered two DADT - related amendments in the course of work on the National Defense Authorization Act for 2012 . The Senate approved 97 - 3 , an amendment removing the prohibition on sodomy found in Article 125 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice as recommended by the Comprehensive Review Working Group ( CRWG ) a year earlier . The House approved an amendment banning same - sex marriages from being performed at military bases or by military employees , including chaplains and other employees of the military when `` acting in an official capacity '' . Neither amendment appeared in the final legislation . In July 2012 the Department of Defense granted permission for military personnel to wear their uniforms while participating in the San Diego Pride Parade . This was the first time that U.S. military personnel were permitted to wear their service uniforms in such a parade . Marking the first anniversary of the passage of the Repeal Act , television news networks reported no incidents in the three months since DADT ended . One aired video of a social gathering for gay service members at a base in Afghanistan . Another reported on the experience of lesbian and gay troops , including some rejection after coming out to colleagues . The Palm Center , a think tank that studies issues of sexuality and the military , released a study in September 2012 that found no negative consequences , nor any effect on military effectiveness from DADT repeal . This study began six months following repeal and concluded at the one year mark . The study included surveys of 553 generals and admirals who had opposed repeal , experts who supported DADT , and more than 60 heterosexual , gay , lesbian and bisexual active duty service personnel . On January 7 , 2013 , the ACLU reached a settlement with the federal government in Collins v. United States . It provided for the payment of full separation pay to service members discharged under DADT since November 10 , 2004 , who had previously been granted only half that . 2012 presidential Campaign issue ( edit ) Several candidates for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination called for the restoration of DADT , including Michele Bachmann , Rick Perry , and Rick Santorum . Newt Gingrich called for an extensive review of DADT 's repeal . Ron Paul , having voted for the Repeal Act , maintained his support for allowing military service by open homosexuals . Herman Cain called the issue `` a distraction '' and opposed reinstating DADT . Mitt Romney said that the winding down of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan obviated his opposition to the repeal and said he was not proposing any change to policy . On September 22 , 2011 , the audience at a Republican candidates ' debate booed a U.S. soldier posted in Iraq who asked a question via video about the repeal of DADT , and none of the candidates noticed or responded to the crowd 's behavior . Two days later , Obama commented on the incident while addressing a dinner of the Human Rights Campaign : `` You want to be commander in chief ? You can start by standing up for the men and women who wear the uniform of the United States , even when it 's not politically convenient '' . In June 2012 , Rep. Howard McKeon , Republican chair of the House Armed Services Committee , said he considered the repeal of DADT a settled issue and if Romney became president would not advocate its reinstatement , though others in his party might . Views of the policy ( edit ) Public Opinion ( edit ) Protest in New York by Soulforce , a civil rights group . According to a December 2010 Washington Post-ABC News poll 77 % of Americans said gays and lesbians who publicly disclose their sexual orientation should be able to serve in the military . That number showed little change from polls over the previous two years , but represented the highest level of support in a Post-ABC poll . The support also cut across partisan and ideological lines , with majorities of Democrats ( 86 % ) , Republicans ( 74 % ) , independents ( 74 % ) , liberals ( 92 % ) , conservatives ( 67 % ) , white evangelical Protestants ( 70 % ) and non-religious ( 84 % ) in favor of homosexuals serving openly . A November 2010 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 58 % of the U.S. public favored allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly in the military , while less than half as many ( 27 % ) were opposed . According to a November 2010 CNN / Opinion Research Corporation poll , 72 % of adult Americans favored permitting people who are openly gay or lesbian to serve in the military , while 23 % opposed it . `` The main difference between the CNN poll and the Pew poll is in the number of respondents who told pollsters that they did n't have an opinion on this topic -- 16 percent in the Pew poll compared to only five percent in the CNN survey '' , said CNN Polling Director Keating Holland . `` The two polls report virtually the same number who say they oppose gays serving openly in the military , which suggests that there are some people who favor that change in policy but for some reason were reluctant to admit that to the Pew interviewers . That happens occasionally on topics where moral issues and equal - treatment issues intersect . '' A February 2010 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute national poll showed 57 % of American voters favored gays serving openly , compared to 36 % opposed , while 66 % said not allowing openly gay personnel to serve is discrimination , compared to 31 % who did not see it as discrimination . A CBS News / New York Times national poll done at the same time showed 58 % of Americans favored gays serving openly , compared to 28 % opposed . Chaplains and religious groups ( edit ) Chaplain groups and religious organizations took various positions on DADT . Some felt that the policy needed to be withdrawn to make the military more inclusive . The Southern Baptist Convention battled the repeal of DADT , warning that their endorsements for chaplains might be withdrawn if the repeal took place . They took the position that allowing gay men and women to serve in the military without restriction would have a negative impact on the ability of chaplains who think homosexuality is a sin to speak freely regarding their religious beliefs . The Roman Catholic Church called for the retention of the policy , but had no plans to withdraw its priests from serving as military chaplains . Sixty - five retired chaplains signed a letter opposing repeal , stating that repeal would make it impossible for chaplains whose faith teaches that same - sex behavior is immoral to minister to military service members . Other religious organizations and agencies called the repeal of the policy a `` non-event '' or `` non-issue '' for chaplains , claiming that chaplains have always supported military service personnel , whether or not they agree with all their actions or beliefs . Discharges under DADT ( edit ) After the policy was introduced in 1993 , the military discharged over 13,000 troops from the military under DADT . The number of discharges per fiscal year under DADT dropped sharply after the September 11 attacks and remained comparatively low through to the repeal . Discharges exceeded 600 every year until 2009 . Year Coast Guard Marines Navy Army Air Force Total 0 36 258 136 187 617 1995 15 69 269 184 235 772 12 60 315 199 284 870 10 78 413 197 309 1,007 1998 14 77 345 312 415 1,163 1999 12 97 314 271 352 1,046 2000 19 114 358 573 177 1,241 14 115 314 638 217 1,273 2002 29 109 218 429 121 906 2003 -- -- -- -- -- 787 15 59 177 325 92 668 2005 16 75 177 386 88 742 2006 -- -- -- -- -- 623 2007 -- -- -- -- -- 627 2008 -- -- -- -- -- 619 2009 -- -- -- -- -- 428 11 -- -- -- -- 261 Total ≥ 156 ≥ 889 ≥ 3,158 ≥ 3,650 ≥ 2,477 13,650 Disclaimer : These statistics are not official , and only include soldiers who came forward to the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network . Because some soldiers do not disclose their discharge , some of the numbers may be inaccurate . Rear Adm. Vic Guillory , commander of U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and U.S. 4th Fleet leads DADT repeal training for Tier 2 command leadership at Naval Station Mayport , March 17 , 2011 Naval Special Warfare Command personnel watching Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Gary Roughead during DADT repeal training , April 6 , 2011 DADT Repeal training for enlisted , officer and civilian staff at Naval Medical Center San Diego , May 5 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal LGBT portal Sexual orientation and military service -- for information on policies in military services worldwide Steve May , gay Republican Arizona legislator , Army reservist until May 2001 References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gays in the Military '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654 ( b ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654 ( e ) Jump up ^ `` Army Regulation 40 - 501 , Standards of Medical Fitness , Chapters 2 - 27n and 3 -- 35 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Legal Brief ' ' `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , Do n't Pursue , Do n't Harass : Reference ( a ) : Personnel Manual , COMDTINST M1000. 6 , Ch. 12. E '' . '' ( PDF ) . United States Coast Guard Ninth District Legal Office . May 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Gay Stolberg ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Signs Away ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` In reversal , federal court orders immediate end to ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama certifies end of military 's gay ban '' . NBC News . Reuters . July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bérubé , Coming Out Under Fire , 9 -- 14 , 19 Jump up ^ Bérubé , Coming Out Under Fire , 142 -- 3 Jump up ^ Jones , p. 3 Jump up ^ Jennifer Terry , An American Obsession : Science , Medicine , and Homosexuality in Modern Society ( University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) , 347 Jump up ^ E. Lawrence Gibson , Get Off my Ship : Ensign Berg vs. the U.S. Navy ( NY : Avon , 1978 ) , 256 -- 67 Jump up ^ Lillian Faderman ( 1991 ) . Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers : A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth - Century America . New York : Penguin . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 017122 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lillian Faderman ( 1991 ) . Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers : A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth - Century America . New York : Penguin . pp. 119 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 017122 - 8 . Jump up ^ TIME : `` The Sexes : The Sergeant v. the Air Force '' . September 8 , 1975 . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Other prominent cases included Copy Berg , Stephen Donaldson . Jump up ^ Fordham University : `` Homosexuals in the Armed Forces : United States GAO Report '' , June 12 , 1992 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaid , Virtual Equality , 155 - 8 Jump up ^ Nathaniel Frank , Unfriendly Fire : How the Gay Ban Undermines the Military and Weakens America ( NY : St. Martin 's Press , 2009 ) , 118 -- 20 ; McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 237 - 8 Jump up ^ McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 238 Jump up ^ Stephen F. Hayes , Cheney : The Untold Story of America 's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President ( NY : HarperCollins , 2007 ) , 256 Jump up ^ Brian P. Mitchell , Women in the military : Flirting with Disaster ( Washington : Regnery Publishing , 1998 ) , 281 Jump up ^ McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 237 ; Vaid , Virtual Equality , 158 - 9 Jump up ^ Schmalz , Jeffrey ( August 20 , 1992 ) . `` The Gay Vote ; Gay Rights and AIDS Emerging As Divisive Issues in Campaign '' , The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . See also : Schmitt , Eric ( August 26 , 1992 ) . `` Marine Corps Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten Military '' , The New York Times : Retrieved February 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Vaid , Virtual Equality , 160 Jump up ^ McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight '' , 239 Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ( August 26 , 1992 ) . `` Marine Corps Chaplain Says Homosexuals Threaten Military '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reza , H.G. ( January 9 , 1993 ) . `` Homosexual Sailor Beaten to Death , Navy Confirms '' , Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shankar , Thom ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` A New Push to Roll Back ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ( January 27 , 1993 ) . `` Military Cites Wide Range of Reasons for Its Gay Ban '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Defense Research Institute ; Rand Corporation Rand Corporation ( 1993 ) . Sexual orientation and U.S. military personnel policy : options and assessment . Santa Monica , Calif : Rand . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8330 - 1441 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gregory M. Herek : Oral Statement of Gregory M. Herek , PhD to the House Armed Services Committee Archived September 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . The professional groups were the American Psychological Association , the American Psychiatric Association , the National Association of Social Workers , the American Counseling Association , the American Nursing Association , and the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Major General Barry M. Goldwater '' . US Air Force . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Here Publishing ( July 7 , 1998 ) . The Advocate . Here Publishing . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Herek , Gregory . ( Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S. Military : Historical Background `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Revisited '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Do n't Pursue '' . Robert Crown Law Library . September 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Directive 1304.26 : Qualification Standards for Enlistment , Appointment , and Induction '' . Department of Defense . December 21 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` DoDD 1332.14 , December 21 , 1993 '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Title 10 , Subtitle A , Part II , Chapter 37 , § 654 . Policy concerning homosexuality in the armed forces '' . Cornell Law School . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chuck Stewart ( 2001 ) . Homosexuality and the law : a dictionary . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . pp. 196 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 267 - 7 . Jump up ^ The New York Times : Eric Schmitt , `` U.S. Agencies Split over Legal Tactics on Gay Troop Plan '' , December 19 , 1993 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richenberg v. Perry , 97 F. 3d 256 ( 8th Cir. 1996 ) ; Thomasson v. Perry , 80 F. 3d 915 ( 4th Cir. 1996 ) ; Able v. United States , 155 F. 3d 628 ( 2d Cir. 1998 ) ; Cook v. Gates , 528 F. 3d 42 ( 1st Cir. 2008 ) ; Holmes v. California National Guard , 124 F. 3d 1126 ( 9th Cir. 1998 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Justices uphold military recruiting on campuses '' . CNN . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sporkin , Stanley ( January 26 , 1998 ) . `` Memorandum Opinion , Timothy R. McVeigh v. William S. Cohen , et al . '' ( PDF ) . U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( January 17 , 1998 ) . `` The 2 Tim McVeighs '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( June 12 , 1998 ) . `` Sailor Victorious in Gay Case of On - Line Privacy '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bravin , Jess ; Laura Meckler ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Avoids Test on Gays in Military '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Gene ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Judge orders lesbian reinstated to Air Force -- Case challenges ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DOJ Appeals Lesbian 's Reinstatement to Air Force '' . CBS News . November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seattle Post Intelligencer : Pulkkinnen , Levi ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pentagon settles with McChord major fired for being lesbian '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Garcia , Michelle ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Key DADT Repeal Advocate Testifies '' . Advocate.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Law.com : Constitutional Challenge to ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Reaches Trial Jump up ^ Woods , Daniel ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Closing arguments , Log Cabin Republicans v. United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Log Cabin Republicans . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US judge : ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' unconstitutional '' . Associated Press . September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phil Willon ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Judge declares U.S. military 's ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy openly banning gay service members unconstitutional '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Judge orders military to stop enforcing do n't ask , do n't tell '' . CNN . October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( October 12 , 2010 ) . `` Judge Orders U.S. Military to Stop ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justice department seeks stay of judge 's ' do n't - ask - do n't - tell ' ruling '' . CNN . October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals court delays injunction against ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . CNN . October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' back in force after appeals court issues stay '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ John Schwartz ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Military Policy on Gays to Stand , Pending Appeal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ed O'Keefe ( November 6 , 2010 ) . `` Group asks high court to lift ' do n't ask ' ban '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Military recruiters told they can accept openly gay applicants '' . CNN . October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't ask , do n't tell '' no longer enforced , Dan Choi reenlists `` . Salon . Jump up ^ The Advocate : `` DADT Case Still Alive '' Archived February 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' End Urged By Lawyers For Log Cabin Republicans '' . Huffington Post . March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harmon , Andrew ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Pentagon Confirms New DADT Discharges '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Appeals court orders immediate halt to gay military ban '' . MSNBC . July 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Circuit orders gov 't to state position on DADT '' . San Diego Union Tribune . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mohajer , Shaya Tayefe ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Court : ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' will stay in place '' . News & Observer . Associated Press . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerstein , Josh ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` Appeals court nullifies ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' ruling '' . The Politico . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : David F. Burrelli ( February 2010 ) . Homosexuals and the U.S. Military : Current Issues . DIANE Publishing . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 2329 - 2 . Jump up ^ National Archives : Executive Order 13140 , October 6 , 1999 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CNN : `` Pentagon to review do n't ask , do n't tell policy '' , December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Faults Policy Of ' Do n't Ask ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mundy , Carl E. ( December 20 , 1999 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask ' Policy : Do n't Call It A Failure '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Eric ( December 25 , 1999 ) . `` Gay Rights Advocates Plan to Press Clinton to Undo Policy of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The New York Times : Steven Lee Myers , `` Officers Riled by Policy on Gays Proposed in Gore - Bradley Debate '' , January 7 , 2000 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Democratic Party Platform of 2000 , August 14 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Republican Party Platform of 2000 , July 31 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ABC News : Julia Campbell , `` Bush on Gay Rights Issues '' , January 17 , 2001 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association : Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the legislative year 2004 . Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30 , 2004 , Honolulu , Hawaii . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Republican Party Platform of 2004 , August 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project : Democratic Party Platform of 2004 , July 26 , 2004 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' costs $363 M '' . USA Today . February 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chibbaro , Lou ( 2005 ) . `` Out gay soldiers sent to Iraq -- Regulation keeps straights from ' playing gay ' to avoid war '' . Washington Blade . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Aaron Belkin , How We Won : Progressive Lessons from the Repeal of `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' ( Kindle Edition ) , ch. 6 , paragraphs 22 - 5 Jump up ^ Belkin , How We Won , ch. 2 , paragraphs 18ff . Jump up ^ Nasaw , Daniel ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't ask , do n't tell : gay veteran of Iraq takes on US army '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Stephen ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Translate '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congress , House , Military Personnel Subcommittee , Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Review , 110th Cong. , 2nd sess. , July 23 , 2008 , 39 Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Gay Groups Renew Drive Against ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ChristiansUnite.com : Chad Groening , `` ' Coordinated ' Campaign Targets Military Ban on Homosexuals '' , September 21 , 2006 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The New York Times : John Files , `` Advocates Hope Supreme Court Ruling Can Renew Attention to ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' , March 13 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions of Military Personnel on Sexual Minorities in the Military '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Respondents uncertain whether they had served with gay personnel , 2 % thought gays would have a positive effect on personal morale , while 29 % thought that they would have no impact and 48 % thought that they would have a negative effect . Regarding overall unit morale , 2 % thought that gays would have a positive effect on overall unit morale , 26 % thought they would have no effect , and 58 % thought they would have a negative effect . Some 73 % of respondents said that they felt comfortable in the presence of gay and lesbian personnel . Jump up ^ Lubold , Gordon ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Former JCS chairman : It 's time to give ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy another look '' . Air Force Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Former Defense Secretary William Cohen Says Congress Should Re-Visit `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` . Servicemembers Legal Defense Network . January 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Shanker , Tom ; Healy , Patrick ( November 30 , 2007 ) . `` A New Push to Roll Back ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shalikashvili , John ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Second Thoughts on Gays in the Military '' , The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madhani , Aamer ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` Do n't drop ` do n't ask , do n't tell , ' Pace says '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Neikirk , William ; Demirjian , Karoun ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Pace takes fire on gays remark '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Top General Explains Remarks on Gays '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Romney defends general , ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` Larry Craig and `` Do n't Tap , Do n't Tell '' `` . townhall.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Admirals , generals : Let gays serve openly '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sidki , Pelin ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Discharged under ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Tells Cadets Military Ready to Accept Gay Service Members '' ( Press release ) . Servicemembers Legal Defense Network . May 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herek , Gregory M. ; Belkin , Aaron ; Frank , Nathaniel ; Hillman , Elizabeth L. ; Mazur , Diane H. ; Wilson , Bridget J. ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` How to End `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' : A Roadmap of Political , Legal , Regulatory , and Organizational Steps to Equal Treatment '' ( PDF ) . Palm Center ; University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Youssef , Nancy , `` Judge rejects Obama 's ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' argument '' . October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 ... In July 2009 , the White House and other Democrats reportedly pressured Florida Rep. Alcee Hastings to withdraw an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act ( H.R. 2647 ) that would have prevented the military from using federal funds to expel gay service members . Clark , Lesley ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Lawmaker backs off effort to fight Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Time to review policy on gays in U.S. military : Powell , July 5 , Reuters Jump up ^ Prakash , Om ( 2009 ) . `` The Efficacy of `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' '' ( PDF ) . Joint Force Quarterly . 2009 ( 55 ) : 88 -- 94 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2010 . The article won the Secretary of Defense National Security Essay competition for 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elisabeth ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Rare Source of Attack on ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novak , Lisa M. ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Panel urges ending UCMJ 's sodomy ban '' , Stars and Stripes . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stein , Sam ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` DADT Repeal : Dems Move Forward With Plans '' . Huffington Post . USA . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff : `` Testimony Regarding DoD ' Dont Ask , Dont Tell ' Policy '' Archived January 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Guardian : `` Retired military officers : keep ban on gays '' , March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Johnson , New report undermines officers ' letter supporting ' Do n't Ask ' , Washington Blade , March 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Human Rights Campaign , `` Repeal DADT Now '' Archived December 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Center for American Progress , `` Implementing the Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' in the U.S. Armed Forces '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gates eases ban on gays in the military '' . CNN . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crandall , Carla . `` The Effects of Repealing Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell : Is the Combat Exclusion the Next Casualty in the March Toward Integration ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ H.R. 1059 Jump up ^ `` Obama : Repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' possible '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scarborough , Rowan ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Obama to delay repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' : advisers see consensus building before lifting ban on gays '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Obama , Barack ; The Office of the President - elect ( 2008 ) . `` Plan to Strengthen Civil Rights '' . Agenda Civil Rights . Change.gov . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Christine ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Gays Question Obama ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Pledge '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gerstein , Josh ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` President Obama offers little new in speech to gay rights activists at HRC dinner '' . Politico . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Obama calls for ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . CNN . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Defense Officials Seek to End ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 317 '' . Clerk.house.gov . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jared ; Tiron , Roxana ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to defend ' Do n't ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Congress advances repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ; Hulse , Carl ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` House Votes to Allow Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David M. ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` House Passes Bill With ' Do n't Tell ' Repeal '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senate halts ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . CNN . September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' splitting gay rights groups '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Collins v. United States -- Class Action for Military Separation Pay '' . American Civil Liberties Union . November 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel , Lisa ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Offers Few Risks , Report Finds '' . Armed Forces Press Service , United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' report authors speak out '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Defense : `` Report of the Comprehensive Review of the Issues Associated with a Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' Archived January 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 ; comprehensive report . Survey results 63 -- 79 , analysis 120 - 6 , quote 121 : `` Overall , in response to a variety of questions , 50 -- 55 % of the force indicated that repeal will have a mixed or no effect ; about 15 -- 20 % believe that repeal will have a positive effect , while another 30 % believe it will have a negative effect . '' ^ Jump up to : Bumiller , Elisabeth ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` Pentagon Sees Little Risk in Allowing Gay Men and Women to Serve Openly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Military and Civilian Professors Say That `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Debate is Over -- 30 Scholars Conclude that Prejudice is the Only Remaining Rationale for Gay Ban `` . Palmcenter.org . December 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 ... The signers ' affiliations included current and former academics at the Army War College , Naval Academy , West Point , Air Force Academy , Naval Postgraduate School , Naval War College , Air Command and Staff College and National Defense University and such non-military institutions as Harvard , Yale and Princeton . The statement was organized by the Pam Center . Jump up ^ Perkins , Tony ( December 9 , 2010 ) . Washington Times : `` Listen to the Marines on ' Do n't Ask ' '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Top Defense Officials Seek to End ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Service Chiefs Tell Panel of Risks to ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' Repeal '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ North , Oliver ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Gays in the Military '' , National Review : Retrieved February 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; Kane , Paul ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' procedural vote fails '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ; Whitlock , Craig ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` New bill introduced to end ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final vote results for roll call 638 '' . Clerk.house.gov . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Roll Call '' , U.S. Senate , December 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ( December 18 , 2010 ) . `` Senate Repeals Ban Against Openly Gay Military Personnel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Secretary Robert Gates on Senate Vote to Repeal ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of Defense . December 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` New bill seeks to slow DADT repeal '' Archived January 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Marine Corps Times : Retrieved February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Tony Perkins , ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Not Too Late to Block the Repeal of ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' , Fox News : Retrieved April 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Stars and Stripes : `` House panel votes to delay repeal of ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' '' , May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 ; Shane , Leo III ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Lawmakers want Obama to halt DADT repeal '' , Stars and Stripes : Retrieved January 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Military lays out plan to implement gay ban repeal '' . USA Today . January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Defense Department Says It Will Deny Full Separation Pay For Gay And Lesbian Service Members Honorably Discharged Under `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` . American Civil Liberties Union . January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gould , Joe ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` 3 colonels punished over skit mocking gays '' , Military Times : Retrieved February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' : Navy OKs Bases , Chaplains for Same - Sex Marriages After Repeal '' , ABC News : Retrieved February 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Eckholm , Erik ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Navy Rescinds Guidelines For Same - Sex Marriages '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Charley ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Navy plan to allow same - sex marriage on bases draws opposition '' , CNN : Retrieved February 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Navy Scraps Rules on Gay Marriages After GOP Protest , '' ABC News : Retrieved 21 February 2011 Jump up ^ Tighman , Andrew ( July 8 , 2011 ) . Army Times : `` Pentagon suspends DADT in wake of court ruling '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marty Graham , ( July 16 , 2011 ) . `` Military members march for San Diego gay pride '' , Reuters : Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Viola Gienger and Flavia Krause - Jackson ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Obama , Pentagon Certify End of Gay Ban Wo n't Harm Military '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Geidner ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gone in 60 Days '' . MetroWeekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stars and Stripes : Shane , Leo III ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Gay military magazine to land at Army , AF bases '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic : `` Memorandum '' , September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NUMBER 1332.14 '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Aaron ; Ender , Morten G. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Readiness and DADT Repeal : Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military ? '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( 4 ) : 587 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X12466248 . Jump up ^ Daily Beast : Josh Seefried , `` I am a Gay Airman '' , September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Huffington Post : `` Randy Phillips , Gay Airman , Comes Out To Mom On YouTube '' , September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mak , Tim ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Post - ' do n't ask ' , gay Navy Lt. marries '' . Politico . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Francis , `` On base , ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' demise is cause for celebration '' , MSNBC : September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry , `` The Strange History of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' , Variety , September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . See also Internet Movie Database : `` The Strange History of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ( 2011 ) '' . A private showing in San Francisco for OutServe preceded the public premiere . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Devin ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask Do n't Tell ' Repeal Spares Decorated Air Force Aviator '' , ABC News : Retrieved January 31 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jennifer Rizzo , ( September 24 , 2011 ) . `` Discharged gay sailor re-enlists in Navy Reserves '' , CNN : Retrieved January 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Fellman , Sam ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Twice - discharged gay sailor reinstated '' , Navy Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Johnson , ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pinning - on ' ceremony ' big deal ' for lesbian couple '' , Washington Blade : Retrieved January 28 , 2012 ; Parrish , Karen ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Colonel ' Proud , Humbled ' to Represent Gay , Lesbian Troops '' Archived April 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Defense : Retrieved January 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daily Mail : `` Sealed with a ( lesbian ) kiss : Gay sailors share Navy 's traditional homecoming embrace as ship returns '' , December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` LGBT servicemembers in Afghanistan post ' It Gets Better ' video to encourage youth bullied because of sexuality '' , Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald : Rothaus , Steve ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Gay marine , partner reflect on first kiss seen around the globe : ' The world went away for a few minutes ' '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 ; MSNBC : `` Marine in gay kiss photo : Breaking stereotypes a ' good feeling ' '' , February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowan Scarborough , ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Gay Marine 's kiss sparks praise , anger '' , The Washington Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Charley ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Military chaplains allowed to perform same - sex weddings '' , CNN : Retrieved February 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ Stanley , Paul ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` Evangelical Chaplains Refuse to Marry Gay Couples on Military Bases '' , The Christian Post : Retrieved March 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Andrew Tilghman , ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Church leader opposes DoD on same - sex weddings '' , Army Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Academy : Don Branum , `` Academy experts discuss effects of DADT repeal '' Archived October 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell : Top Marine Says Service Embracing Gay Ban Repeal '' , Huffington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Geidner , Chris ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Defense Bill Conference Report Strips Anti-Gay House Language , Keeps Military Sodomy Ban '' Archived January 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , MetroWeekly : Retrieved February 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Article 125 's prohibition against bestiality was included in its definition of sodomy . House Republicans , the Family Research Council , and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals objected to the removal of `` unnatural carnal copulation ... with an animal '' from Article 125 , not `` unnatural carnal copulation with another person of the same or opposite sex '' . See : Herb , Jeremy ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Repeal of sodomy , bestiality ban sparks fight on Defense bill '' , The Hill : Retrieved February 20 , 2012 : `` The Pentagon , however , says that even if the article in the military code was repealed , having sex with animals would still be covered under different statutes . ' It is difficult to envision a situation where a service member engages in sexual conduct with an animal that would not be conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline or service - discrediting , ' said Defense spokesman Lt. Col. Todd Breasseale . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. military can wear uniform in San Diego gay pride parade : Defense Department '' . CNN . July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NBC Nightly News : `` No incidents reported since DADT repealed '' , December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tejada , Alicia ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' Out ' on the Front Lines : Troops Reflect on ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' '' , ABC News : Retrieved March 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ Shapiro , Lila ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Study Shows No Negative Effects On Military One Year After Repeal '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Aaron ; Morton Ender ( 2013 ) . `` Readiness and DADT Repeal : Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military ? '' . Armed Forces & Society . 39 ( 4 ) : 587 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X12466248 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Servicemembers Kicked Out Under Military 's Gay Ban Since ' 04 To Receive Full Separation Pay '' . Buzz Feed . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Colorado Independent : Andy Birkey , `` Openly gay soldiers may destroy military , Bachmann says '' , October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ABC News : Arlette Saenz , `` Perry Prefers DADT , Says Obama Should Have Overthrown Iran Regime '' , November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NPR : Mark Memmott , `` Boos Heard At GOP Debate After Gay Soldier Asks About ' Do n't Ask ' '' , September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . See also : `` Santorum : Race , Homosexuality Not Comparable Measures for Military Service '' , Fox News : October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rowan Scarborough , `` Gingrich tough on women , gays in military '' , The Washington Times . December 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Ron Paul : Heterosexuals ' Causing More Trouble Than Gays ' In The Military '' , Huffington Post : Retrieved January 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Raising Cain '' . Washington Blade : Retrieved January 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ Military Culture Coalition : Romney Endorses Gays - In - Military ( LGBT ) Law ; Gingrich Opposed `` , December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Z. Byron ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Debate Crowd Booed Gay Soldier '' , ABC News : Retrieved February 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Obama : Do n't stand silent when soldier is booed '' , MSNBC : October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox News : `` GOP lawmaker says ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal is settled issue '' , June 21 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Most back repealing ' do n't ask , do n't tell , ' poll says '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center : `` Most Continue to Favor Gays Serving Openly in Military '' , Nov 29 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Opinion Research November 11 -- 14 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Paul ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : Majority support gays serving openly in military '' , CNN Political Ticker : Retrieved February 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Quinnipiac University : `` U.S. Voters Say Gays In Military Should Come Out , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds '' , February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS News : `` Gays in the military '' , February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baptists , Catholics Threaten to Withdraw Chaplains Over DADT '' , November 1 , 2010 Archived October 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banks , Adelle M. ( June 19 , 2010 ) . `` Southern Baptists Convention fighting ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Southern Baptists Convention fighting ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' repeal '' . The Washington Post . June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retired chaplains back ' do n't ask ' '' , Washington Times October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HRC Back Story , April 28 , 2010 '' . Hrcbackstory.org. April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Servicemembers Legal Defense Network '' . Sldn.org . August 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Resnicoff , Arnold E. ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` If gays serve openly , will chaplains suffer ? No , the mission is to serve all troops . '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shane , Leo ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` Stars and Stripes : Obama Wants to End `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` . Stars and Stripes . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Continued discharges anger ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' critics : Gay - rights groups urge reversal now Bryan Bender , Boston Globe ; May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Servicemembers Legal Defense Network -- Annual Gay Discharges Under `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell , Do n't Pursue , Do n't Harass '' ^ Jump up to : Individual service numbers from Servicemembers Legal Defense Network , `` Freedom to Serve '' ^ Jump up to : 365Gay.com -- Military Discharging Two Soldiers Per Day For Being Gay Despite War Group Says Archived July 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Continued discharges anger ' do n't ask , do n't tell ' critics The Boston Globe , Bryan Bender -- May 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ 261 DADT Discharges in 2010 Bibliography ( edit ) Allan Bérubé ( 1990 ) . Coming Out Under Fire : The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two . Plume . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26598 - 1 . Allan Bérubé , `` How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays '' , in My Desire for History : Essays in Gay , Community , and Labor History , John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freeman , eds . ( University of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) Elizabeth Drew ( 1994 ) . On the Edge : The Clinton Presidency . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0671871471 . OCLC 31077297 . Tim McFeeley , `` Getting It Straight : A Review of the ' Gays in the Military ' Debate '' , in John D'Emilio , William B. Turner , and Urvashi Vaid , eds. , Creating Change : Sexuality , Public Policy , and Civil Rights ( NY : St. Martin 's Press , 2000 ) David Mixner , Stranger Among Friends ( NY : Bantam , 1996 ) Randy Shilts ( May 1 , 1993 ) . Conduct Unbecoming : Lesbians and Gays in the U.S. Military : Vietnam to the Persian Gulf . St Martins Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 09261 - 0 . Urvashi Vaid ( 1995 ) . Virtual Equality : The Mainstreaming of Gay & Lesbian Liberation . Anchor Books . ISBN 0385472986 . OCLC 32468601 . Further reading ( edit ) Belkin , Aaron ( 2008 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' : Does the Gay Ban Undermine the Military 's Reputation ? '' . Armed Forces & Society . 34 ( 2 ) . Belkin , Aaron ( 2013 ) . Readiness and DADT Repeal : Has the New Policy of Open Service Undermined the Military ? Armed Forces & Society , Forthcoming ... Access OnlineFirst at http://afs.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/12/06/0095327X12466248.abstract Bowling , Kirby L. ; Firestone , Juanita M. ; Harris , Richard J. ( 2005 ) . `` Analyzing Questions That Cannot Be Asked of Respondents Who Cannot Respond '' . Armed Forces & Society . 31 ( 3 ) . Carter , Chad C. and Antony B. Kolenc ( 2005 ) . `` ' Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell ' : Has the Policy Met Its Goals ? '' , University of Dayton Law Review , Fall 2005 Huffman , J. Ford and Schultz , Tammy S. ( editors ) ( 2012 ) , The End of Do n't Ask Do n't Tell : The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans , Marine Corps University Levy , Yagil ( 2007 ) . `` The Right to Fight : A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Recruitment Policy toward Gays and Lesbians '' . Armed Forces & Society . 33 ( 2 ) . Moradi , Bonnie ; Miller , Laura ( 2010 ) . `` Attitudes of Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans toward Gay and Lesbian Service Members '' . Armed Forces & Society . 36 ( 3 ) . Schaub , Gary Jr ( 2010 ) . `` Unit Cohesion and the Impact of DADT '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Studies Quarterly . 4 ( 3 ) : 85 -- 101 . Library resources about Do n't ask , do n't tell Resources in your library Resources in other libraries External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : Do n't ask , do n't tell Wikimedia Commons has media related to Do n't ask , do n't tell . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Do n't ask , do n't tell Wikisource has original text related to this article : Category : Do n't ask , do n't tell Document Library , Robert Crown Law Library at Stanford Law Library Text of Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 Elaine Donnelly and Aaron Belkin Debate DADT at Maxwell Air Force Base , summer 2010 Do n't Ask Do n't Tell Review , House of Representatives , Military Personnel Subcommittee , July 23 , 2008 LGBT rights in the United States By entity State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Unincorporated territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By type Same - sex unions Marriage Civil unions Domestic partnership by municipality Military Blue discharge Do n't ask , do n't tell 2010 repeal Transgender service Adoption Employment discrimination by municipality Immigration policy Transgender rights Intersex rights State laws and constitutional amendments Bans on conversion therapy for minors Hate crime laws Sodomy laws State bans on local anti-discrimination laws State constitutional amendments banning same - sex unions State statutes banning same - sex unions No promo homo laws Federal laws , executive orders , and decisions Defense of Marriage Act Executive Order 12968 Executive Order 13087 Executive Order 13672 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd , Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was dont ask dont tell policy created | [
"\"Don't ask, don't tell\" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians, instituted by the Clinton Administration on February 28, 1994, when Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 issued on December 21, 1993, took effect,[1] lasting until September 20, 2011. The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by United States federal law Pub.L. 103–160 (10 U.S.C. § 654), which was signed November 30, 1993.[2] The policy prohibited people who \"demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts\" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence \"would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability\".[3]"
] | [
"February 28, 1994"
] |
4013975723998039200 | Wet Hot American Summer | Wet Hot American Summer - wikipedia Wet Hot American Summer Wet Hot American Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by David Wain Produced by Howard Bernstein Written by David Wain Michael Showalter Starring Janeane Garofalo David Hyde Pierce Molly Shannon Paul Rudd Christopher Meloni Michael Showalter Music by Theodore Shapiro Craig Wedren Cinematography Ben Weinstein Edited by Meg Reticker Production company Eureka Pictures North Coast Group Distributed by USA Films Release date July 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 27 ) ( New York City ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.8 million Box office $295,206 ( United States ) Wet Hot American Summer is a 2001 American satirical comedy film directed by David Wain from a screenplay written by Wain and Michael Showalter . The film features an ensemble cast , including Janeane Garofalo , David Hyde Pierce , Molly Shannon , Paul Rudd , Christopher Meloni , Michael Showalter ( and various other members of MTV 's sketch comedy group The State ) , Elizabeth Banks , Ken Marino , Michael Ian Black , Bradley Cooper , Amy Poehler , Zak Orth , and A.D. Miles . The film takes place during the last full day at a fictional summer camp in 1981 , and spoofs the sex comedies aimed at teen audiences of that era . The film was a critical and commercial failure , but has since developed a cult following , as many of its cast members have gone on to high - profile work . Netflix revived the franchise with the release of an eight - episode prequel series starring most of the film 's original cast , on July 31 , 2015 ; and an eight - episode sequel series , set ten years after the original film , on August 4 , 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Songs in the film 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Home media 7 Follow - ups 8 Legacy 8.1 Anniversary celebrations 8.2 Undeveloped TV series 8.3 Documentary 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1981 , Camp Firewood , a summer camp located near Waterville , Maine , is preparing for its last day of camp . Counselors have one last chance to have a romantic encounter with another person at Camp Firewood . The summer culminates in a talent show . Beth , the camp director , struggles to keep her counselors in order -- and her campers alive -- while falling in love with Henry , an astrophysics associate professor at Colby College . Henry has to devise a plan to save the camp from a piece of NASA 's Skylab , which is falling to Earth . Coop has a crush on Katie , his fellow counselor , but has to pry her away from her rebellious , obnoxious , and obviously unfaithful boyfriend , Andy . Only Gene , the shell - shocked Vietnam war veteran and camp chef , can help Coop win Katie -- with some help from a talking can of mixed vegetables . All the while , Gary , Gene 's unfortunately chosen apprentice , and J.J. attempt to figure out why McKinley has not been with a woman , the reason being that McKinley is in love with Ben , whom he marries in a ceremony in the lake ; Victor attempts to lose his virginity with the resident loose - girl Abby ; and Susie and Ben attempt to produce and choreograph the greatest talent show Camp Firewood has ever seen . Cast ( edit ) Janeane Garofalo as Beth David Hyde Pierce as Professor Henry Newman Molly Shannon as Gail von Kleinenstein Paul Rudd as Andy Christopher Meloni as Gene Michael Showalter as Gerald `` Coop '' Cooperberg / Alan Shemper Marguerite Moreau as Katie Finnerty Ken Marino as Victor Pulak Michael Ian Black as McKinley Zak Orth as J.J. A.D. Miles as Gary Amy Poehler as Susie Bradley Cooper as Ben Marisa Ryan as Abby Bernstein Kevin Sussman as Steve Elizabeth Banks as Lindsay Joe Lo Truglio as Neil Gideon Jacobs as Aaron Judah Friedlander as Ron Von Kleinenstein H. Jon Benjamin as Can of Mixed Vegetables Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The film is based on the experiences Wain had while attending Camp Modin , a Jewish camp , located in Belgrade , Maine , and Showalter had at Camp Mohawk in the Berkshires in Cheshire , Massachusetts . During one scene , the counselors take a trip into Waterville , Maine , which is not far from the camp . It is also a parody of , and homage to , other films about summer camp , including Meatballs ( 1979 ) , Sleepaway Camp ( 1983 ) , and Indian Summer ( 1993 ) . According to Wain , they wanted to make a film structured like the films Nashville , Dazed and Confused and Do the Right Thing -- `` films that take place in one contained time period that have lots of different characters . '' Development ( edit ) The film 's financing took three years to assemble ; in a June 2011 interview , Wain revealed the film 's budget was $1.8 million ; he noted that during the 2001 Sundance Film Festival , the film had been promoted as costing $5 million , in an attempt to attract a better offer from a distributor . Because of the film 's relatively small budget , the cast was paid very little ; Paul Rudd has stated that he is uncertain that he received any compensation at all for the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted 28 days , and , according to director David Wain , it rained on every day of shooting . Exterior shots were filmed when possible , sometimes under covers or umbrellas , but some scenes were moved indoors instead . In many interior scenes , rain seen outside turns into sun as soon as characters step outside . Due to the cold , the actors ' breath can be seen in some outdoor scenes . The film was shot at Camp Towanda in Honesdale , Pennsylvania . Music ( edit ) As the film is set in the early 1980s , the film 's soundtrack features songs from many popular bands of the era , most notably Jefferson Starship , Rick Springfield , Loverboy , and KISS . Songs in the film ( edit ) `` Jane '' by Jefferson Starship `` Juke Box Hero '' by Foreigner `` Backwards from Three '' by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro `` Wet Hot American Summer '' by Craig Wedren `` Love is Alright Tonight '' by Rick Springfield `` Danny 's Song '' by Loggins & Messina `` Turn Me Loose '' by Loverboy `` Beth '' by Kiss `` Day By Day '' from Godspell `` Harden My Heart '' by Quarterflash `` Higher and Higher '' by Craig Wedren and Theodore Shapiro `` When It 's Over '' by Loverboy `` Wet Hot American Dream '' by Peter Salett `` Summer in America '' by Mr. Blue & Chubb Rock Release ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer premiered at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival , where it was screened four times to sold - out crowds , though it failed to attract a distributor . Months later , USA Films offered the filmmakers $100,000 for the film , with virtually no participation for the filmmakers , an offer the film 's investors accepted . It premiered in New York City on July 27 , 2001 , then received a limited release theatrical in fewer than 30 cities . Reception ( edit ) Wet Hot American Summer received mostly negative reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 33 % , based on 67 reviews , with an average rating of 4.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` As comedy , Wet Hot American Summer is a slapdash , fragmented affair that misses more often than hits . As parody , it fails because it attempts to satirize something ridiculous and self - parodying in itself . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 42 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert rated the film with one star out of four . His review took the form of a tongue - in - cheek parody of Allan Sherman 's `` Hello Muddah , Hello Fadduh '' . In contrast , Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman awarded the film an `` A '' , and named it as one of the ten best films of the year . Newsweek 's David Ansen also lauded it , calling it a `` gloriously silly romp '' that `` made me laugh harder than any other movie this summer . Make that this year . '' Numerous other critics have praised the film as a witty pop satire and it has gone on to achieve a cult following . Actress Kristen Bell stated on NPR on September 2 , 2012 , that Wet Hot American Summer was her favorite film , having watched it `` hundreds of times . '' NPR host Jesse Thorn said on the April 29 , 2014 , episode of Bullseye , `` When someone has an open enough heart to accept this silliness - and that 's what it 's about for me , an open heart - if someone 's heart is open to Wet Hot American Summer , they love it . And that 's when I know that me and them , we 've got an unbreakable bond . Together forever . Like camp counselors . '' Home Media ( edit ) The film was released in both VHS and DVD formats on January 15 , 2002 . In 2011 , Wain tried to convince Universal Studios to prepare either a 10th anniversary home video re-release with extra features , or a Blu - ray release , but Universal rejected the ideas . The film was released on Blu - ray on May 12 , 2015 . Follow - ups ( edit ) See also : Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later The film is followed by two Netflix series , with one serving as a prequel and one as a sequel . The prequel , First Day of Camp , was released on July 31 , 2015 , while the sequel , Ten Years Later , was released on August 4 , 2017 . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Wet Hot American Summer ( franchise ) Anniversary celebrations ( edit ) Events were held around the country to celebrate the film 's 10 - year anniversary in 2011 and 2012 , including a screening of the film in Boston , an art show in Santa Monica of works inspired by the film , with a reception hosted by Wain , a screening at the Los Angeles Film School with a Q&A with Wain , a midnight screening in Cleveland , Ohio , a 10th anniversary celebration event with the members of Stella in Brooklyn , and a reading of the script at the San Francisco Comedy Festival , with much of the original cast . Undeveloped tv series ( edit ) During an interview with Variety , Wain and Showalter stated that they wrote a pilot for a possible Fox television series based on the film . Wain described the series as a `` 22 - minute Fox sitcom with commercials and nothing Rated R , so it was a little bit odd . '' The pilot was not picked up for a series . Documentary ( edit ) Alongside the prequel series , a making - of documentary , Hurricane of Fun : The Making of Wet Hot , was released on Netflix on July 24 , 2015 , consisting of behind - the - scenes interviews and footage shot during the filming of the movie . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeff Goldsmith ( 2011 - 06 - 17 ) . `` David Wain -- Wet Hot American Summer '' . Q&A with Jeff Goldsmith ( Podcast ) . Blogger / Liberated Syndication . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` The New Cult Canon : Wet Hot American Summer '' . The AV Club . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Rumpus '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scheer , Paul ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sleepaway Camp , episode # 48 of How Did This Get Made ? '' . Earwolf . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer '' . Sundance Institute . Archives . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : The crazy story behind the cult classic '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Credit List '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wet Hot history '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Roger Ebert Reviews . 2001 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Wet Hot American Summer official website . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bullseye with Jesse Thorn : Jim Rash , Bob Saget , Jessica St. Clair and Lennon Parham '' . Maximum Fun. 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : Wet Hot American Summer - UNIVERSAL CITY , Calif. , April 13 , 2015 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Netflix is going back to camp with Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later '' . The A.V. Club . April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Corner Theatre -- Wet Hot American Summer '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer 6.10. 11 -- 6.29. 11 '' . Nao Live . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wet Hot American Summer 10th Anniversary Q&A Screening with co-writer / director David Wain ! '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Arcade Staff ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Cult movie classics get big - screen showings '' . The Morning Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Wet Hot American Summer 10th anniversary : David Wain , Michael Showalter , and Joe Lo Truglio remember their days at Camp Firewood '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Cast Of Wet Hot American Summer Reunited At SF Sketchfest '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seabaugh , Julie ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wet Hot American Summer ' : Oral History Details False Starts , Faking Camp Firewood '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wet Hot American Summer Official website Wet Hot American Summer on IMDb Wet Hot American Summer at Box Office Mojo Wet Hot American Summer at Rotten Tomatoes Wet Hot American Summer at Metacritic Films directed by David Wain Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) The Ten ( 2007 ) Role Models ( 2008 ) Wanderlust ( 2012 ) They Came Together ( 2014 ) A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wet_Hot_American_Summer&oldid=850443476 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s LGBT - related films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American independent films American LGBT - related films American romantic comedy films American satirical films American sex comedy films American teen comedy films Directorial debut films Films about Jews and Judaism Films adapted into television programs Films directed by David Wain Films set in Maine Films set in 1981 Films shot in Pennsylvania Honesdale , Pennsylvania Summer camps in films Wet Hot American Summer Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 22 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played coop in wet hot american summer | [
"Michael Showalter as Gerald \"Coop\" Cooperberg/Alan Shemper"
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"Michael Showalter"
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-7586646099944655538 | Dave Lamb | Dave Lamb - wikipedia Dave Lamb Jump to : navigation , search Dave Lamb David Imelda Lamb ( 1969 - 01 - 17 ) 17 January 1969 ( age 48 ) Westminster , London , England Nationality British Occupation Actor , voice actor , presenter , comedian Years active 1993 -- present David Imelda `` Dave '' Lamb ( born 17 January 1969 ) is an English actor , presenter , comedian , and voice actor . He is best known for his work on Come Dine with Me as well as appearances in British television and radio programmes , especially comedy programmes like Goodness Gracious Me . He also currently presents the CBBC game show Horrible Histories : Gory Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Early work 3 Voice - over work 4 Recent TV appearances 5 Radio 6 Stage work 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Lamb attended the Broxbourne School in Broxbourne , Hertfordshire , and studied Philosophy and Literature at the University of Warwick . Early work ( edit ) Lamb 's first noted credit was in the 1998 British sitcom How Do You Want Me ? He played a homophobic tramp called Buster . His first notable appearances were in the British Indian sketch show Goodness Gracious Me , being the only recurring white person in the cast . Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s he also appeared in comedy programmes such as People Like Us , Hippies , Armstrong and Miller , The Smoking Room and Fun at the Funeral Parlour as well as having a brief role in a couple of episodes of EastEnders . He also made a brief appearance in DIY SOS . Voice - over work ( edit ) Dave Lamb was one of the main voice - over artists on satirical cartoon 2DTV alongside Jan Ravens and Jon Culshaw , but he gained cult status through his sarcastic voice - overs on dinner party show Come Dine With Me which began in 2005 . In an interview he claimed that in the first series he did do quite a lot of ad - libbing but that the show 's writers now know how to write for his voice . He also stated that he would never take part in a celebrity edition as he was n't famous enough to participate . In 2008 , Lamb provided a voice for one of the Spade brothers in Lionhead Studios ' Fable II and again in 2010 for Fable III . In 2011 for the Big Brother 2011 Come Dine With Me task , Lamb took over from usual narrator Marcus Bentley for the feature , the first time that anyone other than Bentley had provided a voice - over for the show . He starred in a voice - over part for a character in the 2011 MMORPG Star Wars : The Old Republic . He also narrates Come Dine With Me ( Ireland ) and Come Dine With Me South Africa and provides the voice - over on the CBeebies animation series Big Barn Farm . He narrated a special section of Blue Peter on the 25th of October 2011 . The section was a spoof of Come Dine With Me at a zoo where the guests were animals . In May 2012 , Dave did a voice over for UK band Jackdaw4 Jackdaw4 Pledge to promote their pledge campaign to record their fourth CD . In November 2013 , Lamb provided a voice over for Bedford Modern School 's production of `` The Only Way '' , a play commemorating 10 years of co-education . He narrates the 2015 reboot of Danger Mouse . He also voices Stiletto Mafiosa in the series . He also narrates the live stage show of Danger Mouse at Butlins in 2017 - 2018 Recent tv appearances ( edit ) Lamb has had two main - cast roles in television sitcoms , firstly as producer Des in BBC 's The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle ( broadcast October 2007 ) and then in early 2008 he played put - upon television writer Carl Morris in ITV 's Moving Wallpaper . He also played Sergeant Foster in two episodes of Only Fools and Horses prequel Rock & Chips , including the special shown on BBC One on New Year 's Day 2011 . He now co-presents a CBBC show Horrible Histories : Gory Games and was a regular on the first series of Alexander Armstrong 's Big Ask . In 2009 , he appeared in Miranda , in the episode in which Miranda pretends to go to Thailand . In 2014 , he appeared alongside the rest of the original cast of Goodness Gracious Me in a reunion special that was produced for BBC Two 's 50th Anniversary . In 2016 , Lamb presented Come Dine With Me : Champion of Champions , the first time in the 11 - year history of the show that he had appeared on screen rather than just narrating . Radio ( edit ) Lamb was a member of radio comedy troupe The Cheese Shop and has also featured on radio recording three series of The Bigger Issues as well as featuring on 15 Minute Musical , The Alan Davies Show , ElvenQuest , No Future in Eternity , The Big Town All Stars , The Very World of Milton Jones , Artists and The Way It Is . He has also recorded two series of a radio drama entitled London , Europe for Radio 4 , which he also wrote . Radio 4 aired his sitcom , Hobby Bobbies during Summer 2013 . Stage work ( edit ) Lamb made his stage debut alongside Russ Abbot and Eric Sykes in 2003 in a production of Ray Cooney 's Caught In The Net at the Vaudeville Theatre . Personal Life ( edit ) Lamb lives in Brighton and is a regular at the Dripping Pan , home of Lewes FC . He is a shareholder of the club . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dave Lamb , Esq '' . Debrett 's People of Today . Debrett 's . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` I 'm a terrible cook , admits Come Dine With Me narrator Dave Lamb '' . The Birmingham Post . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Full cast and crew for `` 2DTV '' ( 2001 ) . IMDB Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Interview -- Dave Lamb ( ' Come Dine With Me ' ) '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB Fable II Cast List '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` IMDB Fable III Cast List '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/s149/big-brother/news/a243116/dave-lamb-to-guest-narrate-big-brother.html Jump up ^ Nevill , Glenda . `` Come Dine With Me SA has viewers eating out of its hand '' . The Media Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sue Terry Voices Agency - Credits '' . sueterryvoices.com . Jump up ^ `` Rock & Chips ( 2010 -- ) Cast List '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` Miranda `` Holiday '' Cast List `` . IMDB . Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-previews/voiceover-king-dave-lamb-steps-7283963 ^ Jump up to : Clore , Vivienne . `` Clore clients to watch this week ... '' . vivienneclore.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Football Weekends : Dave Lamb interview '' . Europeanfootballweekends.blogspot.com. 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` List of Owners -- Lewes FC '' . Lewesfc.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Dave Lamb on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Lamb&oldid=805973266 '' Categories : 1969 births English male voice actors English male actors English male comedians English television presenters Living people Male actors from London People from Westminster 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2010 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the come dine with me voiceover | [
"David Imelda \"Dave\" Lamb (born 17 January 1969)[1] is an English actor, presenter, comedian, and voice actor. He is best known for his work on Come Dine with Me as well as appearances in British television and radio programmes, especially comedy programmes like Goodness Gracious Me. He also currently presents the CBBC game show Horrible Histories: Gory Games."
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"David Imelda \"Dave\" Lamb"
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-2596322217340481146 | National Do Not Call Registry | National Do Not Call Registry - wikipedia National Do Not Call Registry Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Do Not Call Registry in the United States . For similar lists in other countries , see Do not call list . The National Do Not Call Registry is a database maintained by the United States federal government , listing the telephone numbers of individuals and families who have requested that telemarketers not contact them . Certain callers are required by federal law to respect this request . Separate laws and regulations apply to robocalls in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Implementation Act 2 Legal challenges 3 Exceptions to the do - not - call rule 3.1 Exceptions 3.2 Loopholes 4 Enforcement 5 Do - Not - Call Improvement Act of 2007 6 Results 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Implementation Act ( edit ) On June 27 , 2003 , the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) opened the National Do Not Call Registry in order to comply with the Do - Not - Call Implementation Act of 2003 ( Pub. L. 108 -- 10 , was H.R. 395 , and codified at 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et . seq . ) , sponsored by Representatives Billy Tauzin and John Dingell and signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 11 , 2003 . The law established the FTC 's National Do Not Call Registry in order to facilitate compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 . Registration for the Do - Not - Call list began on June 27 , 2003 , and enforcement started on October 1 , 2003 . Since January 1 , 2005 , telemarketers covered by the registry have up to 31 days ( initially the period was 90 days ) from the date a number is registered to cease calling that number . Originally , phone numbers remained on the registry for a period of five years , but are now permanent because of the Do - Not - Call Improvement Act of 2007 , effective February 2008 . Consumers may add landline or cellular numbers to the registry , but FCC regulations prohibit telemarketers from calling a cellular phone number with an automatic dialer under almost all circumstances . In 2005 , a rumor began circulating via e-mail that cell phone providers were planning on making their number directories available to telemarketers . The FTC responded by clarifying that cell phones can not be called by telemarketers . Similarly , fax numbers do not need to be included in the registry due to existing federal laws and regulations that prohibit the sending of unsolicited faxes . If a person does not want to register a number on the national registry , he or she can still prohibit individual telemarketers from calling by asking the caller to put the called number on the company 's do - not - call list . Legal challenges ( edit ) The do - not - call list was slated to take effect on October 1 , 2003 , but two federal district court decisions almost delayed it . One from Oklahoma was overcome by special legislation giving the FTC specific jurisdiction over the matter . The other from Colorado revolved around questions of regulation of commercial speech and threatened to delay implementation of the list . However , President Bush signed a bill authorizing the no - call list to go ahead in September 2003 . Finally , the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit on February 17 , 2004 , upheld the constitutionality of the law . Exceptions to the Do - Not - Call rule ( edit ) Exceptions ( edit ) Placing one 's number on the National Do Not Call Registry will stop some , but not all , unsolicited calls . The following are exceptions granted by existing laws and regulations -- and these types of organizations can register with donotcall.gov and can purchase telephone lists from the Do Not Call Registry The registry only applies to personal calls , not to business lines or business to business calls . A person may still receive calls from political organizations . The organization Citizens for Civil Discourse has lobbied Congress to close this exception by developing a National Political Do Not Call Registry where voters can register their phone numbers and ask politicians to take the `` Do Not Contact Pledge '' . Its database is not backed by the force of law and as of November 2008 , only 3 politicians running for office signed the pledge . A person may still receive calls from not - for - profit organizations . A person may still receive calls from those conducting surveys . A person may still receive calls from a company up to 31 days after submitting an application or inquiry to that company , unless the company is specifically asked not to call . A person may still receive calls from bill collectors ( either primary creditors or collection agencies ) . These callers are , however , regulated by other laws , such as the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act , which limits them to calling during `` reasonable hours '' . Some creditors may not call debtors who file for bankruptcy protection . Loopholes ( edit ) Some attempts have been made by telemarketers to skirt the do - not - call list rules . An example is the Dove Foundation , which places `` survey '' calls and then requests permission for a follow - up call . The follow - up call is conducted by a for - profit company attempting to sell products . This operation resulted in a restraining order in Missouri in March 2006 . Enforcement ( edit ) Complaints concerning telemarketing calls to homes and personal cell phones can be made to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission . The Federal Communications Commission has created rules implementing the National Do - Not - Call Implementation Act . These rules are codified at the Code of Federal Regulations , title 47 , Section 64.1200 . The rules should be consulted in order to determine whether a particular incident violated the rules and can result in enforcement . In order to create an actionable complaint pursuant to FCC rules , an individual with a home phone or a personal cell phone is required to specify details of the infraction to the FCC . Typically this includes facts such as when the call occurred , the phone number called , the calling organization , the goods or services being marketed , whether the caller has any exemption status . Details of these rules can be found on the FCC 's complaint form . Many journalists and victims of fraudulent calls and Do - Not - Call violations have extensively documented ongoing and widespread inaction and lack of enforcement by the FTC . In May 2014 Sprint Corporation was fined a record $7.5 million for failing to honor requests by consumers to opt out of receiving telemarketing calls and texts . The fine followed an investigation that had begun in 2012 . `` We expect companies to respect the privacy of consumers who have opted out of marketing calls , '' Travis LeBlanc , acting chief of the FCC 's enforcement bureau , said at the time . `` When a consumer tells a company to stop calling or texting with promotional pitches , that request must be honored . Today 's settlement leaves no question that protecting consumer privacy is a top enforcement priority . '' Do - Not - Call Improvement Act of 2007 ( edit ) On February 15 , 2008 , U.S. President George W. Bush signed H.R. 3541 into law as Pub. L. 110 -- 187 , the Do - Not - Call Improvement Act of 2007 . Two major changes were enacted through this law : While originally required to renew their phone numbers every five years , consumers need now only register once to maintain their phone numbers on the Do Not Call Registry . The frequency with which the FTC must purge the registry of disconnected and reassigned numbers has also been increased to several times a month . However , the Do - Not - Call Improvement Act prohibits removing numbers from the do - not - call registry unless the number is invalid , disconnected , reassigned , or the individual to whom the number is assigned so requests . Results ( edit ) According to the 2009 Economic Report of the President , prepared by the Council of Economic Advisers , The program has proved quite popular : as of 2007 , according to one survey , 72 percent of Americans had registered on the list , and 77 percent of those say that it made a large difference in the number of telemarketing calls that they receive ( another 14 percent report a small reduction in calls ) . Another survey , conducted less than a year after the Do Not Call list was implemented , found that people who registered for the list saw a reduction in telemarketing calls from an average of 30 calls per month to an average of 6 per month . See also ( edit ) Do Not Call Register ( Australia ) National Do Not Call List ( Canada ) New Zealand Name Removal Service Telephone Preference Service ( United Kingdom ) Auto dialer Call screening Predictive dialer , a computerized system that automatically dials batches of telephone numbers for connection to agents assigned to sales or other campaigns Robinson list , an opt - out list of people who do not wish to receive marketing calls Robocall Teleblock Telemarketing Lead management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Do Not Call Registry '' . donotcall.gov . Jump up ^ `` Do Not Call Registrations Permanent and Fees Telemarketers Pay to Access Registry Set '' . ftc.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Wireless Phones and the National Do - Not - Call List '' . fcc.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Truth about Cell Phones and the Do Not Call Registry '' . ftc.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Truth about Cell Phones and the National Do Not Call Registry '' . ftc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Mainstream Marketing Services Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission , U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals '' ( PDF ) . ca10.uscourts.gov . Jump up ^ `` National Do Not Call Registry '' . donotcall.gov . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . ftc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Stop political robocalls and telemarketers with Nomorobo '' . stoppoliticalcalls.org . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Fact Sheet on FCC Do - Not - Call Rules , Federal Communications Commission '' . fcc.gov . Jump up ^ `` GAO Report on Implementation of the National Do - Not - Call Registry '' ( PDF ) . donotcall.gov . January 2005 . The original 2003 rule had a 3 - month waiting period , but this was changed effective January 1 , 2005 Jump up ^ Company selling films used non-profit organization as front to try to circumvent state No Call law , Nixon says ^ Jump up to : `` Filing a Complaint - General '' . fcc.gov . Jump up ^ `` National Do Not Call Registry '' . donotcall.gov . Jump up ^ 47 CFR § 64.1200 Jump up ^ Bill Singer ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` Consumer Outrage With Diabetes Telemarketer Tactics and the Federal Do Not Call Registry . '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Regulator fines Sprint $7.5 mn for not screening unwanted calls '' . United States News.Net . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Do - Not - Call Improvement Act of 2007 ( 2008 ; 110th Congress H.R. 3541 ) '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Economic Report of the President , Box 9 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov . External links ( edit ) 15 U.S. Code Chapter 87A - National Do Not Call Registry Donotcall.gov Registration page https://tcpa.mobi/state-do-not-call-list/ : Interactive map of states that do and do not have separate no - call lists with links to their online registries . https://tcpa.mobi/state-do-not-call-list/ : Interactive map of state agencies to contact to report do not call list violations along with a description of what the state do not call lists prohibit and the private remedies ( if any ) . Missouri No Call home page Missouri residents may also register their number on the Missouri No Call List . Telecom Commercial Communications Customer Preference Portal of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Why do we get Telemarketing Calls even after registering under Do Not Call List ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Do_Not_Call_Registry&oldid=804127884 '' Categories : Federal Trade Commission Telemarketing Federal Communications Commission 108th United States Congress Telephone crimes Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the do not call registry established | [
"On June 27, 2003, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened the National Do Not Call Registry in order to comply with the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003 (Pub.L. 108–10, was H.R. 395, and codified at 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et. seq.), sponsored by Representatives Billy Tauzin and John Dingell and signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 11, 2003. The law established the FTC's National Do Not Call Registry in order to facilitate compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991."
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"June 27, 2003"
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-15994557674970352 | Blackjack | Blackjack - wikipedia Blackjack This article is about the gambling game . For the shedding - type card game sometimes called Black Jack , see Switch ( card game ) . For other uses , see Black Jack ( disambiguation ) . Blackjack A blackjack Alternative names Twenty - One Type Comparing Players 2 + , usually 2 -- 7 Skills required Probability Cards 52 to 416 Deck French Play Clockwise Random chance High Blackjack , also known as twenty - one , is a comparing card game between usually several players and a dealer , where each player in turn competes against the dealer , but players do not play against each other . It is played with one or more decks of 52 cards , and is the most widely played casino banking game in the world . The objective of the game is to beat the dealer in one of the following ways : Get 21 points on the player 's first two cards ( called a `` blackjack '' or `` natural '' ) , without a dealer blackjack ; Reach a final score higher than the dealer without exceeding 21 ; or Let the dealer draw additional cards until their hand exceeds 21 . Players are each dealt two cards , face up or down depending on the casino and the table at which you sit . In the U.S. , the dealer is also dealt two cards , normally one up ( exposed ) and one down hidden ) . In most other countries , the dealer receives one card face up . The value of cards two through ten is their pip value ( 2 through 10 ) . Face cards ( Jack , Queen , and King ) are all worth ten . Aces can be worth one or eleven . A hand 's value is the sum of the card values . Players are allowed to draw additional cards to improve their hands . A hand with an ace valued as 11 is called `` soft '' , meaning that the hand will not bust by taking an additional card ; the value of the ace will become one to prevent the hand from exceeding 21 . Otherwise , the hand is `` hard '' . Once all the players have completed their hands , it is the dealer 's turn . The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks . The dealer then reveals the hidden card and must hit until the cards total 17 or more points . ( At most tables the dealer also hits on a `` soft '' 17 , i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six . ) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer , or not busting and having the dealer bust , or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack . If the player and dealer have the same total ( not counting blackjacks ) , this is called a `` push '' , and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand . Otherwise , the dealer wins . Blackjack has many rule variations . Since the 1960s , blackjack has been a high - profile target of advantage players , particularly card counters , who track the profile of cards that have been dealt and adapt their wagers and playing strategies accordingly . Blackjack has inspired other casino games , including Spanish 21 and pontoon . Contents 1 History 2 Rules of play at casinos 2.1 Player decisions 2.2 Insurance 3 Rule variations and effects on house edge 4 Blackjack strategy 4.1 Basic strategy 4.2 Composition - dependent strategy 4.3 Advantage play 4.3. 1 Card counting 4.3. 2 Shuffle tracking 4.3. 3 Identifying concealed cards 5 Side bets 6 Blackjack tournaments 7 Video blackjack 8 Variants of the game 8.1 TV show variations 9 Blackjack Hall of Fame 10 Blackjack in the arts 11 See also 12 Blackjack literature 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Blackjack 's precursor was twenty - one , a game of unknown origin . The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes , most famous for writing Don Quixote . Cervantes was a gambler , and the main characters of his tale `` Rinconete y Cortadillo '' , from Novelas Ejemplares , are a couple of cheats working in Seville . They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna ( Spanish for twenty - one ) , and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11 . The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck , which lacks eights and nines . This short story was written between 1601 and 1602 , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier . Later references to this game are found in France and Spain . When twenty - one was introduced in the United States , gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players ' interest . One such bonus was a ten - to - one payout if the player 's hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black jack ( either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades ) . This hand was called a `` blackjack '' , and the name stuck to the game even though the ten - to - one bonus was soon withdrawn . In the modern game , a blackjack refers to any hand of an ace plus a ten or face card regardless of suits or colours . The first scientific and mathematically sound attempt to devise an optimal blackjack playing strategy was revealed in September 1956 . Roger Baldwin , Wilbert Cantey , Herbert Maisel and James McDermott published a paper titled The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack in the Journal of the American Statistical Association . This paper would become the foundation of all future sound efforts to beat the game of blackjack . Ed Thorp would use Baldwin 's hand calculations to verify the basic strategy and later publish ( in 1963 ) his famous book Beat the Dealer . Rules of play at casinos ( edit ) Blackjack example game Initial deal Player action Dealer 's hand revealed Bets settled At a casino blackjack table , the dealer faces five to seven playing positions from behind a semicircular table . Between one and eight standard 52 - card decks are shuffled together . At the beginning of each round , up to three players can place their bets in the `` betting box '' at each position in play . That is , there could be up to three players at each position at a table in jurisdictions that allow back betting . The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box is deemed to have control over the position , and the dealer will consult the controlling player for playing decisions regarding the hand ; the other players of that box are said to `` play behind '' . Any player is usually allowed to control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table , but it is prohibited for an individual to play on more than one table at a time or to place multiple bets within a single box . In many U.S. casinos , however , players are limited to playing two or three positions at a table and often only one person is allowed to bet on each position . The dealer deals cards from his / her left ( the position on the dealer 's far left is often referred to as `` first base '' ) to his / her far right ( `` third base '' ) . Each box is dealt an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it , and often to any other players . The dealer 's hand receives its first card face up , and in `` hole card '' games immediately receives its second card face down ( the hole card ) , which the dealer peeks at but does not reveal unless it makes the dealer 's hand a blackjack . Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor that is used to peek securely at the hole card . In European casinos , `` no hole card '' games are prevalent ; the dealer 's second card is neither drawn nor consulted until the players have all played their hands . Cards are dealt either from one or two handheld decks , from a dealer 's shoe , or from a shuffling machine . Single cards are dealt to each wagered - on position clockwise from the dealer 's left , followed by a single card to the dealer , followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play . The players ' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down ( more common in single - deck games ) . The players ' object is to win money by creating card totals that turn out to be higher than the dealer 's hand but do not exceed 21 ( `` busting '' / `` breaking '' ) , or alternatively by allowing the dealer to take additional cards until he / she busts . On their turn , players must choose whether to `` hit '' ( take a card ) , `` stand '' ( end their turn ) , `` double '' ( double wager , take a single card and finish ) , `` split '' ( if the two cards have the same value , separate them to make two hands ) or `` surrender '' ( give up a half - bet and retire from the game ) . Number cards count as their natural value ; the jack , queen , and king ( also known as `` face cards '' or `` pictures '' ) count as 10 ; aces are valued as either 1 or 11 according to the player 's choice . If the hand value exceeds 21 points , it busts , and all bets on it are immediately forfeit . After all boxes have finished playing , the dealer 's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand busts or achieves a value of 17 or higher ( a dealer total of 17 including an ace , or `` soft 17 '' , must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others ) . The dealer never doubles , splits , or surrenders . If the dealer busts , all remaining player hands win . If the dealer does not bust , each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer 's , and loses if it is lower . If a player receives 21 on the 1st and 2nd card it is considered a `` natural '' or `` blackjack '' and the player is paid out immediately unless dealer also has a natural , in which case the hand ties . In the case of a tied score , known as `` push '' or `` standoff '' , bets are normally returned without adjustment ; however , a blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack , even one with a value of 21 . Wins are paid out at 1 : 1 , or equal to the wager , except for player blackjacks which are traditionally paid at 3 : 2 ( meaning the player receives three dollars for every two bet ) or one - and - a-half times the wager . Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than 3 : 2 at some tables ; for instance , single - deck blackjack tables often pay 6 : 5 for a blackjack instead of 3 : 2 . Blackjack games almost always provide a side bet called insurance , which may be played when dealer 's upcard is an ace . Additional side bets , such as `` Dealer Match '' which pays when the player 's cards match the dealer 's up card , are sometimes available . Player decisions ( edit ) `` Doubling Down '' redirects here . For the South Park episode , see Doubling Down ( South Park ) . After receiving an initial two cards , the player has up to four standard options : `` hit '' , `` stand '' , `` double down '' , or `` split '' . Each option has a corresponding hand signal . Some games give the player a fifth option , `` surrender '' . Hit : Take another card from the dealer . Signal : Scrape cards against table ( in handheld games ) ; tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body ( in games dealt face up ) . Stand : Take no more cards , also known as `` stand pat '' , `` stick '' , or `` stay '' . Signal : Slide cards under chips ( in handheld games ) ; wave hand horizontally ( in games dealt face up ) . Double down : The player is allowed to increase the initial bet by up to 100 % in exchange for committing to stand after receiving exactly one more card . The additional bet is placed in the betting box next to the original bet . Some games do not permit the player to increase the bet by amounts other than 100 % . Non-controlling players may double their wager or decline to do so , but they are bound by the controlling player 's decision to take only one card . Signal : Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box , and point with one finger . Split : If the first two cards of a hand have the same value , the player can split them into two hands , by moving a second bet equal to the first into an area outside the betting box . The dealer separates the two cards and draws an additional card on each , placing one bet with each hand . The player then plays out the two separate hands in turn ; except for a few restrictions , the hands are treated as independent new hands , with the player winning or losing their wager separately for each hand . Occasionally , in the case of ten - valued cards , some casinos allow splitting only when the cards have the identical ranks ; for instance , a hand of 10 - 10 may be split , but not one of 10 - king . However , usually all 10 - value cards are treated the same . Doubling and further splitting of post-split hands may be restricted , and an ace and ten value card after a split are counted as a non-blackjack 21 . Hitting split aces is usually not allowed . Non-controlling players may follow the controlling player by putting down an additional bet or decline to do so , instead associating their existing wager with one of the two post-split hands . In that case they must choose which hand to play behind before the second cards are drawn . Some casinos do not give non-controlling players this option , and require that the wager of a player not electing to split remains with the first of the two post-split hands . Signal : Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box ; point with two fingers spread into a V formation . Surrender ( only available as first decision of a hand ) : Some games offer the option to `` surrender '' directly after the dealer has checked for blackjack ( see below for variations ) . When the player surrenders , the house takes half the player 's bet and returns the other half to the player ; this terminates the player 's interest in the hand . Signal : The request to surrender is made verbally , there being no standard hand signal . Hand signals are used to assist the `` eye in the sky '' , a person or video camera located above the table and sometimes concealed behind one - way glass . The eye in the sky usually makes a video recording of the table , which helps in resolving disputes and identifying dealer mistakes , and is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat . The recording can further be used to identify advantage players whose activities , while legal , make them undesirable customers . In the event of a disagreement between a player 's hand signals and their words , the hand signal takes precedence . Each hand may normally `` hit '' as many times as desired so long as the total is not above hard 20 . On reaching 21 ( including soft 21 ) , the hand is normally required to stand ; busting is an irrevocable loss and the players ' wagers are immediately forfeited to the house . After a bust or a stand , play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table . When the last hand has finished being played , the dealer reveals the hole card , and stands or draws further cards according to the rules of the game for dealer drawing . When the outcome of the dealer 's hand is established , any hands with bets remaining on the table are resolved ( usually in counterclockwise order ) : bets on losing hands are forfeited , the bet on a push is left on the table , and winners are paid out . Insurance ( edit ) If the dealer 's upcard is an ace , the player is offered the option of taking `` insurance '' before the dealer checks the hole card . Insurance is a side bet that the dealer has blackjack and is treated independently of the main wager . It pays 2 : 1 ( meaning that the player receives two dollars for every dollar bet ) and is available when the dealer 's exposed card is an ace . The idea is that the dealer 's second card has a fairly high probability ( nearly one - third ) to be ten - valued , giving the dealer blackjack and disappointment for the player . It is attractive ( although not necessarily wise ) for the player to insure against the possibility of a dealer blackjack by making a maximum `` insurance '' bet , in which case the `` insurance proceeds '' will make up for the concomitant loss on the original bet . The player may add up to half the value of their original bet to the insurance and these extra chips are placed on a portion of the table usually marked `` Insurance pays 2 to 1 '' . Players with a blackjack may also take insurance , and in taking maximum insurance they commit themselves to winning an amount exactly equal to their main wager , regardless of the dealer 's outcome . Fully insuring a blackjack against blackjack is thus referred to as `` taking even money '' , and paid out immediately , before the dealer 's hand is resolved ; the players do not need to place more chips for the insurance wager . Insurance bets are expected to lose money in the long run , because the dealer is likely to have blackjack less than one - third of the time . However the insurance outcome is strongly anti-correlated with that of the main wager , and if the player 's priority is to reduce variation , they might choose to pay for this . Furthermore , the insurance bet is susceptible to advantage play . It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the hole card has more than a chance of one in three of being a ten . Advantage play techniques can sometimes identify such situations . In a multi-hand , face - up , single deck game , it is possible to establish whether insurance is a good bet simply by observing the other cards on the table after the deal ; even if there are just 2 player hands exposed , and neither of their two initial cards is a ten , then 16 in 47 of the remaining cards are tens , which is larger than 1 in 3 , so insurance is a good bet . This is an elementary example of the family of advantage play techniques known as card counting . Bets to insure against blackjack are slightly less likely to be advantageous than insurance bets in general , since the ten in the player 's blackjack makes it less likely that the dealer has blackjack too . Rule variations and effects on house edge ( edit ) Note : where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage terms , the difference is usually stated here in percentage points , not percentage ; strictly speaking if , say , an edge of 10 % is reduced to 9 % , the amount is reduced by ten percent , or by one percentage point . Doubling down . The third card is placed at right angles to signify that the player can not receive any more cards . The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation , which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino . The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table , failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request . Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented . As with all casino games , blackjack incorporates a `` house edge '' , a statistical advantage for the casino that is built into the game . The advantage of the dealer 's position in blackjack relative to the player comes from the fact that if the player busts , the player loses , regardless of whether the dealer subsequently busts . Nonetheless , blackjack players using basic strategy will lose less than 1 % of their total wagered amount with strictly average luck ; this is very favorable to the player compared to other casino games . The loss rate of players who deviate from basic strategy through ignorance is generally expected to be greater . Dealer hits soft 17 A `` soft 17 '' in blackjack . An ace and any combination of 6 . Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or stand on soft 17 , which is generally printed on the table surface . The variation where the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated `` H17 '' in blackjack literature , with `` S17 '' used for the stand - on - soft - 17 variation . Substituting an `` H17 '' rule with an `` S17 '' rule in a game benefits the player , decreasing the house edge by about 0.2 % . Number of decks All things being equal , using fewer decks decreases the house edge . This mainly reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack , since if the players draws a ten on their first card , the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer decks . It also reflects a decreased likelihood of blackjack - blackjack push in a game with fewer decks . Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games with fewer decks , in order to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether . When offering single deck blackjack games , casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on soft hands or after splitting , to restrict resplitting , require higher minimum bets , and to pay the player less than 3 : 2 for a winning blackjack . The following table illustrates the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks , by considering games with various deck counts under the following ruleset : double after split allowed , resplit to four hands allowed , no hitting split aces , no surrender , double on any two cards , original bets only lost on dealer blackjack , dealer hits soft 17 , and cut - card used . The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is most dramatic when comparing the single deck game to the two - deck game , and becomes progressively smaller as more decks are added . Number of decks House advantage Single deck 0.17 % Double deck 0.46 % Four decks 0.60 % Six decks 0.64 % Eight decks 0.65 % Late / early surrender Surrender , for those games that allow it , is usually not permitted against a dealer blackjack ; if the dealer 's first card is an ace or ten , the hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered . This rule protocol is consequently known as `` late '' surrender . The alternative , `` early '' surrender , gives player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack , or in a no - hole - card game . Early surrender is much more favorable to the player than late surrender . Most medium - strength hands should be surrendered against a dealer Ace if the hole card has not been checked . For late surrender , however , while it is tempting to opt for surrender on any hand which will probably lose , the correct strategy is to only surrender on the very worst hands , because having even a one in four chance of winning the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half , as entailed by surrendering . Resplitting If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value , most games allow the player to split again , or `` resplit '' . The player places a further wager and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before . Some games allow unlimited resplitting , while others may limit it to a certain number of hands , such as four hands ( for example , `` resplit to 4 '' ) . Hit / resplit split aces After splitting aces , the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each ace ; the player can not split , double , or take another hit on either hand . Rule variants include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces . Games allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon , but those allowing the player to hit split aces are extremely rare . Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split aces reduces the house edge by about 0.13 % ; allowing resplitting of aces reduces house edge by about 0.03 % . Note that a ten - value card dealt on a split ace ( or vice versa ) is a `` soft 21 '' and not a `` natural '' . No double after split After a split , most games allow doubling down on the new two - card hands . Disallowing doubling after a split increases the house edge by about 0.12 % . Double on 9 / 10 / 11 or 10 / 11 only Under the `` Reno rule '' , double down is only permitted on hard totals of 9 , 10 , or 11 ( under a similar European rule , only 10 or 11 ) . Basic strategy would otherwise call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13 -- 18 , and advanced players can identify situations where doubling on soft 19 -- 20 and hard 8 , 7 and even 6 is advantageous . The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double down in these situations and thereby increases the player 's expected loss . The Reno rule increases the house edge by around one in 1000 , and its European version by around two in 1000 . No hole card and OBO In most non-U.S. casinos , a ' no hole card ' game is played , meaning that the dealer does not draw nor consult his or her second card until after all players have finished making decisions . With no hole card , it is almost never correct basic strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace , since a dealer blackjack will result in the loss of the split and double bets ; the only exception is with a pair of A 's against a dealer 10 , where it is still correct to split . In all other cases , a stand , hit or surrender is called for . For instance , holding 11 against a dealer 10 , the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game ( where the player knows the dealer 's second card is not an ace ) , but to hit in a no hole card game . The no hole card rule adds approximately 0.11 % to the house edge . The `` original bets only '' rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player 's hand loses to a dealer blackjack , only the mandatory initial bet ( `` original '' ) is forfeited , and all optional bets , meaning doubles and splits , are pushed . `` Original bets only '' is also known by the acronym OBO ; it has the same effect on basic strategy and house edge as reverting to a hole card game . Altered payout for a winning blackjack In many casinos , a blackjack pays only 6 : 5 or even 1 : 1 instead of the usual 3 : 2 . This is most common at tables with lower table minimums . Although this payoff was originally limited to single - deck games , it has spread to double - deck and shoe games . Among common rule variations in the U.S. , these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging to the player , causing the greatest increase in house edge . Since blackjack occurs in approximately 4.8 % of hands , the 1 : 1 game increases the house edge by 2.3 % , while the 6 : 5 game adds 1.4 % to the house edge . Video blackjack machines generally pay 1 : 1 payout for a blackjack . Dealer wins ties The rule that bets on tied hands are lost rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player . Though rarely used in standard blackjack , it is sometimes seen in `` blackjack - like '' games such as in some charity casinos . Blackjack strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy ( edit ) Each blackjack game has a basic strategy , which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer 's up - card , which loses the least money to the house in the long term . An example of basic strategy is shown in the table below , and includes the following parameters : Four to eight decks The dealer hits on a soft 17 A double is allowed after a split Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack Player hand Dealer 's face - up card 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hard totals ( excluding pairs ) 17 -- 20 16 SU SU SU 15 SU 13 -- 14 12 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 9 Dh Dh Dh Dh 5 -- 8 Soft totals 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , 9 A , 8 Ds A , 7 Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds A , 6 Dh Dh Dh Dh A , 4 -- A , 5 Dh Dh Dh A , 2 -- A , 3 Dh Dh Pairs 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , A SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 10 , 10 9 , 9 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 8 , 8 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 7 , 7 SP SP SP SP SP SP 6 , 6 SP SP SP SP SP 5 , 5 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 4 , 4 SP SP 2 , 2 -- 3 , 3 SP SP SP SP SP SP Key : S = Stand H = Hit Dh = Double ( if not allowed , then hit ) Ds = Double ( if not allowed , then stand ) SP = Split SU = Surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) The bulk of basic strategy is common to all blackjack games , with most rule variations calling for changes in only a few situations . For example , if the above game used the hit on soft 17 rule , common in Las Vegas Strip casinos , only 6 cells of the table would need to be changed : double on 11 vs. A , surrender 15 or 17 vs. A , double on A , 7 vs. 2 , double on A , 8 vs. 6 , surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) on 8 , 8 vs. A. Also when playing basic strategy never take insurance or `` even money . '' Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and gaming regulators are generally based on the assumption that the players follow basic strategy and do not systematically change their bet size . Most blackjack games have a house edge of between 0.5 % and 1 % , placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games . Casino promotions such as complimentary matchplay vouchers or 2 : 1 blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy . Composition - dependent strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy is based upon a player 's point total and the dealer 's visible card . Players may be able to improve on this decision by considering the precise composition of their hand , not just the point total . For example , players should ordinarily stand when holding 12 against a dealer 4 . However , in a single deck game , players should hit if their 12 consists of a 10 and a 2 . The presence of a 10 in the player 's hand has two consequences : It makes the player 's 12 a worse hand to stand on ( since the only way to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust , which is less likely if there are fewer 10s left in the shoe ) . It makes hitting safer , since the only way of going bust is to draw a 10 , and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand . However , even when basic and composition - dependent strategy lead to different actions , the difference in expected reward is small , and it becomes even smaller with more decks . Using a composition - dependent strategy rather than basic strategy in a single deck game reduces the house edge by 4 in 10,000 , which falls to 3 in 100,000 for a six - deck game . Advantage play ( edit ) Main article : Advantage player Blackjack has been a high - profile target for advantage players since the 1960s . Advantage play is the attempt to win more using skills such as memory , computation , and observation . These techniques , while generally legal , can be powerful enough to give the player a long - term edge in the game , making them an undesirable customer for the casino and potentially leading to ejection or blacklisting if they are detected . The main techniques of advantage play in blackjack are as follows : Card counting ( edit ) Main article : Card counting During the course of a blackjack shoe , the dealer exposes the dealt cards . Careful accounting of the exposed cards allows a player to make inferences about the cards which remain to be dealt . These inferences can be used in the following ways : Players can make larger bets when they have an advantage . For example , the players can increase the starting bet if there are many aces and tens left in the deck , in the hope of hitting a blackjack . Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of their undealt cards . For example , with many tens left in the deck , players might double down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand . A card counting system assigns a point score to each rank of card ( e.g. , 1 point for 2 -- 6 , 0 points for 7 -- 9 and − 1 point for 10 -- A ) . When a card is exposed , a counter adds the score of that card to a running total , the ' count ' . A card counter uses this count to make betting and playing decisions according to a table which they have learned . The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck for `` balanced '' counting systems . Unbalanced counts are often started at a value which depends on the number of decks used in the game . Blackjack 's house edge is usually between 0.5 % -- 1 % when players use basic strategy . Card counting can give the player an edge of up to 2 % over the house . Card counting is most rewarding near the end of a complete shoe when as few as possible cards remain . Single - deck games are therefore particularly susceptible to card counting . As a result , casinos are more likely to insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single - deck games . In games with more decks of cards , casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling when one or more decks remain undealt . Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine to reintroduce the exhausted cards every time a deck has been played . Card counting is legal and is not considered cheating as long as the counter is n't using an external device , but if a casino realizes a player is counting , the casino might inform them that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack . Sometimes a casino might ban a card counter from the property . The use of external devices to help counting cards is illegal in all US states that license blackjack card games . Shuffle tracking ( edit ) Main article : Shuffle tracking Techniques other than card counting can swing the advantage of casino blackjack toward the player . All such techniques are based on the value of the cards to the player and the casino as originally conceived by Edward O. Thorp . One technique , mainly applicable in multi-deck games , involves tracking groups of cards ( also known as slugs , clumps , or packs ) during the play of the shoe , following them through the shuffle , and then playing and betting accordingly when those cards come into play from the new shoe . Shuffle tracking requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is more difficult to detect since the player 's actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the shoe . Arnold Snyder 's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking to the general public . His book , The Shuffle Tracker 's Cookbook , mathematically analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of the tracked slug . Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle - tracking method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play . Identifying concealed cards ( edit ) The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards from distinctive wear markings on their backs , or by hole carding ( observing during the dealing process the front of a card dealt face down ) . These methods are generally legal although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary . Side bets ( edit ) Many blackjack tables offer a side bet on various outcomes including : Player hand and dealer 's up card sum to 19 , 20 , or 21 ( `` Lucky Lucky '' ) Player initial hand is a pair ( `` Perfect pairs '' ) Player initial hand is suited , suited and connected , or a suited K-Q ( `` Royal match '' ) Player initial hand plus dealer 's card makes a flush , straight , or three - of - a-kind poker hand ( `` 21 + 3 '' ) Player initial hand totals 20 ( `` Lucky Ladies '' ) Dealer upcard is in between the value of the players two cards ( `` In Bet '' ) First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ( `` Bust It ! '' ) One or both of the players cards is the same as the dealers card ( `` Match the Dealer '' ) The side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager . A player wishing to wager on a side bet is usually required to place a wager on blackjack . Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager . A non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet regardless of whether the controlling player does so . The house edge for side bets is generally far higher than for the blackjack game itself . Nonetheless side bets can be susceptible to card counting . A side count , designed specifically for a particular side bet , can improve the player edge . Only a few side bets , like `` Lucky Ladies '' , offer a sufficient win rate to justify the effort of advantage play . In team play it is common for team members to be dedicated toward counting only a sidebet using a specialized count . Blackjack tournaments ( edit ) Blackjack can be played in tournament form . Players start with an equal numbers of chips ; the goal is to finish among the top chip - holders . Depending on the number of competitors , tournaments may be held over several rounds , with one or two players qualifying from each table after a set number of deals to meet the qualifiers from the other tables in the next round . Another tournament format , Elimination Blackjack , drops the lowest - stacked player from the table at pre-determined points in the tournament . Good strategy for blackjack tournaments can differ from non-tournament strategy because of the added dimension of choosing the amount to be wagered . As in poker tournaments , players pay the casino an initial entry fee to participate in a tournament , and re-buys are sometimes permitted . Video blackjack ( edit ) Some casinos , as well as general betting outlets , provide blackjack among a selection of casino - style games at electronic consoles . Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable to the house ; e.g. , paying out only even money for winning blackjacks . Video and online blackjack games deal each coup from a fresh shoe , rendering card counting much less effective . Variants of the game ( edit ) Blackjack is a member of a large family of traditional card games played recreationally all around the world . Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play . Furthermore , the casino game development industry is very active in producing blackjack variants , most of which are ultimately not adopted for widespread use in casinos . The following are the prominent twenty - one themed comparing card games which have been adapted or invented for use in casinos and have become established in the gambling industry . Spanish 21 provides players with many liberal blackjack rules , such as doubling down any number of cards ( with the option to rescue , or surrender only one wager to the house ) , payout bonuses for five or more card 21s , 6 -- 7 -- 8 21s , 7 -- 7 -- 7 21s , late surrender , and player blackjacks always winning and player 21s always winning , at the cost of having no 10 cards in the deck ( though there are jacks , queens , and kings ) . An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian casinos under the name `` Pontoon '' ( presumably borrowed from the British recreational blackjack - like game `` Pontoon '' which has substantially different rules ) . 21st - Century Blackjack ( also known as `` Vegas Style '' Blackjack ) is found in California card rooms . In this form of the game , a player bust does not always result in an automatic loss ; depending on the casino , the player can still push if the dealer busts as well , although the dealer typically has to bust with a higher total . Double Exposure Blackjack deals the first two cards of the dealer 's hand face up . Blackjacks pay even money , and players lose on ties ; also , they can neither buy insurance nor can they surrender their hand ( as both dealer 's cards are exposed at the outset ) . Double Attack Blackjack has very liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one 's wager after seeing the dealer 's up card . This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe , and blackjacks only pay even money . Blackjack Switch is played over two hands whose second cards the player is allowed to interchange . For example , if the player is dealt 10 -- 6 and 5 -- 10 , then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10 -- 10 and 6 -- 5 . Natural blackjacks are paid 1 : 1 instead of the standard 3 : 2 , and a dealer 22 is a push . Super Fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four times . If the player has six cards totaling 20 , he automatically wins . Wins are paid 1 : 1 . Examples of the many local traditional and recreational blackjack - like games include French / German Blackjack , called Vingt - et - un ( French : Twenty - one ) or `` Siebzehn und Vier '' ( German : Seventeen and Four ) . The French / German game does not allow splitting . An ace can only count as eleven , but two aces count as a blackjack . It is mostly played in private circles and barracks . A British variation is called `` Pontoon '' , the name being probably a corruption of `` Vingt - et - un '' . TV show variations ( edit ) Blackjack is also featured in various television shows . Here are a few shows inspired by the game . Gambit was a game show with Wink Martindale where couples answer questions to collect cards that could add up to 21 . Catch 21 is a game show with Alfonso Ribeiro from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . On this show , three players answer questions to earn cards in order to win cash and ties are not allowed . From 1980 to 2006 , there was a blackjack - based pricing game on The Price is Right , called Hit Me . In this game , six grocery products were used , and five of those products ' prices were multiplied by various numbers from 2 to 10 , but with the one remaining product having the exact price . In order to win a large prize , the contestant had to achieve a score of 21 ( which was usually done by picking a product whose price was multiplied by ten and the one that was correctly priced ) , or beat the house with any score that did not exceed 21 . Blackjack Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Blackjack Hall of Fame In 2002 , professional gamblers around the world were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall of Fame . Seven members were inducted in 2002 , with new people inducted every year after . The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego . Members include Edward O. Thorp , author of the 1960s book Beat the Dealer which proved that the game could be beaten with a combination of basic strategy and card counting ; Ken Uston , who popularized the concept of team play ; Arnold Snyder , author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal ; Stanford Wong , author and popularizer of the `` Wonging '' technique of only playing at a positive count , and several others . Blackjack in the arts ( edit ) Novels have been written around blackjack and the possibility of winning games via some kind of method . Among these were The Blackjack Hijack ( Charles Einstein , 1976 ) , later produced as the TV movie Nowhere to Run , and Bringing Down the House ( Ben Mezrich ) , also filmed as 21 . An almost identical theme was shown in the 2004 Canadian film The Last Casino . In The Hangover , an American comedy , four friends try to count cards to win back enough money to secure the release of their friend from the clutches of a notorious criminal they stole from the previous night while blacked out . A central part of the plot of Rain Man is that Raymond ( Dustin Hoffman ) , an autistic savant , is able to win at blackjack by counting cards . In the 2014 film The Gambler we see Jim Bennett ( Mark Wahlberg ) playing high stakes Blackjack in order to win large sums of money . This movie displays different blackjack lingo and risky moves that have high rewards . See also ( edit ) Glossary of blackjack terms MIT Blackjack Team The Gambler ( film series ) Blackjack literature ( edit ) Beat the Dealer : A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty - One , Edward O. Thorp , 1966 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 Blackbelt in Blackjack , Arnold Snyder , 1998 ( 1980 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 910575 - 05 - 8 Blackjack and the Law , I. Nelson Rose and Robert A. Loeb , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 910575 - 08 - 8 Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook , Jerry L. Patterson , 2001 , ( 1978 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 52683 - 1 Encyclopedia of Casino Twenty - One , Michael Dalton , 2016 , ( 1993 ) , ISBN 1 - 879712 - 02 - 4 Ken Uston on Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1986 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0411 - 5 Knock - Out Blackjack , Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 31 - 4 Luck , Logic , and White Lies : The Mathematics of Games , Jörg Bewersdorff , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 210 - 6 , 121 -- 134 , supplement : Blackjack calculator ( JavaScript ) Million Dollar Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1994 ( 1981 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89746 - 068 - 2 Playing Blackjack as a Business , Lawrence Revere , 1998 ( 1971 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0064 - 3 Professional Blackjack , Stanford Wong , 1994 ( 1975 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 935926 - 21 - 7 The Theory of Blackjack , Peter Griffin , 1996 ( 1979 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 12 - 3 The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic , Richard A. Epstein , 1977 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 240761 - 1 , 215 -- 251 The World 's Greatest Blackjack Book , Lance Humble and Carl Cooper , 1980 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 15382 - 9 The Blackjack Life , Nathaniel Tilton , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1935396338 BlackjackinColor Regulation in the United Kingdom The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) No. 2899 Regulation 7 1994 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 597 Regulation 3 2000 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 1130 Regulation 2 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scarne 's New Complete Guide to Gambling , p. 342 Jump up ^ Fontbona , Marc ( 2008 ) . Historia del Juego en España . De la Hispania romana a nuestros días . Barcelona : Flor del Viento Ediciones . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96495 - 30 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Blackjack '' . Casino.org . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack History and Events '' . blackjackreview.com . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taking a hit : New blackjack odds further tilt advantage toward the house by Jeff Haney , Las Vegas Sun , November 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack Insurance Exceptions '' . www.beatingbonuses.com . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack Rules - 113 variations '' . www.qfit.com . Jump up ^ `` Modern Blackjack '' . www.qfit.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 4 - Deck to 8 - Deck Blackjack Strategy - Wizard of Odds '' . Wizard of Odds Consulting , Inc . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Fine points of basic strategy in single - deck blackjack . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Total Dependent and Composition Dependent Basic Strategy in Blackjack . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack - Beating Bonuses '' . www.beatingbonuses.com . Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , p. 5 Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , pp 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Thorp , Edward O. ( 1966 ) Beat The Dealer , Vintage Books , a Division of Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 , pp 132 -- 136 Jump up ^ `` State Gambling Laws '' . www.gambling-law-us.com . Jump up ^ Edward Thorp : A Favorable Strategy for Twenty - One , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 47 , No. 1 , 1961 , pp. 110 -- 112 , JSTOR , archive of PNAS . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack in Color '' . Shuffle Tracking Counts . Jump up ^ The Gambling Times Guide to Blackjack ; Gambling Times Incorporated , Hollywood , CA ; 1984 ; Page 110 ; ISBN 0 - 89746 - 015 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking An Easy Way to Start Jump up ^ Break the Dealer ; by Jerry L. Patterson and Eddie Olsen ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51233 - 0 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 6 , Page 83 Jump up ^ Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook ; by Jerry L. Patterson ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; © 1990 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51598 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 4 , Page 51 Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Blackjack Side Bets . External links ( edit ) Search for Blackjack at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Blackjack Advantage play Glossary of blackjack terms Card counting Shuffle track Hole carding Edge sorting MindPlay Miscellaneous Chinese Blackjack Spanish 21 Super Fun 21 Double Attack Blackjack Double Exposure Blackjack Elimination Blackjack Pontoon ( card game ) Power blackjack Community Blackjack Forum Blackjack Hall of Fame Peter A. Griffin Thomas Hyland Zeljko Ranogajec Arnold Snyder Edward O. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does dealer have to stay in blackjack | [
"Once all the players have completed their hands, it is the dealer’s turn. The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks. The dealer then reveals the hidden card and must hit until the cards total 17 or more points. (At most tables the dealer also hits on a \"soft\" 17, i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six.) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer, or not busting and having the dealer bust, or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack. If the player and dealer have the same total (not counting blackjacks), this is called a \"push\", and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand. Otherwise, the dealer wins.\n"
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"17 or more points"
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-8145514759308970618 | James MacArthur | James MacArthur - wikipedia James MacArthur Jump to : navigation , search For other people with a similar name , see James MacArthur ( disambiguation ) . James MacArthur James MacArthur in 1968 James Gordon MacArthur ( 1937 - 12 - 08 ) December 8 , 1937 Los Angeles , California , U.S. October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) ( aged 72 ) Jacksonville , Florida , U.S. Cause of death Cancer Resting place Oak Hill Cemetery , Nyack , New York Occupation Actor Years active 1955 -- 2008 Spouse ( s ) Joyce Bulifant ( m . 1958 ; div. 1967 ) Melody Patterson ( m . 1970 ; div. 1975 ) Helen Beth Duntz ( m . 1984 ) Children Parent ( s ) Charles MacArthur Helen Hayes James Gordon MacArthur ( December 8 , 1937 -- October 28 , 2010 ) was an American actor best known for the role of Danny `` Danno '' Williams , the reliable second - in - command of the fictional Hawaiian State Police squad in the long - running television series Hawaii Five - O . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 3 Hawaii Five - O 4 After Hawaii Five - O 5 Semiretirement 6 Death 7 Filmography 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Born in Los Angeles , MacArthur was the adopted son of playwright Charles MacArthur , and his wife , actress Helen Hayes . He grew up in Nyack , New York , along with the MacArthurs ' biological daughter , Mary . He was educated at Allen - Stevenson School in New York , and later at the Solebury School in New Hope , Pennsylvania , where he starred in basketball , football and baseball . In his final year at Solebury , MacArthur played guard on the football team ; captained the basketball team ; was president of his class , the student government , and the Drama Club ; rewrote the school 's constitution ; edited the school paper , The Scribe ; and played Scrooge in a local presentation of A Christmas Carol . He also started dating a fellow student , future actress Joyce Bulifant ; they were married in November 1958 and divorced nine years later . MacArthur grew up around the greatest literary and theatrical talent of the time . Lillian Gish was his godmother , and his family 's guests included Ben Hecht , Harpo Marx , Robert Benchley , Beatrice Lillie , John Barrymore and John Steinbeck . His first radio role was on the Theatre Guild on the Air , in 1948 . Theatre Guild on the Air was the premier radio program of its day , producing one - hour plays that were performed in front of a live audience of 800 . Helen Hayes accepted a role in one of the plays , which also had a small role for a child . Her son was asked if he would like to do it , and he agreed . Acting career ( edit ) MacArthur made his stage debut at Olney , Maryland in 1949 , with a two - week stint in The Corn Is Green . His sister Mary was in the play and telephoned their mother to request that James go to Olney to be in it with her . The following summer , he repeated the role at Dennis , Massachusetts , and his theatrical career was underway . In 1954 , he played John Day in Life with Father with Howard Lindsay and Dorothy Stickney . He became involved in important Broadway productions only after receiving his training in summer stock theatre . MacArthur also worked as a set painter , lighting director , and chief of the parking lot . During a Helen Hayes festival at the Falmouth Playhouse on Cape Cod , he had a few walk - on parts . He also helped the theatre electrician , and grew so interested that he was allowed to stay on after his mother 's plays had ended . As a result , he lit the show for Barbara Bel Geddes in The Little Hut and for Gloria Vanderbilt in The Swan . When he visited Paris with his mother as a member of The Skin of Our Teeth company , he was in charge of making thunder backstage with a sheet of metal . At the age of 18 , he played Hal Ditmar in the television play , Deal a Blow , directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Macdonald Carey , Phyllis Thaxter , and Edward Arnold . In 1956 , Frankenheimer directed the movie version of the play , which was renamed The Young Stranger , with MacArthur again in the starring role . Again , his performance was critically acclaimed , earning him a nomination for Most Promising Newcomer at the 1958 BAFTA awards . He made The Light in the Forest and Third Man on the Mountain , for Walt Disney , during summer breaks from Harvard University , where he was studying history . Deciding to make acting his full - time career , he left Harvard in his second year to make two more Disney movies , Kidnapped and Swiss Family Robinson . MacArthur made his Broadway debut in 1960 , playing opposite Jane Fonda in Invitation to a March , for which he received a Theatre World Award . Although he never returned to Broadway , he remained active in theatre , appearing in such productions as Under the Yum Yum Tree , The Moon Is Blue , John Loves Mary ( with his then wife , Joyce Bulifant ) , Barefoot in the Park , and Murder at the Howard Johnson 's . He also released several records in the early 1960s , scoring two minor hits with `` ( The Story of ) The In - Between Years '' and `` The Ten Commandments of Love '' , both of which peaked at number 94 in the Billboard Hot 100 . He then went on to roles in movies including The Interns , Spencer 's Mountain , The Truth About Spring , and Cry of Battle , as well as The Love - Ins and The Angry Breed . On the set of The Angry Breed , in 1968 , MacArthur met Melody Patterson , who was to become his second wife . They were married on the Hawaiian Island of Kauai in July 1970 , and divorced five years later . In 1963 , he was nominated for the `` Top New Male Personality '' category of the Golden Laurel Awards . Between movie and theatre roles , MacArthur was also in demand for television guest appearances , which included roles in Studio One , GE Theatre , Bus Stop the play , Bus Stop the television series , Bonanza , Gunsmoke , Wagon Train , The Eleventh Hour , The Great Adventure , The Alfred Hitchcock Hour , Combat ! , and The Virginian . In 1966 , he guest - starred as Lt. Harley Wilson in `` The Outsider '' , episode 20 in the second season of Twelve O'Clock High ( TV series ) . He co-starred with his mother Helen Hayes in the 1968 episode `` The Pride of the Lioness '' on the Tarzan television series . MacArthur also gave a particularly chilling performance as baby - faced opium dealer Johnny Lubin in The Untouchables episode , `` Death For Sale '' . Though many of his movie roles were not starring roles , and some were quite brief , they were usually pivotal to the plot . His role in The Bedford Incident was that of a young ensign who became so rattled by the needling of his captain ( Richard Widmark ) , that he accidentally fired an ASROC at a Soviet submarine , thus creating a nuclear incident when the submarine returned fire , resulting in the destruction of both vessels . In Battle of the Bulge , he again played the role of a young and inexperienced officer . However , this time , the officer found courage and a sense of responsibility . His brief but memorable appearance in the Clint Eastwood movie , Hang ' Em High eventually led to his role as Dan Williams in Hawaii Five - O , popularizing the catchphrase `` Book ' em , Danno '' . Hawaii Five - O ( edit ) In 1967 , Leonard Freeman , the producer and co-writer of Hang ' Em High , made the pilot for a new television police series , Hawaii Five - O. Before it went to air , the pilot was well received by test audiences , except for some dislike of the actor playing Dan Williams . Freeman remembered MacArthur 's portrayal of the traveling preacher in Hang ' Em High -- MacArthur had come on the set and done the scene in one take . He called MacArthur and offered him the role of Dan Williams . The show was popularized by its opening sequence and theme music and location filming in Hawaii . It was not in the top 30 in ratings until its second season , when it was rated number 19 . For the next five seasons , the show 's ratings were always in the top 10 , topped by its number - three rating and 25.2 share in 1972 -- 73 . Many episodes ended with Hawaii Five - O chief Steve McGarrett ( Jack Lord ) instructing Williams ( MacArthur ) to `` Book ' em , Danno ! '' ( sometimes followed by stating a charge such as `` murder one '' ) , which became a well - known catch phrase in popular culture . Hawaii Five - O was the longest - running TV crime drama until it was finally surpassed by Law & Order in 2003 . MacArthur has said that one of his favorite episodes was `` Retire in Sunny Hawaii Forever '' ( 1975 ) , which starred his mother , Helen Hayes . She played Danno 's Aunt Clara , who visits Hawaii and helps the detectives solve a murder . Hawaii Five - O ran for 12 years -- 11 with MacArthur . Leaving the show at the end of its 11th season , MacArthur returned to the theatre , appearing in The Lunch Hour with Cybill Shepherd . After Hawaii Five - O ( edit ) He appeared in A Bedfull of Foreigners in Chicago in 1984 , and in Michigan in 1985 . He followed this with The Hasty Heart , before taking a year out of show business . In 1987 , he returned to the stage in The Foreigner , then played Mortimer in the national tour of Arsenic and Old Lace with Jean Stapleton , Marion Ross , and Larry Storch . In 1989 , he followed another stint in The Foreigner with Love Letters , and in 1990 -- 1991 , A Bedfull of Foreigners , this time in Las Vegas . After leaving Hawaii Five - O , McArthur guest - starred on such television shows as Murder , She Wrote , The Love Boat , Fantasy Island , and Vega $ , as well as in the miniseries Alcatraz : The Whole Shocking Story and The Night the Bridge Fell Down , and in the television movie Stormchasers : Revenge of the Twister ( 1998 ) , with Kelly McGillis . Semiretirement ( edit ) Throughout his career , MacArthur had also found time for various other ventures . From 1959 to 1960 , he partnered with actors James Franciscus and Alan Ladd , Jr. in a Beverly Hills telephone answering service . In June 1972 , he directed the Honolulu Community Theatre in a production of his father 's play The Front Page . For a period in the 1990s , he was part owner of Senior World publication , as well as writing the occasional celebrity interview . He continued to appear at conventions , collectors ' shows , and celebrity sporting events . A keen golfer , he was the winner of the 2002 Frank Sinatra Invitational Charity Golf Tournament . He also appeared in television and radio specials and interview programs . His latest appearances included spots on Entertainment Tonight , Christopher 's Closeup , and the BBC Radio 5 Live obituary program Brief Lives , in which he paid tribute to his Hawaii Five - O castmate , the late Kam Fong . In 1997 , MacArthur returned without Jack Lord ( who was in declining health ) to reprise his character , who had become Hawaii 's governor in the plot , in the 1997 unaired pilot of Hawaii Five - O which starred actor Gary Busey . In April 2003 , he traveled to Honolulu 's historic Hawaii Theatre for a cameo role in Joe Moore 's play Dirty Laundry . Negotiations were underway in summer 2010 for MacArthur to make a cameo appearance in the new CBS primetime remake of Hawaii Five - O at the time of his death , a role that eventually was given to Al Harrington . On the November 1 , 2010 , episode , MacArthur 's death was mentioned in a short tribute that played before the start of that episode . In 2001 , a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him . Death ( edit ) MacArthur died of cancer on October 28 , 2010 , at the age of 72 , at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville , Florida . At the time of death , he was a resident of Palm Desert , California . He was survived by his third wife , former LPGA golfer Helen Beth Duntz , of 25 years , and his four children : Charles P. MacArthur , Mary McClure , Juliette Rappaport , and James D. MacArthur ; and seven grandchildren . His daughter Juliette was married to Beverly Hills real estate broker Kurt Rappaport . He is interred in Nyack , New York 's Oak Hill Cemetery . The episode `` Ho'apono '' from the 2010 version of Hawaii Five - 0 was dedicated to MacArthur . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1953 Take the High Ground ! 1955 Climax ! Hal Ditmar Deal a Blow 1957 Arthur Murray Party , The The Arthur Murray Party Self April 30 , 1957 1957 Young Stranger , The The Young Stranger Harold James `` Hal '' Ditmar 1958 General Electric Theater Johnny Dundeen The Young and the Scared 1958 Studio One Jim Gibson Ticket to Tahiti 1958 Studio One Ben Adams Tongues of Angels 1958 Light in the Forest , The The Light in the Forest Johnny Butler / True Son 1959 Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse Jamsie Corcoran The Innocent Assassin 1959 Third Man on the Mountain Rudi Matt 1959 Wagon Train Waiter The Jenny Tannen Story , Uncredited 1960 Kidnapped David Balfour 1960 Night of the Auk Lt. Mac Hartman 1960 Swiss Family Robinson Fritz Robinson 1960 The Play of the Week Lieutenant Max Night of the Auk 1961 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Johnny Butler / True Son Archive footage Light in the Forest : True Son 's Revenge 1961 The Play of the Week Lt. Max Hartman Night of the Auk 1961 Untouchables , The The Untouchables Johnny Lubin Death for Sale 1961 Bus Stop Thomas Quincy Hagan And the Pursuit of Evil 1962 Insight Jim Brown The Sophomore 1962 Wagon Train Dick Pederson The Dick Pederson Story 1962 Interns , The The Interns Dr. Lew Worship 1962 Dick Powell Show , The The Dick Powell Show Jack Doffer The Court Martial of Captain Wycliff 1963 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Rudi Matt Archive footage Banner in the Sky : To Conquer the Mountain 1963 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Rudi Matt Archive footage Banner in the Sky : The Killer Mountain 1963 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color David Balfour Archive footage Kidnapped : Part 1 1963 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color David Balfour Archive footage Kidnapped : Part 2 1963 Sam Benedict Bert Stover Some Fires Die Slowly 1963 Spencer 's Mountain Clayboy Spencer 1963 Arrest and Trial Deke Palmer A Shield is for Hiding Behind 1963 Cry of Battle David McVey 1963 Amos Burke : Secret Agent Larry Forsythe Who Killed the Kind Doctor ? 1963 Eleventh Hour , The The Eleventh Hour Mason Walker La Belle Indifference 1963 Great Adventure , The The Great Adventure Lieutenant Alexander The Hunley 1964 Great Adventure , The The Great Adventure Rodger Young Rodger Young 1964 The Alfred Hitchcock Hour Dave Snowden Behind the Locked Door 1965 Truth About Spring , The The Truth About Spring William Ashton 1965 Bedford Incident , The The Bedford Incident Ensign Ralston 1965 Virginian , The The Virginian Johnny Bradford Jennifer 1965 Battle of the Bulge Lieutenant Weaver 1966 Ride Beyond Vengeance The Census Taker 1966 Branded Lt. Laurence A Destiny Which Made Us Brothers 1966 12 O'Clock High Lt. Wilson The Outsider 1966 Gunsmoke David McGovern Harvest 1967 Dateline : Hollywood Self June 19 , 1967 1967 Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Cpl . Henry Jenkins Willie and the Yank : The Deserter Willie and the Yank : The Mosby Raiders 1967 Combat ! Jack Cole Encounter 1967 Love - Ins , The The Love - Ins Larry Osborne 1967 Insight Billy Thorp Some Talk About Pool Rooms and Gin Mills 1967 Hondo Judd Barton Hondo and the Mad Dog 1967 Tarzan Dr. Richard Wilson The Pride of the Lioness 1967 Bonanza Jason ' Jase ' Fredericks Check Rein 1967 Death Valley Days Kit Carson Spring Rendezvous 1968 Death Valley Days Kit Carson The Indian Girl 1968 Hang ' Em High The Preacher 1968 Angry Breed , The The Angry Breed Deek Stacey 1968 Premiere Russ Faine Lassiter 1968 -- 1979 Hawaii Five - O Det . Danny Williams 259 episodes 1971 Movie Game , The The Movie Game Self June 28 , 1971 July 4 , 1971 1971 Hollywood Squares Self April 12 , 1971 1972 Hollywood Squares Self March 6 , 1972 1973 Hollywood Squares Self January 1 , 1973 1977 Battle of the Network Stars III Self 1978 Battle of the Network Stars IV Self 1978 Fantasy Island Fantasy Island The Funny Girl / Butch and Sundance 1979 Time Express Dr. Mark Toland Garbage Man / Doctor 's Wife 1979 Love Boat , The The Love Boat Chet Hanson The Spider Serenade / The Wife Next Door / The Harder They Fall 1980 34th Annual Tony Awards Self 1980 Alcatraz : The Whole Shocking Story Walt Stomer 1980 Love Boat , The The Love Boat Scott Burgess The Caller / The Marriage of Convenience / No Girls for Doc / Witness for the Prosecution 1981 Fantasy Island Bob Graham The Heroine / The Warrior 1981 Vega $ Jerry Lang Heist 1981 Walking Tall Father Adair The Fire Within 1981 Littlest Hobo , The The Littlest Hobo Jim Haley Trail of No Return Scheme of Things , The The Scheme of Things Self Night the Bridge Fell Down , The The Night the Bridge Fell Down Cal Miller Love Boat , The The Love Boat Paul Krakauer I Do n't Play Anymore / Gopher 's Roommate / Crazy for You 1984 Murder , She Wrote Alan Gephardt Hooray for Homicide 1985 Love Boat , The The Love Boat Marc Silver Vicki 's Gentleman Caller / Partners to the End / The Perfect Arrangement Adventures of Superboy , The The Adventures of Superboy Hogan Birdwoman of the Swamps 1991 JFK uncredited David McVey Archive footage Cry of Battle 1991 American Masters Self Helen Hayes : First Lady of the American Theatre Wonderful World of Disney : 40 Years of Television Magic , The The Wonderful World of Disney : 40 Years of Television Magic Self 1997 Hawaii Five - O Governor Danny Williams Unsold pilot episode 1997 Light Lunch Self 70 Super Cops 1998 Storm Chasers : Revenge of the Twister Frank Del Rio ( final film role ) 2002 Swiss Family Robinson : Adventure in the Making Narrator Special thanks 2002 Inside TVLand : 40 Greatest Theme Songs Self 2002 Inside TVLand : Cops on Camera Self 2005 100 Greatest Family Films , The The 100 Greatest Family Films Self 2006 100 TV Quotes and Greatest Catch Phases , The The 100 TV Quotes and Greatest Catch Phases Self 2007 Entertainment and TVLand Present : The 50 Greatest TV Icons Self 2008 Age of Believing : The Disney Live Action Classics , The The Age of Believing : The Disney Live Action Classics Self Grateful thanks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Past Winners and Nominees -- Film -- Awards -- The BAFTA site . Bafta.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/artist/james-macarthur Jump up ^ Laurel Awards 1963 . IMDB.com Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/arts/television/29mccarthur.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated ^ Jump up to : Playbill : `` Actor James MacArthur , Son of American Theatre Royalty , Dies at Age 72 '' by Kenneth Jones October 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` James MacArthur , ' Danno , ' Dies at 72 '' by DENNIS HEVESI October 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' actor James MacArthur dies . Today.msnbc.msn.com ( October 28 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ James Gordon MacArthur at Find a Grave Jump up ^ Hawaii Five - 0 Watch : Ho'apono . Cinemablend.com ( November 2 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James MacArthur . Official website James MacArthur on IMDb James MacArthur at the Internet Broadway Database ( hide ) Charles MacArthur Plays written Lulu Belle The Front Page Twentieth Century Ladies and Gentlemen Family Helen Hayes ( second wife ) James MacArthur ( son ) John D. MacArthur ( brother ) VIAF : 61745431 LCCN : n96056629 ISNI : 0000 0000 8387 6630 BNF : cb14025160g ( data ) IATH : w6319wh0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_MacArthur&oldid=807042643 '' Categories : 1937 births 2010 deaths 20th - century American male actors American adoptees American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors Disease - related deaths in Florida Harvard University alumni Male actors from the Greater Los Angeles Area Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Place of death missing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played dano on the original hawaii five-0 | [
"James Gordon MacArthur (December 8, 1937 – October 28, 2010) was an American actor best known for the role of Danny \"Danno\" Williams, the reliable second-in-command of the fictional Hawaiian State Police squad in the long-running television series Hawaii Five-O."
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"James Gordon MacArthur"
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7498263005712868045 | Glock | Glock - wikipedia Glock Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the semiautomatic pistol . For the engineer Gaston Glock , see Gaston Glock . For other uses , see Glock ( disambiguation ) . Glock An early `` third - generation '' Glock 17 Type Semi-automatic pistol Machine pistol ( Glock 18 ) Place of origin Austria Service history In service 1982 -- present Used by See Users Production history Designer Gaston Glock Designed 1979 -- 1982 Manufacturer Glock Ges. m.b.H. Produced 1982 -- present No. built 5,000,000 as of 2007 Variants See Variants Specifications Cartridge 9 × 19 mm Parabellum ( Glock 17 , 17L , 18 , 19 , 26 , 34 , 43 ) 10 mm Auto ( Glock 20 , 29 , 40 ) . 45 ACP ( Glock 21 , 30 , 30sf , 36 , 41 ) . 40 S&W ( Glock 22 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 35 ) . 380 ACP ( Glock 25 , 28 , 42 ) . 357 SIG ( Glock 31 , 32 , 33 ) . 45 GAP ( Glock 37 , 38 , 39 ) Barrels Action Short recoil , locked breech , tilting barrel ( straight blowback for Glock 25 and 28 ) Muzzle velocity 375 m / s ( 1,230 ft / s ) ( Glock 17 , 17C , 18 , 18C ) Effective firing range 50 m ( 55 yd ) ( Glock 17 , 17C , 18 , 18C ) Feed system Box magazine , see Variants for capacities Sights Fixed , adjustable and tritium - illuminated handgun night sights The Glock pistol , sometimes referred to by the manufacturer as a Glock `` Safe Action '' pistol and colloquially as a Glock , is a series of polymer - framed , short recoil - operated , locked - breech semi-automatic pistols designed and produced by Glock Ges. m.b.H. , located in Deutsch - Wagram , Austria . It entered Austrian military and police service by 1982 after it was the top performer on an exhaustive series of reliability and safety tests . Despite initial resistance from the market to accept a perceived `` plastic gun '' due to unfounded durability and reliability concerns and fears that it might circumvent metal detectors in airports , Glock pistols have become the company 's most profitable line of products , commanding 65 % of the market share of handguns for United States law enforcement agencies , as well as supplying numerous national armed forces , security agencies , and police forces in at least 48 countries . Glocks are also popular firearms among civilians for recreational and competition shooting , home and self - defense , and concealed carry or open carry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Product evolution 1.2. 1 Second - generation models 1.2. 2 Third - generation models 1.2. 3 Fourth - generation models 1.2. 3.1 2011 recoil spring assembly exchange program 1.2. 4 M series 1.2. 5 Fifth - generation models 2 Design details 2.1 Operating mechanism 2.2 Features 2.3 Barrel 2.4 Safety 2.5 Feeding 2.6 Sights 2.7 Accessories 3 Variants 3.1 9 × 19mm Parabellum 3.2 10mm Auto 3.3 . 45 ACP 3.4 . 40 S&W 3.5 . 380 ACP 3.6 . 357 SIG 3.7 . 45 GAP 3.8 Model comparison chart 3.9 Regional variants 3.10 Training variants 4 Production in other countries 5 Users 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The company 's founder , engineer Gaston Glock , had no experience with firearms design or manufacture at the time their first pistol , the Glock 17 , was being prototyped . Glock did , however , have extensive experience in advanced synthetic polymers , knowledge of which was instrumental in the company 's design of the first commercially successful line of pistols with a polymer frame . Glock introduced ferritic nitrocarburizing into the firearms industry as an anticorrosion surface treatment for metal gun parts . Development ( edit ) A `` first - generation '' Glock 17 with the slide locked back displaying its vertical barrel tilt A `` second - generation '' Glock 17 , identified by the checkering on the front and rear straps of the pistol grip and trigger guard An early `` third - generation '' Glock 19 , identified by the addition of thumb rests , an accessory rail , finger grooves on the front strap of the pistol grip , and a single cross pin above the trigger : The frame has an indentation moulded for the third cross pin , introduced in later `` third - generation '' models , although the pin is not fitted . A `` third - generation '' Glock 17C , identified by the addition of an extra cross pin above the trigger and a reshaped extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator A `` fourth - generation '' Glock 17 , identified by an enlarged magazine release catch , modified rough texture frame grip checkering , interchangeable backstraps , and a `` Gen4 '' rollmark on the slide In 1980 , the Austrian military announced that it would seek tenders for a new , modern duty pistol to replace their World War II - era Walther P38 handguns . The Austrian Ministry of Defence formulated a list of 17 criteria for the new generation service pistol : The design was to be self loading . The pistol was to fire the NATO - standard 9 × 19 mm Parabellum round . The magazines were not to require any means of assistance for loading . The magazines were to have a minimum capacity of eight rounds . It was to be possible to accomplish all actions one handed which are necessary to prepare the pistol for firing and any actions required after firing . Right - handed as well as left - handed . The pistol was to be absolutely secure against accidental discharge from shock , strike , and drop from a height of 2 m onto a steel plate . Disassembly of the main parts for maintenance and reassembling was to be possible without the use of any tools . Maintenance and cleaning of the pistol was to be accomplished without the use of tools . The pistol 's construction was not to exceed 58 individual parts ( equivalent of a P38 ) . Gauges , measurement tools , and precise testing devices were not to be necessary for the long - term maintenance of the pistol . The manufacturer was to be required to provide the ministry of defence with a complete set of engineering drawings and exploded views . These were to be supplied with all the relevant details for the production of the pistol . All components were to be fully interchangeable between pistols . No more than 20 malfunctions were to be permitted during the first 10,000 rounds fired , not even minor jams that could be cleared without the use of any tools . After firing 15,000 - rounds of standard ammunition , the pistol was to be inspected for wear . The pistol was to then be used to fire an overpressure test cartridge generating 5,000 bar ( 500 MPa ; 73,000 psi ) . ( The normal maximum operating pressure Pmax for the 9mm NATO is rated at 2,520 bar ( 252 MPa ; 36,500 psi ) . ) The critical components were to continue to function properly and be up to specifications , otherwise the pistol was to be disqualified . When handled properly , under no circumstances was the user to be endangered by case ejection . The muzzle energy was to be at least 441.5 J when firing a 9 × 19 mm S - round / P - 08 by Hirtenberger AG . Pistols scoring less than 70 % of the total available points were not to be considered for military use . Glock became aware of the Austrian Army 's planned procurement , and in 1982 assembled a team of Europe 's leading handgun experts from military , police , and civilian sport - shooting circles to define the most desirable characteristics in a combat pistol . Within three months , Glock developed a working prototype that combined proven mechanisms and traits from previous pistol designs . In addition the plan was to make extensive use of synthetic materials and modern manufacturing technologies , to make it a very cost - effective candidate . Several samples of the 9 × 19mm Glock 17 ( so named because it was the 17th patent procured by the company ) were submitted for assessment trials in early 1982 , and after passing all of the exhaustive endurance and abuse tests , the Glock emerged as the winner . The handgun was adopted into service with the Austrian military and police forces in 1982 as the P80 ( Pistole 80 ) , with an initial order for 25,000 guns . The Glock 17 outperformed eight different pistols from five other established manufacturers ( Heckler & Koch of Germany offered their P7M8 , P7M13 , and P9S , SIG Sauer of Switzerland bid with their P220 and P226 models , Beretta of Italy submitted their model 92SB - F , FN Herstal proposed an updated variant of the Browning Hi - Power , and the home - grown Steyr Mannlicher entered the competition with the GB ) . The results of the Austrian trials sparked a wave of interest in Western Europe and overseas , particularly in the United States , where a similar effort to select a service - wide replacement for the M1911 had been going on since the late 1970s ( known as the Joint Service Small Arms Program ) . In late 1983 , the United States Department of Defense inquired about the Glock pistol and received four samples of the Glock 17 for unofficial evaluation . Glock was then invited to participate in the XM9 Personal Defense Pistol Trials , but declined because the DOD specifications would require extensive retooling of production equipment and providing 35 test samples in an unrealistic time frame . Shortly thereafter , the Glock 17 was accepted into service with the Norwegian and Swedish armed forces , surpassing all prior NATO durability standards . As a result , the Glock 17 became a standard NATO - classified sidearm and was granted a NATO stock number ( 1005 - 25 - 133 - 6775 ) . By 1992 , some 350,000 pistols had been sold in more than 45 countries , including 250,000 in the United States alone . Starting in 2013 the British Army is replacing the Browning Hi - Power pistol with the Glock 17 Gen 4 , due to concerns about weight and the external safety of the Hi - Power . Product Evolution ( edit ) Glock has updated its basic design several times throughout its production history . Commentators had long separated the large changes into generations . Glock eventually accepted this nomenclature with their `` Gen4 '' models . Second - generation models ( edit ) A mid-life upgrade to the Glock pistols involved the addition of checkering on the front strap and serrations to the back strap . These versions , introduced in 1988 , were informally referred to as `` second - generation '' models . To meet American ATF regulations , a steel plate with a stamped serial number was embedded into the receiver in front of the trigger guard . In 1991 , an integrated recoil spring assembly replaced the original two - piece recoil spring and tube design . The magazine was slightly modified , changing the floorplate and fitting the follower spring with a resistance insert at its base . Third - generation models ( edit ) In 1998 , the frame was further modified with an accessory rail ( called the `` Universal Glock rail '' ) to allow the mounting of laser sights , tactical lights , and other accessories . Thumb rests on both sides of the frame and finger grooves on the front strap were added . Glock pistols with these upgrades are informally referred to as ( early ) `` third - generation '' models . Later third - generation models additionally featured a modified extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator , and the locking block was enlarged , along with the addition of an extra cross pin to aid the distribution of bolt thrust forces exerted by the locking block . This cross pin is known as the locking block pin and is located above the trigger pin . The polymer frames of third - generation models can be black , flat dark earth , or olive drab . Besides that , non-firing dummy pistols ( `` P '' models ) and non-firing dummy pistols with resetting triggers ( `` R '' models ) have a bright red frame and Simunition - adapted practice pistols ( `` T '' models ) -- a bright blue frame for easy identification . In 2009 , the Glock 22 RTF2 ( Rough Textured Frame 2 ) ( chambered in . 40 S&W ) was introduced . This pistol featured a new checkering texture around the grip and new scalloped ( fish gill - shaped ) serrations at the rear of the sides of the slide . Many of the existing models became available in the RTF2 version , including the 31 , 32 , 23 , 21 , 19 . Some of those did not have the fish gills . Fourth - generation models ( edit ) Comparison of `` third - '' ( left ) and `` fourth - generation '' ( right ) Glock 19 grip frames Glock 17 Gen4 as issued by the British Armed Forces under the L131A1 General Service Pistol designation At the 2010 SHOT Show , Glock presented the `` fourth generation '' , now dubbed `` Gen4 '' by Glock itself . Updates centered on ergonomics and the recoil spring assembly . Some parts of fourth - generation Glock pistols can not be interchanged with those of the previous generations . The initial two fourth - generation models announced were the full - sized Glock 17 and Glock 22 , chambered for the 9 × 19 mm Parabellum and . 40 S&W cartridges , respectively . The pistols were displayed with a modified rough - textured frame , grip checkering , and interchangeable backstraps of different sizes . `` Gen4 '' is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fourth - generation pistols . The basic grip size of the fourth - generation Glock pistols is slightly smaller compared to the previous design . A punch is provided to remove the standard trigger housing pin and replace it with the longer cross pin needed to mount the medium or large backstrap that will increase the trigger distance by 2 mm ( 0.079 in ) or 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) . With the medium backstrap installed , the grip size is identical to the third - generation pistols . The magazine release catches are enlarged and reversible for left - handed use . To use the exchangeable magazine release feature , fourth - generation Glock magazines have a notch cut on both sides of the magazine body . Earlier versions of the magazines will not lock into the Gen4 pistols if the user has moved the magazine release button to be operated by a left - handed user . Gen4 magazines will work in older models . Mechanically , fourth - generation Glock pistols are fitted with a dual recoil spring assembly to help reduce perceived recoil and increase service life expectancy . Earlier subcompact Glock models such as the Glock 26 and Glock 30 have already used a dual recoil spring assembly which was carried over to the fourth - generation versions of those models . The slide and barrel shelf have been resized , and the front portion of the polymer frame has been widened and internally enlarged , to accommodate the dual recoil spring assembly . The trigger mechanism housing has also been modified to fit into the smaller - sized grip space . The introduction of fourth - generation Glock pistols continued in July 2010 when the Glock 19 and Glock 23 , the reduced size `` compact '' versions of the Glock 17 and Glock 22 , became available for retail . In late 2010 , Glock continued the introduction of fourth - generation models with the Glock 26 and Glock 27 `` subcompact '' variants . In January 2013 , more fourth - generation Glock pistols were introduced commercially during the annual SHOT Show , including the Glock 20 Generation 4 along with other fourth - generation Glock models . 2011 recoil spring assembly exchange Program ( edit ) In September 2011 , Glock announced a recoil spring exchange program in which the manufacturer voluntarily offers to exchange the recoil spring assemblies of its fourth - generation pistols ( with the exception of the `` subcompact '' Glock 26 and Glock 27 models ) sold before 22 July 2011 at no cost `` to ensure our products perform up to GLOCK 's stringent standards '' , according to the company . M series ( edit ) On 29 June 2016 the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) awarded a contract to Glock to provide new 9 × 19mm Parabellum chambered duty pistols . The solicitation specifications deviated from the specifications of Glock fourth - generation models . In August 2016 the Indianapolis Metro Police Department ( IMPD ) started training with a batch of Glock 17M pistols . The most obvious difference with the Glock third and fourth - generation models on published images is the omission of finger grooves on the grip . The IMPD issued a Glock 17M voluntary recall following failures encountered while dry firing the pistols during training . According to Major Riddle with the IMPD ; `` Glock is working to correct the problem and we hope to begin issuing the new ( 17Ms ) as soon as December '' . Fifth - generation models ( edit ) In August 2017 , Glock presented the `` fifth generation '' or `` Gen5 '' . The revisions centered on ergonomics and improving reliability . Many parts of fifth - generation Glock pistols can not be interchanged with those of the previous generations . The two fifth - generation models announced were the Glock 17 and Glock 19 , chambered for the 9 × 19 mm Parabellum . Some conspicuous changes on the fifth - generation models are : nDLC ( Diamond - Like Carbon ) surface finish for barrel and slide , new barrel rifling and a deeper rtecessed barrle crown , omission of the finger grooves on the grip , a reintroduction of a cutout on the bottom front of the grip , ambidextrous slide stop lever , and a flared magazine well . The locking block pin located above the trigger pin that was introduced in the third - generation is omitted . Many internal parts were less conspicuous revised . `` Gen 5 '' is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fifth - generation pistols . The magazines were also revised for the fifth - generation models . The redesigned magazine floor plates feature a frontward protruding lip to offer grip for manual assisted extraction and the magazine follower became orange colored for easier visual identification . Design details ( edit ) Operating mechanism ( edit ) The Glock 17 is a 9 mm short recoil -- operated , locked - breech semi-automatic pistol that uses a modified Browning cam - lock system adapted from the Hi - Power pistol . The firearm 's locking mechanism uses a linkless , vertically tilting barrel with a rectangular breech that locks into the ejection port cut - out in the slide . During the recoil stroke , the barrel moves rearward initially locked together with the slide about 3 mm ( 0.12 in ) until the bullet leaves the barrel and chamber pressure drops to a safe level . A ramped lug extension at the base of the barrel then interacts with a tapered locking block integrated into the frame , forcing the barrel down and unlocking it from the slide . This camming action terminates the barrel 's movement while the slide continues back under recoil , extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge casing . The slide 's uninterrupted rearward movement and counter-recoil cycle are characteristic of the Browning system . Features ( edit ) A subcompact Glock 30 field stripped to its main parts with a . 45 ACP round The slide features a spring - loaded claw extractor , and the stamped sheet metal ejector is pinned to the trigger mechanism housing . Pistols after 2002 have a reshaped extractor that serves as a loaded chamber indicator . When a cartridge is present in the chamber , a tactile metal edge protrudes slightly out immediately behind the ejection port on the right side of the slide . The striker firing mechanism has a spring - loaded firing pin that is cocked in two stages that the firing pin spring powers . The factory - standard firing pin spring is rated at 24 N ( 5.4 lb ) , but by using a modified firing pin spring , it can be increased to 28 N ( 6.3 lb ) or to 31 N ( 7.0 lb ) . When the pistol is charged , the firing pin is in the half - cock position . As the trigger is pulled , the firing pin is then fully cocked . At the end of its travel , the trigger bar is tilted downward by the connector , releasing the firing pin to fire the cartridge . The connector resets the trigger bar so that the firing pin will be captured in half - cock at the end of the firing cycle . This is known as a preset trigger mechanism , referred to as the `` Safe Action '' trigger by the manufacturer . The connector ensures the pistol can only fire semiautomatically . The factory - standard , two - stage trigger has a trigger travel of 12.5 mm ( 0.49 in ) and is rated at 25 N ( 5.6 lb ) , but by using a modified connector , it can be increased to 35 N ( 7.9 lb ) or lowered to 20 N ( 4.5 lb ) . In response to a request made by American law enforcement agencies for a two - stage trigger with increased trigger pull , Glock introduced the NY1 ( New York ) trigger module , which features a flat spring in a plastic housing that replaces the trigger bar 's standard coil spring . This trigger modification is available in two versions : NY1 and NY2 that are rated at 25 N ( 5.6 lb ) to 40 N ( 9.0 lb ) and 32 N ( 7.2 lb ) to 50 N ( 11.2 lb ) , respectively , which require about 20 N ( 4.5 lb ) to 30 N ( 6.7 lb ) of force to disengage the safeties and another 10 N ( 2.2 lb ) to 20 N ( 4.5 lb ) in the second stage to fire a shot . The Glock 's frame , magazine body , and several other components are made from a high - strength nylon - based polymer invented by Gaston Glock , called Polymer 2 . This plastic was specially formulated to provide increased durability and is more resilient than carbon steel and most steel alloys . Polymer 2 is resistant to shock , caustic liquids , and temperature extremes where traditional steel / alloy frames would warp and become brittle . The injection - molded frame contains four hardened steel guide rails for the slide : two at the rear of the frame , and the remaining pair above and in front of the trigger guard . The trigger guard itself is squared off at the front and checkered . The grip has an angle of 109 ° and a nonslip , stippled surface on the sides and both the front and rear straps . The frame houses the locking block , which is an investment casting that engages a 45 ° camming surface on the barrel 's lower camming lug . It is retained in the frame by a steel axis pin that holds the trigger and slide catch . The trigger housing is held to the frame by means of a polymer pin . A spring - loaded sheet - metal pressing serves as the slide catch , which is secured from unintentional manipulation by a raised guard molded into the frame . The Glock pistol has a relatively low slide profile , which holds the barrel axis close to the shooter 's hand and makes the pistol more comfortable to fire by reducing muzzle rise and allows for faster aim recovery in rapid firing sequences . The rectangular slide is milled from a single block of ordnance - grade steel using CNC machinery . The barrel and slide undergo two hardening processes prior to treatment with a proprietary nitriding process called Tenifer . The Tenifer treatment is applied in a 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) nitrate bath . The Tenifer finish is between 0.04 and 0.05 mm ( 0.0016 and 0.0020 in ) in thickness , and is characterized by extreme resistance to wear and corrosion ; it penetrates the metal , and treated parts have similar properties even below the surface to a certain depth . The Tenifer process produces a matte gray - colored , nonglare surface with a 64 Rockwell C hardness rating and a 99 % resistance to salt water corrosion ( which meets or exceeds stainless steel specifications ) , making the Glock particularly suitable for individuals carrying the pistol concealed as the highly chloride - resistant finish allows the pistol to better endure the effects of perspiration . Glock steel parts using the Tenifer treatment are more corrosion resistant than analogous gun parts having other finishes or treatments , including Teflon , bluing , hard chrome plating , or phosphates . During 2010 Glock switched from the salt bath nitriding Tenifer process to a not exactly disclosed gas nitriding process . After applying the nitriding process , a black Parkerized decorative surface finish is applied . The underlying nitriding treatment will remain , protecting these parts even if the decorative surface finish were to wear off . A current production Glock 17 consists of 34 parts . For maintenance , the pistol disassembles into five main groups : the barrel , slide , frame , magazine , and recoil - spring assembly . The firearm is designed for the NATO - standard 9 × 19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge , but can use high - power ( increased pressure ) + P and + P+ ammunition with either full - metal - jacket or jacketed hollow - point projectiles . Barrel ( edit ) Standard sighting arrangement of a `` first - generation '' Glock 17 Glock 9 × 19mm Parabellum 17 - round magazine . The numbered witness holes at the back portion visually indicate how many cartridges over 3 cartidges are contained in the magazine . The hammer - forged barrel has a female type polygonal rifling with a right - hand twist . The stabilization of the round is not by conventional rifling , using lands and grooves , but rather through a polygonal profile consisting of a series of six or eight interconnected noncircular segments ( only the . 45 ACP and . 45 GAP have octagonal polygonal rifling ) . Each depressed segment within the interior of the barrel is the equivalent of a groove in a conventional barrel . Thus , the interior of the barrel consists of smooth arcs of steel rather than sharply defined slots . The method by which Glock barrels are rifled is somewhat unusual ; instead of using a traditional broaching machine to cut the rifling into the bore , the Glock process involves beating a slowly rotating mandrel through the bore to obtain the hexagonal or octagonal shape . As a result , the barrel 's thickness in the area of each groove is not compromised as with conventional square - cut barrels . This has the advantage of providing a better gas seal behind the projectile as the bore has a slightly smaller diameter , which translates into more efficient use of the combustion gases trapped behind the bullet , slightly greater ( consistency in ) muzzle velocities , and increased accuracy and ease of maintenance . Safety ( edit ) Glock pistols are designed with three independent safety mechanisms to prevent accidental discharge . The system , designated `` Safe Action '' by Glock , consists of an external integrated trigger safety and two automatic internal safeties : a firing pin safety , and a drop safety . The external safety is a small inner lever contained in the trigger . Pressing the lever activates the trigger bar and sheet metal connector . The firing pin safety is a solid hardened steel pin that , in the secured state , blocks the firing pin channel ( disabling the firing pin in its longitudinal axis ) . It is pushed upward to release the firing pin for firing only when the trigger is actuated and the safety is pushed up through the backward movement of the trigger bar . The drop safety guides the trigger bar in a ramp that is released only when direct rearward pressure is applied to the trigger . The three safety mechanisms are automatically disengaged one after the other when the trigger is squeezed , and are automatically reactivated when the trigger is released . This passive safety system omits the manipulation of traditional on - off levers , hammers , or other external safeties as found in many other handgun designs . The ability to fire immediately , without worrying about an external safety , is one feature Glock has stressed as an advantage when selling its guns , especially to police departments . In 2003 , Glock announced the Internal Locking System ( ILS ) safety feature . The ILS is a manually activated lock located in the back of the pistol 's grip . It is cylindrical in design and , according to Glock , each key is unique . When activated , the lock causes a tab to protrude from the rear of the grip , giving both a visual and tactile indication as to whether the lock is engaged or not . When activated , the ILS renders the Glock unfireable , as well as making it impossible to disassemble . When disengaged , the ILS adds no further safety mechanisms to the Glock pistol . The ILS is available as an option on most Glock pistols . Glock pistols can not be retrofitted to accommodate the ILS . The lock must be factory built in Austria and shipped as a special order . Feeding ( edit ) The Glock 17 feeds from staggered - column or double stack magazines that have a 17 - round capacity ( which can be extended to 19 with an optional floor plate ) or optional 33 - round high - capacity magazines . For jurisdictions which restrict magazine capacity to 10 rounds , Glock offers single - stack , 10 - round magazines . The magazines are made of steel and are overmolded with plastic . A steel spring drives a plastic follower . After the last cartridge has been fired , the slide remains open on the slide stop . The slide stop release lever is located on the left side of the frame directly beneath the slide and can be manipulated by the thumb of the right - handed shooter . Glock magazines are interchangeable between models of the same caliber , meaning that a compact or subcompact pistol will accept magazines designed for the larger pistols chambered for the same round . However , magazines designed for compact and subcompact models will not function in larger pistols because they are not tall enough to reach the slide and magazine release . For example , the subcompact Glock 26 will accept magazines from both the full - size Glock 17 and the compact Glock 19 , but the Glock 17 will not accept magazines from the smaller Glock 19 or the Glock 26 . The magazines for the Glock 36 , the Glock 42 , and the Glock 43 are all unique ; they can not use magazines intended for another model , nor can their magazines be used in other models . Sights ( edit ) The Glock 17 has a fixed polymer combat - type sighting arrangement that consists of a ramped front sight and a notched rear sight with white contrast elements painted on for increased acquisition speed -- a white dot on the front post and a rectangular border on the rear notch . The rear sight can be adjusted for windage ( on certain models due to the windage sights not coming as factory default ) , as it has a degree of lateral movement in the dovetail it is mounted in . Three other factory rear sight configurations are available in addition to the standard 6.5 mm ( 0.26 in ) height sight : a lower impact 6.1 mm ( 0.24 in ) sight , and two higher impact versions -- 6.9 mm ( 0.27 in ) and 7.3 mm ( 0.29 in ) . Accessories ( edit ) Glock 34 with a GTL 22 attachment featuring a dimmable xenon white light and a red laser A military diver displaying a Glock 17 fitted with maritime spring cups Polymer holster for Glock pistols The Glock pistol accessories available from the factory include several devices for tactical illumination , such as a series of front rail - mounted `` Glock tactical lights '' featuring a white tactical light and an optional visible laser sight . An alternate version of the tactical light using an invisible infrared light and laser sight is available , designed to be used with an infrared night vision device . Another lighting accessory is an adapter to mount a flashlight onto the bottom of a magazine . Polymer holsters in various configurations and matching magazine pouches are available . In addition , Glock produces optional triggers , recoil springs , slide stops , magazine release levers , and maritime spring cups . Maritime spring cups are designed to allow the pistol to be fired immediately after being submerged in water . They feature additional openings that allow liquids to flow and escape around them , offering enhanced reliability when water has penetrated into the firing pin assembly channel . Magazine floor plates ( or + 2 baseplates ) , which expand the capacity of the standard magazines by two rounds are available for models chambered for the 9 × 19mm Parabellum , . 45 ACP , . 40 S&W , . 357 SIG , and . 380 ACP cartridges . In addition to the standard nonadjustable polymer sight line , three alternative sight lines are offered by Glock . These consist of steel , adjustable , and self - illuminating tritium night rear sights and factory steel and self - illuminating tritium contrast pointer steel front sights . Variants ( edit ) Following the introduction of the Glock 17 , numerous variants and versions have been offered . Variants that differ in caliber , frame , and slide length are identified by different model numbers with the exception of the Glock 17L . Other changes not dealing with frame and slide length are identified with suffixes , such as `` C '' , which denotes compensated models . Minor options such as frame color , sights , and included accessories are identified by a separate model code on the box and do not appear anywhere on the firearm . Glock pistols are made in five form factors , all modeled after the original full - sized Glock 17 . `` Standard '' models are designed as full - sized duty firearms with a large magazine capacity . `` Compact '' models are slightly smaller with reduced magazine capacity and lighter weight , while maintaining a usable grip length . `` Subcompact '' models are designed for easier carry , and being lighter and shorter , are intended to be used with two fingers on the grip below the trigger guard , and lack an accessory rail like the larger , after generation two , Glock models . The . 45 ACP and 10mm Auto models have bigger , wider slides and are slightly larger than the smaller - chambered pistols and are available in the subcompact models Glock 29 ( 10mm ) and Glock 30 (. 45 ACP ) . Glock produces three models of single - stack `` Slimline '' subcompact pistols , the Glock 36 in . 45 ACP , the Glock 42 in . 380 ACP , and the Glock 43 in 9 x19 mm . `` Competition '' versions have longer barrels and slides , adjustable sights , an extended slide and magazine release . Beginning in 2007 , Glock introduced several `` Short Frame '' models designated by the suffix `` SF '' . The short frame was originally designed to compete in the now cancelled U.S. military Joint Combat Pistol trials for a new . 45 ACP pistol to replace the M9 pistol . Glock 's entry featured an optional ambidextrous magazine release and MIL - STD - 1913 rail along with a reduction in the size of the backstrap . The Glock 21SF is currently available in three versions : one with a Picatinny rail and ambidextrous magazine release and two with a Universal Glock rail available with or without the ambidextrous magazine release . Current 10 mm and . 45 ACP Glock magazines are manufactured with ambidextrous magazine release cutouts . As of January 2009 , the Glock 20 , 21 , 29 , and 30 were offered in short - framed variations . These models incorporate a 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) reduction in trigger reach , and full - sized models feature a 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) reduction in heel depth , which corresponds to an overall reduction in length for those models . 9 × 19mm Parabellum ( edit ) The Glock 17 is the original 9 × 19mm Parabellum model , with a standard magazine capacity of 17 rounds , introduced in 1982 . Several modified versions of the Glock 17 have been introduced : The Glock 17L , introduced in 1988 , incorporates a longer slide and extended barrel . Initially , the Glock 17L had three holes in the top of the barrel and a corresponding slot in the slide ; however , later production pistols lack the holes in the barrel . The Glock 17L is manufactured in limited quantities . The Glock 17C , introduced in 1996 , incorporates slots cut in the barrel and slide to compensate for muzzle rise and recoil . Many other Glock pistols now come with this option , all with a `` C '' suffix on the slide . The Glock 17MB is a version with ambidextrous magazine catch . This model , along with the other MB variants , was discontinued upon the introduction of the fourth - generation models , which features a reversible magazine catch . The Glock 17M , introduced in 2016 , was created in response to an FBI solicitation for a new 9mm pistol . Differences from the Generation 4 model include removal of the finger grooves , ambidextrous slide lock , rounded slide nose profile , flared magwell with new magazine baseplates , and a tougher finish on metal components . The Glock 17M also abandons the polygonal rifling of previous models for conventional rifling . As of 2017 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation . the South Carolina Highway Patrol and the Canadian Ontario Provincial Police have adopted the pistol as standard . The Glock 18 , chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellum , fitted with a detachable shoulder stock being fired in fully automatic mode The Glock 18 is a selective - fire variant of the Glock 17 , developed at the request of the Austrian counter-terrorist unit EKO Cobra , and as a way to internally test Glock components under high strain conditions . Originally produced in 1986 , this machine pistol -- class firearm has a lever - type fire - control selector switch , installed on the serrated portion of the rear left side of the slide . With the selector lever in the bottom position , the pistol fires fully automatically , and with the selector lever in the top position , the pistol fires semiautomatically . The firearm is typically used with an extended 33 - round - capacity magazine , although other magazines from the Glock 17 will function , with available capacities of 10 , 17 , or 19 rounds . Unlike all its other pistols , Glock is highly secretive about Glock 18 models , not featuring them on its official websites or its public catalogues , and because of the pistol 's nature , it is only offered to military , law enforcement and government organizations , and its production details are highly classified . Early Glock 18 models were ported to reduce muzzle rise during automatic fire . A very early design introduced a longer ported barrel which was soon discarded as it would not fit in a holster . Another compensated variant was produced , known as the Glock 18C . It has a keyhole opening cut into the forward portion of the slide , similar to the opening on the Glock long - slide models , although the Glock 18 has a standard - length slide . The keyhole opening provides an area to allow the four , progressively larger ( from back to front ) compensator cuts machined into the barrel to vent the propellant gases upwards , affording more control over the rapid - firing machine pistol . The compensator cuts start about halfway back on the top of the barrel . The two rear cuts are narrower than the two front cuts . The slide is hollowed , or dished - out , in a rectangular pattern between the rear of the ejection port and the rear sight . The rate of fire in fully automatic mode is around 1,100 -- 1,200 rounds per minute . Most of the other characteristics are equivalent to the Glock 17 , although the slide , frame , and certain fire - control parts of the Glock 18 are not interchangeable with other Glock models . The compact Glock 19 in 9 × 19mm Parabellum The Glock 19 is effectively a reduced - size Glock 17 , called the `` Compact '' by the manufacturer . It was first produced in 1988 , primarily for military and law enforcement . The Glock 19 's barrel and pistol grip are shorter by about 12 mm ( 0.5 in ) compared to the Glock 17 and uses a magazine with a standard capacity of 15 rounds . The pistol is compatible with factory magazines from the Glock 17 and Glock 18 , giving the Glock 19 available capacities of : 17 rounds ( standard magazine with + 2 extension ) , 10 , 17 , and 19 ( standard Glock 17 magazine with + 2 ) , and the 31 ( standard Glock 18 magazine with + 2 removed ) and 33 rounds of the Glock 18 . To preserve the operational reliability of the short recoil system , the mass of the slide remains the same as in the Glock 17 from which it is derived . With the exception of the slide , frame , barrel , locking block , recoil spring , guide rod , and slide lock spring , all of the other components are interchangeable between the models 17 and 19 iwb holster . The subcompact Glock 26 with tritium night sights in 9 × 19mm Parabellum The Glock 26 is a 9 × 19mm `` subcompact '' variant designed for concealed carry and was introduced in 1995 , mainly for the civilian market . It features a smaller frame compared to the Glock 19 , with a pistol grip that supports only two fingers , a shorter barrel and slide , and a double - stack magazine with a standard capacity of 10 rounds . A factory magazine with a + 2 extension gives a capacity of 12 rounds . In addition , factory magazines from the Glock 17 , Glock 18 , and Glock 19 , with capacities of 15 , 17 , 19 , 31 and 33 rounds , will function in the Glock 26 . More than simply a `` shortened '' Glock 19 , design of the subcompact Glock 26 required extensive rework of the frame , locking block , and spring assembly that features a dual recoil spring . The Glock 34 is a competition version of the Glock 17 . It is similar to its predecessor , the Glock 17L , but with a slightly shorter slide and barrel , to meet the maximum size requirements for many sanctioned action pistol sporting events . It was developed and produced in 1998 , and compared to the Glock 17 , features a 21 mm ( 0.8 in ) longer barrel and slide . It has an extended magazine release , extended slide stop lever , 20 N ( 4.5 lb ) trigger pull , and an adjustable rear sight . The sides at the front of the slide are slanted instead of squared . Further , the top of the slide and parts of its inside are milled out , creating a conspicuous hole at the top designed to reduce front - end muzzle weight to better balance the pistol and reduce the overall weight of the slide . The Glock 43 is a `` slimline '' version of the subcompact Glock 26 that features an ultracompact slide and frame . The Glock 43 is the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with a single - stack 9 × 19mm Parabellum magazine , having a standard capacity of six rounds and being unique to the model . Unlike other subcompact Glock pistols , the Glock 43 can not use factory magazines from its larger relatives due to its single - stack magazine design . It also does not allow the removal of the backplate grip as is possible on the 4th gen Glocks . 10mm Auto ( edit ) The subcompact third - generation Glock 29 in 10mm Auto The Glock 20 , introduced in 1991 , was developed for the then - growing law enforcement and security forces market for the 10mm Auto . The pistol handles both full - power and reduced `` FBI '' loads that have reduced muzzle velocity . Due to the longer cartridge and higher pressures , the pistol is slightly larger than the Glock 17 , having a roughly 2.5 mm ( 0.1 in ) greater width and 7 mm ( 0.3 in ) greater length . Though many small parts interchange with the Glock 17 , with a close to 50 % parts commonality , the major assemblies are scaled - up and do not interchange . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 20 is 15 rounds . In 2009 , Glock announced they would offer a 152 mm ( 6.0 in ) barrel as a drop - in option . The Glock 20SF is a version of the Glock 20 that uses the Short Frame ( SF ) which is based on the standard G20 frame ( same width ) , but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with relatively small hands . The Glock 29 is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the subcompact Glock 26 introduced in 1997 along with the Glock 30 (. 45 ACP ) . The pistol features a 96 mm ( 3.8 in ) barrel and a standard magazine capacity of 10 rounds . Like other subcompact Glock pistols , the Glock 29 functions with the factory magazines from its related full - size model , giving an optional capacity of 15 rounds . The Glock 29SF version of the Glock 29 uses the SF which is based on the standard G29 frame ( same width ) , but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) . The Glock 40 , introduced in 2015 , is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the long - slide Glock 17L . The Glock 40 is only made with the `` Gen4 '' frame and `` MOS '' ( Modular Optic System ) configuration . . 45 ACP ( edit ) The slim - frame Glock 36 in . 45 ACP Glock pistols chambered for the . 45 ACP ( and the . 45 GAP ) feature octagonal polygonal rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other chamberings . Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled bores , since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon . The Glock 21 is a . 45 ACP version of the Glock 20 designed primarily for the American market . Compared to the Glock 20 chambered in 10mm Auto , the slide of the Glock 21 is lighter to compensate for the lower - energy . 45 ACP cartridge . The standard Glock 21 magazine is of the single - position - feed , staggered - column type with a capacity of 13 rounds . The Glock 21SF is a version of the Glock 21 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based on the standard G21 frame ( same width ) , but reduces trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) , and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with smaller hands . The Glock 30 is a . 45 ACP version of the subcompact Glock 29 , with a standard magazine capacity of 10 rounds . The factory magazine from the Glock 21 , with a capacity of 13 rounds , will function in the Glock 30 . The Glock 30SF is a version of the Glock 30 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based on the standard G30 frame ( same width ) , but reduces trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) . The G30SF accepts the same double - stack . 45ACP magazines as the G30 and G21 . The Glock 30S is a version of the Glock 30 that features a thin slide ( same slide as the G36 ) , a Short Frame lower , and a double stack magazine . Like the G30 , G30S magazines holds 10 rounds . The Glock 36 is a `` slimline '' version of the subcompact Glock 30 that features an ultracompact slide and frame and is chambered for the . 45 ACP cartridge . The Glock 36 is the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with a single - stack magazine , having a standard capacity of six rounds and being unique to the model . The Glock 36 can not use factory magazines from its larger relatives due to its single - stack magazine design . The Glock 41 is a competition version of the Glock 21 , much like what the G34 is in relation to the G17 ; it features a 5.3 - inch barrel and an elongated slide . The Glock 41 is only made with the `` Gen4 '' frame . . 40 S&W ( edit ) Glock 22 OD in . 40 S&W with olive drab frame The competition - oriented Glock 35 in . 40 S&W The Glock 22 is a . 40 S&W version of the full - sized Glock 17 introduced in 1990 . The pistol uses a modified slide , frame , and barrel to account for the differences in size and power of the . 40 S&W cartridge . The standard magazine capacity is 15 rounds . The Glock Model 22 is favored and used by several police agencies around the world , including the Baltimore Police Department , Los Angeles Police Department , Miami Police Department , Maryland State Police , Kansas City Police Department , Missouri State Highway Patrol , Alaska State Troopers in the United States , and the NSW Police Force and Queensland Police Service in Australia - among others . The Glock 23 is a . 40 S&W version of the compact Glock 19 . It is dimensionally identical to the Glock 19 , but is slightly heavier and uses a modified slide , frame , . 40 S&W barrel , and a standard magazine capacity of 13 rounds . The factory 15 - round magazine from the larger Glock 22 will function in the Glock 23 . The Glock 24 is a . 40 S&W long - slide variant of the Glock 22 , similar in concept to the Glock 17L . Additionally , a compensated , ported - barrel version designated the 24C was also produced . The Glock 24 was introduced in 1994 and officially dropped from the company 's regular product lineup upon the release of the Glock 34 and 35 . The Glock 27 is a . 40 S&W version of the subcompact Glock 26 , with a standard magazine capacity of 9 rounds . The factory magazines from the larger Glock 22 and 23 will function in the Glock 27 , increasing capacity to 13 or 15 rounds . Spacers are available that fit on these larger - capacity magazines themselves ; they have the effect of `` extending '' the magazine well of the pistol , thereby improving the ergonomic feel of the pistol when the longer magazines are inserted . The Glock 35 is a . 40 S&W version of the competition Glock 34 . The Glock Model 35 is the current service pistol for the Kentucky State Police . As is typical of pistols chambered in . 40 S&W , each of the standard Glock models ( 22 , 23 , and 27 ) may be easily converted to the corresponding . 357 SIG chambering ( Glock 31 , 32 , and 33 , respectively ) simply by replacing the barrel . No other parts need to be replaced , as the . 40 S&W magazines will feed the . 357 SIG rounds . . 380 ACP ( edit ) The first two . 380 ACP models are primarily intended for markets which prohibit civilian ownership of firearms chambered in military calibers such as 9 × 19mm Parabellum . Due to the relatively low bolt thrust of the . 380 ACP cartridge , the locked - breech design of the Glock 19 and Glock 26 was minimally modified for the Glock 25 and Glock 28 to implement unlocked breech operation . It operates via straight blowback of the slide . This required modification of the locking surfaces on the barrel , as well as a redesign of the former locking block . Unusual for a blowback design , the barrel is not fixed to the frame . It moves rearward in recoil until it is tilted below the slide , similar to the standard locked - breech system . The reduced size and mass of the Glock 42 required return to the Glock - standard locked - breech design . The Glock 25 , introduced in 1995 , is a blowback derivative of the compact ( 102 mm ( 4.0 in ) barrel ) Glock 19 . The magazine capacity is 15 rounds . Standard fixed sight elevation is 6.9 mm , unlike the 6.5 mm elevation used for the 9 × 19mm models . The Glock 28 , introduced in 1997 , is a blowback derivative of the subcompact ( 87 mm ( 3.4 in ) barrel ) Glock 26 . The standard magazine capacity is 10 rounds , but the 15 - round Glock 25 magazine will function in the Glock 28 . Standard fixed - sight elevation is 6.9 mm , unlike the 6.5 mm elevation used for the 9 × 19mm Parabellum models . The Glock 42 , introduced in 2014 , is an all - new locked - breech `` slimline '' ( 83 mm ( 3.3 in ) barrel ) design . The single - stack magazine is unique to this model , with a capacity of six rounds . It is Glock 's smallest model ever made and is manufactured in the USA , which unlike the Glock 25 and 28 , allows domestic sales in that market . . 357 SIG ( edit ) The subcompact Glock 33 in . 357 SIG The Glock 31 is a . 357 SIG variant of the full - sized Glock 22 . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 31 is 15 rounds . The Glock 32 is a . 357 SIG variant of the compact Glock 23 . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 32 is 13 rounds . The Glock 33 is a . 357 SIG variant of the subcompact Glock 27 . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 33 is 9 rounds . As is typical of pistols chambered in . 357 SIG , each of the standard Glock models ( 31 , 32 , and 33 ) may be easily converted to the corresponding . 40 S&W chambering ( Glock 22 , 23 , and 27 , respectively ) simply by replacing the barrel . No other parts need to be replaced , as the . 357 SIG magazines will feed the . 40 S&W round . . 45 GAP ( edit ) Glock pistols chambered for the . 45 GAP ( and the . 45 ACP ) feature octagonal polygonal rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other chamberings . Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled bores , since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon . The Glock 37 is a . 45 GAP version of the Glock 17 . It uses a wider , beveled slide , larger barrel , and different magazine , but is otherwise similar to the Glock 17 . The Glock 37 first appeared in 2003 . It was designed to offer ballistic performance comparable with the . 45 ACP in the frame size of the Glock 17 . The concern with the size of the Glock 20 / 21 has been addressed by the Glock 36 , 21SF , and 30SF , all of which featured reduced - size frames . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 37 is 10 rounds . The Glock 38 is a . 45 GAP version of the compact Glock 19 . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 38 is 8 rounds . The Glock 39 is a . 45 GAP version of the subcompact Glock 26 . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 39 is 6 rounds . Model comparison chart ( edit ) Model number Cartridge Total length Barrel length Magazine capacity Weight ( unloaded ) Style ( mm ) ( in ) ( mm ) ( in ) Standard Optional ( g ) ( oz ) 17 , 17C , 17 MOS 9 × 19mm 186 7.32 114 4.49 17 10 , 33 625 22 Standard 17L 225 8.69 153 6.02 670 23.6 Long slide 18 , 18C 185 7.28 114 4.49 33 10 , 17 620 21.9 Standard 19 , 19C , 19 MOS 174 6.85 102 4.01 15 10 , 15 , 17 , 33 595 21 Compact 20 , 20C , 20SF 10 mm Auto 193 7.60 117 4.61 10 785 27.7 Standard 21 , 21C , 21SF . 45 ACP 13 10 835 29.84 22 , 22C . 40 S&W 202 * 204 7.95 * 8.03 114 4.49 15 10 , 22 725 25.59 23 , 23C 185 * 187 7.28 * 7.36 102 4.01 13 10 , 15 , 22 670 23.65 Compact 24 , 24C 225 8.86 153 6.02 15 10 , 17 , 22 , 24 757 26.7 Long slide 25 . 380 ACP 174 6.85 102 4.01 17 570 20.1 Compact 26 9 × 19mm 160 6.30 88 3.46 10 15 , 17 , 33 560 19.8 Subcompact 27 . 40 S&W 9 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 22 , 24 560 19.8 28 . 380 ACP 10 12 , 15 , 17 529 18.7 29 , 29SF 10 mm Auto 172 6.77 96 3.78 15 700 24.7 30 , 30S , 30SF . 45 ACP 9 , 13 680 24 31 , 31C . 357 SIG 186 7.32 114 4.49 15 10 , 17 660 23.3 Standard 32 , 32C 174 6.85 102 4.01 13 10 , 15 , 17 610 21.5 Compact 33 160 6.30 88 3.46 9 10 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 560 19.8 Subcompact 34 , 34 MOS 9 × 19mm 207 8.15 135 5.31 17 10 , 33 650 22.9 Competition 35 , 35 MOS . 40 S&W 15 10 , 17 , 22 , 24 695 24.5 36 . 45 ACP 172 6.77 96 3.78 6 -- 570 20.1 Slimline 37 . 45 GAP 186 7.32 116 4.56 10 11 735 25.9 Standard 38 174 6.85 102 4.01 8 9 , 10 , 11 685 24.2 Compact 39 160 6.30 88 3.46 6 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 548 19.3 Subcompact 40 , 40 MOS 10 mm Auto 241 9.49 153 6.02 15 10 798 28.15 Long slide 41 , 41 MOS . 45 ACP 222 8.74 135 5.3 13 775 27 Competition 42 . 380 ACP 151 5.94 83 3.27 6 -- 380 13.4 Slimline 43 9 × 19mm 159 6.26 86 3.39 509 17.95 Notes : Glock pistols marked by `` * '' indicate that a `` Gen4 '' model is available . The Glock 40 and Glock 41 are only made in the `` Gen4 '' frame . Glock pistols marked by `` ^ '' indicate that an `` MOS '' ( Modular Optic System ) model is available . The Glock 40 is only made in the `` MOS '' configuration . Glock pistols designated by `` C '' after the model number are equipped with ported barrels and slides to compensate for muzzle rise . Glock 18 / 18C pistols are 9 × 19mm Parabellum select - fire machine pistols and not available to the general public in most countries . Glock pistols designated `` SF '' are `` short - framed '' . They have 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) shorter trigger reach from the back of the grip and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) for the full - sized framed Glock 20 and 21 . The reduction in the heel of the Glock 29 and 30 is not as pronounced . Glock 25 or 28 pistols are not available to the general public in the United States , because a small pistol chambered for the . 380 ACP cartridge does not meet the `` sporting purposes '' criteria for importation of pistols under the Gun Control Act of 1968 , according to the BATFE 's point system . The Glock 42 , however , is not subject to those regulations because it is produced in the United States rather than imported , allowing it to be sold on the civilian market . Regional variants ( edit ) Mexico forces Glock model 25 SDN pistol . The Glock Mariner and Glock Tactical are versions of various Glock pistols sold in the Philippines with an adjustable rear sight , extended slide stop , maritime spring cups , and an engraved slide with the words ' MARINER ' or ' TACTICAL ' . The Glock 17A is a variant produced with a 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) extended barrel that protrudes from the slide visibly . It is intended for the Australian market to conform to local laws regarding barrel length created after the Monash University shooting and are supplied with 10 - round magazines . The Glock 17S is a variant with an external , frame - mounted , manual safety . Small numbers of this variant were made for the Tasmanian , Israeli , Pakistani , and perhaps several South American security forces . They are stamped `` 17 '' , not `` 17S '' . They resemble , but are distinguishable from , standard Glock 17 pistols that have been fitted with the after - market Cominolli safety . An additional safety variant Glock 17 that was tested by the British Military included a frame safety similar to that found on the British service rifle , the SA - 80 . The Glock 17Pro version is produced exclusively for the Finnish market . It has these alterations from the standard Glock 17 : factory tritium night sights , an extended , threaded barrel , marine spring cups , modified magazine release , extended slide stop lever ( factory standard in newer models ) , extended + 2 magazine baseplates , 15.5 N ( 3.5 lb ) connector , and factory Glock pouch . The Glock 17DK is a version for Denmark , where handguns must , by law , be at least 210 mm ( 8.3 in ) long . The Glock 17DK has a 122.5 mm ( 4.8 in ) barrel , making the pistol 210 mm ( 8.3 in ) long overall . The Glock 17 SNF is a version of the Glock 17 used by Servicio Nacional de Fronteras in Panama with SNF -- Dios y Patria engraved on the slide . The Glock 25 SDN ( SDN -- Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional ) is a version of the Glock 25 for civilian and Mexican law enforcement use with S.D.N. MEXICO DF printed in white letters on the right side of the slide . The pistol is chambered for . 380 ACP ( 9mm Kurz , 9mm Short , 9 × 17mm or 9mm Browning ) and is distributed by the Weapon and Ammunition Commercialization Directive ( Dirección de Comercialización de Armas y Municiones or DCAM ) of SDN Training variants ( edit ) The Glock 17T training pistol fires paint or rubber bullets . The two versions are easily recognizable from their bright blue frames : the Glock 17T 9 mm FX , which fires Simunition FX cartridges and the Glock 17T 7.8 × 21 AC , which fires cartridges with paint and rubber bullets powered by replaceable pressurized air cartridges . The Glock 17P , 22P , and Glock 17R are all training pistols for practicing hand - to - hand combat , loading and unloading of the pistol . These Glocks are identical to a standard Glock 17 / 22 except for their red frame ; some models have an inert barrel ( without a chamber , thus preventing the accidental chambering of a live cartridge ) and no firing pin hole in the breech face ( preventing someone from using a live barrel with the training slide ) . The difference between models is that to perform a ' reset ' of the trigger , a cycling of the slide has to be performed on the 17P / 22P , but not on the 17R . Production in other countries ( edit ) Iraqi police firing 9 mm Glock handguns at a firing range Aside from the original Austrian company , Glock pistols are manufactured by the Glock Inc. subsidiary division located in the United States . Those batches are nearly the same or identical compared to the Austrian - made ones , but they are marked as `` USA '' , instead of `` AUSTRIA '' , on the slide ; and they have seven - digit serial numbers , instead of the Austrians ' six . Glock 17 pistols are being assembled locally at army workshops of Uruguay to fulfill the needs of the national military services and law enforcement organizations . These pistols are assembled initially with original Glock parts and later with locally manufactured parts . The 205th Armory in Taiwan produces a copy of the Glock 19 , named as the T97 . The Taiwan - made Glocks were made to replace the Smith & Wesson Model 5906 used by the Taiwan police , but it ultimately did not enter service . Turkish company Akdal Arms produces a pistol named the Ghost TR01 , which is heavily influenced by Glock pistols in its design . Russian firms such as Skat , ORSIS and Izhmash assembles three models of Glock pistols locally : the Glock 17 , 34 , and 35 . There are three sidearms made by Iranian DIO 's Shahid Kaveh Industry Complex which they call Ra'ad ( has a safety selector , possibly an unlicensed copy of Glock 17 ) , Glock 19 and Kaveh - 17 ( probably an improved Ra'ad , a variant of Glock 17S ) , which all of them are unlicensed clones of Glock pistols . It is not known if they could make their way to Iranian Military and replace the Browning Hi - Power , 1911 and SIG P226 pistols and they were possibly some prototypes and have never gone on mass production . Users ( edit ) Country Organization Model Albania RENEA 34 Argentina Argentine Army 17 Australia Australian Federal Police 17 , 19 , 26 Corrective Services NSW , New South Wales Police Force , Queensland Police Service , Western Australia Police , and Northern Territory Police 22 , 23 , 27 Tasmania Police and the Australian Border Force 17 Austria Austrian Armed Forces 17 ( as Pistole 80 ) Austrian Federal Police 17 , 19 Azerbaijan 160 Glock pistols purchased in 2013 . Used by Azerbaijani Special Military Services 19 Bangladesh Numerous law enforcement agencies and Bangladesh Army 17 , 22 , 23 Belarus `` Almaz '' antiterrorist group 17 Belgium Federal and local police forces 17 , 19 , 26 Brazil Federal Police Department - Departamento de Polícia Federal ( DPF ) 17 , 19 , 26 Brazilian Special Operations Brigade - Brigada de Operações Especiais ( BOE ) 17 , 19 Institutional Security Cabinet - Gabinete de Segurança Institucional da Presidência da República ( GSI / PR ) 17 Special Police Operations Commando - Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais ( BOPE / RJ ) 17 Coordination of Special Assets - Coordenadoria de Recursos Especiais ( CORE / RJ ) 22 Canada BC Conservation Officer , Calgary , Edmonton , Ottawa , Saskatoon , Metro Vancouver Transit Police , Toronto and the Sûreté du Québec -- China Xinjiang police SWAT team 17 , 26 Colombia `` Gaula EJC '' Army antiextortion and antikidnapping group 17 Denmark Slædepatruljen Sirius special forces 20 , 26 Czech Republic Nonstandard sidearm issued to personnel on international deployments 17 601st Special Forces Group 17 Ecuador National Police 17 Various special police units such as the GOE and GIR -- Fiji Tactical Response Unit -- Finland Border Guard -- Defence Forces 17 ( as 9.00 PIST 2008 ) Department of Corrections ( Vankeinhoitolaitos ) -- Primary service firearm of the police -- France Certain naval and airborne units of the French Armed Forces : French Army Special Forces Brigade , Commandos Marine ( France ) , Research sections of Gendarmerie Nationale , National Gendarmerie Intervention Group , Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion , Groupes d'Intervention de la Police Nationale , Service de Protection des Hautes Personnalités , Brigade de recherche et d'intervention , Groupe de sécurité de la présidence de la République 17 , 19 , 26 , 34 Georgia Mainly used by GSOF and some MIA units . 17 , 21 Germany GSG 9 of the German Federal Police ( although they mostly carry Heckler & Koch USP ) , German commando frogmen of the Bundeswehr under the designation P9 17 Greece EKAM 21 Greenland Siriuspatruljen 20 Hong Kong Hong Kong Police Force ( including special units such as SDU , CTRU , ASU and SBDIV ) , ICAC and Hong Kong Customs 17 , 19 Iceland Iceland Crisis Response Unit ( ICRU ) -- Icelandic National Police -- Víkingasveitin -- India Maharashtra Force One 17 , 19 National Security Guards , MARCOS and Para Commandos 17 , 26 Special Protection Group ( replaced with FN Five - seven in 2008 ) 17 Mizoram Police 19 Iraq Iraqi security forces ( largest Glock user , purchased 125,163 pistols ) 19 Israel Israeli Defense Forces , Israel Police , Shin Bet 17 , 19 Jordan Royal Guard -- Kosovo Kosovo Police , Kosovo Security Force 17 Latvia Latvian Military 17 Lithuania Lithuanian Armed Forces 17 Lithuanian Police 17 , 19 , 26 Luxembourg Luxembourg Army 17 Unité Spéciale de la Police of the Grand Ducal Police 17 , 26 Malaysia Malaysian Armed Forces 17 , 19 , 34 Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency 19 RELA Corps 19 , 26 Royal Malaysia Police 17 , 18 , 19 , 26 , 34 Royal Malaysian Custom -- Myanmar Myanmar Police Force Special Operations Task Force 19 Mexico Mexican navy -- Monaco Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince 17 Montenegro Military of Montenegro 17 Netherlands Dutch police ( about 250 Glock 17 pistols in use as a stopgap measure by the Arrestatieteam ( Dutch SWAT ) ) 17 Military of the Netherlands The Royal Marechaussee Brigade Speciale Beveiligingsopdrachten ( Special Protection Assignments Brigade ) persoonsbeveiliging ( PB ) , observatie team ( OT ) and sky marshals sections also use the Glock 26 17 , 18 , 26 New Zealand New Zealand Police ( an `` unarmed service '' , but are trained to use firearms ) 17 New Zealand Defence Force 17 Niger In use with Police and Garde Présidentielle 17 Norway Norwegian Armed Forces 17 ( as P - 80 ) Pakistan Special Services Group 17 , 19 Philippines National Bureau of Investigation -- National Intelligence Coordinating Agency -- Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency -- Philippine National Police 17 Gen 4 Presidential Security Group 17 Philippine Marine Corps Marine Special Operations Group ( MARSOG ) 21 Poland Border Guard 19 Military Gendarmerie 17 Polish police 19 Portugal Portuguese Marine Corps 17 Public Security Police 19 Republican National Guard 19 Romania Romanian Armed Forces 17 , 17L Russia Ministry of Internal Affairs ( MVD ) , special forces 17 , 19 Federal Security Service ( FSB ) 17 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian Army 17 General Security 19 Serbia Police of Serbia 17 , 19 , 21 , 35 Singapore Singapore Prison Service 19 Special Task Squadron ( STS ) of the Police Coast Guard 19 Solomon Islands Royal Solomon Islands Police Force 17 Spain Unidad Especial de Intervención ( UEI ) group of the Spanish Civil Guard 17 Sweden Swedish Armed Forces 17 ( as Pistol 88 ) , 19 ( as Pistol 88B ) Switzerland Police ( Gendarmerie ) Cantonal of Geneva 19 Swiss Armed Forces : Swiss Grenadiers , ARD 10 , FSK - 17 17 , 26 Taiwan Various criminal investigation bureau outside major cities 19 Thailand National police ( 2,238 pistols ) 19 Turkey Gendarmerie Special Public Security Command 19 Police Special Operation Department 19 National Intelligence Organization -- United Kingdom British Armed Forces 17 ( as L131A1 ) , 17T ( as L132A1 ) Police Service of Northern Ireland ( PSNI ) 17 Scottish Police Specialist Firearms Units 17 Specialist Firearms Command of the London Metropolitan Police Service 17 , 26 United States Alabama Law Enforcement Agency 22 , 23 Alaska State Troopers 20 , 22 Atlanta Police Department 22 Anchorage Police Department 21 Baltimore City Police Department 22 Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives 22 , 27 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation 22 , 35 District of Columbia Protective Services Police Department 17 , 19 , 26 Drug Enforcement Administration 19 , 22 , 23 , 27 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Criminal Investigation Division 19 , 26 Federal Bureau of Investigation 17 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 27 Florida Highway Patrol 37 Greenville County Sheriff 's Office 21 Homeland Security Investigations 17 , 19 , 26 Honolulu Police Department 17 Houston Police Department `` 19 '' , `` 17 '' , 21 , 22 , 23 , 30 , `` 43 '' Internal Revenue Service -- Criminal Investigation 22 , 23 Jacksonville Sheriff 's Office 17 Kentucky State Police SRT 35 , 27 Leon County Sheriffs Office , Florida 21SF Los Angeles Police Department 17 , 22 Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command 19 Michigan State Police 17 , 26 United States Navy SEALs 19 New York City Police Department 19 , 17 , 26 ( off - duty ) New York State Police 37 , 39 Pennsylvania Board of Probation & Parole 21 , 30 Pennsylvania Game Commission 31 Rio Rancho Police Department New Mexico 21 South Carolina Highway Patrol 37 United States Marshals Service 17 , 19 , 22 , 23 University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign Police Department 22 Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections 19 U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System 22 , 23 Utah Highway Patrol 18 , 22 Virginia Beach Police Department 17 Winchester Police Department , Kentucky 22 Uruguay Uruguayan National Army 17 Venezuela Venezuelan Armed Forces 17 Yemen Military of Yemen 19 See also ( edit ) Glock knife Glock entrenching tool References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Timeline - GLOCK USA '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockery , Kevin ( 2007 ) . Future Weapons . New York : Penguin . p. 188 . ISBN 0425217507 . Jump up ^ `` GLOCK 18 '' . Tuffsteel Manufacturing . 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GLOCK '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Kasler , 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 2008 ) . The Gun Digest Book of the Glock ( 2nd ed . ) . Iola , WI : Krause Publications . ISBN 0896896420 . Jump up ^ Glock : The Rise of America 's Gun by Paul M. Barret Jump up ^ Horan , Daniel ( 17 January 2012 ) . `` Pistol - Packing By the Millions '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : The Editor . `` Firearms History , Technology & Development '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kasler , Peter Alan : Glock : The New Wave in Combat Handguns , page 2 . Paladin Press , 1992 . Jump up ^ Proof of Ordnance , Munitions , Armour and Explosives , Ministry of Defence Defence Standard 05 -- 101 Part 1 Archived April 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kasler , 4 Jump up ^ Mötz , Josef ( 2013 ) . Die Weiterentwicklung der Selbstladepistole I. Laxenburg : Mötz & Schuy . p. 531 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 9502342 - 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 2003 ) . The Gun Digest Book of the Glock . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . ISBN 0873495586 . Jump up ^ Kokalis , Peter G. ( October 1984 ) . `` Plastic Perfection : SOF Expert Gives Glock - 17 Great Grades '' . Soldier of Fortune Magazine . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kinard , Jeff ( 2003 ) . Pistol . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 185109475X . ^ Jump up to : Woźniak , Ryszard : Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej -- tom 2 G - Ł , page 45 . Bellona , 2001 . Jump up ^ Kasler , 6 ^ Jump up to : Kasler , 7 Jump up ^ `` British armed forces get first new pistol since World War II '' . The Register . 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Woźniak , Ryszard ( 2001 ) . Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej -- tom 2 G - Ł ( in Polish ) . Warsaw : Dom Wydawniczy Bellona . pp. 45 -- 50 . ISBN 9788311091498 . OCLC 749611548 . Jump up ^ Lunde , Ken ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Ken Lunde 's Pistol Wallpaper Pages -- Assorted Glocks ( Page 1 of 3 ) '' . Lundestudio.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lunde , Ken ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Ken Lunde 's 2009 SHOT Show Photos & Report '' . Lundestudio.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobellis , Nick ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Glock G22 RTF2 Duty Pistol '' . Police Magazine . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All4Shooters Article - Glock pistols Gen3 VS Gen4 '' ( 1 ) > ^ Jump up to : GLOCK Gen4 `` Safe Action '' ® Pistols and Accessories Brochure Jump up ^ `` Ken Lunde 's 2010 SHOT Show Photos & Report '' . Lundestudio.com. 2010 - 01 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Guns Holsters and Gear ( 2010 - 01 - 20 ) . `` More Gen 4 Glock Photos '' . Gunsholstersandgear.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SHOT Show 2010 : GLOCK brings pistols into the next generation '' . Policeone.com. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Guns Holsters and Gear. `` Gen 4 Glock Review : Evolution , not Revolution '' . Gunsholstersandgear.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Payton Miller ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Glock 17 Gen4 '' . gunsandammo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Glock Gen4 G19 and G23 Will Arrive This Summer '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recoil Spring Exchange Program '' . Glock USA . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glock wins $85 million FBI contract Jump up ^ 9mm Luger Pistols / Replacement Parts Solicitation Number : RFP - OSCU - DSU1503 Agency : Department of Justice Office : Federal Bureau of Investigation Location : Procurement Section Jump up ^ Breaking : Photo Of The New FBI Glock 17M Leaked Jump up ^ Glock 17M Recall Update Jump up ^ Glock 17M ralated news archive Jump up ^ OFFICIAL : The New GLOCK Gen5 Has Arrived http://www.thefirearmblog.com 25 August 2017 Jump up ^ TFB FIRST LOOK : The New Gen5 GLOCK 17 And Gen5 GLOCK 19 http://www.thefirearmblog.com 26 August 2017 Jump up ^ GLOCK Gen 5 Safe Action Pistols , First Look at New GLOCK 17 & 19 www.ammoland.com August 25 2017 Jump up ^ Here 's the Full Reveal of the New Glock Gen5 Pistol http://www.recoilweb.com August 24 , 2017 Jump up ^ DLC Coating Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` How the Glock Functions '' . The Gun Digest Book Of The Glock . Iola , Wisconsin : Gun Digest Books . p. 23 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2656 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kokalis , Peter : Weapons Tests and Evaluations : The Best of Soldier of Fortune , page 320 . Paladin Press , 2001 . Jump up ^ Glock Armorer Manual © 2012 p52 Jump up ^ `` Glock Holster Features '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kasler , 136 Jump up ^ Steyr M40 - A1 by Ed Friedman - Thursday , January 13 , 2011 - NRA Shooting Illustrated ^ Jump up to : Kokalis , 321 ^ Jump up to : Kasler , 137 ^ Jump up to : Kasler , 138 ^ Jump up to : `` Barrels '' . AtlantisArms.com. 2004 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Safe - action system on Glock.com '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Paul ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Glock Pistol Used by Police Raised Safety Issues '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Paul ; Grow , Brian ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Glock Pistol Used by Police Raised Safety Issues '' . Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Glock magazines Archived December 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kokalis , 322 Jump up ^ `` '' C '' Models on Glock.com `` . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MagNaPort description of reduction of perceived recoil '' . Magnaport.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters announcement for Glock models '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Glock , Inc . Introduces New Glock 30 SF . 45 Auto Short Frame Pistol at SHOT Show in Las Vegas '' , International Business Times , February 2 , 2008 Archived February 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Glock 21SF Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://handgunplanet.com/review/glock-17m-the-inside-scoop-photo-documentary/ Jump up ^ https://us.glock.com/news/release/ontario-provincial-police-replaces-its-sig-pistols-with-glock-pistols/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/08/17/tfb-tv-glock-18-machine-pistol-mini-documentary/ Jump up ^ http://www.guns.com/2017/08/07/glock-18-the-machine-pistol/ Jump up ^ http://www.guns.com/2017/08/07/glock-18-the-machine-pistol/ Jump up ^ Janes.com Archived February 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Glock 18 interchangeability with Glock 17 '' . Cybershooters.org . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Glock 19 iwb Holster '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ayoob , Massad ( September 1999 ) . `` The Glock 34 '' . Guns . The Modern Survivalist . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glock announces 6 inch barrel option for G20 '' . Reuters. 2009 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Manning , Robb ( 10 June 2015 ) . Glock Reference Guide . Iola , Wisconsin : F + W Media . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 4339 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide '' . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Martin J. Small Arms From the Civil War to the Present Day , Amber Books Ltd. ( 2005 ) , ISBN 9780760763292 . Jump up ^ McNab , Chris ( 22 December 2015 ) . Glock : The World 's Handgun . Amber Books Ltd. p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78274 - 302 - 6 . Jump up ^ The New Glock 30S -- Thefirearmblog , January 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Latest Offering from GLOCK -- Thefirearmblog.com , January 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Glock G41 Gen 4 - The Firearm Blog '' . The Firearm Blog . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Glock Model Info : `` Have any models been discontinued ? '' on GlockFAQ.com Archived January 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ATF Form 4590 '' . Recguns.com. 1996 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ James , Frank W. `` James , Frank W . `` The Glock Model 38 '' , ' ' Handguns ' ' magazine `` . Handgunsmag.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Glock magazine chart Jump up ^ `` Glock Model Info : `` What is the BATF points system and how does it affect Glocks ? '' on GlockFAQ.com `` . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Non-US Glocks '' . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Non-US Glocks : `` Glock 17A '' on `` . Glockfaq.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Glock 17A photo on RPGFirearms.com.au '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Glock with factory safety , www.glockfaq.com Archived January 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Cominolli Safety '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steve . `` DSEi 09 : Glock 17 with Thumb Safety '' . 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CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Arrestatieteams nemen Glock 17 in gebruik Archived 2008 - 09 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , De Blauwe Baret Jump up ^ `` Het nieuwe politie pistool deel 1 , SAM Wapenmagazine 156 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Het nieuwe politie pistool deel 2 , SAM Wapenmagazine 158 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Glock 17 , pistool 9 mm '' . Defensie.nl . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jones , Richard ( 2009 ) . Jane 's Infantry Weapons 2009 -- 2010 . Jane 's Information Group . p. 900 . ISBN 0710628692 . Jump up ^ Timmer , Jaap ( 2005 ) . Politiegeweld : geweldgebruik van en tegen de politie in Nederland . Kluwer . p. 606 . ISBN 9013026672 . Jump up ^ `` presents the Interactive Glock Flash '' . Topglock.com. 1985 - 01 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . 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Guns Magazine : 14 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Highway Patrol Policy Manual '' ( PDF ) . Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` HSI 's Odd Restrictions on Agents ' Personal Weapons '' . Jump up ^ `` Small Handgun Attitude '' . Guns magazine . May 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Rangehot.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky State Police SRT GLOCKs '' . Jump up ^ `` General Orders '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Equipment - Los Angeles Police Department '' . LAPD Online . Los Angeles Police Department . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Marines Allow Operators to Choose Glocks over MARSOC . 45s - Kitup.Military.com , 19 February 2015 Jump up ^ 7 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy SEALS Switch to Glock 19 ! '' . Bluesheepdog . Bluesheepdog . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Precincts '' . NYPD . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ U.S. Marshals Service for Students , A Week in the Life , Wednesday Jump up ^ Drc.ohio.gov Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach 2014 Annual Report '' ( pdf ) . Virginia Beach Police Department . 2014 . p. 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Uruguay to produce Glock pistols - Janes.com , 28 April 2013 Further reading ( edit ) Boatman , Robert H. ( 2002 ) . Living With Glocks : The Complete Guide to the New Standard in Combat Handguns . Boulder , Col. : Paladin Press . ISBN 1581603401 . Kasler , Peter Alan ( 1992 ) . Glock : The New Wave in Combat Handguns . Boulder , Col. : Paladin Press . ISBN 9780873646499 . OCLC 26280979 . Kokalis , Peter ( 2001 ) . Weapons Tests and Evaluations : The Best of Soldier of Fortune . Boulder , Col. : Paladin Press . ISBN 9781581601220 . Sweeney , Patrick ( 2003 ) . The Gun Digest Book of the Glock : A Comprehensive Review : Design , History , Use . Iola , WI : Krause Publications . ISBN 0873495586 . Taylor , Robin ( 2005 ) . The Glock in Competition : A Shooter 's `` How To '' Guide ( 2nd ed . ) . Bellingham , WA : Taylor Press . ISBN 0966251741 . Woźniak , Ryszard ( 2001 ) . Encyklopedia najnowszej broni palnej -- tom 2 G - Ł ( in Polish ) . Warsaw , Poland : Bellona . ISBN 83 - 11 - 09310 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Glock ( category ) Glock 's official website Glock 17 Gen4 Internet Movie Firearms Database : Glock pistol series US 4539889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glock&oldid=804973537 '' Categories : Semi-automatic pistols Semi-automatic pistols of Austria Police weapons 9mm Parabellum firearms 10mm Auto firearms . 357 SIG firearms . 380 ACP firearms . 40 S&W firearms . 45 ACP firearms Machine pistols . 45 GAP firearms Glock pistols Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2010 Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Bosanski Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 07 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the gen 5 glock come out | [
"In August 2017, Glock presented the \"fifth generation\" or \"Gen5\". The revisions centered on ergonomics and improving reliability. Many parts of fifth-generation Glock pistols cannot be interchanged with those of the previous generations. The two fifth-generation models announced were the Glock 17 and Glock 19, chambered for the 9×19 mm Parabellum. Some conspicuous changes on the fifth-generation models are: nDLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) surface finish for barrel and slide, new barrel rifling and a deeper rtecessed barrle crown, omission of the finger grooves on the grip, a reintroduction of a cutout on the bottom front of the grip, ambidextrous slide stop lever, and a flared magazine well. The locking block pin located above the trigger pin that was introduced in the third-generation is omitted. Many internal parts were less conspicuous revised.[39][40][41][42][43] \"Gen 5\" is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fifth-generation pistols. The magazines were also revised for the fifth-generation models. The redesigned magazine floor plates feature a frontward protruding lip to offer grip for manual assisted extraction and the magazine follower became orange colored for easier visual identification."
] | [
"August 2017"
] |
-9034536080042636560 | List of heads of state of South Africa | List of heads of state of South Africa - Wikipedia List of heads of state of South Africa Jump to : navigation , search South Africa This article is part of a series on the politics and government of South Africa Constitution ( show ) Bill of Rights Executive ( show ) President Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President David Mabuza Cabinet Shadow Cabinet Legislative ( show ) National Council of Provinces Chairperson Thandi Modise National Assembly Speaker Baleka Mbete Leader of the Opposition Mmusi Maimane Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng Deputy Chief Justice Bess Nkabinde ( Acting ) Courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal President : Mandisa Maya High Court Magistrate 's courts Electoral Court Elections ( show ) General 1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Municipal 2000 2006 2011 2016 Referendums 1960 1983 1992 Political parties Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces Districts Metropolitan municipality District municipality Municipalities ( list ) Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Related topics ( show ) Human rights Taxation Protests Repression Political assassinations Other countries Atlas This is a list of the heads of state of South Africa , from the foundation of the Union of South Africa in 1910 to the present day . From 1910 to 1961 the head of state under the South Africa Act 1909 was the Monarch , who was the same person as the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions / Commonwealth realms . The Monarch was represented in South Africa by a Governor - General . South Africa became a republic under the Constitution of 1961 and the Monarch and Governor - General were replaced by a ceremonial State President . In 1984 , under the Tricameral Constitution , the State President gained executive powers , becoming head of both state and government . Since 1994 , under the Interim Constitution and the current Constitution , the head of state and government has been called the President . Contents ( hide ) 1 Monarchs ( 1910 -- 1961 ) 1.1 Governor - General 2 Ceremonial State President of South Africa ( 1961 -- 1984 ) 3 Executive State President of South Africa ( 1984 -- 1994 ) 4 President of South Africa ( 1994 -- present ) 5 Standards 6 Living former heads of state 7 See also 8 References Monarchs ( 1910 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) The succession to the throne of South Africa was the same as the succession to the British throne . During the Abdication Crisis the South African parliament passed its own act , `` His Majesty King Edward the Eighth 's Abdication Act , 1937 '' , to ratify the abdication of Edward VIII . No Monarch ( Birth -- Death ) Portrait Reign Royal House Prime Minister Reign start Reign end King George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) 31 May 1910 20 January 1936 Saxe - Coburg and Gotha until 17 July 1917 , Windsor since 17 July 1917 Botha Smuts Hertzog King Edward VIII ( 1894 -- 1972 ) 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 ( abdicated . ) Windsor Hertzog King George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 Windsor Hertzog Smuts Malan Queen Elizabeth II ( 1926 -- ) 6 February 1952 31 May 1961 Windsor Malan Strijdom Verwoerd Governor - General ( edit ) The Governor - General was the representative of the monarch in South Africa and exercised most of the powers of the monarch . The Governor - General was appointed for an indefinite term , serving at the pleasure of the monarch . After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931 and the Status of the Union Act , 1934 , the Governor - General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of South Africa without the involvement of the British government . In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government . Status Denotes Chief Justice acting as Officer Administering the Government No Governor - General ( Birth -- Death ) Portrait Tenure Monarch Prime Minister Took office Left office The Rt . Hon . The Viscount Gladstone ( 1854 -- 1930 ) 31 May 1910 8 September 1914 George V Botha The Rt . Hon . The Earl of Buxton ( 1853 -- 1934 ) 8 September 1914 17 November 1920 George V Botha Smuts HRH Prince Arthur of Connaught ( 1883 -- 1938 ) 17 November 1920 21 January 1924 George V Smuts The Rt . Hon . The Earl of Athlone ( 1874 -- 1957 ) 21 January 1924 26 January 1931 George V Smuts Hertzog 5 The Rt . Hon . The Earl of Clarendon ( 1877 -- 1955 ) 26 January 1931 5 April 1937 George V Edward VIII George VI Hertzog 6 Sir Patrick Duncan ( 1870 -- 1943 ) 5 April 1937 17 July 1943 ( died in office . ) George VI Hertzog Smuts -- Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet ( 1873 -- 1960 ) 17 July 1943 1 January 1946 George VI Smuts 7 Gideon Brand van Zyl ( 1873 -- 1956 ) 1 January 1946 1 January 1951 George VI Smuts Malan 8 Ernest George Jansen ( 1881 -- 1959 ) 1 January 1951 25 November 1959 ( died in office . ) George VI Elizabeth II Malan Strijdom Verwoerd -- Lucas Cornelius Steyn ( 1903 -- 1976 ) 25 November 1959 11 December 1959 Elizabeth II Verwoerd 9 Charles Robberts Swart ( 1894 -- 1982 ) 11 December 1959 30 April 1961 ( resigned . ) Elizabeth II Verwoerd -- Lucas Cornelius Steyn ( 1903 -- 1976 ) 30 April 1961 31 May 1961 Elizabeth II Verwoerd Ceremonial state President of South Africa ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Under the 1961 Constitution , the first constitution of the Republic of South Africa , the State President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state . The State President was elected by Parliament for a seven - year term . In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate served as Acting State President . Status Denotes President of the Senate acting as State President No State President ( Birth -- Death ) Portrait Tenure Elected Political affiliation ( at time of appointment ) Prime Minister Took office Left office Charles Robberts Swart ( 1894 -- 1982 ) 31 May 1961 1 June 1967 ( resigned . ) -- National Party Verwoerd Vorster -- Eben Dönges ( 1898 -- 1968 ) Elected but did not take office because of illness National Party -- Jozua François Naudé ( 1889 -- 1969 ) 1 June 1967 10 April 1968 -- National Party Vorster Jacobus Johannes Fouché ( 1898 -- 1980 ) 10 April 1968 9 April 1975 -- National Party Vorster -- Johannes de Klerk ( 1903 -- 1979 ) 9 April 1975 19 April 1975 -- National Party Vorster Nico Diederichs ( 1903 -- 1978 ) 19 April 1975 21 August 1978 ( died in office . ) -- National Party Vorster -- Marais Viljoen ( 1915 -- 2007 ) 21 August 1978 10 October 1978 -- National Party Vorster Botha B.J. Vorster ( 1915 -- 1983 ) 10 October 1978 4 June 1979 ( resigned . ) -- National Party Botha 5 Marais Viljoen ( 1915 -- 2007 ) 4 June 1979 19 June 1979 -- National Party Botha 19 June 1979 3 September 1984 Executive state President of South Africa ( 1984 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Under the 1983 Constitution the State President was head of both state and government . The State President was elected by an electoral college chosen by Parliament and served until the next general election , but was eligible for re-election . In the event of a vacancy the Cabinet would nominate a member to serve as Acting State President . Status Denotes Acting State President No State President ( Birth -- Death ) Portrait Tenure Elected Political affiliation ( at time of appointment ) Took office Left office P.W. Botha ( 1916 -- 2006 ) 3 September 1984 14 September 1984 National Party 14 September 1984 15 August 1989 ( resigned . ) F.W. de Klerk ( 1936 -- ) 15 August 1989 20 September 1989 1989 National Party 20 September 1989 10 May 1994 President of South Africa ( 1994 -- present ) ( edit ) Under the Interim Constitution and the current Constitution the President is head of both state and government . The President is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election ; a President may serve a maximum of two terms . In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President . Denotes Acting President No President ( Birth -- Death ) Portrait Tenure Elected Political affiliation ( at time of appointment ) Took office Left office Nelson Mandela ( 1918 -- 2013 ) 10 May 1994 16 June 1999 1994 African National Congress Thabo Mbeki ( 1942 -- ) 16 June 1999 24 September 2008 ( resigned ) 1999 African National Congress -- Ivy Matsepe - Casaburri ( 1937 -- 2009 ) 24 September 2008 25 September 2008 -- African National Congress Kgalema Motlanthe ( 1949 -- ) 25 September 2008 9 May 2009 2008 African National Congress Jacob Zuma ( 1942 -- ) 9 May 2009 14 February 2018 ( resigned ) 2009 2014 African National Congress 5 Cyril Ramaphosa ( 1952 -- ) 14 February 2018 15 February 2018 2018 African National Congress 15 February 2018 Incumbent Standards ( edit ) Governor - General 's Standard ( 1910 -- 1931 ) Governor - General 's Standard ( 1931 -- 1952 ) Governor - General 's Standard ( 1952 -- 1961 ) State Presidential Standard ( 1961 -- 1984 ) State Presidential Standard ( 1984 -- 1994 ) Living former heads of state ( edit ) There are five living former South African Heads of State : Elizabeth II ( age 91 ) 1952 - 1961 Frederik de Klerk ( age 82 ) 1989 - 1994 Thabo Mbeki ( age 75 ) 1999 - 2008 Kgalema Motlanthe ( age 68 ) 2008 - 2009 Jacob Zuma ( age 75 ) 2009 - 2018 See also ( edit ) State President of South Africa Prime Minister of South Africa Governor - General of the Union of South Africa State President of the South African Republic ( 1857 -- 1902 ) State President of the Orange Free State List of South African Presidents by age Freedom Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Heunis was Acting State President from 19 January 1989 -- 15 March 1989 Jump up ^ Matsepe - Casaburri was Minister of Communications not Deputy President Jump up ^ Chikane , Frank ( 2012 - 04 - 28 ) . `` Emotional farewell as Mbeki holds last cabinet meeting '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . World Statesmen -- South Africa Rulers.org -- South Africa ( hide ) Heads of State of South Africa Monarch ( 1910 -- 1961 ) George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II State President ( 1961 -- 1994 ) ( under Apartheid ) Charles Robberts Swart Eben Dönges Jozua François Naudé * Jacobus Johannes Fouché Johannes de Klerk * Nico Diederichs Marais Viljoen * B.J. Vorster Marais Viljoen P.W. Botha F.W. de Klerk President ( from 1994 ) ( post-Apartheid ) Nelson Mandela Thabo Mbeki Ivy Matsepe - Casaburri * Kgalema Motlanthe Jacob Zuma Cyril Ramaphosa * Acting President Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Africa&oldid=830864592 '' Categories : Government of South Africa Lists of political office - holders in South Africa Presidents of South Africa Lists of heads of state Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use South African English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 09 : 55 . About Wikipedia | who was the last president of south africa | [
"\n\n№\nPresident\n(Birth–Death)\nPortrait\nTenure\nElected\nPolitical affiliation\n(at time of appointment)\n\n\nTook office\nLeft office\n\n\n1\nNelson Mandela\n(1918–2013)\n\n10 May 1994\n16 June 1999\n1994\n\nAfrican National Congress\n\n\n2\nThabo Mbeki\n(1942–)\n\n16 June 1999\n24 September 2008\n(resigned)\n1999\n2004\n\nAfrican National Congress\n\n\n– [2]\nIvy Matsepe-Casaburri\n(1937–2009)\n\n24 September 2008[3]\n25 September 2008\n–\n\nAfrican National Congress\n\n\n3\nKgalema Motlanthe\n(1949–)\n\n25 September 2008\n9 May 2009\n2008\n\nAfrican National Congress\n\n\n4\nJacob Zuma\n(1942–)\n\n9 May 2009\n14 February 2018\n(resigned)\n2009\n2014\n\nAfrican National Congress\n\n\n5\nCyril Ramaphosa\n(1952–)\n\n14 February 2018\n15 February 2018\n2018\n\nAfrican National Congress\n\n\n15 February 2018\nIncumbent\n\n"
] | [
"Jacob Zuma"
] |
1624185338191319841 | Half dollar (United States coin) | Half dollar ( United States coin ) - wikipedia Half dollar ( United States coin ) Half dollar United States Value 0.50 U.S. dollar Mass 11.340 g ( 0.365 troy oz ) Diameter 30.61 mm ( 1.205 in ) Thickness 2.15 mm ( 0.085 in ) Edge 150 reeds Composition 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni Years of minting 1794 -- present Catalog number -- Obverse Design John F. Kennedy Designer Gilroy Roberts Design date 1964 Reverse Design Presidential Seal Designer Frank Gasparro Design date 1964 The half dollar , sometimes referred to as the half for short , is a United States coin worth 50 cents , one - half of a dollar , and is the largest United States circulating coin currently produced in both size and weight , being 1.205 inches ( 30.61 mm ) in diameter and . 085 inches ( 2.15 mm ) in thickness , and is twice the weight of the quarter . The current half dollar , the Kennedy half dollar , depicts the profile of President John F. Kennedy on the obverse and the Seal of the President of the United States on the reverse , but the design has undergone a number of changes throughout its history . Though not commonly used today , half dollar coins have a long history of heavy use alongside other denominations of coinage , but have faded out of general circulation for many reasons . They were produced in fairly large quantities until the year 2002 , when the U.S. Mint ceased production of the coin for general circulation . As a result of its decreasing usage , a large amount of pre-2002 half dollars remain in Federal Reserve vaults , prompting the change in production . Presently , collector half dollars can be ordered directly from the U.S. Mint , and pre-2002 circulation half dollars may be ordered through most U.S. banks . Contents 1 Circulation 2 Aspects of early history 3 List of designs 4 List of early commemorative issues 5 See also 6 References Circulation ( edit ) Half dollar coins saw heavy use , particularly in the first half of the 20th century . For many years , they were commonly ( and in many areas still are ) used by the gambling community . Rolls of half dollars may still be kept on hand in cardrooms for games requiring 50 - cent antes or bring - in bets , for dealers to pay winning naturals in blackjack , or where the house collects a rake in increments . Additionally , some concession vendors at sporting events distribute half dollar coins as change for convenience . By the early 1960s , the rising price of silver was nearing the point where the bullion value of U.S. silver coins would exceed face value . In 1965 , the U.S. introduced layered composition coins made of a copper core laminated between two cupronickel outer faces . The silver content of dimes and quarters was eliminated , but the Kennedy half dollar composition still contained silver ( reduced from 90 % to 40 % ) from 1965 to 1970 . Half dollars issued through the end of the 1960s were hoarded as the only precious metal U.S. coins remaining in production , and as the price of silver continued to rise , pre-1964 halves disappeared from circulation as well . By the time that the coin 's composition was changed to match that of the clad dimes and quarters in 1971 , both businesses and the public had begun to adapt to a country in which the half dollar did not generally circulate . The half saw a moderate increase in usage during the mid 1970s , only to fall again by the end of the decade . The quarter then took over the half 's role as the highest - value component of change in general use . Most coins enter circulation through the change drawers of businesses . Few businesses stock their change drawers with half dollars , and some banks do not stock them at all . Most banks do not hand them out as normal business practice , so the coins see little circulation . Most U.S. vending machines do not accept half dollars , nor do payphones , which further curtails their circulation ; Many transit systems however , accept halves and the coin is the most common denomination used for U.S. commemorative coins . Since 2002 , half dollars have been minted only for collectors , due to large Federal Reserve and government inventories on hand of pre-2001 pieces ; this is mostly due to lack of demand and large quantity returns from casino slot machines that now operate `` coinless '' . Eventually , when the reserve supply runs low , the mint will again fill orders for circulation half dollars . It took about 18 years ( 1981 -- 1999 ) for the large inventory stockpile of a similar low - demand circulation coin , the $1 coin , to reach reserve levels low enough to again produce circulation pieces . Modern - date half dollars can be purchased in proof sets , mint sets , rolls , and bags from the U.S. Mint , and existing inventory circulation pieces can be ordered through most U.S. banks . All collector issues since 2001 have had much lower mintages than in previous years . Although intended only for collectors , these post-2001 half dollars sometimes find their way into circulation . Aspects of early history ( edit ) On December 1 , 1794 , the first half dollars , approximately 5,300 pieces , were delivered . Another 18,000 were produced in January 1795 using dies of 1794 , to save the expense of making new ones . Another 30,000 pieces were struck by the end of 1801 . The coin had the Heraldic Eagle , based on the Great Seal of the United States on the reverse . 150,000 were minted in 1804 but struck with dies from 1803 , so no 1804 specimens exist , though there were some pieces dated 1805 that carried a `` 5 over 4 '' overdate . In 1838 , half dollar dies were produced in the Philadelphia Mint for the newly established New Orleans Mint , and ten test samples of the 1838 half dollars were made at the main Philadelphia mint . These samples were put into the mint safe along with other rarities like the 1804 silver dollar . The dies were then shipped to New Orleans for the regular production of 1838 half dollars . However , New Orleans production of the half dollars was delayed due to the priority of producing half dimes and dimes . The large press for half dollar production was not used in New Orleans until January 1839 to produce 1838 half dollars , but the reverse die could not be properly secured , and only ten samples were produced before the dies failed . Rufus Tyler , chief coiner of the New Orleans mint , wrote to Mint Director Patterson of the problem on February 25 , 1839 . The Orleans mint samples all had a double stamped reverse as a result of this production problem and they also showed dramatic signs of die rust , neither of which are present on the Philadelphia produced test samples . While eight Philadelphia minted samples survive to this day , there is only one known New Orleans minted specimen with the tell - tale double stamped reverse and die rust . This is the famous coin that Rufus Tyler presented to Alexander Dallas Bache ( great grandson of Benjamin Franklin ) in the summer of 1839 and was later purchased in June 1894 by A.G. Heaton , the father of mint mark coin collecting . The 1838 Philadelphia - produced half dollars are extremely rare , with two separate specimens having sold for $632,500 in Heritage auctions in 2005 and 2008 respectively . The sole surviving Orleans minted 1838 is one of the rarest of all American coins . In 1840 this mint produced nearly 180,000 half dollars . In 1861 , the New Orleans mint produced coins for three different governments . A total of 330,000 were struck under the United States government , 1,240,000 for the State of Louisiana after it seceded from the Union , and 962,633 after it joined the Confederacy . Since the same die was used for all strikings , the output looks identical . However the Confederate States of America actually minted four half dollars with a CSA ( rather than USA ) reverse and the obverse die they used had a small die crack . Thus `` regular '' 1861 half dollars with this crack probably were used by the Confederates for some of the mass striking . There are two varieties of Kennedy half dollars in the proof set issues of 1964 . Initially , the die was used with accented hair , showing deeper lines than the president 's widow , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , liked . New dies were prepared to smooth out some of the details . It is estimated that about 1 to 3 % ( 40,000 to 100,000 ) of the proof halves are of the earlier type , making them somewhat more expensive for collectors . List of designs ( edit ) Silver half dollars Flowing Hair 1794 -- 1795 Draped Bust 1796 -- 1807 Draped Bust , Small Eagle 1796 -- 1797 Draped Bust , Heraldic Eagle 1801 -- 1807 Capped Bust 1807 -- 1839 Capped Bust ( Large Size ) , With Motto 1807 -- 1836 Capped Bust ( Small Size ) , No Motto 1836 -- 1839 Seated Liberty 1839 -- 1891 Seated Liberty , No Motto 1839 -- 1866 Seated Liberty , With Motto 1866 -- 1891 Barber 1892 -- 1915 Walking Liberty 1916 -- 1947 Franklin 1948 -- 1963 Kennedy 1964 ( General circulation issue ) ( the last 90 % silver half dollar for circulation , contains 0.36169 oz . net silver per coin , or 7.234 oz . silver per roll ) Kennedy 1992 -- present ( silver proof sets available ) 40 % silver half dollars Kennedy 1965 -- 1969 Kennedy 1970 ( collectors sets only ) Kennedy 1976 ( only collectors sets produced with 40 % silver ) Copper - nickel clad half dollars Kennedy 1971 -- 1974 , 1977 -- 1986 , 1988 -- 2001 ( general circulation issues ) Kennedy 1987 , 2002 -- present ( collectors only ) Kennedy Bicentennial 1975 -- 1976 ( all dated 1776 -- 1976 . ) Various half dollar designs List of early commemorative issues ( edit ) See also : Early United States commemorative coins § 50 Cents Silver Columbian half dollar ( 1892 -- 1893 ) Panama -- Pacific half dollar ( 1915 ) Illinois Centennial half dollar ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial half dollar ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Missouri Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial half dollar ( 1921 ) Grant Memorial half dollar ( 1922 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon half dollar ( 1924 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1925 ) Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee half dollar ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial half dollar ( 1925 ) United States Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1926 ) Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1928 ) Maryland Tercentenary half dollar ( 1934 ) Texas Centennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Daniel Boone Bicentennial half dollar ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Connecticut Tercentenary half dollar ( 1935 ) Arkansas Centennial half dollar ( 1935 -- 1939 ) Arkansas - Robinson half dollar ( 1936 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition half dollar ( 1935 -- 1936 ) Old Spanish Trail half dollar ( 1935 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Wisconsin Territorial Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar ( 1936 ) Long Island Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) York County , Maine Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Lynchburg Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Albany Charter half dollar ( 1936 ) San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge half dollar ( 1936 ) Columbia , South Carolina Sesquicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Delaware Tercentenary half dollar ( 1936 ) Battle of Gettysburg half dollar ( 1936 ) Norfolk , Virginia , Bicentennial half dollar ( 1936 ) Roanoke Island half dollar ( 1937 ) Battle of Antietam half dollar ( 1937 ) New Rochelle , New York half dollar ( 1938 ) Iowa Centennial half dollar ( 1946 ) Booker T. Washington Memorial half dollar ( 1946 -- 1954 ) See also ( edit ) United States Mint coin production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. MINT Catalog ^ Jump up to : `` kennedy - half - dollars '' . United States Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USA Commemorative Half Dollars '' . www.commem.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ United States Half Dollars Denver Coin Store . Web . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Julian , R.W. ( December 2006 ) . `` All About the Half Dollar '' . Numismatist Magazine . 119 ( 12 ) : 38 . Jump up ^ U.S. Archives , general correspondence of the Philadelphia Mint box 39 Jump up ^ `` Treatise on coinage of The United States Branch Mints '' published 1893 / author Augustus Heaton Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Proof - 63 Jump up ^ `` The Surprising History Of The 1838 - O Half Dollar '' published Jan 2012 by Ivy Press / David Stone and Mark Van Winkle authors Heritage Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Proof - 64 Jump up ^ The SS Republic Shipwreck Project : the Coin Collection , p. 23 Jump up ^ What exactly is an Accented Hair Kennedy ? Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1794 -- 95 Half Dollar Flowing Hair '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1796 -- 97 Half Dollar Draped Bust Small Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1801 -- 07 Half Dollar Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1807 -- 36 Half Dollar Capped Bust Lettered Edge '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1836 -- 39 Half Dollar Capped Bust Reeded Edge '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1839 -- 66 Half Dollar Seated Liberty No Motto '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1866 -- 91 Half Dollar Seated Liberty With Motto '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1892 -- 1915 Half Dollar Barber '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1916 -- 47 Half Dollar Walking Liberty '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1948 -- 63 Half Dollar Franklin '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ NGC Photo Proof ( 1994 ) . `` 1964 -- Half Dollar Kennedy '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 1796 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 1814 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 1839 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 1805 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1873 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 1883 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 1938 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 1945 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 1930 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 1947 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 1963 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 1860 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 1873 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 1885 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 1935 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) 1933 double eagle Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 1929 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Half dollar Columbian ( 1892 -- 93 ) Illinois Centennial ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial ( 1925 ) Oregon Trail Memorial ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial ( 1928 ) Maryland Tercentenary ( 1934 ) Texas Centennial ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary ( 1935 ) Old Spanish Trail ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial ( 1936 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut , Centennial ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial ( 1936 ) Lynchburg Sesquicentennial ( 1936 ) Norfolk , Virginia , Bicentennial ( 1936 ) Dollar Lafayette ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition ( 1904 -- 05 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial ( 1916 -- 17 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half_dollar_(United_States_coin)&oldid=860190093 '' Categories : Coins of the United States Fifty - cent coins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Русский Slovenčina 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2018 , at 23 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what do you call a 50 cent coin | [
"The half dollar, sometimes referred to as the half for short, is a United States coin worth 50 cents, one-half of a dollar, and is the largest United States circulating coin currently produced[1] in both size and weight, being 1.205 inches (30.61 mm) in diameter and .085 inches (2.15 mm) in thickness, and is twice the weight of the quarter. The current half dollar, the Kennedy half dollar, depicts the profile of President John F. Kennedy on the obverse and the Seal of the President of the United States on the reverse, but the design has undergone a number of changes throughout its history.[2]\n",
"The half dollar, sometimes referred to as the half for short, is a United States coin worth 50 cents, one-half of a dollar, and is the largest United States circulating coin currently produced[1] in both size and weight, being 1.205 inches (30.61 mm) in diameter and .085 inches (2.15 mm) in thickness, and is twice the weight of the quarter. The current half dollar, the Kennedy half dollar, depicts the profile of President John F. Kennedy on the obverse and the Seal of the President of the United States on the reverse, but the design has undergone a number of changes throughout its history.[2]\n"
] | [
"half dollar",
"the half"
] |
825501164612872161 | Star Wars: The Last Jedi | Star Wars : the Last Jedi - wikipedia Star Wars : the Last Jedi Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the 2005 young adult book series Star Wars : The Last of the Jedi . Star Wars : The Last Jedi Teaser poster Directed by Rian Johnson Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Ram Bergman Written by Rian Johnson Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Lupita Nyong'o Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Gwendoline Christie Andy Serkis Benicio del Toro Laura Dern Kelly Marie Tran Music by John Williams Cinematography Steve Yedlin Edited by Bob Ducsay Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( also known as Star Wars : Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi ) is an upcoming American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson . It is the second film in the Star Wars sequel trilogy , following Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . The film is produced by Lucasfilm and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It stars Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong'o , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , Gwendoline Christie , and Andy Serkis in returning roles . New cast members include Benicio del Toro , Laura Dern , and Kelly Marie Tran . Fisher died in December 2016 , making The Last Jedi her final film role . The film was announced after Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 . It is produced by Ram Bergman and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy . John Williams , composer for the previous seven films , returns to compose the score . Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015 , with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016 . Post-production wrapped up in September 2017 . The Last Jedi is scheduled for release on December 15 , 2017 . A sequel , tentatively titled Star Wars : Episode IX , is scheduled for December 20 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Filming 2.4 Music 3 Release 3.1 Marketing 4 Sequel 5 References 6 External links Cast Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members The Last Jedi marked the final film performance of Carrie Fisher , who died in 2016 . Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker , a powerful Jedi Master who has been in self - imposed exile on the planet Ahch - To , and the son of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala . Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa , twin sister to Luke , former princess of Alderaan , and a leading general in the Resistance . The Last Jedi was the final film that Fisher worked on . She died on December 27 , 2016 , after completing her work on the film . Adam Driver as Kylo Ren , Supreme Leader Snoke 's loyal servant who is strong with the dark side of the Force and leader to the Knights of Ren . He was born Ben Solo , the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa , nephew of Luke Skywalker , and the grandson of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala . Daisy Ridley as Rey , a highly Force - sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker . John Boyega as Finn , a former stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance . Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron , an X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance . Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata , a pirate and longtime friend of Han Solo and Chewbacca . Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux , the former head of the First Order 's Starkiller Base . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO , a humanoid protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa . Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma , the commander of the First Order 's stormtroopers . Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke , the mysterious leader of the First Order and Kylo Ren 's master . Benicio del Toro as an unnamed character , referred to by writer and director Rian Johnson as `` DJ '' . Laura Dern as Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo , an officer in the Resistance . Kelly Marie Tran as Rose Tico , a member of the Resistance who works in maintenance . Other cast members include Peter Mayhew and Joonas Suotamo , both returning to portray Chewbacca , Mike Quinn as Nien Nunb , Timothy D. Rose as Admiral Ackbar , Billie Lourd as Lieutenant Connix , and Simon Pegg as Unkar Plutt , all of whom are reprising their roles . Jimmy Vee will play R2 - D2 . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , Prince Harry and Tom Hardy will make cameo appearances as stormtroopers . Gary Barlow also has a cameo appearance in the film . Gareth Edwards , director of the Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One , has a cameo in the film . Joseph Gordon - Levitt has a voice cameo in the film . Warwick Davis and Noah Segan have been cast in unspecified roles . Veronica Ngo portrays Paige Tico , a Resistance gunner and Rose 's sister . Justin Theroux will play a slicer , an individual who specializes in breaking encryption . Production Development See also : Star Wars sequel trilogy In October 2012 , Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm , and with it the Star Wars franchise , to The Walt Disney Company . Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films . J.J. Abrams was named director of the first episode in the trilogy , The Force Awakens , in January 2013 . In June 2014 , director Rian Johnson was reported to be in talks to write and direct its sequel , dubbed Episode VIII , and to write a treatment for the third film , Episode IX , with Ram Bergman producing both films . Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII . In September , filmmaker Terry Gilliam asked Johnson about what it felt like to take over something that was made famous by another filmmaker , to which Johnson responded : I 'm just starting into it , but so far , honestly , it 's the most fun I 've ever had writing . It 's just joyous . But also for me personally , I grew up not just watching those movies but playing with those toys , so as a little kid , the first movies I was making in my head were set in this world . A big part of it is that direct connection , almost like an automatic jacking back into childhood in a weird way . But I do n't know , ask me again in a few years and we 'll be able to talk about that . According to Johnson , the story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens . He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High , The Bridge on the River Kwai , Gunga Din , Three Outlaw Samurai , Sahara , and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas . He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished . In December 2015 , Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy admitted that `` we have n't mapped out every single detail ( of the sequel trilogy ) yet '' . She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with ( then ) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition . Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski . Lucasfilm announced the film 's title , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , on January 23 , 2017 . Casting In September 2015 , Disney shortlisted the female cast members to Gina Rodriguez , Tatiana Maslany , and Olivia Cooke . Later that month , Benicio del Toro confirmed that he will play the villain in the film , and Mark Hamill was also confirmed . In October 2015 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw was rumored to have been cast in the film . In November , Jimmy Vee was cast as R2 - D2 . In November , Kennedy announced at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that the entire cast would return for Episode VIII , along with `` a handful '' of new cast members . In February 2016 , at the start of filming , it was confirmed that Laura Dern and Kelly Marie Tran had been cast in unspecified roles . In April 2017 , at Star Wars Celebration Orlando , Lucasfilm announced that Tran plays Resistance maintenance worker Rose Tico , which Johnson described as the film 's largest new role . Filming Second unit photography began during pre-production at Skellig Michael in Ireland on September 14 , 2015 , due to the difficulties of filming at that location during other seasons . It would have lasted four days , but filming was canceled for the first day due to poor weather and rough conditions . In November 2014 , Ivan Dunleavy , chief executive of Pinewood Studios , confirmed that the film would be shot at Pinewood , with filming also occurring in Mexico . In September 2015 , del Toro revealed that principal photography would begin in March 2016 ; however , Kennedy later stated that filming would begin in January 2016 . The production began work on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios on November 15 , 2015 . Rick Heinrichs served as production designer . In January 2016 , production of Episode VIII was delayed until February 2016 , due to script rewrites . Additionally , filming was potentially in danger of being delayed further due to an upcoming strike between the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television and the Broadcasting , Entertainment , Cinematograph and Theatre Union . On February 10 , 2016 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that principal photography had begun , under the working title Space Bear . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May . Malin Head in County Donegal and a mountain headland , Ceann Sibeal in County Kerry , served as additional filming locations . Principal photography wrapped on July 22 , 2016 , though as of early September 2016 , Nyong'o had not filmed her scenes . In February 2017 , it was announced that sequences from the film were shot in IMAX . Music In July 2013 , Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that John Williams would return to score the Star Wars sequel trilogy . At a Tanglewood concert in August 2016 , Williams confirmed he is scheduled to start scoring Episode VIII . Williams said he would begin recording the score `` off and on '' in December 2016 until March or April 2017 . On February 21 , 2017 , it was confirmed that recording was underway , with Williams conducting . Release In January 2015 , Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017 , and in March , Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26 , 2017 . In January 2016 , The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15 , 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D . On January 23 , 2017 , the film 's title was announced as Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens , `` Episode VIII '' will be included in the film 's opening crawl , although not in its official title . Marketing A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12 , 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween . On 19 September , Australia Post released a set stamp packs in Australia . Sequel Episode IX , the final installment of the sequel trilogy , is scheduled to be released on December 20 , 2019 . Variety reported that prior to her death in December 2016 , Carrie Fisher had been expected to appear in Episode IX . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated that there were no plans to digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . Though Fisher 's family granted the rights to use recent footage of Fisher for Star Wars : Episode IX , in April 2017 Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in January 2018 . On September 5 , 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down as director . A week later , Lucasfilm announced that Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio . References ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams To Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Empire Online . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . StarWars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson reveals first look at Star Wars Episode VIII 's opening crawl '' . Radio Times . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Star Wars Episode VIII : the Last Jedi will be released in UK cinemas on the 15th December Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Wraps Postproduction , Says Rian Johnson '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Majella ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bad weather halts Star Wars filming on Skellig Michael '' . The Irish Examiner . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruby , Jennifer ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy confirms that entire cast will return for eighth film '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` These Will Be Carrie Fisher 's Final TV and Movie Roles '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schladebeck , Jessica ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Future of ' Star Wars ' sequel trilogy unclear after Carrie Fisher 's death '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher , Child of Hollywood and ' Star Wars ' Royalty , Dies at 60 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Two More Actors Confirmed to Return for Star Wars Episode VIII '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Isaac Talks ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' and Going After X-Men's Apocalypse ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Moviefone . March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ; Cabin , Chris ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` This ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Character Will Be Back For ' Episode VIII ' '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kamp , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Star Wars : The Last Jedi , the Definitive Preview '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yee , Lawrence ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Rose , the ' Biggest New Part ' in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` See the Cast of Star Wars : The Last Jedi on Four Exclusive Vanity Fair Covers '' . Vanity Fair . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ English , Rebecca ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Duke Skywalker ! William and Harry duel with light sabers as they meet the Star Wars cast and crew on set at Pinewood - before getting a VERY hairy hug from Chewbacca '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Valverde , Michael ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Nien Nunb Will Return For Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . Dork Side of the Force . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` This Classic Star Wars Character Will Be Returning For Episode VIII '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Billie Lourd Will Return With A Larger Role In ' Star Wars Episode 8 ' '' . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Pegg Negotiating to Join Ready Player One Adaptation by Steven Spielberg '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McEwan , Cameron ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Doctor Who actor Jimmy Vee is the new R2 - D2 in Star Wars Episode 8 '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : R2 - D2 Role to Be Filled by Jimmy Vee in ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Hardy confirmed for Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Boyega confirms royal cameos in ' Star Wars ' '' . m.screendaily.com . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Gary Barlow confirms secret Star Wars cameo '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Updates on Episode VIII and young Han Solo movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chung , Frank ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Warwick Davis on Star Wars : Episode VIII ' cliffhanger ' , possible Willow sequel '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nobile , Phil ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Noah Segan Playing in STAR WARS ? '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jansen ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' Trailer Rumor : Another Mystery Character to Appear and More '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite '' . StarWars.com . January 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Stand - Alone ' Star Wars ' Films '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson to Write and Direct ' Star Wars ' 8 -- But Not 9 '' . The Wrap . The Wrap . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rian Johnson Talks about Taking on Star Wars Episode VIII '' . Coming Soon . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII will be classic war film like The Bridge on the River Kwai , director reveals '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Actor John Boyega on Finn 's Past : ' I 've Got Some Conspiracy Theories ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode VIII to Open December 15 , 2017 '' . StarWars.com . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Shortlist Includes Gina Rodriguez , Tatiana Maslany , Olivia Cooke ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Confirms Casting In Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . Empire . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Casts Gugu Mbatha - Raw '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : Star Wars : Episode VIII will shoot in Ireland this month '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Graham ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael : Is 6th - century rock star selling out to a galaxy far , far away ? '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Notice No. 44 of 2015 -- Filming Activity at Sceilig Mhichíl , Co . Kerry '' ( PDF ) . Department of Transport , Tourism and Sport . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucey , Anne ; Pollak , Sorcha ; Ruxton , Dean ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael ' Star Wars ' filming cancelled amid high winds '' . Irish Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alirjaafar ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Returning To Pinewood For ' Episode VIII ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' : 35 Things to Know about the Ambitious Video Game Adaptation '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Line Bookings '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' Rewrites to Include More ' Force Awakens ' Characters ? '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII among films facing delays as lighting technicians threaten revolt '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII has started filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Malin Head locals feel the force of legendary film '' . BBC . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o Has n't Shot Her ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' Role Despite Rian Johnson Wrapping Production '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Mark ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Scene Shot in IMAX , Plus MORE Disney IMAX Releases '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Karissa ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' news : John Williams to score upcoming installment '' . Vine Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` John Williams confirms he 's working on the score for Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' and ' The BFG ' Tap Into Magical Musical Worlds '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Keenan ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams Already Hard at Work Composing ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Geek.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Disney CEO Confirms Release Years for ' Star Wars Episode VIII ' and ' IX ' , Teases More Trilogies '' . / Film . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII coming in May 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Also , writer / director Rian Johnson 's Star Wars : Episode VIII -- to follow J.J. Abrams ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens , out December 18 -- is now scheduled to arrive on the big screen May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` First Star Wars Stand - Alone , Rogue One , Will Have Female Lead In Felicity Jones '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Star Wars : Episode VIII will indeed be directed by Rian Johnson ( Looper ) and will be released on May 26 , 2017 , or around the 40th anniversary of the original Star Wars . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Gets New Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Director Shares Look from Editing Bay '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moran , Lee ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars ' Postage Stamps Are ' Bleep Bloop ' Beautiful '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philatelic team ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sensational licensed stamp packs for September '' . Australia Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNestrie , Adam ; Ascher , Dan ; Neill , Matthew ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Lloyd 's braced for $50 mn Carrie Fisher Star Wars claim '' . The Insurance Insider . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding New Rumors '' . StarWars.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desorbough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' , says brother Todd Fisher '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornbuckle , Jon ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode IX to delay filming until 2018 following script rewrites after Carrie Fisher 's tragic death '' . The Sun . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Lawrence ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode IX to begin filming in January 2018 '' . Click Lancashire . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding Star Wars : Episode IX '' . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Star Wars portal Disney portal 2010s portal Official website Star Wars : The Last Jedi on IMDb Star Wars : The Last Jedi at AllMovie Star Wars : The Last Jedi at Rotten Tomatoes Star Wars : The Last Jedi at Box Office Mojo Star Wars : The Last Jedi Characters Luke Skywalker General Leia Organa Kylo Ren Rey Finn Poe Dameron Maz Kanata Supreme Leader Snoke General Hux C - 3PO Chewbacca BB - 8 Captain Phasma R2 - D2 Admiral Ackbar Nien Nunb Starships A-wing Millennium Falcon Star Destroyer TIE fighter X-wing fighter Tie - in media Journey to Star Wars : The Last Jedi Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 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shot at Pinewood Studios Science fiction adventure films Star Wars films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 11 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is star wars the last jedi being filmed | [
"The film was announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It is produced by Ram Bergman and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy. John Williams, composer for the previous seven films, returns to compose the score. Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015, with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016. Post-production wrapped up in September 2017.[4] The Last Jedi is scheduled for release on December 15, 2017."
] | [
"Pinewood Studios in England"
] |
-4856461047639104201 | Perth Arena | Perth Arena - Wikipedia Perth Arena Jump to : navigation , search Perth Arena Location Perth , Western Australia Coordinates 31 ° 56 ′ 54 '' S 115 ° 51 ′ 7 '' E / 31.94833 ° S 115.85194 ° E / - 31.94833 ; 115.85194 Coordinates : 31 ° 56 ′ 54 '' S 115 ° 51 ′ 7 '' E / 31.94833 ° S 115.85194 ° E / - 31.94833 ; 115.85194 Owner VenuesWest Operator AEG Ogden Capacity Basketball / netball : 14,846 Tennis : 13,910 Maximum capacity : 15,500 Construction Broke ground 2007 Opened 10 November 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 10 ) Construction cost A $ 548.7 million Architect Ashton Raggatt McDougall , Cameron Chisholm Nicol Tenants Perth Wildcats ( NBL ) ( 2012 -- present ) Hopman Cup ( 2012 / 13 -- ) West Coast Fever ( ANZ ) ( 2013 -- 2016 ) , ( NNL ) ( 2017 -- ) Website Official website Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city centre of Perth , Western Australia , used mostly for basketball matches . It is located on Wellington Street near the site of the former Perth Entertainment Centre , and was officially opened on 10 November 2012 . The Perth Arena is the first stage of the Perth City Link , a 13.5 hectare major urban renewal and redevelopment project which involves the sinking of the Fremantle railway line to link the Perth central business district directly with Northbridge . The Perth Arena was jointly designed by architectural firms Ashton Raggatt McDougall and Cameron Chisholm Nicol . With its design based on the Eternity puzzle , the venue will hold up to 13,910 spectators for tennis events , 14,846 for basketball ( the arena 's capacity is capped at 13,000 for National Basketball League regular season games ) and a maximum of 15,000 for music or rock concerts . The venue has a retractable roof , 36 luxury appointed corporate suites , a 680 - bay underground car park , 5 dedicated function spaces , and touring trucks can drive directly onto the arena floor . Perth Arena is owned by VenuesWest ( which operates HBF Stadium , Bendat Basketball Centre , HBF Arena and others ) on behalf of The State Government of Western Australia and is managed by AEG Ogden . The inaugural General Manager of Perth Arena was David Humphreys , former General Manager of the Perth Entertainment Centre and Allphones Arena in Sydney . Humphreys died two months before the venue 's opening . AEG Ogden announced Steve Hevern as the interim General Manager on 3 October 2012 . Anchor tenants of Perth Arena include the West Coast Fever , Perth Wildcats and the Hopman Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Entertainment 3 Sports 3.1 Basketball 3.2 Tennis 3.3 Netball 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Construction ( edit ) The arena under construction in February 2011 , with underlying steel framework visible The tender for the project was won by Western Australian construction consortium BGC , and work commenced on the site in June 2007 . The construction was marred by controversy in relation to the cost and time blowouts from the original $150 million estimate to $550 million . Auditor General Colin Murphy reported in 2010 that `` The initial estimates of the cost and opening date for the Arena were unrealistic and made before the project was well understood or defined . '' An example of the modifications to the original Arena design is the change of the carpark location from being built above the nearby railway line as a separate project to underneath the Arena itself . Entertainment ( edit ) Main article : Entertainment events at Perth Arena Inside Perth Arena at `` Plug Into Perth '' concert , 2 November 2012 Sports ( edit ) Basketball ( edit ) The Perth Arena hosted its first National Basketball League game on 16 November 2012 when the Perth Wildcats played ( and lost to ) the Adelaide 36ers in front of a crowd of 11,562 . The attendance was the largest recorded in Western Australia , breaking the previous record of 8,501 set at the Burswood Dome in 2004 . The arena has since hosted larger crowds , with the current record being 13,611 set during the Wildcats 95 - 84 loss to the Adelaide 36ers in a top of the table clash on 14 January 2017 during Round 15 of the 2016 -- 17 NBL season . With a capacity of 14,846 , Perth Arena is the second largest venue currently in use in the NBL ( 2016 -- 17 ) behind the Qudos Bank Arena in Sydney ( 18,200 ) . The arena is also the 3rd largest venue ever used in the NBL behind Sydney and the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne ( 15,400 ) . Tennis ( edit ) On 4 January 2017 , a record crowd of 13,785 attended the venue for the Hopman Cup match between Germany and Switzerland . This was also the highest attendance for a tennis match in Western Australian history . Netball ( edit ) On 27 April 2013 , the ANZ Championship netball played its first game at the Perth Arena when the West Coast Fever hosted the Melbourne Vixens , with the visiting Vixens running out 58 - 49 winners . The ANZ Championship returned to the venue on 12 May 2014 when the Fever hosted the NSW Swifts . The Fever have played four games at the Arena , in which all four have been defeats . The first International netball Test was played at the Arena on 30 October 2015 between Australia and New Zealand in the final test of the Constellation Cup . New Zealand were the winners , winning by 11 goals. The biggest crowd to a netball match at the Arena ( and in Western Australia ) was 12,845 which was recorded at the first international test held at the Arena . In 2016 , The West Coast Fever signed an agreement to play more games at the venue starting at the Suncorp Super Netball in 2017 . See also ( edit ) Lists of stadiums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Govt settles BGC arena row '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena price tag nears $550 m '' . PerthNow . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` First look inside Perth Arena '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Perth City Link : Reconnecting the City '' . Metropolitan Redevelopment Authority . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena Events Mode : Tennis '' ( PDF ) . VenuesWest . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena Events Mode : Basketball '' ( PDF ) . VenuesWest . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena Design '' . AEG Ogden . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` VenuesWest Media Release '' ( PDF ) . VenuesWest . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Big player to head Perth Arena '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena general manager David Humphreys dies before venue opening '' . Perth Now . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` STEVE HEVERN APPOINTED INTERIM GENERAL MANAGER AT PERTH ARENA '' . Australasian Leisure Management . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Wildcats owner says Perth Arena will change basketball '' . PerthNow . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena to ensure Hopman Cup stays in WA '' . WA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Arena costs have ' blown out ' , says WA auditor general '' . PerthNow . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Chris Robinson ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Adelaide 36ers spoil Perth Wildcats ' debut game at the new Perth Arena '' . News Limited . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Record crowd at first home game '' . Basketball Australia . 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Round 7 Stat Attack '' . Basketball Australia . 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Perth Wildcats to open new venue with record crowd '' . Basketball Australia . 2012 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ 2016 - 17 NBL Round 15 Perth vs Adelaide Jump up ^ Russell Reid and Bridget Lacy ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Federer upset in Hopman Cup , France intend to spoil party '' . thewest.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shannon Hampton ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Hopman Cup to stay after record crowds '' . thewest.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://netball.com.au/diamonds-lose-test-but-retain-constellation-cup/ . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perth Arena . Perth Arena AEG Worldwide Perth Wildcats Est. 1982 in Perth , Western Australia as the Westate Wildcats Franchise History Arenas Perry Lakes Basketball Stadium Perth Entertainment Centre Challenge Stadium Burswood Dome Perth Arena League NBL Retired numbers ( 6 ) 6 7 14 15 21 30 NBL Championships ( 7 ) 1990 1991 1995 2000 2014 2016 NBL runners - up ( 5 ) 1993 2003 2012 2013 Rivals Adelaide 36ers New Zealand Breakers Important figures Mike Ellis Cal Bruton James Crawford Tiny Pinder Ricky Grace Andrew Vlahov Scott Fisher Alan Black Paul Rogers Shawn Redhage Kevin Lisch Damian Martin Trevor Gleeson Seasons ( 36 ) 1980s 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1993 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 West Coast Fever Established 1997 in Perth , Australia Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Competitions Commonwealth Bank Trophy ( as the Perth Orioles ; 1997 -- 2007 ) ANZ Championship ( 2008 -- 2016 ) National Netball League ( 2017 -- present ) Home venues Main : Perth Arena Alternate : HBF Stadium Official website www.westcoastfever.com.au Links to related articles Landmarks of Perth Buildings and structures Perth Town Hall Parliament House State Library of Western Australia Precincts Chinatown Northbridge Parks and open spaces Supreme Court Gardens Stirling Gardens Queens Gardens Russell Square Kings Park Hyde Park Gija Jumulu Cultural institutions Art Gallery of Western Australia Western Australian Museum Sport Arena Joondalup Ascot Racecourse Barbagallo Raceway Belmont Park Racecourse Gloucester Park HBF Stadium Lake Karrinyup Country Club Perth Hockey Stadium Perth Motorplex Perth Oval ( nib Stadium ) Perth SpeedDome Subiaco Oval ( Domain Stadium ) WACA Ground Western Australian Athletics Stadium Western Australian Basketball Centre Transportation East Perth Terminal Perth Station Elizabeth Quay Station Elizabeth Quay Bus Station Roe Street bus station Perth Busport Entertainment Crown Perth Perth Concert Hall Perth Arena Beaches and islands Cottesloe Beach Coogee Beach National Basketball League arenas Current arenas Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre Brisbane Entertainment Centre Cairns Convention Centre Hisense Arena North Shore Events Centre ( NZ ) Perth Arena Qudos Bank Arena State Netball and Hockey Centre Titanium Security Arena Spark Arena ( NZ ) WIN Entertainment Centre Former arenas AIS Arena Albert Park Basketball Stadium Alexandria Stadium Apollo Stadium Auchenflower Stadium Bankstown Basketball Stadium Beaton Park Stadium Bendigo Basketball Stadium Burswood Dome Canberra Showgrounds Canterbury Arena ( NZ ) Carrara Indoor Stadium Challenge Stadium Chandler Arena Dandenong Basketball Stadium Derwent Entertainment Centre Dowling Street Stadium Geelong Arena Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Keilor Stadium Ken Watson Stadium Kingborough Sports Centre Liverpool Basketball Stadium Margaret Court Arena Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre Mystery Creek Events Centre ( NZ ) Niels Hansen Stadium Newcastle Entertainment Centre Newcastle Sports Entertainment Centre Perry Lakes Basketball Stadium Perth Entertainment Centre Qantas Credit Union Arena Rod Laver Arena Singapore Indoor Stadium Sydney Olympic Park Sports Centre The Glass House Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre Townsville RSL Stadium Trusts Stadium ( NZ ) TSB Bank Arena ( NZ ) Whitlam Centre Suncorp Super Netball venues Current venues Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre Hisense Arena Perth Arena Priceline Stadium State Sports Centre University of Sunshine Coast Stadium Occasional venues Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre HBF Stadium Margaret Court Arena Qudos Bank Arena Titanium Security Arena ANZ Championship venues Main venues Australia Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre HBF Stadium Hisense Arena Priceline Stadium Sydney Olympic Park Sports Centre State Netball and Hockey Centre New Zealand Arena Manawatu Claudelands Arena Horncastle Arena ILT Stadium Southland ILT Velodrome Marlborough Lines Stadium 2000 Mystery Creek Events Centre North Shore Events Centre Pettigrew Green Arena Queen Elizabeth Youth Centre Saxton Stadium Taupo Events Centre Trafalgar Centre The Trusts Arena Occasional venues Australia Adelaide Entertainment Centre AIS Arena Brisbane Entertainment Centre Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Perth Arena Margaret Court Arena Newcastle Entertainment Centre Qudos Bank Arena Rod Laver Arena Titanium Security Arena New Zealand ASB Arena Edgar Centre Energy Events Centre Te Rauparaha Arena TSB Bank Arena Vector Arena Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth_Arena&oldid=787205587 '' Categories : Landmarks in Perth , Western Australia Sports venues in Perth , Western Australia National Basketball League ( Australia ) venues Tennis venues in Australia Netball venues in Australia Retractable - roof stadiums Perth Wildcats West Coast Fever Music venues in Perth Indoor arenas in Australia Multi-purpose stadiums in Australia 2012 establishments in Australia Sports venues completed in 2012 Music venues completed in 2012 Wellington Street , Perth Perth City Link Hidden categories : Use Australian English from January 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from January 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox venue with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the government of western australia vest the ownership of perth arena to | [
"Perth Arena is owned by VenuesWest (which operates HBF Stadium, Bendat Basketball Centre, HBF Arena and others) on behalf of The State Government of Western Australia and is managed by AEG Ogden.[8]"
] | [
"VenuesWest"
] |
-76581666427381751 | Email | Email - wikipedia Email Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the communications medium . For the former manufacturing conglomerate , see Email Limited . `` Inbox '' redirects here . For the Google product , see Inbox by Gmail . This screenshot shows the `` Inbox '' page of an email client , where users can see new emails and take actions , such as reading , deleting , saving , or responding to these messages The at sign , a part of every SMTP email address Electronic mail ( email or e-mail ) is a method of exchanging messages ( `` mail '' ) between people using electronic devices . Email first entered limited use in the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email . Email operates across computer networks , which today is primarily the Internet . Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time , in common with instant messaging . Today 's email systems are based on a store - and - forward model . Email servers accept , forward , deliver , and store messages . Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously ; they need to connect only briefly , typically to a mail server or a webmail interface , for as long as it takes to send or receive messages . Originally an ASCII text - only communications medium , Internet email was extended by Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME ) to carry text in other character sets and multimedia content attachments . International email , with internationalized email addresses using UTF - 8 , has been standardized , but as of 2017 it has not been widely adopted . The history of modern Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET , with standards for encoding email messages published as early as 1973 ( RFC 561 ) . An email message sent in the early 1970s looks very similar to a basic email sent today . Email had an important role in creating the Internet , and the conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Origin 3 Operation 4 Message format 4.1 Message header 4.1. 1 Header fields 4.2 Message body 4.2. 1 Content encoding 4.2. 2 Plain text and HTML 5 Servers and client applications 5.1 Filename extensions 5.2 URI scheme mailto 6 Types 6.1 Web - based email 6.2 POP3 email services 6.3 IMAP email servers 6.4 MAPI email servers 7 Uses 7.1 Business and organizational use 7.1. 1 Email marketing 7.2 Personal use 7.2. 1 Personal computer 7.2. 2 Mobile 7.2. 3 Declining use among young people 8 Issues 8.1 Attachment size limitation 8.2 Information overload 8.3 Spam 8.4 Malware 8.5 Email spoofing 8.6 Email bombing 8.7 Privacy concerns 8.8 Flaming 8.9 Email bankruptcy 8.10 Internationalization 8.11 Tracking of sent mail 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology ( edit ) Historically , the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission . For example , several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission . As a result , it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today . Electronic mail has been most commonly called email or e-mail since around 1993 , but variations of the spelling have been used : email is the most common form used online , and is required by IETF Requests for Comments ( RFC ) and working groups and increasingly by style guides . This spelling also appears in most dictionaries . e-mail is the format that sometimes appears in edited , published American English and British English writing as reflected in the Corpus of Contemporary American English data , but is falling out of favor in some style guides . mail was the form used in the original protocol standard , RFC 524 . The service is referred to as mail , and a single piece of electronic mail is called a message . EMail is a traditional form that has been used in RFCs for the `` Author 's Address '' and is expressly required `` for historical reasons '' . E-mail is sometimes used , capitalizing the initial E as in similar abbreviations like E-piano , E-guitar , A-bomb , and H - bomb . An Internet e-mail consists of an envelope and content ; the content in turn consists of a header and a body . Origin ( edit ) Main article : History of email Computer - based mail and messaging became possible with the advent of time - sharing computers in the early 1960s , and informal methods of using shared files to pass messages were soon expanded into the first mail systems . Most developers of early mainframes and minicomputers developed similar , but generally incompatible , mail applications . Over time , a complex web of gateways and routing systems linked many of them . Many US universities were part of the ARPANET ( created in the late 1960s ) , which aimed at software portability between its systems . That portability helped make the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) increasingly influential . For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the X. 400 email system , part of the Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile ( GOSIP ) , would predominate . However , once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995 , a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP , POP3 and IMAP email protocols the standard . Operation ( edit ) The diagram to the right shows a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender Alice transmits a message using a mail user agent ( MUA ) addressed to the email address of the recipient . Email operation The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol , a profile of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) , to send the message content to the local mail submission agent ( MSA ) , in this case smtp.a.org . The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol ( not from the message header ) , in this case [email protected] . The part before the @ sign is the local part of the address , often the username of the recipient , and the part after the @ sign is a domain name . The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the fully qualified domain name of the mail server in the Domain Name System ( DNS ) . The DNS server for the domain b.org ( ns.b.org ) responds with any MX records listing the mail exchange servers for that domain , in this case mx.b.org , a message transfer agent ( MTA ) server run by the recipient 's ISP . smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP . This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final message delivery agent ( MDA ) . The MDA delivers it to the mailbox of user bob . Bob 's MUA picks up the message using either the Post Office Protocol ( POP3 ) or the Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) . In addition to this example , alternatives and complications exist in the email system : Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system , such as IBM Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange . These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor - specific , proprietary protocol . The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product 's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting . If Alice and Bob work for the same company , the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system . Alice may not have a MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a webmail service . Alice 's computer may run its own MTA , so avoiding the transfer at step 1 . Bob may pick up his email in many ways , for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly , or by using a webmail service . Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if the primary is not available . Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them . Such MTAs are called open mail relays . This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable . However , this mechanism proved to be exploitable by originators of unsolicited bulk email and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare , and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays . Message format ( edit ) The Internet email message format is now defined by RFC 5322 , with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments being defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049 , collectively called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions or MIME . RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 2822 in 2008 , and in turn RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 -- which had been the standard for Internet email for nearly 20 years . Published in 1982 , RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET . Internet email messages consist of two major sections , the message header and the message body , collectively known as content . The header is structured into fields such as From , To , CC , Subject , Date , and other information about the email . In the process of transporting email messages between systems , SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields . The body contains the message , as unstructured text , sometimes containing a signature block at the end . The header is separated from the body by a blank line . Message header ( edit ) Each message has exactly one header , which is structured into fields . Each field has a name and a value . RFC 5322 specifies the precise syntax . Informally , each line of text in the header that begins with a printable character begins a separate field . The field name starts in the first character of the line and ends before the separator character `` : '' . The separator is then followed by the field value ( the `` body '' of the field ) . The value is continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first character . Field names and values are restricted to 7 - bit ASCII characters . Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME encoded words . Header fields ( edit ) Email header fields can be multi-line , and each line should be at most 78 characters long and in no event more than 998 characters long . Header fields defined by RFC 5322 can only contain US - ASCII characters ; for encoding characters in other sets , a syntax specified in RFC 2047 can be used . Recently the IETF EAI working group has defined some standards track extensions , replacing previous experimental extensions , to allow UTF - 8 encoded Unicode characters to be used within the header . In particular , this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters . Such addresses are supported by Google and Microsoft products , and promoted by some governments . The message header must include at least the following fields : From : The email address , and optionally the name of the author ( s ) . In many email clients not changeable except through changing account settings . Date : The local time and date when the message was written . Like the From : field , many email clients fill this in automatically when sending . The recipient 's client may then display the time in the format and time zone local to them . RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the IANA ; it provides for permanent and provisional field names , including also fields defined for MIME , netnews , and HTTP , and referencing relevant RFCs . Common header fields for email include : To : The email address ( es ) , and optionally name ( s ) of the message 's recipient ( s ) . Indicates primary recipients ( multiple allowed ) , for secondary recipients see Cc : and Bcc : below . Subject : A brief summary of the topic of the message . Certain abbreviations are commonly used in the subject , including `` RE : '' and `` FW : '' . Cc : Carbon copy ; Many email clients will mark email in one 's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To : or Cc : list . ( Bcc : Blind carbon copy ; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery , and not usually listed in the message header . ) Content - Type : Information about how the message is to be displayed , usually a MIME type . Precedence : commonly with values `` bulk '' , `` junk '' , or `` list '' ; used to indicate that automated `` vacation '' or `` out of office '' responses should not be returned for this mail , e.g. to prevent vacation notices from being sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list . Sendmail uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email , with `` Precedence : special - delivery '' messages delivered sooner . With modern high - bandwidth networks , delivery priority is less of an issue than it once was . Microsoft Exchange respects a fine - grained automatic response suppression mechanism , the X-Auto - Response - Suppress field . Message - ID : Also an automatically generated field ; used to prevent multiple delivery and for reference in In - Reply - To : ( see below ) . In - Reply - To : Message - ID of the message that this is a reply to . Used to link related messages together . This field only applies for reply messages . References : Message - ID of the message that this is a reply to , and the message - id of the message the previous reply was a reply to , etc . Reply - To : Address that should be used to reply to the message . Sender : Address of the actual sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From : field ( secretary , list manager , etc . ) . Archived - At : A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message . Note that the To : field is not necessarily related to the addresses to which the message is delivered . The actual delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol , SMTP , which may or may not originally have been extracted from the header content . The `` To : '' field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter which is delivered according to the address on the outer envelope . In the same way , the `` From : '' field does not have to be the real sender of the email message . Some mail servers apply email authentication systems to messages being relayed . Data pertaining to server 's activity is also part of the header , as defined below . SMTP defines the trace information of a message , which is also saved in the header using the following two fields : Received : when an SMTP server accepts a message it inserts this trace record at the top of the header ( last to first ) . Return - Path : when the delivery SMTP server makes the final delivery of a message , it inserts this field at the top of the header . Other fields that are added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called trace fields , in a broader sense . Authentication - Results : when a server carries out authentication checks , it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents . Received - SPF : stores results of SPF checks in more detail than Authentication - Results . Auto - Submitted : is used to mark automatically generated messages . VBR - Info : claims VBR whitelisting Message body ( edit ) Content encoding ( edit ) Internet email was originally designed for 7 - bit ASCII . Most email software is 8 - bit clean but must assume it will communicate with 7 - bit servers and mail readers . The MIME standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data : quoted printable for mostly 7 - bit content with a few characters outside that range and base64 for arbitrary binary data . The 8BITMIME and BINARY extensions were introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings , but many mail transport agents still do not support them fully . In some countries , several encoding schemes coexist ; as the result , by default , the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form ( the only exception is coincidence , when the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme ) . Therefore , for international character sets , Unicode is growing in popularity . Plain text and HTML ( edit ) Most modern graphic email clients allow the use of either plain text or HTML for the message body at the option of the user . HTML email messages often include an automatically generated plain text copy as well , for compatibility reasons . Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in - line links and images , set apart previous messages in block quotes , wrap naturally on any display , use emphasis such as underlines and italics , and change font styles . Disadvantages include the increased size of the email , privacy concerns about web bugs , abuse of HTML email as a vector for phishing attacks and the spread of malicious software . Some web - based mailing lists recommend that all posts be made in plain - text , with 72 or 80 characters per line for all the above reasons , but also because they have a significant number of readers using text - based email clients such as Mutt . Some Microsoft email clients allow rich formatting using their proprietary Rich Text Format ( RTF ) , but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible email client . Servers and client applications ( edit ) The interface of an email client , Thunderbird . Messages are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol with software programs called mail transfer agents ( MTAs ) ; and delivered to a mail store by programs called mail delivery agents ( MDAs , also sometimes called local delivery agents , LDAs ) . Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it , and when a message can not be delivered , that MTA must send a bounce message back to the sender , indicating the problem . Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as POP or IMAP , or , as is more likely in a large corporate environment , with a proprietary protocol specific to Novell Groupwise , Lotus Notes or Microsoft Exchange Servers . Programs used by users for retrieving , reading , and managing email are called mail user agents ( MUAs ) . Mail can be stored on the client , on the server side , or in both places . Standard formats for mailboxes include Maildir and mbox . Several prominent email clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them . Server - side storage is often in a proprietary format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP , moving email from one server to another can be done with any MUA supporting the protocol . Many current email users do not run MTA , MDA or MUA programs themselves , but use a web - based email platform , such as Gmail , Hotmail , or Yahoo ! Mail , that performs the same tasks . Such webmail interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard web browser , from any computer , rather than relying on an email client . Filename extensions ( edit ) Upon reception of email messages , email client applications save messages in operating system files in the file system . Some clients save individual messages as separate files , while others use various database formats , often proprietary , for collective storage . A historical standard of storage is the mbox format . The specific format used is often indicated by special filename extensions : eml Used by many email clients including Novell GroupWise , Microsoft Outlook Express , Lotus notes , Windows Mail , Mozilla Thunderbird , and Postbox . The files contain the email contents as plain text in MIME format , containing the email header and body , including attachments in one or more of several formats . emlx Used by Apple Mail . msg Used by Microsoft Office Outlook and OfficeLogic Groupware . mbx Used by Opera Mail , KMail , and Apple Mail based on the mbox format . Some applications ( like Apple Mail ) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments . Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory . URI scheme mailto ( edit ) Main article : mailto The URI scheme , as registered with the IANA , defines the mailto : scheme for SMTP email addresses . Though its use is not strictly defined , URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new message window of the user 's mail client when the URL is activated , with the address as defined by the URL in the To : field . Types ( edit ) Web - based email ( edit ) Main article : Webmail Many email providers have a web - based email client ( e.g. AOL Mail , Gmail , Outlook.com , Hotmail and Yahoo ! Mail ) . This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible web browser to send and receive their email . Mail is typically not downloaded to the client , so ca n't be read without a current Internet connection . POP3 email services ( edit ) The Post Office Protocol 3 ( POP3 ) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server . Received messages are often deleted from the server . POP supports simple download - and - delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes ( termed maildrop in the POP RFC 's ) . IMAP email servers ( edit ) The Internet Message Access Protocol ( IMAP ) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices . Small portable devices like smartphones are increasingly used to check email while travelling , and to make brief replies , larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length . IMAP shows the headers of messages , the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages . Usually mail is left in folders in the mail server . MAPI email servers ( edit ) Messaging Application Programming Interface ( MAPI ) is used by Microsoft Outlook to communicate to Microsoft Exchange Server - and to a range of other email server products such as Axigen Mail Server , Kerio Connect , Scalix , Zimbra , HP OpenMail , IBM Lotus Notes , Zarafa , and Bynari where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook . Uses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Business and organizational use ( edit ) Email has been widely accepted by business , governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world , and it is one of the key parts of an ' e-revolution ' in workplace communication ( with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed Internet ) . A sponsored 2010 study on workplace communication found 83 % of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work . It has some key benefits to business and other organizations , including : Facilitating logistics Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building , area , or even country ; setting up and attending an in - person meeting , telephone call , or conference call can be inconvenient , time - consuming , and costly . Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set - up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone call . Helping with synchronisation With real time communication by meetings or phone calls , participants must work on the same schedule , and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call . Email allows asynchrony : each participant may control their schedule independently . Reducing cost Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail , or long distance telephone calls , telex or telegrams . Increasing speed Much faster than most of the alternatives . Creating a `` written '' record Unlike a telephone or in - person conversation , email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication , the identity of the sender ( s ) and recipient ( s ) and the date and time the message was sent . In the event of a contract or legal dispute , saved emails can be used to prove that an individual was advised of certain issues , as each email has the date and time recorded on it . Email marketing ( edit ) Email marketing via `` opt - in '' is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information . Depending on the recipient 's culture , email sent without permission -- such as an `` opt - in '' -- is likely to be viewed as unwelcome `` email spam '' . Personal use ( edit ) Personal computer ( edit ) Many users access their personal email from friends and family members using a personal computer in their house or apartment . Mobile ( edit ) Email has become used on smartphones and on all types of computers . Mobile `` apps '' for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their home . While in the earliest years of email , users could only access email on desktop computers , in the 2010s , it is possible for users to check their email when they are away from home , whether they are across town or across the world . Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other device to notify them immediately of new messages . This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day . As of 2011 , there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily . Individuals often check email on smartphones for both personal and work - related messages . It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their Facebook accounts , making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones . 78 % of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone . It was also found that 30 % of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email , and 91 % were likely to check their email at least once per day on their smartphone . However , the percentage of consumers using email on smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries . For example , in comparison to 75 % of those consumers in the US who used it , only 17 % in India did . Declining use among Young people ( edit ) As of 2010 , the number of Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009 . For persons 12 to 17 , the number was down 18 percent . Young people preferred instant messaging , texting and social media , and email was not designed for them anyway . Technology writer Matt Richtel said in The New York Times that email was like the VCR , vinyl records and film cameras -- no longer cool and something older people do . A 2015 survey of Android users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging apps 3.5 times as much as those over 45 , and were far less likely to use email . Issues ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Attachment size limitation ( edit ) Main article : Email attachment Email messages may have one or more attachments , which are additional files that are appended to the email . Typical attachments include Microsoft Word documents , pdf documents and scanned images of paper documents . In principle there is no technical restriction on the size or number of attachments , but in practice email clients , servers and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files , or complete email - typically to 25MB or less . Furthermore , due to technical reasons , attachment sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ to what the user sees , which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a file by email . Where larger files need to be shared , file hosting services of various sorts are available ; and generally suggested . Some large files , such as digital photos , color presentations and video or music files are too large for some email systems . Information overload ( edit ) The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and `` white collar '' employees has led to concerns that recipients face an `` information overload '' in dealing with increasing volumes of email . With the growth in mobile devices , by default employees may also receive work - related emails outside of their working day . This can lead to increased stress , decreased satisfaction with work , and some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic effect , as efforts to read the many emails could reduce productivity . Spam ( edit ) Main article : Email spam Email `` spam '' is the term used to describe unsolicited bulk email . The low cost of sending such email meant that by 2003 up to 30 % of total email traffic was already spam. and was threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool . The US CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 and similar laws elsewhere had some impact , and a number of effective anti-spam techniques now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or rejecting it for most users , but the volume sent is still very high -- and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products , but malicious content or links . Malware ( edit ) A range of malicious email types exist . These range from various types of email scams , including `` social engineering '' scams such as advance - fee scam `` Nigerian letters '' , to phishing , email bombardment and email worms . Email spoofing ( edit ) Main article : Email spoofing Email spoofing occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source . Email spam and phishing methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message origin . Email spoofing may be done as a prank , or as part of a criminal effort to defraud an individual or organization . An example of a potentially fraudulent email spoofing is if an individual creates an email which appears to be an invoice from a major company , and then sends it to one or more recipients . In some cases , these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported organization and even the email address may appear legitimate . Email bombing ( edit ) Main article : Email bomb Email bombing is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address . The overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash . Privacy concerns ( edit ) Main article : Email privacy Today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal email systems . Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender 's or the recipient 's control . During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content . Internal mail systems , in which the information never leaves the organizational network , may be more secure , although information technology personnel and others whose function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other employees . Email privacy , without some security precautions , can be compromised because : email messages are generally not encrypted . email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination , meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages . many Internet Service Providers ( ISP ) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered . The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server , despite deletion from the mailbox . the `` Received : '' - fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender , preventing anonymous communication . web bugs invisibly embedded in email content can alert the sender of any email whenever an email is read , or re-read , and from which IP address . It can also reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC , or Apple Mac device via the user agent string . There are cryptography applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above . For example , Virtual Private Networks or the Tor anonymity network can be used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while GPG , PGP , SMEmail , or S / MIME can be used for end - to - end message encryption , and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over Transport Layer Security / Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the SMTP server . Additionally , many mail user agents do not protect logins and passwords , making them easy to intercept by an attacker . Encrypted authentication schemes such as SASL prevent this . Finally , attached files share many of the same hazards as those found in peer - to - peer filesharing . Attached files may contain trojans or viruses . Flaming ( edit ) Flaming occurs when a person sends a message ( or many messages ) with angry or antagonistic content . The term is derived from the use of the word `` incendiary '' to describe particularly heated email discussions . The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the social norms that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten . Email bankruptcy ( edit ) Main article : Email bankruptcy Also known as `` email fatigue '' , email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them . The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is not possible to read it all . As a solution , people occasionally send a `` boilerplate '' message explaining that their email inbox is full , and that they are in the process of clearing out all the messages . Harvard University law professor Lawrence Lessig is credited with coining this term , but he may only have popularized it . Internationalization ( edit ) Originally Internet email was completely ASCII text - based . MIME now allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets , but other headers and email addresses using UTF - 8 , while standardized have yet to be widely adopted . Further information : International email and Email address § Internationalization Tracking of sent mail ( edit ) The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message , and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read . It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a failure notice ( bounce message ) , but both software bugs and system failures can cause messages to be lost . To remedy this , the IETF introduced Delivery Status Notifications ( delivery receipts ) and Message Disposition Notifications ( return receipts ) ; however , these are not universally deployed in production . ( A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined , but it never gained traction ; see RFCs 3885 through 3888 . ) Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports ( NDRs ) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers : Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so , this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed . If the spammer uses a forged sender email address ( email spoofing ) , then the innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail . These NDRs then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user . In the absence of standard methods , a range of system based around the use of web bugs have been developed . However , these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns , and only work with email clients that support rendering of HTML . Many mail clients now default to not showing `` web content '' . Webmail providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images . See also ( edit ) Anonymous remailer Anti-spam techniques biff Bounce message Comparison of email clients Dark Mail Alliance Disposable email address E-card Electronic mailing list Email art Email authentication Email digest Email encryption Email hosting service Email storm Email tracking HTML email Information overload Internet fax Internet mail standards List of email subject abbreviations MCI Mail Netiquette Posting style Privacy - enhanced Electronic Mail Push email RSS Telegraphy Unicode and email Usenet quoting Webmail , Comparison of webmail providers X-Originating - IP X. 400 Yerkish References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RFC 5321 -- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol '' . Network Working Group . Archived from the original on 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` DataMail : World 's first free linguistic email service supports eight India languages '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( Partridge 2008 ) Jump up ^ Ron Brown , Fax invades the mail market , New Scientist Archived 2016 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 56 , No. 817 ( Oct. , 26 , 1972 ) , pages 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Herbert P. Luckett , What 's News : Electronic - mail delivery gets started , Popular Science Archived 2016 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 202 , No. 3 ( March 1973 ) ; page 85 Jump up ^ Google Ngram Viewer . Books.google.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` RFC Editor Terms List '' . IETF . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 28 . This is suggested by the RFC Document Style Guide Archived 2015 - 04 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo style guide '' . Styleguide.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2013 . 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Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Email '' or `` e-mail '' `` . English Language & Usage -- Stack Exchange . August 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gerri Berendzen ; Daniel Hunt . `` AP changes e-mail to email '' . 15th National Conference of the American Copy Editors Society ( 2011 , Phoenix ) . ACES . Archived from the original on 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 524 ( rfc524 ) -- A Proposed Mail Protocol '' . Faqs.org. 1973 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 1939 ( rfc1939 ) -- Post Office Protocol -- Version 3 '' . Faqs.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` RFC 3501 ( rfc3501 ) -- Internet Message Access Protocol -- version 4rev1 '' . Faqs.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' '' RFC Style Guide `` ' ' , Table of decisions on consistent usage in RFC '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the FAQ list of the Usenet newsgroup alt. usage. english '' . Alt-usage-english.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mail Objects '' . Simple Mail Transfer Protocol . IETF . sec. 2.3. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC5321 . RFC 5321 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.1 . `` SMTP transports a mail object . A mail object contains an envelope and content . '' Jump up ^ `` Mail Objects '' . Simple Mail Transfer Protocol . IETF . sec. 2.3. 1 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC5321 . RFC 5321 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.1 . `` The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit and has two parts : the header section and the body . If the content conforms to other contemporary standards , the header section consists of a collection of header fields , each consisting of a header name , a colon , and data , structured as in the message format specification '' Jump up ^ `` Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service : Chronicling the End of an Era '' Archived 2016 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Susan R. Harris , Ph. D. , and Elise Gerich , ConneXions , Vol. 10 , No. 4 , April 1996 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Internet '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ How E-mail Works . howstuffworks.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` MX Record Explanation '' Archived 2015 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , it.cornell.edu Jump up ^ `` What is open relay ? '' . WhatIs.com . Indiana University . 2004 - 07 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ch Seetha Ram ( 2010 ) . Information Technology for Management . Deep & Deep Publications . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8450 - 267 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Paul ( 2002 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Allowing Relaying in SMTP : A Series of Surveys '' . IMC Reports . Internet Mail Consortium . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Ken ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` An update to the email standards '' . MailChannels Blog Entry . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ J. Klensin ( October 2008 ) . `` Mail Objects '' . Simple Mail Transfer Protocol . sec. 2.3. 1 ... doi : 10.17487 / RFC5321 . RFC 5321 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.1 . `` SMTP transports a mail object . A mail object contains an envelope and content ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit and has two parts : the header section and the body . '' Jump up ^ D. Crocker ( July 2009 ) . `` Message Data '' . Internet Mail Architecture . sec . 4.1 ... doi : 10.17487 / RFC5598 . RFC 5598 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5598#section-4.1 . `` A message comprises a transit - handling envelope and the message content . The envelope contains information used by the MHS . The content is divided into a structured header and the body . '' Jump up ^ P. Resnick , Ed . ( October 2008 ) . `` RFC 5322 , Internet Message Format '' . IETF . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Moore , K ( November 1996 ) . `` MIME ( Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ) Part Three : Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text '' . IETF . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ A Yang , Ed . ( February 2012 ) . `` RFC 6532 , Internationalized Email Headers '' . IETF . ISSN 2070 - 1721 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ J. Yao , Ed. , W. Mao , Ed . ( February 2012 ) . `` RFC 6531 , SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email Addresses '' . IETF . ISSN 2070 - 1721 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Now , get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times '' . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 5322 , 3.6 . Field Definitions '' . Tools.ietf.org . October 2008 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 5322 , 3.6. 4 . Identification Fields '' . Tools.ietf.org . October 2008 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` RFC 5064 '' . Tools.ietf.org . December 2007 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Microsoft , Auto Response Suppress , 2010 , microsoft reference Archived 2011 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , 2010 Sep 22 Jump up ^ John Klensin ( October 2008 ) . `` Trace Information '' . Simple Mail Transfer Protocol . IETF . sec . 4.4 . doi : 10.17487 / RFC5321 . RFC 5321 . https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-4.4 . Jump up ^ John Levine ( 14 January 2012 ) . `` Trace headers '' . email message . IETF . Archived from the original on 11 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . there are many more trace fields than those two Jump up ^ This extensible field is defined by RFC 7001 , that also defines an IANA registry of Email Authentication Parameters . Jump up ^ RFC 7208 . Jump up ^ Defined in RFC 3834 , and updated by RFC 5436 . Jump up ^ RFC 5518 . Jump up ^ Craig Hunt ( 2002 ) . TCP / IP Network Administration . O'Reilly Media . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 00297 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Email policies that prevent viruses '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list ... '' Helpdesk.rootsweb.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ... Plain text , 72 characters per line ... '' Openbsd.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` How to Prevent the Winmail. dat File from Being Sent to Internet Users '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2010 - 07 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ In practice , some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient 's InBox , but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which , especially in a corporate environment , may be inaccessible to the recipient Jump up ^ `` Free Email Providers in the Yahoo ! Directory '' . dir.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the `` mailto '' URL . Jump up ^ Allen , David ( 2004 ) . Windows to Linux . Prentice Hall . p. 192 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ By Om Malik , GigaOm . `` Is Email a Curse or a Boon ? Archived 2010 - 12 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . '' September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brett A.S. ; Van Durme , Joel ; Raulas , Mika ; Merisavo , Marko ( 2003 ) . `` E-mail Marketing : Exploratory Insights from Finland '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Advertising Research . 43 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 300 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021849903030265 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lev , Amir . `` Spam culture , part 1 : China '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Derek ; Smith , Marc A. ; Heer , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . `` E-Mail '' . In Barnett , George A. Encyclopedia of social networks . Thousand Oaks , Calif : Sage . p. 245 . ISBN 9781412994170 . OCLC 959670912 . Jump up ^ `` Email Is Top Activity On Smartphones , Ahead Of Web Browsing & Facebook ( Study ) '' . 28 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ultimate mobile email statistics overview '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Richtel , Matt ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) . `` E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gustini , Ray ( 2010 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Why Are Young People Abandoning Email ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Email is dying among mobile 's youngest users '' . techcrunch.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Setting Message Size Limits in Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007 '' Archived 2013 - 02 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Google updates file size limits for Gmail and YouTube '' , geek.com Archived 2011 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Maximum attachment size '' , mail. google , com . Jump up ^ `` Exchange 2007 : Attachment Size Increase , ... '' TechNet Magazine , Microsoft.com US . 2010 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Send large files to other people '' Archived 2016 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Microsoft.com Jump up ^ `` 8 ways to email large attachments '' Archived 2016 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Chris Hoffman , December 21 , 2012 , makeuseof.com Jump up ^ Bunin , Rachel Biheller ( 2012 - 08 - 01 ) . Microsoft Outlook 2010 : Essentials . Cengage Learning . ISBN 1133418201 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Happy Information Overload Day ! '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stross , Randall ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seeing Spam ? How To Take Care of Your Google Analytics Data '' . sitepronews.com . 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Geller ( 1985 ) . `` Affect in computer - mediated communication : an experiment in synchronous terminal - to - terminal discussion '' . Human - Computer Interaction. 1 : 77 -- 104 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327051hci0101_3 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Grant ( December 23 , 2007 ) . `` All We Are Saying '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Internationalized Domain Names ( IDNs ) Registry.In '' . registry.in . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Made In India ' Datamail ' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror '' . 7 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ RFC 3885 , SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking Jump up ^ RFC 3888 , Message Tracking Model and Requirements Jump up ^ Amy Harmon ( 2000 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising Privacy Concerns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` About.com '' . Email.about.com. 2013 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Webdevelopersnotes.com '' . Webdevelopersnotes.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Outlook : Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images '' Archived 2015 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , slipstick.com Jump up ^ `` Gmail blows up e-mail marketing ... '' Archived 2017 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Ron Amadeo , Dec 13 2013 , Ars Technica Further reading ( edit ) Cemil Betanov , Introduction to X. 400 , Artech House , ISBN 0 - 89006 - 597 - 7 . Marsha Egan , `` Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence '' , Acanthus Publishing ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815589 - 8 - 1 Lawrence Hughes , Internet e-mail Protocols , Standards and Implementation , Artech House Publishers , ISBN 0 - 89006 - 939 - 5 . Kevin Johnson , Internet Email Protocols : A Developer 's Guide , Addison - Wesley Professional , ISBN 0 - 201 - 43288 - 9 . Pete Loshin , Essential Email Standards : RFCs and Protocols Made Practical , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 34597 - 0 . Partridge , Craig ( April -- June 2008 ) . `` The Technical Development of Internet Email '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . Berlin : IEEE Computer Society . 30 ( 2 ) : 3 -- 29 . doi : 10.1109 / mahc. 2008.32 . ISSN 1934 - 1547 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 06 - 02 Sara Radicati , Electronic Mail : An Introduction to the X. 400 Message Handling Standards , Mcgraw - Hill , ISBN 0 - 07 - 051104 - 7 . John Rhoton , Programmer 's Guide to Internet Mail : SMTP , POP , IMAP , and LDAP , Elsevier , ISBN 1 - 55558 - 212 - 5 . John Rhoton , X. 400 and SMTP : Battle of the E-mail Protocols , Elsevier , ISBN 1 - 55558 - 165 - X . David Wood , Programming Internet Mail , O'Reilly , ISBN 1 - 56592 - 479 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Look up email or outbox in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . IANA 's list of standard header fields The History of Email is Dave Crocker 's attempt at capturing the sequence of ' significant ' occurrences in the evolution of email ; a collaborative effort that also cites this page . The History of Electronic Mail is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system A Look at the Origins of Network Email is a short , yet vivid recap of the key historical facts Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat , FBI Computer - mediated communication Online chat Online discussion Communication software Collaborative software Social network service Virtual learning environment Asynchronous conferencing Email Electronic mailing list FidoNet Usenet Internet forum Textboard Imageboard Shoutbox Bulletin board system Online guestbook Synchronous conferencing Data conferencing Instant messaging Internet Relay Chat LAN messenger Talker Videoconferencing Voice over IP Voice chat in online gaming Web chat Web conferencing Publishing Blog Microblogging Wiki Email clients Free software Alpine Balsa Citadel / UX Classilla Claws Mail Columba Cone Elm Evolution fetchmail Geary getmail GNUMail Gnus Gnuzilla IMP KMail Mahogany Mailpile Mailx Mailx ( Heirloom Project ) Modest Mozilla Thunderbird Mulberry Mutt nmh / MH Nylas N1 OfflineIMAP Roundcube SeaMonkey SquirrelMail Sylpheed Trojitá YAM Zimbra Freeware eM Client EmailTray Foxmail i. Scribe Mailbird Opera Mail Spark TouchMail Retail Hiri Bloomba / WordPerfect Mail Newton IBM Notes InScribe Mail ( Apple ) Mail ( Windows ) Microsoft Outlook Novell GroupWise Shareware Becky ! Eureka Email Forté Agent GyazMail Pocomail The Bat ! Donationware Pegasus Mail Discontinued Arachne Beonex Communicator BlitzMail cc : Mail Claris Emailer Columbia MM Courier Cyberdog Cyberjack Embrowser Eudora FossaMail Hula Mailbox Mailody Microsoft Entourage Microsoft Internet Mail and News MINUET Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups Netscape Mail Netscape Messenger 9 NeXTMail Outlook Express Pine POPmail Sparrow Spicebird Turnpike WebSpyder Windows Live Mail Windows Mail Windows Messaging Related technologies Extended SMTP LMTP IMAP POP Push - IMAP SMAP SMTP UUCP Related topics Email Unicode and email Comparison GND : 4191427 - 2 NARA : 10636085 NDL : 00576450 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email&oldid=843387842 '' Categories : Email Internet terminology Electronic documents History of the Internet Computer - related introductions in 1971 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using RFC magic links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from October 2016 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 123 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | all email services are based on which software model | [
"Messages are exchanged between hosts using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol with software programs called mail transfer agents (MTAs); and delivered to a mail store by programs called mail delivery agents (MDAs, also sometimes called local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it,[56] and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a bounce message back to the sender, indicating the problem."
] | [
"the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"
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8339567896355504474 | ICC Awards | ICC awards - wikipedia ICC awards The ICC Awards Logo , used for the ninth ceremony in 2012 . The ICC Awards are a set of sports awards for cricket . The awards recognise and honor the best international cricket players of the previous 12 months . The awards have been institutionalised by International Cricket Council since 2004 . Between 2011 and 2014 the awards were known , for sponsorship reasons , as the LG ICC Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Award categories 2 ICC Development Programme Awards 3 Methodology 4 2004 awards 5 2005 awards 6 2006 awards 7 2007 awards 8 2008 awards 9 2009 awards 10 2010 awards 11 2011 awards 12 2012 awards 13 2013 awards 14 2014 awards 15 2015 awards 16 2016 awards 17 2017 awards 18 References Award categories ( edit ) The following awards have been or currently are presented : Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy ( Cricketer of the Year ) Test Player of the Year ODI Player of the Year Twenty20 International Performance of the Year Emerging Player of the Year Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period and have played no more than five Tests and / or ten ODIs before that date . Associate Player of the Year David Shepherd Trophy ( Umpire of the Year ) Captain of the Year Women 's Cricketer of the Year Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year Women 's Emerging Player of the Year Spirit of Cricket Described by the ICC as being awarded to the team most notable for `` upholding the ' Spirit of the Game ' '' , involving respect for : Their opponents Their own captain and team The role of the umpires The game 's traditional values LG People 's Choice Award Fan 's Moment of the Year World Test XI World one - day XI Women 's one - day XI Women 's T20I XI ICC Development Programme awards ( edit ) In December 2016 , ICC Development Programme Awards was announced for ICC 's Associate and Affiliate Members aimed at creating improving structures within the 95 member federations . Methodology ( edit ) The judging / voting period was originally from 1 August of the current year to 31 July of the next year . It has since undergone two changes and now takes place presently between September of the current year and September of the next year . The ICC Selection committee comprises eminent former players and select the finalists for the ICC Cricketer of the Year , ICC Test Player of the Year , ICC ODI Player of the Year , ICC Emerging Player of the Year . The committee selects the final ICC World Test XI and ICC World one - day XI . Selection Committee Year Chairman Committee Members Sunil Gavaskar Richie Benaud Michael Holding Ian Botham Barry Richards 2005 Sunil Gavaskar David Gower Richard Hadlee Rod Marsh Courtney Walsh 2006 Sunil Gavaskar Allan Donald Ian Healy Arjuna Ranatunga Waqar Younis 2007 Sunil Gavaskar Chris Cairns Gary Kirsten Iqbal Qasim Alec Stewart 2008 Clive Lloyd Greg Chappell Shaun Pollock Sidath Wettimuny Athar Ali Khan 2009 Clive Lloyd Anil Kumble Mudassar Nazar Stephen Fleming Bob Taylor Clive Lloyd Angus Fraser Matthew Hayden Ravi Shastri Duncan Fletcher 2011 Clive Lloyd Zaheer Abbas Mike Gatting Paul Adams Danny Morrison 2012 Clive Lloyd Marvan Atapattu Tom Moody Carl Hooper Clare Connor 2013 Anil Kumble Alec Stewart Waqar Younis Catherine Campbell Graeme Pollock 2014 Anil Kumble Jonathan Agnew Russel Arnold Stephen Fleming Betty Timmer 2015 Anil Kumble Ian Bishop Mark Butcher Belinda Clark Gundappa Viswanath The final selection for the award is voted for by an academy of 56 ( expanded from 50 in 2004 ) , which includes current national team captains of Test playing nations ( 10 ) , members of the Elite panel of ICC umpires and referees ( 18 ) , prominent former players and cricket correspondents ( 28 ) . In the event of a tie in the voting , the award is shared . 2004 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2004 ICC Awards The inaugural ICC awards ceremony was held on 7 September 2004 , in London . The judging period covered was from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2004 and included all Test matches and One Day Internationals played during that period . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Rahul Dravid ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Rahul Dravid ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : Andrew Flintoff ( England ) Emerging Player of the Year : Irfan Pathan ( India ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand World Test XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Jason Gillespie ( Aus ) , Steve Harmison ( Eng ) 12th man : Sachin Tendulkar World one - day XI : Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Chris Gayle ( WI ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Shaun Pollock ( SA ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Jason Gillespie ( Aus ) 2005 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2005 ICC Awards The second ICC awards ceremony was held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Sydney , Australia , on 11 October 2005 . The judging period covered was from 1 August 2004 to 31 July 2005 . This did not include the whole of the 2005 Ashes Series , since the final four matches of this series were played in August and September . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Awarded jointly to Andrew Flintoff ( England ) and Jacques Kallis ( South Africa ) Test Player of the Year : Jacques Kallis ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : Kevin Pietersen ( England ) Emerging Player of the Year : Kevin Pietersen ( England ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : England World Test XI : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Graeme Smith ( SA ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Brian Lara ( WI ) , Inzamam - ul - Haq ( Pak ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Anil Kumble ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Marvan Atapattu ( SL , captain ) , Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Inzamam - ul - Haq ( Pak ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Naved - ul - Hasan ( Pak ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Jacques Kallis ( SA ) List of nominees for 2005 awards 2006 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2006 ICC Awards The third ICC awards ceremony was held in Mumbai , India on 3 November 2006 , during the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy . The judging period was from 1 August 2005 to 8 August 2006 , thus including three of the four Tests between Pakistan and England , and the Test series between South Africa and Sri Lanka . For the first time , honors for both Women 's Cricketer of the Year and Captain of the Year were awarded . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Michael Hussey ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ian Bell ( England ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Captain of the Year : Mahela Jayawardene ( Sri Lanka ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Karen Rolton ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : England World Test XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) , Rahul Dravid ( Ind , captain ) , Mohammad Yousuf ( Pak ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Shane Warne ( Aus ) , Makhaya Ntini ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Brett Lee ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Adam Gilchrist ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL , captain ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Irfan Pathan ( Ind ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Shane Bond ( NZ ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) List of nominees for 2006 awards 2007 awards ( edit ) The fourth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg , South Africa . For the first time , honor for Associate Player of the Year was awarded . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Mohammad Yousuf ( Pakistan ) ODI Player of the Year : Matthew Hayden ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Shaun Tait ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : Thomas Odoyo ( Kenya ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Captain of the Year : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Jhulan Goswami ( India ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Michael Vaughan ( Eng ) , Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Mohammad Yousuf ( Pak ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Clark ( Aus ) , Makhaya Ntini ( SA ) , Mohammad Asif ( Pak ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Matthew Hayden ( Aus ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Mark Boucher ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Chaminda Vaas ( SL ) , Shane Bond ( NZ ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , Glenn McGrath ( Aus ) , 12th man : Michael Hussey ( Aus ) 2008 awards ( edit ) The fifth ICC awards ceremony was held in Dubai , U.A.E. on 10 September 2008 and saw the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award inaugurated . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( West Indies ) Test Player of the Year : Dale Steyn ( South Africa ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuvraj Singh ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Ajantha Mendis ( Sri Lanka ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Simon Taufel ( Australia ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Charlotte Edwards ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Sri Lanka World Test XI : Graeme Smith ( SA , captain ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Mahela Jayawardene ( SL ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Ryan Sidebottom ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Muttiah Muralitharan ( SL ) , 12th man : Stuart Clark ( Aus ) World one - day XI : Herschelle Gibbs ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Farveez Maharoof ( SL ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Andrew Symonds ( Aus ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Brett Lee ( Aus ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Nathan Bracken ( Aus ) , 12th man : Salman Butt ( Pak ) 2009 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2009 ICC Awards The sixth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg , South Africa on 1 October 2009 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Gautam Gambhir ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : MS Dhoni ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( Sri Lanka ) Emerging Player of the Year : Peter Siddle ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : William Porterfield ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Claire Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand World Test XI : Gautam Gambhir ( Ind ) , Andrew Strauss ( Eng ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Thilan Samaraweera ( SL ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Shakib Al Hasan ( Ban ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : Harbhajan Singh ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Martin Guptill ( NZ ) , Chris Gayle ( WI ) , Kevin Pietersen ( Eng ) , Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Andrew Flintoff ( Eng ) , Nuwan Kulasekara ( SL ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , Umar Gul ( Pak ) , 12th man : Thilan Thushara ( SL ) List of nominees for 2009 awards 2010 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2010 ICC Awards The seventh ICC awards ceremony was held in Bengaluru , India on 6 October 2010 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Sachin Tendulkar ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Virender Sehwag ( India ) Test Team of the Year : India ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) ODI Team of the Year : Australia Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Brendon McCullum ( New Zealand ) Emerging Player of the Year : Steven Finn ( England ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Shelley Nitschke ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : New Zealand LG People 's Choice Award : Sachin Tendulkar ( India ) World Test XI : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Simon Katich ( Aus ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Doug Bollinger ( Aus ) , 12th man : Steve Harmison ( Eng ) World one - day XI : Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Shane Watson ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Paul Collingwood ( Eng ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Ricky Ponting ( Aus , captain ) , Daniel Vettori ( NZ ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Doug Bollinger ( Aus ) , Ryan Harris ( Aus ) 2011 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2011 LG ICC Awards The eighth ICC awards ceremony was held in London , England on 12 September 2011 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Jonathan Trott ( England ) Test Player of the Year : Alastair Cook ( England ) ODI Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Tim Southee ( New Zealand ) Emerging Player of the Year : Devendra Bishoo ( West Indies ) Associate Player of the Year : Ryan ten Doeschate ( Netherlands ) Umpire of the Year : Aleem Dar ( Pakistan ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Spirit of Cricket : MS Dhoni ( India ) LG People 's Choice Award : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Jonathan Trott ( Eng ) , Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , captain , wicket - keeper ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , 12th man : Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) , Shane Watson ( Aus ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Yuvraj Singh ( Ind ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Umar Gul ( Pak ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Zaheer Khan ( Ind ) , 12th man : Lasith Malinga ( SL ) 2012 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2012 LG ICC Awards The ninth ICC awards ceremony was held in Colombo , Sri Lanka on 15 September 2012 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Test Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) ODI Player of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Richard Levi ( South Africa ) Emerging Player of the Year : Sunil Narine ( West Indies ) Associate Player of the Year : George Dockrell ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Daniel Vettori ( New Zealand ) LG People 's Choice Award : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Jacques Kallis ( SA ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus , captain ) , Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( WI ) , Matt Prior ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , Vernon Philander ( SA ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : AB de Villiers ( SA ) World one - day XI : Gautam Gambhir ( Ind ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Shahid Afridi ( Pak ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Morne Morkel ( SA ) , Steven Finn ( Eng ) , Lasith Malinga ( SL ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , 12th man : Shane Watson ( Aus ) 2013 awards ( edit ) The 2013 edition of the awards were replaced by a TV show . Rather than a formal event , the winners were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Michael Clarke ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Michael Clarke ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Kumar Sangakkara ( Sri Lanka ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Umar Gul ( Pakistan ) Emerging Player of the Year : Cheteshwar Pujara ( India ) Associate Player of the Year : Kevin O'Brien ( Ireland ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Spirit of Cricket : Mahela Jayawardene ( Sri Lanka ) LG People 's Choice Award : MS Dhoni ( India ) World Test XI : Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) , Michael Clarke ( Aus ) , Michael Hussey ( Aus ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , wicket - keeper ) , Graeme Swann ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Vernon Philander ( SA ) , 12th man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Shikhar Dhawan ( Ind ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) , Saeed Ajmal ( Pak ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) , Lasith Malinga ( SL ) , 12th man : Mitchell McClenaghan ( NZ ) 2014 awards ( edit ) The 2014 edition of the LG ICC Awards followed the same formal event which was implemented in 2013 as a TV show . The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 26 August 2013 and 17 September 2014 . The show was broadcast globally on 15 / 16 November . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Mitchell Johnson ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Aaron Finch ( Australia ) Emerging Player of the Year : Gary Ballance ( England ) Associate Player of the Year : Preston Mommsen ( Scotland ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Sarah Taylor ( England ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Meg Lanning ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : Katherine Brunt ( England ) LG People 's Choice Award : Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( India ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL ) , AB de Villiers ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Angelo Mathews ( SL , captain ) , Mitchell Johnson ( Aus ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Rangana Herath ( SL ) , Tim Southee ( NZ ) , 12th man : Ross Taylor ( NZ ) World one - day XI : Mohammad Hafeez ( Pak ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA ) , George Bailey ( Aus ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , MS Dhoni ( Ind , captain , wicket - keeper ) , Dwayne Bravo ( WI ) , James Faulkner ( Aus ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) , Ajantha Mendis ( SL ) , 12th man : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) 2015 awards ( edit ) Main article : 2015 ICC Awards The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) Test Player of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : AB de Villiers ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Faf du Plessis ( South Africa ) Emerging Player of the Year : Josh Hazlewood ( Australia ) Associate Player of the Year : Khurram Khan ( United Arab Emirates ) Umpire of the Year : Richard Kettleborough ( England ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Meg Lanning ( Australia ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Stafanie Taylor ( West Indies ) Spirit of Cricket : Brendon McCullum ( New Zealand ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Younus Khan ( Pak ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Sarfraz Ahmed ( Pak , wicket - keeper ) , Stuart Broad ( Eng ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Yasir Shah ( Pak ) , Josh Hazlewood ( Aus ) , 12th man : Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) World one - day XI : Tillakaratne Dilshan ( SL ) , Hashim Amla ( SA ) , Kumar Sangakkara ( SL , wicket - keeper ) , AB de Villiers ( SA , captain ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Ross Taylor ( NZ ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Mohammed Shami ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Mustafizur Rahman ( Ban ) , Imran Tahir ( SA ) , 12th man : Joe Root ( Eng ) 2016 awards ( edit ) The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 14 September 2015 and 20 September 2016 . The announcement of the World Test XI and World one - day XI , along with the winners of the men 's individual ICC awards , was made on 21 December 2016 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Ravichandran Ashwin ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Ravichandran Ashwin ( India ) ODI Player of the Year : Quinton de Kock ( South Africa ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Carlos Brathwaite ( West Indies ) Emerging Player of the Year : Mustafizur Rahman ( Bangladesh ) Associate Player of the Year : Mohammad Shahzad ( Afghanistan ) Umpire of the Year : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Suzie Bates ( New Zealand ) Spirit of Cricket : Misbah - ul - Haq ( Pakistan ) World Test XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Alastair Cook ( Eng , captain ) , Kane Williamson ( NZ ) , Joe Root ( Eng ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Adam Voges ( Aus ) , Jonny Bairstow ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) , Rangana Herath ( SL ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Dale Steyn ( SA ) , 12th man : Steve Smith ( Aus ) World one - day XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Jos Buttler ( Eng ) , Mitchell Marsh ( Aus ) , Ravindra Jadeja ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) , Sunil Narine ( WI ) , 12th man : Imran Tahir ( SA ) Women 's World XI : Suzie Bates ( NZ ) , Rachel Priest ( NZ , wicket - keeper ) , Smriti Mandhana ( Ind ) , Stafanie Taylor ( WI , captain ) , Meg Lanning ( Aus ) , Ellyse Perry ( Aus ) , Heather Knight ( Eng ) , Deandra Dottin ( WI ) , Sune Luus ( SA ) , Anya Shrubsole ( Eng ) , Leigh Kasperek ( NZ ) , 12th woman : Kim Garth ( Ire ) 2017 awards ( edit ) The voting panel took into account players ' performance between 21 September 2016 and 31 December 2017 . The announcement of the World Test XI and World one - day XI , along with the winners of the men 's individual ICC awards , was made on 18 January 2018 . Award winners were : Cricketer of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Test Player of the Year : Steve Smith ( Australia ) ODI Player of the Year : Virat Kohli ( India ) Twenty20 International Performance of the Year : Yuzvendra Chahal ( India ) Emerging Player of the Year : Hasan Ali ( Pakistan ) Associate Player of the Year : Rashid Khan ( Afghanistan ) Umpire of the Year : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Women 's Cricketer of the Year : Ellyse Perry ( Australia ) Women 's ODI Cricketer of the Year : Amy Satterthwaite ( New Zealand ) Women 's T20I Cricketer of the Year : Beth Mooney ( Australia ) Women 's Emerging Player of the Year : Beth Mooney ( Australia ) Spirit of Cricket : Anya Shrubsole ( England ) Fan 's Moment of the Year : Pakistan stun India to win the ICC Champions Trophy 2017 World Test XI : Dean Elgar ( SA ) , David Warner ( Aus ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , Steve Smith ( Aus ) , Cheteshwar Pujara ( Ind ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Ravichandran Ashwin ( Ind ) , Mitchell Starc ( Aus ) , Kagiso Rabada ( SA ) , James Anderson ( Eng ) World one - day XI : David Warner ( Aus ) , Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) , Virat Kohli ( Ind , captain ) , Babar Azam ( Pak ) , AB de Villiers ( SA ) , Quinton de Kock ( SA , wicket - keeper ) , Ben Stokes ( Eng ) , Trent Boult ( NZ ) , Hasan Ali ( Pak ) , Rashid Khan ( Afghan ) , Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) Women 's one - day XI : Tammy Beaumont ( Eng ) , Meg Lanning ( Aus ) , Mithali Raj ( Ind ) , Amy Satterthwaite ( NZ ) , Ellyse Perry ( Aus ) , Heather Knight ( Eng , captain ) , Sarah Taylor ( Eng , wicket - keeper ) , Dane van Niekerk ( SA ) , Marizanne Kapp ( SA ) , Ekta Bisht ( Ind ) , Alex Hartley ( Eng ) Women 's T20I XI : Beth Mooney ( Aus , wicket - keeper ) , Danni Wyatt ( Eng ) , Harmanpreet Kaur ( Ind ) , Stafanie Taylor ( WI , captain ) , Sophie Devine ( NZ ) , Deandra Dottin ( WI ) , Hayley Matthews ( WI ) , Megan Schutt ( Aus ) , Amanda - Jade Wellington ( Aus ) , Lea Tahuhu ( NZ ) , Ekta Bisht ( Ind ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Virat Kohli is ICC ODI Player of the Year -- NDTV Sports '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dhoni , Kohli nominated for ICC People 's Choice award -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Johnson claims top ICC awards '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , Sangakkara lead ICC awards nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` LG ICC Awards '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith , Meg Lanning win ICC player of the year awards '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli did not make the ICC Test Team of the Year -- and there 's a perfectly logical explanation '' . Jump up ^ `` Suzie Bates scoops ICC Women 's ODI and T20I Player of the Year awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Smriti lone Indian in ICC women 's team '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwin named ICC Cricketer of the Year , Test Player of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` ICC Awards 2016 : Howzat ! R Ashwin Named Cricketer of the Year '' . Jump up ^ `` Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ashwin named ICC Cricketer of the Year , Test Player of the Year '' . hide ICC Awards 2004 , London 2005 , Sydney 2006 , Mumbai 2007 , Johannesburg 2008 , Dubai 2009 , Johannesburg 2010 , Bengaluru 2011 , London 2012 , Colombo 2013 LG ICC Awards 2014 LG ICC Awards 2015 ICC Awards 2016 ICC Awards 2017 ICC Awards hide International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 19 World Cup Champions Trophy Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Olympics Asia ACC -- Asia Cup ACC Trophy ( List A ) ACC Premier League ACC Twenty20 Cup Africa ACA -- WCL Africa Americas ICC Americas -- Americas Championship South American Championship East Asia and Pacific EAP -- ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( One day ) ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( Twenty20 ) Europe ECC -- European Championship Women 's European Championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Awards&oldid=835871371 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings International Cricket Council awards and rankings Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 08 : 18 . 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5228543872547137921 | List of The Borgias episodes | List of the Borgias episodes - wikipedia List of the Borgias episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Borgias is a historical drama created by Neil Jordan based upon the life of Rodrigo Borgia , later Pope Alexander VI , and his family . The series takes place in Rome at the end of the 15th century and depicts Borgia 's ruthless efforts to win the papal election , his eventual rise to the position of Pope and his family 's struggle to maintain and increase their political power . The series premiered on Showtime on April 3 , 2011 , with the Canadian premiere happening one hour later on Bravo ! . The two - hour premiere was the most - watched original Canadian series premiere on Bravo ! and the fourth-most - watched - overall program in the channel 's history with 575,000 viewers . On June 5 , 2013 , after three seasons , Showtime officially cancelled The Borgias . The last episode aired on June 16 , 2013 . In total , 29 episodes of The Borgias were broadcast over three seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 9 April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 10 April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 10 April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Poisoned Chalice '' Neil Jordan Neil Jordan April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) 1.06 After the death of Pope Innocent VIII , Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia , with the help of his sons , bribes and cajoles other cardinals to vote for him in the conclave to elect the new pontiff . He succeeds , and assumes the papal throne as Alexander VI . Two other ambitious cardinals , Orsini and Della Rovere , immediately begin plotting against him . When Orsini hosts a dinner for the pope and the cardinals , Rodrigo 's son Cesare catches a servant , Micheletto , in the kitchen preparing to poison the Borgias ' wine . Offering the assassin better pay if he works for his family , Cesare has Orsini poisoned instead . `` The Assassin '' Neil Jordan Neil Jordan April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) 1.06 Cesare enlists Micheletto to spy on Cardinal della Rovere , who seeks to find a legal way to depose Rodrigo as pope . He is advised by scholar Johannes Burchard that a pope who engages in `` public and notorious lechery '' could be deposed . Rodrigo begins an affair with Giulia Farnese , provoking the outrage of his former mistress , Vanozza , and threatening to provide della Rovere with just the evidence he needs . On Micheletto 's information , the pope corners Burchard and demands his support in expanding the College of Cardinals to shore up his position . Cesare sets Micheletto to work preventing della Rovere and a witness from presenting evidence against the pope . `` The Moor '' Simon Cellan Jones Neil Jordan April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) 0.683 Djem , brother and potential threat to the new Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire , arrives at Rome . The Sultan is paying the Holy See handsomely to keep Djem there as a `` guest '' , but he will pay a lot more if Djem somehow dies . Cesare declines his brothers ' request of using Micheletto . The Pope tries to decide who is to marry his daughter . Djem is murdered , and the grateful Sultan 's gold is used as Lucrezia 's dowry . `` Lucrezia 's Wedding '' Simon Cellan Jones Neil Jordan April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 0.708 Rodrigo betroths his daughter Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza . In order not to bring a perception of disrepute to his daughter 's lineage , he forbids the girl 's mother from attending the wedding , much to the chagrin of both Lucrezia and Cesare . Cardinal Della Rovere courts Neapolitan and French authorities , promising to support France 's claim on Naples if he gets their aid in deposing Pope Alexander VI . The wedding proceeds as planned , without Vannozza . After the ceremony , however , Cesare brings her to the reception , to the shock of many of the guests . It quickly causes the marriage to go sour . The following night , Lucrezia is brought to Giovanni 's home , where he rapes her . 5 5 `` The Borgias in Love '' John Maybury Neil Jordan April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 0.778 Lucrezia is very unhappy with her brutish husband , who brutally rapes her night after night , and the pope is tormented by nightmares about her . After trying and failing to secure safe passage for French troops from the Medici rulers of Florence , Della Rovere makes the same request of Sforza , the Duke of Milan . Cesare follows to Florence , offering the Medici an inquisition against the preacher Savonarola , in exchange for denying free passage to the French . Lucrezia flirts with a handsome young servant and entices him to sabotage her husband 's saddle so that he will have a riding accident , which he does . The Borgias are soliciting suitable brides for Juan . Cesare interprets Ursula Bonadeo 's request to be `` freed '' from her unhappy marriage as license to kill her husband , which he does with Micheletto 's help . 6 6 `` The French King '' John Maybury Neil Jordan May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 0.824 Lucrezia nurses her wounded husband , and takes the servant as her lover . The King of Naples offers a daughter of his as a bride for Juan Borgia . Juan goes to Naples to sound out a possible marriage with his under - age brother Joffre instead . Della Rovere , now in France , tries to win the favor of the French king . Cesare takes Ursula as a mistress , but upon discovering that he murdered her husband , she is overwhelmed by scruples and flees to a nunnery . Joffre Borgia marries Sancia of Naples , who is having an affair with Juan . 7 7 `` Death , on a Pale Horse '' Jeremy Podeswa Neil Jordan May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 0.855 The aged King Ferdinand of Naples dies and is succeeded by his son Alfonso . King Charles VIII of France , with Cardinal Della Rovere in his train , invades Italy and is given free passage by the Sforza Duke of Milan . Victory seems inevitable as the French sack the city of Lucca . In fear of a similar fate , Florence capitulates to the French king 's harsh terms . Rodrigo sends Giulia Farnese to Giovanni Sforza to confirm his loyalty in arms . Once there , she discovers the House of Sforza will do nothing should the invasion continue into Rome . Giulia also realizes that Lucrezia is pregnant , albeit not by her husband , and advises they both flee in secret . 8 8 `` The Art of War '' Jeremy Podeswa Neil Jordan May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 0.764 Giulia and Lucrezia escape Pesaro on horseback at dawn . The pope musters his forces to meet the French challenge . While Giovanni Sforza is torturing the page who aided their escape , the two ladies ride into the French army and are taken into the king 's custody . Lucrezia charms the king , and when a battle is about to commence , she engineers a truce between him and her brother Juan , the general of the Papal forces . As the French approach Rome , the cardinals flee to safety . 9 9 `` Nessuno ( Nobody ) '' Jeremy Podeswa Neil Jordan May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 0.810 The French army marches into a deserted Rome . Cardinal Della Rovere expects a convening of the College of Cardinals to depose the pope , but the pope strikes a deal with King Charles of France to recognize him as ruler of Naples . Charles is crowned King of France and Naples in a pompous affair in Rome . Meanwhile , Cesare and Micheletto travel to Pesaro and kidnap Giovanni Sforza in a scheme to have his marriage with Lucrezia annulled . They frame Sforza for being unable to consummate the marriage , by obliging him to prove his potency in front of the college of cardinals . Sforza is unable to endure such ridicule and declares that he is impotent ; the marriage is annulled in a humiliating ordeal for Sforza . The French army reaches Naples , where they find the city ravaged by the plague and full of corpses . Lucrezia gives birth to a baby boy , after which she is joined by the rest of the Borgias . Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 10 `` The Borgia Bull '' Neil Jordan Neil Jordan April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 0.605 The Pope , pleased with the current standing of his family and their successes , decides to hold a pagan celebration in Rome for the common people . Whilst hunting he and Giulia discover a hidden alcove of art dedicated to pleasure , that he has removed and placed in the Vatican . Here he meets a young art apprentice , Vittoria , a lady disguising herself as man to whom he is attracted . Giulia , knowing that her lover has strayed whilst she was away , fears she will lose him and also befriends Vittoria . Meanwhile the King of France is suffering from the plague in Naples and captures Prince Alfonso , proceeding to torture him with the devices used by his own father on those who displeased him . 11 `` Paolo '' Neil Jordan Neil Jordan April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 0.534 The Pope decides to see for himself the conditions in the streets of Rome and after realising the extreme poverty enlists Giulia to try and tackle the issue . Paolo , the father of Lucrezia 's child , arrives in Rome seeking her . With the help of a prostitute , he manages to meet Lucrezia again , but they are seen by Juan who is angry that his sister would love a commoner . Cesare and his mother organise one night for Paolo and Lucrezia to be together again so that he can meet his child , on the condition he leaves Rome immediately after . This he does only to be caught and killed by Juan . 12 `` The Beautiful Deception '' Jon Amiel Neil Jordan April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 0.509 The effects of the murder of Lucrezia 's lover Paolo , father of her child , are played out . Cardinal Della Rovere begins to scheme to depose the Pope , attempting to enlist several houses of religious along the way . King Charles , still sick with the `` Neapolitan fever '' , returns from Naples and attempts to sack Rome , at while scheming with the Sforza family , intending to breach her walls by the use of his cannons . Pope Alexander VI attempts to have cannons cast to repel the assault , only to learn that all of the foundries in Rome could cast only one or two in the several days required for King Charles 's host to reach Rome . Cardinal Cesare Borgia , attempts `` The Beautiful Deception '' : enlisting city artisans , he has plaster mock - ups of cannons cast , which are then used to successfully bluff the King of France into riding past the Eternal City . 13 `` Stray Dogs '' Jon Amiel Neil Jordan April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 0.579 During the celebrations of the retreat of the French , Cesare finds the nuns of the Convent of St. Cecilia raped and slaughtered , including his former lover Ursula Bonadeo . Pledging vengeance he sends Micheletto out to the streets to gather men to strike those responsible . A captured scouting party reveals Giovanni Sforza 's involvement as well as secrets of the French army . Ludivico Sforza petitions the Pope to sanction a League to repel the French forces from Italy , with which he agrees . The Pope , Cesare and Cardinal Sforza ride north leaving Lucrezia in charge of Rome . Lucrezia takes this time to address the needs of the poor and the orphans of Rome to the Consistory . On the eve of battle Cesare and his men infiltrate the French camp and destroy their gunpowder , rendering their cannon useless . 14 5 `` The Choice '' Kari Skogland Neil Jordan May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 0.567 With the French defeated , the Pope rides to Florence to silence Savonarola while Cesare departs for Forli to deal with Caterina Sforza . While in Florence , the Pope meets with Piero de Medici and Machiavelli to discuss ways to get rid of Savonarola . After returning to Rome the roof of the church collapses during Communion and is interpreted as a sign of God 's displeasure . Cesare delivers a message to Caterina to either come to Rome and bow to the Pope willingly or in chains . After deliberating with Giovanni Sforza , she refuses . Cesare makes good his promise and kills Giovanni and barely escapes Forli . Della Rovere meets with Savonarola again to receive his blessing for the murder of the Pope . Receiving such he returns to the Abbey where he recruits a young monk named Antonello to become the Pope 's taster and poison him . Micheletto returns to his ancestral home and reconnects intimately with a man from his past . 15 6 `` Day of Ashes '' John Maybury David Leland May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 0.687 Cesare returns to Rome and confesses to his father he murdered Giovanni Sforza and slept with Caterina . This pushes the Pope to reveal that to secure the papacy he must now marry off Lucrezia again , much to her displeasure . Savonarola continues to gain fervor in Florence . Cardinal Sforza presents the Pope 's offer of cardinal to Savonarola , which he refuses . Cesare is tasked with delivering a doomed message to Savonarola to cease preaching or face excommunication and execution . Della Rovere begins to train Antonello in the task of poisoning the Pope by strengthening his reaction to cantarella . Machiavelli comes to Rome and informs Cesare of routes taken by wagons filled with gold from the Medici bank . Cesare and his men attack the caravans and bring the gold back to Rome . With the new gold , a siege of Forli is planned but Cesare is denied his wish of commanding the Papal Army as Juan is soon to return from Spain . 16 7 `` The Siege at Forli '' Kari Skogland David Leland May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 0.554 Juan Borgia returns to Rome with Conquistadors bearing gifts from the New World including a panther for Lucrezia and cigars for his father , who confuses them for `` turds '' . In private Juan reveals he is to be a father and is given the task of taking Forli . Juan seeks the help of a doctor who diagnoses him with syphilis . The army advances to Forli to discover her recent armament of French cannon put to good use . While discussing terms Caterina 's son is abducted by Juan and is tortured in view of his mother . Ludovico Sforza marches his army to Forli to break the siege and decimates the Papal army with hand cannons . Caterina 's son is saved from execution and Juan escapes into the woods . In Florence Cesare observes Savonarola who continues to preach against vanity . They witness the Bonfire of the Vanities . Lucrezia agrees to meet with her suitor Calvino de Genova after his brother Raffaello catches her eye . 17 8 `` Truth and Lies '' John Maybury David Leland June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 0.567 Lucrezia accepts Calvino 's marriage proposal so she may carry on her affair with Raffaello . Juan returns to Rome and claims his injuries are proof of his courage and valor on the battlefield of Forli . Juan 's health worsens and he is introduced to opium to treat the pain . Cesare suspects that his brother is lying , which is confirmed by Caterina Sforza 's son . Cesare arranges a meeting between the boy and the Pope to reveal the truth about the siege . Della Rovere sends Antonello to Rome who in turn drowns Bernardino . Cesare is given a declaration charging Savonarola with heresy . 18 9 `` World of Wonders '' David Leland David Leland June 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 10 ) 0.621 Calvino tells the Pope he can not marry Lucrezia because his brother Raffaello wishes to marry her instead . He is refused and the brothers leave Rome . With the assistance of Machiavelli , Cesare challenges Savonarola to a trial by fire . He fails the trial and loses favor in Florence . Cesare brings him to Rome for a confession under torture . Antonello is appointed as the Pope 's taster . Upon the baptism of Giovanni , Antonello poisons the Pope 's water but wine is chosen instead . Juan continues to deteriorate and puts Giovanni 's life in danger , enraging Lucrezia . In response , Cesare and Micheletto track him down to an opium den , lure him to a bridge and kill him . 19 10 `` The Confession '' David Leland Guy Burt June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 0.517 Savonarola is tortured for a confession of heresy . After a confession is forged , Savonarola is burned at the stake . Juan 's body is discovered and the pope refuses to have a funeral until his killer is found , leading Cesare to admit his guilt to his grief - stricken father . Cesare is finally absolved of his vows after his father realizes the mistakes he made with Juan . Lucrezia chooses a suitor to marry . Antonello makes his next move : the Pope is poisoned , leaving the season with a cliff - hanger . Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 20 `` The Face of Death '' Kari Skogland Guy Burt April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 0.582 Pope Alexander fights for his life after being poisoned from last season , and the Cardinals plot at his deathbed . Cesare and Micheletto trace the assassination plot back to its source , but Della Rovere is ready to make his move . Caterina Sforza has dispatched her own personal assassin Rufio to dethrone the Borgia family . However , thanks to Lucrezia 's quick thinking , she saves her father , and he awakens . Della Rovere is arrested , but is later released by a traitorous cardinal , and flees , and Rufio 's attempt to assassinate the Borgia family is thwarted . 21 `` The Purge '' Kari Skogland Neil Jordan April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 0.474 Now fully recovered , Alexander tasks Cardinal Sforza with instigating an `` inquisition '' among the Cardinals who were plotting against him whilst dying . With the `` evidence '' he needs , Alexander dismisses and banishes all the Cardinals he does not trust . But Cardinal Orsini does not leave quietly , forcing blood to spill . Caterina Sforza orders Rufio to seek support from the mercenary warlords of the Romagna families -- Orsini , Vitelli and Colonna . Lucrezia is annoyed that her future in - laws will not welcome her son , Giovanni , at court and also rejection from Alfonso because he refuses to have sex before marriage . This makes her realize how much she loves and relies on Cesare , and she pleads with him to negotiate for her son to follow her to Naples . 22 `` Siblings '' Jon Amiel Guy Burt April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 0.569 As the purged Cardinals are dismissed and stripped of their titles and wealth , Cardinal Versucci angrily sets the Vatican Treasury ablaze after stealing a large sum , which he gives to a small convent . Incensed by the new King Ferdinand 's arrogant refusal to accept Giovanni as Lucrezia 's child , Cesare travels to Naples to fix the problem and begins to consider an alliance with the old enemy France . After Lucrezia and Alfonso 's wedding , Alfonso sees that Cesare is n't sure about his allegiance to the Borgia family . Upset , he leaves Lucrezia alone and the marriage unconsummated . Deciding that only a Borgia can truly love a Borgia , Lucrezia visits Cesare in his chambers and makes love to him , committing incest . 23 `` The Banquet of Chestnuts '' Jon Amiel Guy Burt May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 0.674 Newly appointed Cardinal Farnese is placed in the Treasury and quickly discovers Versucci 's theft . Micheletto is sent to find the wayward cardinal . Meanwhile , upon hearing of Venice 's request for help against Turkish pirates , Alexander , seeing this as an opportunity to replenish the coffers , dramatically calls for a Crusade . Concerned about the loyalty of his new cardinals , Giulia arranges a trap for them -- the `` banquet of chestnuts '' . At the feast details of the cardinals ' sexual activities with prostitutes dressed as nuns are recorded to extort their future loyalty . Elsewhere , King Ferdinand learns that Lucrezia and Alfonso 's marriage has not been consummated and demands a witnessed display of their consummation from both members of the family . Lucrezia is humiliated , but goes through with it as King Ferdinand and Cesare watch . 24 5 `` The Wolf and the Lamb '' Kari Skogland Neil Jordan May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 0.749 Cesare 's diplomatic mission to France is a success , Cesare makes an ally of Archbishop d'Amboise , and marries Charlotte d'Albret ( Ana Ularu ) . Back in Rome , the seductive and dangerously insane Bianca takes her own life , prompting Alexander and Cardinal Sforza to conspire to repay Gonzaga 's cruel plot . Lucrezia travels to Naples accompanied by her husband , with Micheletto offering protection . King Ferdinand remains steadfast in his determination that little Giovanni will not be recognised at court . Upon learning this , Lucrezia plots to poison him , but Micheletto takes on the task . 25 6 `` Relics '' Kari Skogland Guy Burt May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 0.663 Cesare lands in northern Italy with a French army . Alexander is unhappy with what he perceives as a challenge by his son to his authority . Together they plot to use the French army to destroy the Sforza dynasty . Catherina , meanwhile , has come up with a plot of her own -- biological warfare sent directly to the Vatican . Concerned about the lack of funds for his Crusade , Alexander imposes punitive taxes on the newly arrived Jewish community . They offer instead the Spear of Longinus . 26 7 `` Lucrezia 's Gambit '' David Leland Neil Jordan May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) 0.421 Cesare burns Cardinal Constanzo 's palace in order to contain the plague . Lucrezia , aware that with the death of King Ferdinand of Naples , Alfonso 's cousins Prince Raphael and Prince Frederigo are both claimants to Naple 's throne before her husband . As such , she blackmails one of the princes to forgo the Crown of Naples , seeking the lesser of two evils so she may keep her child with her . Cesare and Micheletto solve the problem of Catarina Sforza 's son being alive . Micheletto meets a stranger calling himself Pascal . 27 8 `` Tears of Blood '' David Leland Neil Jordan June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 0.804 Micheletto discovers that his lover is a spy and works with Cesare to discover for whom . As pilgrims travel to Rome for the Jubilee year celebration , Caterina Sforza devises a fake miracle to divert them ( and their gold ) from their pilgrimage , thus endangering Alexander 's attempt to replenish the Vatican 's coffers . When Cesare and Micheletto arrive to investigate , she attempts to have Cesare killed . At the King of Naples ' investiture in Rome , Lucrezia is named the Vatican 's ambassador to his court , but soon discovers that she is under the constant surveillance of Neapolitan guards . Meanwhile , Alexander and Mattai work together to prosecute the Pope 's promised Crusade against the Turks . 28 9 `` The Gunpowder Plot '' Neil Jordan Neil Jordan June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 0.611 Devastated by his betrayal , Micheletto kills his lover and disappears . Cesare races to Naples to rescue Lucrezia . Brother and sister are eventually reunited and are so overjoyed to see one another that Alfonso begins to suspect that their relationship seems more than that of ordinary siblings . Alexander schemes to corner the market in Italian sulfur -- the key ingredient to gunpowder . 29 10 `` The Prince '' Neil Jordan Neil Jordan June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) 0.528 Alexander and Cesare are reconciled at last . The Papal Armies have been fortified with the money saved from the Crusade and the proceeds of the Jubilee . Cesare marches his fearsome army to finish what Juan started -- lay siege to Forli . While preparing his attack , Micheletto reappears , in his tent , to inform him of a forgotten Roman mine beneath the wall , and , with this information , Cesare 's army fire a barrage of cannonballs at the point where the tunnel meets the wall , causing it to cave in , and the wall to fall . Cesare and his army manage to seize control of the city with few losses . Deciding she would rather die than surrender , Caterina Sforza attempts to hang herself , but one of Cesare 's lieutenants fires his rifle at the rope , and she is taken prisoner . Cesare , wanting to show off Caterina as the legend he believes she truly is , then has an extravagant cage prepared to transport her to Rome , and a palace in Rome is prepared to serve as her prison . Following a scuffle with Cesare , a drunken Alfonso is near death and Lucrezia turns to her potions to end his life painlessly . Cesare vows that Lucrezia will now be his for good . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z Borgias , The on Showtime '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hallelujah ! The Borgias Debuts to Bravo ! 's Largest Series Audience in Seven Years with 575,000 Viewers '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' Borgias ' canceled by Showtime : Series finale airs June 16 '' . Zap2It . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives , ' Kardashians Lead Night ; + ' The Killing , ' ' The Borgias , ' ' Breakout Kings + Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Army Wives , ' ' The Killing ' Steady ; ' Breakout Kings ' Falls ; Plus ' Human Planet , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travis Yanan ( @ travisyanan ) ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` # Borgias # tvratings from Sunday ( 10pm , 57 minutes ) : 0.708 million viewers , 0.4 / 1 HH , 0.1 / 0 A18 - 49 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Longmire ' , ' The Client List ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Keeping Up with the Kardashians ' + NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Game of Thrones '' Continues Its Reign `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Game of Thrones , '' NBA Playoffs Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : Sunday 's Cable Ratings : No Stopping `` Game of Thrones '' on HBO `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Game of Thrones '' Goes Untouched for HBO `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : Another week , Another `` Game of Thrones '' Victory `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Game of Thrones , '' `` North America '' Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` TNT Tops Charts with Latest NBA Playoffs Coverage '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` '' Game of Throne 's '' Towers Over Competition `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Game of Thrones '' Wraps Season with Big Finish `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff , Futon Critic ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` True Blood '' Returns on top for HBO `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website at Showtime Official website at Bravo ! List of The Borgias episodes on IMDb List of The Borgias episodes at TV.com ( hide ) The Borgias Episodes `` The Poisoned Chalice '' `` The Assassin '' `` The Moor '' `` The Confession '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Borgias_episodes&oldid=797780988 '' Categories : Lists of drama television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2013 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 04 : 17 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes of the borgias are there | [
"In total, 29 episodes of The Borgias were broadcast over three seasons."
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3534750794597507298 | That's Life! (Australian magazine) | That 's life ! ( Australian magazine ) - Wikipedia That 's life ! ( Australian magazine ) Jump to : navigation , search That 's Life ! Thats Life ! Magazine , ( cover may 2014 ) Editor Linda Smith Categories Women 's magazine Frequency Weekly Year founded Company Pacific Magazines Country Australia Based in Sydney Language English Website www.thatslife.com.au ISSN 1321 - 7690 That 's Life ! ( stylised thats life ! and usually abbreviated to TL ! ) is an Australian entertainment and lifestyle magazine published each Thursday by Pacific Magazines , it is not related to the English magazine publication of the same title , which is published by Bauer Media Group . TL ! is a reality - based magazine , with most stories contributed by its readers as well as containing puzzles , recipes , health , beauty and fashion advice . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Official website Seven West Media Television Seven Network Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Adelaide Perth Regional Queensland Multichannels 7HD 7TWO 7mate 7flix Racing.com ( joint venture with Racing Victoria ) Others OzTAM ( 33 % ) Defunct C7 Sport Seven Guide Fresh Ideas TV Online Current Yahoo7 ( 50 % ) 7plus PerthNow Defunct PLUS7 Presto ( 50 % ) Pacific Magazines Better Homes and Gardens Bride to Be Diabetic Living Girlfriend Home Beautiful InStyle K - Zone Marie Claire Men 's Health Monument New Idea Practical Parenting Prevention That 's Life ! TotalGirl TV Hits Weight Watchers Who Women 's Health Your Garden West Australian Newspapers Kalgoorlie Miner The West Australian The Sunday Times Community Newspaper Group WA Regional Newspapers ( Kimberley Echo ) Australian Associated Press ( 8 % ) See also Seven News Seven Sport Programs Austext Australia Plus Prime Media Group New Zealand Media and Entertainment Newspapers National New Zealand Herald Weekend Herald Herald on Sunday Regional The Northern Advocate Rotorua Daily Post Bay of Plenty Times Hawke 's Bay Today Wanganui Chronicle Wairarapa Times - Age Local Hamilton News Taupo and Turangi Weekender Bay News Whangamata Coastal News Katikati Advertiser Waihi Leader Whakatane News Central Hawke 's Bay Mail Havelock North Village Press Horowhenua Chronicle Kapiti News Manawatu Guardian Wairarapa Midweek Radio networks Music Coast Flava Hokonui Mix Radio Hauraki The Hits ZM Talk Newstalk ZB Radio Sport Digital platforms nzherald.co.nz iHeartRadio GrabOne This women 's magazine -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about magazines . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_Life!_(Australian_magazine)&oldid=820729085 '' Categories : 1994 establishments in Australia Australian weekly magazines Australian women 's magazines Entertainment magazines Magazines established in 1994 Magazines published in Sydney Women 's magazine stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 08 : 04 . About Wikipedia | when does that's life magazine come out | [
"That's Life! (stylised thats life! and usually abbreviated to TL!) is an Australian entertainment and lifestyle magazine published each Thursday by Pacific Magazines, it is not related to the English magazine publication of the same title, which is published by Bauer Media Group. TL! is a reality-based magazine, with most stories contributed by its readers as well as containing puzzles, recipes, health, beauty and fashion advice."
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"each Thursday"
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-7705789499102762375 | Leukonychia | Leukonychia - wikipedia Leukonychia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) Leukonychia Leukonychia Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology ICD - 10 L60. 8 , Q84. 4 ICD - 9 - CM 703.8 , 757.5 DiseasesDB 14140 ( edit on Wikidata ) Leukonychia ( or leuconychia ) , also known as white nails or milk spots , is a medical term for white discolouration appearing on nails . It is derived from the Greek words leuko ( `` white '' ) and nychia ( `` nails '' ) . The most common cause is injury to the base of the nail ( the matrix ) where the nail is formed . It is harmless and most commonly caused by minor injuries , such as nail biting , that occur while the nail is growing . Leukonychia occurs most commonly in healthy individuals , unrelated to any known nutritional or physiological deficiency . When caused by injury the marks will disappear as the nail grows outwards , however a dietary deficiency will cause recurrent leukonychia . Other possible reasons for this problem with nail colour can be linked to : Arsenic poisoning Lead poisoning Pneumonia Heart disease Renal failure Ill health Hypoalbuminemia Vitamin deficiency Ulcerative colitis Hepatic cirrhosis Psychogenic stresses Onychophagia Occupational trauma Zinc deficiency Protein deficiency Psoriasis as well as eczema Iron deficiency Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Leukonychia totalis 1.2 Leukonychia partialis 1.2. 1 Leukonychia striata 1.2. 2 Leukonychia punctata 1.2. 3 Longitudinal leukonychia 2 Diagnosis and treatment 3 References 4 External links Types ( edit ) Leukonychia partialis Leukonychia totalis ( edit ) This condition is a whitening of the entire nail . This may be a clinical sign of hypoalbuminaemia ( low albumin ) , which can be seen in nephrotic syndrome ( a form of kidney failure ) , liver failure , protein malabsorption and protein - losing enteropathies . A genetic condition , and a side effect of sulphonamides ( a family of antibiotics ) can also cause this appearance . Leukonychia partialis ( edit ) This condition is whitening of parts of the nail plate in form of small white dots . There are several types of this condition . There are three different variations of partial leukonychia ; punctate , transverse and longitudinal leukonychia . Some more serious variations of leukonychia partialis may lead to Leukonychia totalis . Leukonychia striata ( edit ) Leukonychia striata Main article : Mees ' lines Leukonychia striata , transverse leukonychia , or Mees ' lines are a whitening or discoloration of the nail in bands or `` stria '' that run parallel the lunula ( nail base ) . This is commonly caused by physical injury or disruption of the nail matrix . Common examples include excessive tapping of the nails , slamming a car door or extensive use of manicure . It may also occur in great toenails as a result of trauma from footwear . Alternatively , the condition can be caused by heavy metal poisoning most commonly by lead . It can also be caused by cirrhosis or chemotherapy . The tendency toward leukonychia striata is sometimes inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion . In other cases , it can be attributed to vigorous manicuring and trauma aforementioned , or to a wide variety of systemic illnesses . Serious infections known for high fevers , measles , malaria , herpes , and leprosy may also cause this condition . In many patients , there is no obvious cause , and the streaks resolve spontaneously . There is a similar condition called Muehrcke 's lines ( apparent leukonychia ) which differs from leukonychia in that the lines fade with digital compression and does not migrate with the growth of the nail . Leukonychia punctata ( edit ) Also known as `` true '' leukonychia , this is the most common form of leukonychia , in which small white spots appear on the nails . Picking and biting of the nails are a prominent cause in young children and nail biters . Besides parakeratosis , air that is trapped between the cells may also cause this appearance . It is also caused by trauma . In most cases , when white spots appear on a single or a couple of fingers or toes , the most common cause is injury to the base ( matrix ) of the nail . When this is the case , white spots disappear after around eight months , which is the amount of time necessary for nails to regrow completely . The pattern and number of spots may change as the nail grows . Longitudinal leukonychia ( edit ) Longitudinal leukonychia is far less common and features smaller 1mm white longitudinal lines visible under the nail plate . It may be associated with Darier 's disease . Diagnosis and Treatment ( edit ) A doctor will take a thorough medical history , and may take blood tests as well as examining liver and kidney function . Improvements have also been reported from treating malnutrition associated with zinc deficiency and other minerals . Intracellular ( red blood cell ) assays are more sensitive than tests for plasma levels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology . ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . Page 789 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Freedberg , et al. ( 2003 ) . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine . ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 138076 - 0 . Jump up ^ Editor , Laura Schocker Executive ; Realsimple.com ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` 15 Things You Never Knew About Your Nails '' . ^ Jump up to : Tüzün , Yalçın ; Karakuş , Özge ( 2009 ) . `` Leukonychia '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Turkish Academy of Leukonychia : 1 -- 3 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leukonychia -- Symptoms , Causes , Treatment , Pictures '' . byebyedoctor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Medscape Log In '' . Jump up ^ Baran , Robert et al. Baran and Dawber 's Diseases of the Nails and Their Management . John Wiley & Sons , 2012 Jump up ^ Miles DW , Rubens RD ( 1995 ) . `` Images in clinical medicine . Transverse leukonychia '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 333 ( 2 ) : 100 . PMID 7777013 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199507133330205 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures of Nail Diseases and Problems - Leukonychia Striata '' . Jump up ^ Huang , T. - C. ; Chao , T. - Y. ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Mees lines and Beau lines after chemotherapy '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 182 ( 3 ) : E149 -- E149 . PMC 2826482 . PMID 20008502 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 090501 . Jump up ^ `` My Big Fat Greek Leukonychia '' . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bhika ( November 2014 ) . `` Nails as Indicators of Disease '' ( PDF ) . Science of Medicine and Art of Care -- via Tibb Institute . Jump up ^ `` Wollina , Uwe , Pietro Nenoff , Gunter Haroske , and Holger A. Haenssle . `` The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders . '' Deutsches Aerzteblatt International 113 ( 2016 ). `` . Jump up ^ Kelly MP , Kight MA , Castillo S. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 1998 Jul ; 5 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 51 . `` Trophic implications of altered body composition observed in or near the nails of hemodialysis patients . '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leukonychia . What causes white spots on your fingernails ? at The Straight Dope DermAtlas 129 Disorders of skin appendages ( L60 -- L75 , 703 -- 706 ) Nail thickness : Onychogryphosis Onychauxis color : Beau 's lines Yellow nail syndrome Leukonychia Azure lunula shape : Koilonychia Nail clubbing behavior : Onychotillomania Onychophagia other : Ingrown nail Anonychia ungrouped : Paronychia Acute Chronic Chevron nail Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers Green nails Half and half nails Hangnail Hapalonychia Hook nail Ingrown nail Lichen planus of the nails Longitudinal erythronychia Malalignment of the nail plate Median nail dystrophy Mees ' lines Melanonychia Muehrcke 's lines Nail -- patella syndrome Onychoatrophy Onycholysis Onychomadesis Onychomatricoma Onychomycosis Onychophosis Onychoptosis defluvium Onychorrhexis Onychoschizia Platonychia Pincer nails Plummer 's nail Psoriatic nails Pterygium inversum unguis Pterygium unguis Purpura of the nail bed Racquet nail Red lunulae Shell nail syndrome Splinter hemorrhage Spotted lunulae Staining of the nail plate Stippled nails Subungual hematoma Terry 's nails Twenty - nail dystrophy Hair Hair loss / Baldness noncicatricial alopecia : Alopecia areata totalis universalis Ophiasis Androgenic alopecia ( male - pattern baldness ) Hypotrichosis Telogen effluvium Traction alopecia Lichen planopilaris Trichorrhexis nodosa Alopecia neoplastica Anagen effluvium Alopecia mucinosa cicatricial alopecia : Pseudopelade of Brocq Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia Pressure alopecia Traumatic alopecia Tumor alopecia Hot comb alopecia Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens Graham - Little syndrome Folliculitis decalvans ungrouped : Triangular alopecia Frontal fibrosing alopecia Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis Hypertrichosis Hirsutism Acquired localised generalised patterned Congenital generalised localised X-linked Prepubertal Acneiform eruption Acne Acne vulgaris Acne conglobata Acne miliaris necrotica Tropical acne Infantile acne / Neonatal acne Excoriated acne Acne fulminans Acne medicamentosa ( e.g. , steroid acne ) Halogen acne Iododerma Bromoderma Chloracne Oil acne Tar acne Acne cosmetica Occupational acne Acne aestivalis Acne keloidalis nuchae Acne mechanica Acne with facial edema Pomade acne Acne necrotica Blackhead Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei Rosacea Perioral dermatitis Granulomatous perioral dermatitis Phymatous rosacea Rhinophyma Blepharophyma Gnathophyma Metophyma Otophyma Papulopustular rosacea Lupoid rosacea Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea Glandular rosacea Gram - negative rosacea Steroid rosacea Ocular rosacea Persistent edema of rosacea Rosacea conglobata variants Periorificial dermatitis Pyoderma faciale Ungrouped Granulomatous facial dermatitis Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma Periorbital dermatitis SAPHO syndrome Follicular cysts `` Sebaceous cyst '' Epidermoid cyst Trichilemmal cyst Steatocystoma simplex multiplex Milia Inflammation Folliculitis Folliculitis nares perforans Tufted folliculitis Pseudofolliculitis barbae Hidradenitis Hidradenitis suppurativa Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Ungrouped Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex Acroosteolysis Bubble hair deformity Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis Erosive pustular dermatitis of the scalp Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli Hair casts Hair follicle nevus Intermittent hair -- follicle dystrophy Keratosis pilaris atropicans Kinking hair Koenen 's tumor Lichen planopilaris Lichen spinulosus Loose anagen syndrome Menkes kinky hair syndrome Monilethrix Parakeratosis pustulosa Pili ( Pili annulati Pili bifurcati Pili multigemini Pili pseudoannulati Pili torti ) Pityriasis amiantacea Plica neuropathica Poliosis Rubinstein -- Taybi syndrome Setleis syndrome Traumatic anserine folliculosis Trichomegaly Trichomycosis axillaris Trichorrhexis ( Trichorrhexis invaginata Trichorrhexis nodosa ) Trichostasis spinulosa Uncombable hair syndrome Wooly hair Wooly hair nevus Sweat glands Eccrine Miliaria Colloid milium Miliaria crystalline Miliaria profunda Miliaria pustulosa Miliaria rubra Occlusion miliaria Postmiliarial hypohidrosis Granulosis rubra nasi Ross ' syndrome Anhidrosis Hyperhidrosis Generalized Gustatory Palmoplantar Apocrine Body odor Chromhidrosis Fox -- Fordyce disease Sebaceous Sebaceous hyperplasia Congenital malformations and deformations of skin appendages ( Q84 , 757.4 -- 757.5 ) Nail disease Anonychia Leukonychia Pachyonychia congenita / Onychauxis Koilonychia Hair disease hypotrichosis / abnormalities : keratin disease Monilethrix IBIDS syndrome Sabinas brittle hair syndrome Pili annulati Pili torti Uncombable hair syndrome Björnstad syndrome Giant axonal neuropathy with curly hair hypertrichosis : Zimmermann -- Laband syndrome Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukonychia&oldid=794197507 '' Categories : Conditions of the skin appendages Hidden categories : Articles needing additional medical references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Қазақша Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the white marks on your fingernails | [
"Leukonychia (or leuconychia), also known as white nails or milk spots,[1] is a medical term for white discolouration appearing on nails.[2]:658–9 It is derived from the Greek words leuko (\"white\") and nychia (\"nails\"). The most common cause is injury to the base of the nail (the matrix) where the nail is formed."
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"Leukonychia (or leuconychia), also known as white nails or milk spots"
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764700832336726937 | Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) | Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( film ) - Wikipedia Star Wars : the Clone Wars ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film preceding the 2008 animated series . For the 2008 animated series , see Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) . For the 2003 animated series , see Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 TV series ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2017 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars Theatrical release poster Directed by Dave Filoni Produced by Catherine Winder Screenplay by Henry Gilroy Steven Melching Scott Murphy Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Matt Lanter Ashley Eckstein James Arnold Taylor Tom Kane Dee Bradley Baker Christopher Lee Samuel L. Jackson Anthony Daniels Narrated by Tom Kane Music by Kevin Kiner ( Original Star Wars themes composed by John Williams ) Edited by Jason Tucker Production companies Lucasfilm Ltd . Lucasfilm Animation Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) ( Hollywood premiere ) August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $8.5 million Box office $68.3 million Star Wars : The Clone Wars is a 2008 American 3D animated science fiction - space opera film that takes place within the Star Wars saga , leading into a TV series of the same name produced by Lucasfilm Animation . The film is set during the three - year time period between the films Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , which also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series , the film premiered on August 10 , 2008 at the Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre , while screening in wide - release on August 14 , 2008 across Australia , and August 15 in the United States , Canada and the United Kingdom . The Clone Wars served as an introduction to the television series of the same name , which debuted on October 3 , 2008 . Though critical reception was negative , the film was a box office success , and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Toys 4.2 Food 4.3 Comics and books 4.4 Video games 4.5 Portable media players 4.6 Racing sponsorship 4.7 Home media 4.8 Novelization 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) During the Clone Wars , Jedi Knights Anakin Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi lead a small Republic clone army against the Separatist droid army on the planet Christophsis . Awaiting reinforcements , the two Jedi greet a shuttle carrying the young Jedi Ahsoka Tano , who insists that she has been assigned by Jedi Master Yoda to serve as Anakin 's Padawan . Anakin begrudgingly accepts Ahsoka 's apprenticeship , and the two succeed in deactivating the Separatists ' energy field while Obi - Wan stalls the droid army commander , allowing a Republic victory . Ahsoka earns Anakin 's respect . Following the battle , Yoda arrives and informs the Jedi that crime lord Jabba the Hutt 's son Rotta has been kidnapped . Anakin and Ahsoka are tasked with retrieving the Huttlet , while Obi - Wan is sent to Tatooine to negotiate with Jabba over a potential treaty between the Hutts and the Republic . Anakin and Ahsoka find Rotta on the planet Teth , where they are ambushed by Separatist forces led by Count Dooku 's apprentice Asajj Ventress , discovering that Dooku hopes to frame the Jedi for Rotta 's kidnapping . The Jedi manage to escape the trap along with R2 - D2 and hijack a derelict transport with which they travel to Tatooine . Obi - Wan , alerted by Anakin , arrives on Teth and defeats Ventress in a lightsaber duel , though she manages to escape . Meanwhile , Senator Padmé Amidala , Anakin 's secret wife , learns of Anakin 's mission and fears for his safety . She decides to contact Jabba 's uncle Ziro in Coruscant . The Hutt refuses to cooperate , apparently believing that it is the Jedi who are responsible for the situation . However , Padmé soon discovers that Ziro has actually conspired with Dooku to have Rotta killed in order for Jabba to have Anakin and Ahsoka executed in return , which will force the Jedi Council , led by Yoda , to take Jabba into custody and allow Ziro to seize power over the Hutt clans . Padmé is discovered and detained , but a chance call by C - 3PO enables her to summon a squadron of clone troopers , and Ziro is arrested . Upon their arrival on Tatooine , Anakin and Ahsoka are shot down by MagnaGuards . Anakin devises a ruse to confront Dooku while carrying a decoy Rotta , leaving Ahsoka to take the real Rotta to Jabba 's palace . While Anakin fights off Dooku , Ahsoka is ambushed by the MagnaGuards , whom she defeats . The two deliver Rotta safely to Jabba , who nonetheless orders the Jedi 's execution for their supposed attempt to kidnap him . However , Padmé contacts Jabba in time and reveals Ziro and the Separatists ' responsibility for the kidnapping . Acknowledging the Jedi 's heroism and allowing the Republic to have Ziro punished for his betrayal , Jabba agrees to the Republic treaty while Anakin and Ahsoka are retrieved by Obi - Wan and Yoda . In the meantime during his escape , Dooku reports to his master Darth Sidious about the failure of their plot against the Jedi and Jabba , but the Sith Lord assures to him that the tide of war is still in their favor . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars cast members Matt Lanter as Anakin Skywalker Ashley Eckstein as Ahsoka Tano James Arnold Taylor as Obi - Wan Kenobi , 4A - 7 Tom Kane as Yoda , Narrator , Admiral Yularen Dee Bradley Baker as Captain Rex , Commander Cody , Clone troopers Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO Nika Futterman as Asajj Ventress , TC - 70 Ian Abercrombie as Palpatine / Darth Sidious Catherine Taber as Padmé Amidala Corey Burton as Whorm Loathsom , Ziro the Hutt David Acord as Rotta the Huttlet Kevin Michael Richardson as Jabba the Hutt Matthew Wood as Battle droid Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Dave Filoni Star Wars : The Clone Wars was made to serve as both a stand - alone story and a lead - in to the weekly animated TV series of the same name . George Lucas had the idea for a film after viewing some of the completed footage of the early episodes on the big screen . Those first few episodes , originally planned for release on television , were then woven together to form the theatrical release . The story of the kidnapped Hutt was inspired by the Sonny Chiba samurai film titled Shogun 's Shadow . Warner Bros. had tracked the series ' development from the beginning , and Lucas decided on a theatrical launch after viewing early footage declaring `` This is so beautiful , why do n't we just go and use the crew and make a feature ? '' Lucas described the film was `` almost an afterthought . '' Howard Roffman , president of Lucas Licensing , said of the decision , `` Sometimes George works in strange ways . '' Producer Catherine Winder said the sudden decision added to an already large challenge of establishing a show `` of this sophistication and complexity , '' but she felt it was a good way to start the series , and thought budgetary constraints forced the production team to think outside the box in a positive way . Animation ( edit ) Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series using the Maya 3D modeling program to create highly detailed worlds , characters and creatures . The film 's animation style was designed to pay homage to the stylized looks of both Japanese anime and manga , and the supermarionation of the British 1960s series Thunderbirds . At a Cartoon Network - hosted discussion , Lucas said he did not want the Clones Wars film or television series to look like such movies as Beowulf , because he wanted a stylized look rather than a realistic one . He also felt it should not look like the popular Pixar movies such as The Incredibles , because he wanted the film and characters to have its own unique style . Lucas also decided to create the animated film and series from a live - action perspective , which Winder said set it apart from other CGI films . Essentially , it `` meant using long camera shots , aggressive lighting techniques , and relying on editing instead of storyboards . '' Animators also reviewed designs from the original 2003 Clone Wars series when creating the animation style for the film and the new series . In charge was Steward Lee , working as the storyboard artist during filming . Some actors from the live - action films , including Anthony Daniels , Matthew Wood , Christopher Lee and Samuel L. Jackson , returned to vocally reprise their roles of their respective characters , although they did n't reprised their roles in the subsequent Clone Wars series . Music ( edit ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Kevin Kiner ( some original themes by John Williams ) Released August 12 , 2008 Recorded April 17 - 18 , 2008 Length 1 : 07 : 39 Label Sony Classical Star Wars soundtrack chronology Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2005 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) The Clone Wars2008 Episode VII : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Episode VII : The Force Awakens 2015 The musical score for Star Wars : The Clone Wars was composed by Kevin Kiner . The original motion picture soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on August 12 , 2008 . The disc begins with the main theme by John Williams , followed by more than 30 separate music cues composed by Kiner . Kiner is known for his work on such television series as Stargate SG - 1 , Star Trek : Enterprise , Superboy and CSI : Miami . The soundtrack uses some instruments never heard before in a Star Wars score , including erhus , duduks and ouds . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Star Wars Main Title & A Galaxy Divided '' 1 : 13 2 . `` Admiral Yularen '' 0 : 57 3 . `` Battle of Christophsis '' 3 : 20 4 . `` Meet Ahsoka '' 2 : 45 5 . `` Obi - Wan to the Rescue '' 1 : 24 6 . `` Sneaking Under the Shield '' 4 : 25 7 . `` Jabba 's Palace '' 0 : 46 8 . `` Anakin vs. Dooku '' 2 : 18 9 . `` Landing on Teth '' 1 : 44 10 . `` Destroying the Shield '' 3 : 09 11 . `` B'omarr Monastery '' 3 : 11 12 . `` General Loathsom / Battle Strategy '' 3 : 08 13 . `` The Shield '' 1 : 37 14 . `` Battle of Teth '' 2 : 45 15 . `` Jedi Do n't Run ! '' 1 : 22 16 . `` Obi - Wan 's Negotiation '' 2 : 08 17 . `` The Jedi Council '' 2 : 05 18 . `` General Loathsom / Ahsoka '' 3 : 40 19 . `` Jabba 's Chamber Dance '' 0 : 42 20 . `` Ziro Surrounded '' 2 : 21 21 . `` Scaling the Cliff '' 0 : 45 22 . `` Ziro 's Nightclub Band '' 0 : 54 23 . `` Seedy City Swing '' 0 : 35 24 . `` Escape from the Monastery '' 3 : 13 25 . `` Infiltrating Ziro 's Lair '' 2 : 22 26 . `` Courtyard Fight '' 2 : 42 27 . `` Dunes of Tatooine '' 2 : 00 28 . `` Rough Landing '' 3 : 04 29 . `` Padmé Imprisoned '' 0 : 51 30 . `` Dooku Speaks with Jabba '' 1 : 28 31 . `` Fight to the End '' 3 : 59 32 . `` End Credits '' 0 : 52 Total length : 1 : 07 : 39 Marketing ( edit ) Toys ( edit ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars merchandise was first released on July 26 , 2008 . Hasbro released several 3 ⁄ - inch Clone Wars action figures , an electronic clone trooper helmet , a customizable lightsaber , and an electronic All Terrain Tactical Enforcer ( AT - TE ) . Toys `` R '' Us mounted digital clocks in all 585 of its stores that counted down to the release of the Clone Wars toys , and more than 225 of the stores opened at midnight for the debut of the Star Wars products . Two of the Toys `` R '' Us flagship outlets in Mission Bay , San Diego and Times Square in Manhattan , New York City held costume and trivia contests on July 26 , and gave away limited - edition Star Wars toys with every purchase . A section of the Toys `` R '' Us website was also dedicated to The Clone Wars . The toy line continues with The Clone Wars figures being well received by collectors for their detail to the characters and vehicles . Food ( edit ) Due to Lucas 's sudden decision to produce the film , Lucas Licensing did not have time to enter into agreements with previous Star Wars marketing partners like Pepsi , Burger King and Kellogg 's , with which the Lucasfilm licensing company had a ten - year marketing plan for the other films . When questioned by The New York Times about Star Wars merchandising in July 2006 , a Pepsi spokesperson was unaware a new Star Wars film was being released . Target and KB Toys also devoted shelf space for Clone Wars toys , but did not hold midnight releases or pursue the branding opportunities Toys `` R '' Us did . On August 15 , McDonald 's held its first ever Happy Meal promotion for a Star Wars film and for four weeks , 18 exclusive toys came in specially designed Happy Meal boxes . Comics and books ( edit ) Dark Horse Comics published a six - issue digest - sized comic book miniseries . Randy Stradley , vice president of publishing for Dark Horse , said the sudden decision to release the Clone Wars film required the company to temporarily delay plans for two other Star Wars comic book series , Dark Times and Rebellion . The Clone Wars comics did not receive the promotional campaign it otherwise would have due to the abruptness of the theatrical and comic book releases . Topps , the trading cards company , released a series of 90 Clone Wars cards on July 26 , which also included foil cards , motion cards , animation cel cards and rare sketch cards by top Star Wars artists and Lucasfilm animators . DK Publishing and the Penguin Group released books , activities and other merchandise that tied in with the film . Also released was the Clone Wars : The Visual Guide , published by DK , and Star Wars : The Clone Wars in the UK , published by Puffin and in the U.S. by Grosset & Dunlap . The publishers also released a storybook , picture books and an activity book . At the American International Toy Fair , Lego announced a product line for the film and the TV series , to be released in July 2008 in the United States and on August 2008 in the United Kingdom . Video games ( edit ) The LucasArts video game developer adapted the film into Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Jedi Alliance for the Nintendo DS and Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Lightsaber Duels for Wii . A reviewer from PocketGamer.co.uk said his expectations for Jedi Alliance were low due to poor Clone Wars movie reviews , but he found the game `` a varied and well - paced experience . '' Portable media players ( edit ) A Star Wars : The Clone Wars MP3 player was released in August 2008 . The player includes one gigabyte of memory , which holds 200 songs or 20 hours of music and comes with three interchangeable faceplates : a green one with Yoda and a lightsaber on it , a silver one with Captain Rex and a Galactic Empire logo on it , and one with two Clone troopers on Coruscant . One review claimed it improved upon a Darth Vader MP3 player released in July 2008 , which featured only 512 megabytes of memory and a dated visual display . A Star Wars iPod iSpeaker ( a speaker / dock for iPods , iPhones and MP3 players ) was also released . The speaker includes an image of Captain Rex and three other Clone Troopers . Racing sponsorship ( edit ) A Star Wars : The Clone Wars open wheel car for the IndyCar Series was unveiled at the 2008 San Diego Comic - Con International . The # 26 car , which also included Blockbuster Inc. decals and was driven by Andretti Green Racing driver Marco Andretti , ran August 24 on the Infineon Raceway in the Sonoma Mountains in California . Andretti said , `` I 'm hoping that my upcoming battle at Infineon will be as exciting as anything in a Star Wars movie so I can win it for both Blockbuster and Lucasfilm . '' The car finished 14th at Infineon , which Andretti attributed to a slow pit stop early in the race ; he added , `` I just do n't think it was a very good performance for us today . '' The Clone Wars car was the second collaboration between Lucasfilm , Blockbuster and Andretti Green Racing . It premiered as an Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull car at the Indianapolis 500 in May 2008 . Home media ( edit ) The film 's two - disc DVD and Blu - ray Disc was released on November 11 , 2008 in the United States and on December 8 , 2008 in the United Kingdom . The film was released as a single - disc DVD , two - disc Special Edition DVD , and Blu - ray Disc . The standard - definition versions include the film in widescreen format with Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround EX sound , and with feature - length audio commentary . Novelization ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( novel ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars received an 18 % approval rating based on 157 reviews compiled by Rotten Tomatoes . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Mechanical animation and a less - than stellar script make The Clone Wars a pale shadow of George Lucas ' once great franchise . '' This constituted the lowest Rotten Tomatoes rating of any Star Wars film ; the previous six theatrical films ranged from 55 % to 94 % , and the made - for - television Ewok films and the Star Wars Holiday Special garnered higher ratings , although their averages encompassed far fewer reviews . At Metacritic , the film scored 35 % based on 30 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Entertainment Weekly listed Star Wars : The Clone Wars as one of the five worst films of 2008 with critic Owen Gleiberman saying , It 's hard to tell the droids from the Jedi drones in this robotic animated dud , in which the George Lucas Empire Strikes Back -- at the audience . What wears you out is Lucas ' immersion in a Star Wars cosmology that has grown so obsessive - compulsively cluttered yet trivial that it 's no longer escapism ; Because this movie has bad lightsaber duels and the lack of the original cast , it 's something you want to escape from . Ai n't It Cool News posted two reviews of the film during the week before its release , but pulled them down due to an embargo placed on those attending the screening its writers attended . The same reviews were re-posted on the site , on the day of the film 's release . The retraction prompted some readers to allege a conspiracy by Lucasfilm to keep negative press out of circulation until the release of the film , but although the review by site creator Harry Knowles was negative , Drew McWeeny said that his review was positive and that no such conspiracy existed . Several critics compared The Clone Wars to a Saturday morning cartoon and described it as little more than a plug for the upcoming animated series . Linda Barnard , of the Toronto Star , said the movie `` pretty much drives a stake into the heart of every loyal fan of the movies . And now ( George Lucas is ) out to stick it to those too young to know about Jar Jar Binks . '' Variety magazine reviewer Todd McCarthy said , `` This is n't the Star Wars we 've always known and at least sometimes loved . '' Joe Neumiar , of the New York Daily News , wrote , `` If this were a true Star Wars film , right about now somebody would say , ' ... I 've got a bad feeling about this . ' '' In his review for Entertainment Weekly , critic Owen Gleiberman gave the film an F grade and wrote , `` George Lucas is turning into the enemy of fun . '' Carrie Rickey , of The Philadelphia Inquirer , said , `` The best that can be said about the movie is that it 's harmless and mostly charmless . The Clone Wars is to Star Wars what karaoke is to pop music . '' Remember how people talked about the Star Wars prequels like they were the worst movies ever made , when really , come on , they were n't THAT bad ? The Clone Wars actually IS that bad . -- Film critic , Eric D. Snider The main criticism toward the film was the animation . Many criticized it as cheap , wooden , non-engaging , and out - of - date ; some reviewers drew negative comparisons to 1960s marionette - based shows Thunderbirds and Fireball XL5 , although George Lucas previously said the animation style was a deliberate homage to such shows . Tom Long of The Detroit News said the animation `` is downright weak compared to what 's generally seen on screens these days '' and said the characters are so stiff they look like they were `` carved by Pinocchio 's father . '' Roger Ebert said `` the characters have hair that looks molded from Play - Doh , bodies that seem arthritic , and moving lips on half - frozen faces -- all signs that shortcuts were taken in the animation work . '' McCarthy said `` the movements , both of the characters and the compositions , look mechanical , and the mostly familiar characters have all the facial expressiveness of Easter Island statues . '' But some of the same reviewers who criticized the animation acknowledged some positive elements about it ; McCarthy said it allowed for `` somewhat more dramatic compositions and color schemes , '' and Carrie Rickey , of The Philadelphia Inquirer , said the scenery and backgrounds were `` vivid and alive '' , although she said the characters `` move as you would imagine the statues at a waxworks might . '' Reviewers also criticized the dialogue , which Ebert said was limited to `` simplistic declamations '' and Claudia Puig of USA Today described as `` stilted and overblown , a problem also in some of the live - action incarnations . '' Many critics also said that the battle scenes were repetitive and lacked tension ; McCarthy described the action sequences as `` a little exposition , an invasion ; some more exposition , a lightsaber fight ; a bit more blah - blah , a spaceship dogfight , and on and on . '' Linda Stasi , of the New York Post , also described the lack of character development in the film , writing that whereas the original Star Wars films dedicated time to allowing viewers to get to know the characters , `` Director Dave Filoni is so concentrated on the action that we 're never given the chance to care who lives and who is blown into spare parts . '' Jason Anderson , of the Globe and Mail , wrote that although The Clone Wars is intended for younger audiences , `` parents may be perturbed by the film 's relentless violence . '' Ebert also found protagonist Ahsoka Tano `` annoying , '' and Michael Rechtshaffen , of The Hollywood Reporter , said the attempts of humor amid the bickering between Tano and Anakin Skywalker are `` strained '' . Puig said she enjoyed the character , and that `` her repartee with Anakin enlivens things . '' Box Office ( edit ) The Clone Wars earned $68,282,844 worldwide , including $35,161,554 in North American domestic box office grosses and $33,121,290 in international grosses . The film earned $14,611,273 on 3,452 screens in its opening weekend , including $6,228,973 on its opening day , August 15 . It was the third - highest earning film of the weekend , behind Tropic Thunder and The Dark Knight , which earned $25.8 million and $16.3 million , respectively . Dan Fellman , head of distribution for Warner Bros. , said the box office performance met expectations because two - thirds of the audience were families and the budget for the film was $8.5 million , frugal considering it was a CGI film , and because the film was meant to introduce the animated series . Fellman said , `` It was targeted to a specific audience for specific reasons . We accomplished that mission , and it will continue in another medium . '' When The Clone Wars dropped to $5.6 million in its second week of release , ContactMusic.com described it as `` the first bona fide Star Wars flop . '' The film also earned $23,428,376 from DVD sales in the US . Awards ( edit ) Award Category Result Razzie Award Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - Off or Sequel Nominated See also ( edit ) Film portal Star Wars portal 2000s portal List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS -- THE CLONE WARS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Germain ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` ' Thunder ' rumbles past ' Dark Knight ' with $26 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Star Wars Blog > > Report from Wonder - Con : Lucasfilm Presentation ( Part 3 ) '' . Starwarsblog.starwars.com . February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Talks ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' '' . Starwars.com . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Force - Cast Clone Wars Roundtable , interview with Dave Filoni and Henry Gilroy , October 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars Interview With Henry Gilroy GalacticBinder . Retrieved on November 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Diane Garrett ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Animated ' Star Wars ' to hit theaters '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Joshua Rich ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` George Lucas on ' Star Wars , ' Indiana Jones '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Quenqua , Douglas . `` The Force lives on , as do the toys . '' The New York Times , July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lupick , Travis . `` Clone Wars proved a galactic task for production team . '' The Georgia Straight , August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Autodesk Maya software serves as animation platform for new Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated feature film and TV series . '' TradingMarkets.com , August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weprin , Alex . `` George Lucas Talks ' Clone Wars ' . Broadcasting & Cable , April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Kiko . `` Hispanic animator helps create new Star Wars universe . '' Extra , August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` George Lucas : ' Star Wars ' wo n't go beyond Darth Vader '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Clone Wars ' Soundtrack '' . `` StarWars.com '' . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Blake . `` Music Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' Soundtrack . '' Blogcritics , August 21 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro 's Clone Wars figures at Toy Fair . '' The Official Star Wars Blog , February 17 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Undercity Interviews -- Randy Stradley . '' Star Wars Undercity Portugal , April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TOPPS Entertainment Brands -- Star Wars The Clone Wars . '' Topps . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Penguin Group and DK Publishing to public Star Wars : The Clone Wars books . '' StarWars.com , April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO new Clone Wars sets will excite whoever gets excited by Clone Wars . Gizmodo , February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars video games . LucasArts.com . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jon . `` GC 2008 : Hands on with Star Wars The Clone Wars : Jedi Alliance . '' PockerGamer.co.uk , August 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars MP3 Player . '' GeekAlerts , August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars iSpeaker . '' StarWars.com , September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unveiling Andretti 's Clone Wars car . '' StarWars.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ASkyler . `` Sonoma : Marco Andretti IRL IndyCar Race Recap . '' PaddockTalk , August 25 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- The Clone Wars ( DVD ) ( 2008 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Dave Filoni : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- The Clone Wars ( Blu - ray Disc ) ( 2008 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Dave Filoni : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Clone Wars Movie : On DVD & Blu - Ray November 11 '' . StarWars.com . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rotten Tomatoes : The Clone Wars '' . Retrieved on June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' ( 2008 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 10 Best Films of 2008 : Owen Gleiberman 's Picks , Panel 17 : Worst films , # 2 Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Regarding The CLONE WARS reviews ... '' Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia . `` ' The Clone Wars ' : Cartoonish , in a bad way , '' USA Today , August 14 , 2008 , Life ( section ) . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( PG ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guzman , Rafer . `` Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' '' Newsday , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Barnard , Linda . `` ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' a clunky effort '' . Toronto Star , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd . `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( animated ) '' . Variety , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rickey , Carrie . `` Animation adds little to ' Clone ' '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Neumaier , Joe . `` ' Clone Wars ' waters down ' Star Wars ' empire '' . New York Daily News , August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen . `` Movie Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' ( 2008 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly , Iss. # 1007 / 1008 , August 22 / 29 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Eric D. `` Review : ' Clone Wars ' Is the Worst ' Star Wars ' Event Since the ' Christmas Special ' '' . ericdsnider.com , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved on April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stasi , Linda . ' More like ' Clone Bores ' . New York Post , August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rechtshaffen , Michael . `` Film Review : ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter , August 10 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Germain , David . `` Review : Clone Scripts '' . Clone Script ^ Jump up to : Long , Tom . `` ' Clone ' ca n't duplicate success . The Detroit News , August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Jason . `` Where 's the force when you need it ? '' . The Globe and Mail , August 15 , 2008. Retrieved on August 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Box Office Results for August 15 -- 17 , 2008 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , August 15 , 2008 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Second week of claps for Thunder . '' ContactMusic.com , August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved on September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Star Wars : The Clone Wars at LucasFilm.com Star Wars : The Clone Wars on IMDb Star Wars : The Clone Wars at Box Office Mojo Star Wars : The Clone Wars at Rotten Tomatoes Star Wars : The Clone Wars at Metacritic Star Wars : The Clone Wars on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- ) Detours ( unaired ) Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other The Making of Star Wars ( 1977 ) From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga ( 1983 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid Graphics Group ( Pixar ) Kerner Optical SoundDroid THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) VIAF : 181731329 LCCN : no2008137240 GND : 7634763 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(film)&oldid=811641766 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 animated films 2008 computer - animated films 2000s action films 2000s American animated films 2000s science fiction films 2000s sequel films American films American epic films American animated science fiction films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Animated space adventure films American robot films American sequel films Computer - animated films Military science fiction films Prequel films Science fiction adventure films Star Wars spin - off films American television pilots Lucasfilm animated films Warner Bros. animated films Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from 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"Star Wars: The Clone Wars is a 2008 American 3D animated science fiction-space opera film that takes place within the Star Wars saga, leading into a TV series of the same name produced by Lucasfilm Animation. The film is set during the three-year time period between the films Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005). Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, which also holds the home media distribution rights to both this film and the first five seasons of the television series, the film premiered on August 10, 2008 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, while screening in wide-release on August 14, 2008 across Australia, and August 15 in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Clone Wars served as an introduction to the television series of the same name, which debuted on October 3, 2008. Though critical reception was negative, the film was a box office success, and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget."
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"three-year time period between the films Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)"
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4069120254447883454 | Paronychia | Paronychia - wikipedia Paronychia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the nail disease . For the genus of plants , see Paronychia ( plant ) . Not to be confused with whitlow . Paronychia Pronunciation / ˌpærəˈnɪkiə / Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology , emergency medicine ICD - 10 L03. 0 ICD - 9 - CM 681.02 , 681.11 DiseasesDB 9663 MedlinePlus 001444 eMedicine derm / 798 MeSH D010304 ( edit on Wikidata ) Paronychia is a nail disease that is an often - tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail . The infection can start suddenly ( acute paronychia ) or gradually ( chronic paronychia ) . Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for whitlow or felon . The term is from Greek : παρωνυχία from para , `` around '' and onukh - , `` nail '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Cause 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Types 4 Treatment 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) An infection of the cuticle secondary to a splinter The skin typically presents as red and hot . These infections can be painful . Pus is usually present , along with gradual thickening and browning discoloration of the nail plate . Cause ( edit ) Acute paronychia is usually caused by bacteria . Claims have also been made that the popular acne medication , isotretinoin , has caused paronychia to develop in patients . Paronychia is often treated with antibiotics , either topical or oral . Chronic paronychia is most often caused by a yeast infection of the soft tissues around the nail but can also be traced to a bacterial infection . If the infection is continuous , the cause is often fungal and needs antifungal cream or paint to be treated . Risk factors include repeatedly washing hands and trauma to the cuticle such as from biting . In the context of bartending , it is known as bar rot . Prosector 's paronychia is a primary inoculation of tuberculosis of the skin and nails , named after its association with prosectors , who prepare specimens for dissection . Paronychia around the entire nail is sometimes referred to as runaround paronychia . Painful paronychia in association with a scaly , erythematous , keratotic rash ( papules and plaques ) of the ears , nose , fingers , and toes , may be indicative of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica , which is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx . Paronychia can occur with diabetes , drug - induced immunosuppression , or systemic diseases such as pemphigus . Diagnosis ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Types ( edit ) Left and right ring fingers of the same individual . The distal phalanx of the finger on the right exhibits swelling due to acute paronychia . Paronychia may be divided as follows : Acute paronychia is an infection of the folds of tissue surrounding the nail of a finger or , less commonly , a toe , lasting less than six weeks . The infection generally starts in the paronychium at the side of the nail , with local redness , swelling , and pain . Acute paronychia is usually caused by direct or indirect trauma to the cuticle or nail fold , and may be from relatively minor events , such as dishwashing , an injury from a splinter or thorn , nail biting , biting or picking at a hangnail , finger sucking , an ingrown nail , or manicure procedures . Chronic paronychia is an infection of the folds of tissue surrounding the nail of a finger or , less commonly , a toe , lasting more than six weeks . It is a nail disease prevalent in individuals whose hands or feet are subject to moist local environments , and is often due to contact dermatitis . In chronic paronychia , the cuticle separates from the nail plate , leaving the region between the proximal nail fold and the nail plate vulnerable to infection . It can be the result of dish washing , finger sucking , aggressively trimming the cuticles , or frequent contact with chemicals ( mild alkalis , acids , etc . ) . Alternatively , paronychia may be divided as follows : Candidal paronychia is an inflammation of the nail fold produced by Candida albicans . Pyogenic paronychia is an inflammation of the folds of skin surrounding the nail caused by bacteria . Generally acute paronychia is a pyogenic paronychia as it is usually caused by a bacterial infection . Treatment ( edit ) When no pus is present , warm soaks for acute paronychia is reasonable , even though there is a lack of evidence to support its use . Antibiotics such as clindamycin or cephalexin are also often used , the first being more effective in areas where MRSA is common . If there are signs of an abscess ( the presence of pus ) drainage is recommended . Chronic paronychia is treated by avoiding whatever is causing it , a topical antifungal , and a topical steroid . In those who do not improve following these measures oral antifungals and steroids may be used or the nail fold may be removed surgically . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rigopoulos D , Larios G , Gregoriou S , Alevizos A ( February 2008 ) . `` Acute and chronic paronychia '' . Am Fam Physician. 77 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 46 . PMID 18297959 . ^ Jump up to : Rockwell PG ( March 2001 ) . `` Acute and chronic paronychia '' . Am Fam Physician. 63 ( 6 ) : 1113 -- 6 . PMID 11277548 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor 's advice Q : Whitlow ( paronychia ) '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bar Rot '' . The Truth About Bartending . January 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Karen Allen , MD ( 2005 - 08 - 17 ) . `` eMedicine - Acrokeratosis Neoplastica '' . Jump up ^ Paronychia ~ clinical at eMedicine Jump up ^ Serratos BD , Rashid RM ( 200 ) . `` Nail disease in pemphigus vulgaris '' . Dermatol Online J. 15 ( 7 ) : 2 . PMID 19903430 . ^ Jump up to : James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Freedberg , Irwin M. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine ( 6th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Publishing Company . ISBN 0071380760 . Jump up ^ Rigopoulos , Dimitris ; Larios , George ; Gregoriou , Stamatis ; Alevizos , Alevizos ( 2008 ) . `` Acute and Chronic Paronychia '' ( PDF ) . American Family Physician. 77 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 346 . PMID 18297959 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigopoulos , Dimitris ; Larios , George ; Gregoriou , Stamatis ; Alevizos , Alevizos ( 2008 ) . `` Acute and Chronic Paronychia '' ( PDF ) . American Family Physician. 77 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 346 . PMID 18297959 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ritting , AW ; O'Malley , MP ; Rodner , CM ( May 2012 ) . `` Acute paronychia . '' . The Journal of hand surgery . 37 ( 5 ) : 1068 -- 70 ; quiz page 1070 . PMID 22305431 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhsa. 2011.11. 021 . ^ Jump up to : Rigopoulos , D ; Larios , G ; Gregoriou , S ; Alevizos , A ( Feb 1 , 2008 ) . `` Acute and chronic paronychia . '' . American family physician . 77 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 46 . PMID 18297959 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paronychia ( disease ) . `` Paronychia Nail Infection '' . Dermatologic Disease Database . American Osteopathic College of Dermatology . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 12 . `` What Is The Best Way To Treat Paronychias ? , Roundtable discussion in Podiatry Today , Volume 15 - Issue 3 , March 2002 , pp. 58 -- 60 . Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Bacterial skin disease ( L00 -- L08 , 680 -- 686 ) Gram + ve Firmicutes Staphylococcus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Impetigo Toxic shock syndrome Streptococcus Impetigo Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection Streptococcal intertrigo Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection Erysipelas / Chronic recurrent erysipelas Scarlet fever Corynebacterium Erythrasma Listeriosis Clostridium Gas gangrene Dermatitis gangrenosa Mycoplasma Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Actinobacteria Mycobacterium - related : Aquarium granuloma Borderline lepromatous leprosy Borderline leprosy Borderline tuberculoid leprosy Buruli ulcer Erythema induratum Histoid leprosy Lepromatous leprosy Leprosy Lichen scrofulosorum Lupus vulgaris Miliary tuberculosis Mycobacterium avium - intracellulare complex infection Mycobacterium haemophilum infection Mycobacterium kansasii infection Papulonecrotic tuberculid Primary inoculation tuberculosis Rapid growing mycobacterium infection Scrofuloderma Tuberculosis cutis orificialis Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis Tuberculous cellulitis Tuberculous gumma Tuberculoid leprosy Cutaneous actinomycosis Nocardiosis Cutaneous diphtheria infection Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Group JK corynebacterium sepsis Gram - ve Proteobacteria α : Endemic typhus Epidemic typhus Scrub typhus North Asian tick typhus Queensland tick typhus Flying squirrel typhus Trench fever Bacillary angiomatosis African tick bite fever American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Flea - borne spotted fever Japanese spotted fever Mediterranean spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Verruga peruana Brill -- Zinsser disease Brucellosis Cat - scratch disease Oroya fever Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection β : Gonococcemia / Gonorrhea / Primary gonococcal dermatitis Melioidosis Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection Meningococcemia Glanders Chromobacteriosis infection γ : Pasteurellosis Tularemia Vibrio vulnificus Rhinoscleroma Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis Pseudomonal pyoderma / Pseudomonas hot - foot syndrome / Hot tub folliculitis / Ecthyma gangrenosum / Green nail syndrome Q fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Plague Granuloma inguinale Chancroid Aeromonas infection ε : Helicobacter cellulitis Other Syphilid Syphilis Chancre Yaws Pinta Bejel Chlamydia infection Leptospirosis Rat - bite fever Lyme disease Lymphogranuloma venereum Unspecified pathogen Abscess Periapical abscess Boil / furuncle Hospital furunculosis Carbuncle Cellulitis Paronychia / Pyogenic paronychia Perianal cellulitis Acute lymphadenitis Pilonidal cyst Pyoderma Folliculitis Superficial pustular folliculitis Sycosis vulgaris Pimple Ecthyma Pitted keratolysis Trichomycosis axillaris Necrotizing fascitis Gangrene Chronic undermining burrowing ulcers Fournier gangrene Elephantiasis nostras Blistering distal dactylitis Botryomycosis Malakoplakia Gram - negative folliculitis Gram - negative toe web infection Pyomyositis Blastomycosis - like pyoderma Bullous impetigo Chronic lymphangitis Recurrent toxin - mediated perineal erythema Tick - borne lymphadenopathy Tropical ulcer Disorders of skin appendages ( L60 -- L75 , 703 -- 706 ) Nail thickness : Onychogryphosis Onychauxis color : Beau 's lines Yellow nail syndrome Leukonychia Azure lunula shape : Koilonychia Nail clubbing behavior : Onychotillomania Onychophagia other : Ingrown nail Anonychia ungrouped : Paronychia Acute Chronic Chevron nail Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers Green nails Half and half nails Hangnail Hapalonychia Hook nail Ingrown nail Lichen planus of the nails Longitudinal erythronychia Malalignment of the nail plate Median nail dystrophy Mees ' lines Melanonychia Muehrcke 's lines Nail -- patella syndrome Onychoatrophy Onycholysis Onychomadesis Onychomatricoma Onychomycosis Onychophosis Onychoptosis defluvium Onychorrhexis Onychoschizia Platonychia Pincer nails Plummer 's nail Psoriatic nails Pterygium inversum unguis Pterygium unguis Purpura of the nail bed Racquet nail Red lunulae Shell nail syndrome Splinter hemorrhage Spotted lunulae Staining of the nail plate Stippled nails Subungual hematoma Terry 's nails Twenty - nail dystrophy Hair Hair loss / Baldness noncicatricial alopecia : Alopecia areata totalis universalis Ophiasis Androgenic alopecia ( male - pattern baldness ) Hypotrichosis Telogen effluvium Traction alopecia Lichen planopilaris Trichorrhexis nodosa Alopecia neoplastica Anagen effluvium Alopecia mucinosa cicatricial alopecia : Pseudopelade of Brocq Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia Pressure alopecia Traumatic alopecia Tumor alopecia Hot comb alopecia Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens Graham - Little syndrome Folliculitis decalvans ungrouped : Triangular alopecia Frontal fibrosing alopecia Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis Hypertrichosis Hirsutism Acquired localised generalised patterned Congenital generalised localised X-linked Prepubertal Acneiform eruption Acne Acne vulgaris Acne conglobata Acne miliaris necrotica Tropical acne Infantile acne / Neonatal acne Excoriated acne Acne fulminans Acne medicamentosa ( e.g. , steroid acne ) Halogen acne Iododerma Bromoderma Chloracne Oil acne Tar acne Acne cosmetica Occupational acne Acne aestivalis Acne keloidalis nuchae Acne mechanica Acne with facial edema Pomade acne Acne necrotica Blackhead Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei Rosacea Perioral dermatitis Granulomatous perioral dermatitis Phymatous rosacea Rhinophyma Blepharophyma Gnathophyma Metophyma Otophyma Papulopustular rosacea Lupoid rosacea Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea Glandular rosacea Gram - negative rosacea Steroid rosacea Ocular rosacea Persistent edema of rosacea Rosacea conglobata variants Periorificial dermatitis Pyoderma faciale Ungrouped Granulomatous facial dermatitis Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma Periorbital dermatitis SAPHO syndrome Follicular cysts `` Sebaceous cyst '' Epidermoid cyst Trichilemmal cyst Steatocystoma simplex multiplex Milia Inflammation Folliculitis Folliculitis nares perforans Tufted folliculitis Pseudofolliculitis barbae Hidradenitis Hidradenitis suppurativa Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Ungrouped Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex Acroosteolysis Bubble hair deformity Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis Erosive pustular dermatitis of the scalp Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli Hair casts Hair follicle nevus Intermittent hair -- follicle dystrophy Keratosis pilaris atropicans Kinking hair Koenen 's tumor Lichen planopilaris Lichen spinulosus Loose anagen syndrome Menkes kinky hair syndrome Monilethrix Parakeratosis pustulosa Pili ( Pili annulati Pili bifurcati Pili multigemini Pili pseudoannulati Pili torti ) Pityriasis amiantacea Plica neuropathica Poliosis Rubinstein -- Taybi syndrome Setleis syndrome Traumatic anserine folliculosis Trichomegaly Trichomycosis axillaris Trichorrhexis ( Trichorrhexis invaginata Trichorrhexis nodosa ) Trichostasis spinulosa Uncombable hair syndrome Wooly hair Wooly hair nevus Sweat glands Eccrine Miliaria Colloid milium Miliaria crystalline Miliaria profunda Miliaria pustulosa Miliaria rubra Occlusion miliaria Postmiliarial hypohidrosis Granulosis rubra nasi Ross ' syndrome Anhidrosis Hyperhidrosis Generalized Gustatory Palmoplantar Apocrine Body odor Chromhidrosis Fox -- Fordyce disease Sebaceous Sebaceous hyperplasia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paronychia&oldid=802816547 '' Categories : Occupational diseases Conditions of the skin appendages Nails ( anatomy ) Tuberculosis Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from December 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 17 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | acute infection of the fold of skin around a nail | [
"Paronychia is a nail disease that is an often-tender bacterial or fungal infection of the hand or foot where the nail and skin meet at the side or the base of a finger or toenail. The infection can start suddenly (acute paronychia) or gradually (chronic paronychia).[1][2] Paronychia is commonly misapplied as a synonym for whitlow or felon. The term is from Greek: παρωνυχία from para, \"around\" and onukh-, \"nail\"."
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"Paronychia"
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7842813427747215527 | Sirius XM NASCAR Radio | Sirius XM NASCAR Radio - wikipedia Sirius XM NASCAR Radio Jump to : navigation , search SiriusXM NASCAR Radio Broadcast area United States Canada Slogan 24 / 7 Nascar Talk Frequency Sirius XM Radio 90 First air date January 1 , 2007 Format sports radio Owner Sirius XM Radio Website Sirius XM NASCAR Radio SiriusXM NASCAR Radio is a channel on Sirius XM Radio dedicated to NASCAR . The station launched on January 1 , 2007 and broadcasts every Monster Energy Cup , Xfinity , and Camping World Truck Series race live . It is an affiliate of both the Motor Racing Network ( MRN ) and the Performance Racing Network ( PRN ) , as well as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network ( IMS ) for coverage of the Brickyard 400 . It carries live races , full race replays , as well as behind - the - scenes and daily talk shows . Following the Sirius / XM merger , Sirius NASCAR Radio was made available to XM on September 30 , 2008 as part of its `` Best of Sirius '' package and broadcasts on channel 90 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contract 2 Shows 3 References 4 External links Contract ( edit ) As part of the agreement NASCAR will pay rights fees totaling $107.5 million over the term of the agreement . Mel Karmazin says `` We 're thrilled that NASCAR has chosen to move to SIRIUS . '' Shows ( edit ) Dialed In host Claire B. Lang interviews Kyle Busch after he won the 2015 Toyota / Save Mart 350 Title Time Days The Morning Drive 7 am -- 11 am Mon -- Fri Tradin ' Paint 11 am -- 3 pm Mon -- Fri SIRIUS Speedway 3 pm -- 7 pm Mon -- Fri Dialed In 7 pm -- 10 pm Wed . -- Sat . Late Shift 7 pm -- 10 pm Mon . & Tues . The Front Stretch 7 am -- 11 am Weekends The Back Stretch End of race -- midnight Sundays Press Pass 11 am -- 2 pm Saturdays Manifold Destiny 10 pm -- midnight Monday References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SIRIUS Satellite Radio Grabs NASCAR Broadcast Rights From XM Jump up ^ `` About '' . Radio. about . Retrieved 2005 - 02 - 23 . Corey Deitz . External links ( edit ) Sirius XM NASCAR Radio Sirius XM Radio channels Entertainment Blue Collar Radio Canada Laughs Fox News Radio The Foxxhole Laugh USA Martha Stewart Living Radio Raw Dog Comedy Sirius XM Stars Family and health Doctor Radio Kids Place Live Radio Classics Radio Disney News BBC World Service Bloomberg Radio CNBC CNN CNN en Español C - Span Radio Fox News Channel Fox News Talk HLN MSNBC NPR Now POTUS Politics PRX SiriusXM Patriot SiriusXM Progress Sirius XM Public Radio SiriusXM Insight SiriusXM Urban View Religion FamilyNet Radio The Catholic Channel EWTN FamilyTalk Sports ESPN Radio ESPNU Radio ESPN Xtra IndyCar Radio Mad Dog Sports Radio MLB Network Radio NBA Radio NASCAR Radio NFL Radio The Score XM Scoreboard Latin Calendrier Sportif Canada 360 Canada Talks CBC Radio One ESPN Deportes Radio Ici Radio - Canada Première Quoi de Neuf Radio Parallèle Other America 's Talk ATN - Asian Radio Cosmo Radio Extreme Talk Howard 100 Howard 101 Playboy Radio RCI+ ReachMD Road Dog Trucking Sirius XM Indie Sirius XM Weather & Emergency Specials Faction Talk The Weather Network WRN Broadcast Premium channels Sirius XM Public Radio Faction Talk OutQ SiriusXM NHL Network Radio SiriusXM PGA Tour Radio NASCAR on television and radio Broadcast television partners ABC CBS Fox NBC / Telemundo Secondary broadcast television partners Jefferson - Pilot Mizlou MRN TV SETN Cable television partners ESPN Fox Sports 1 Fox Sports 2 NBC Group ( NBCSN , Universo ) TBS TNT USA Defunct networks Prime SCORE SportsChannel America TNN Secondary cable television partners CNN / SI Hot Pass Speed Viewer 's Choice Radio partners MRN Radio IndyCar Radio Network Performance Racing Network Sirius XM NASCAR Radio Current regular season Daytona 500 Atlanta Las Vegas Phoenix 1 Auto Club Martinsville 1 Texas 1 Bristol 1 Richmond 1 Talladega 1 Kansas 1 Coca - Cola 600 Dover 1 Pocono 1 Michigan 1 Sonoma Daytona 2 Kentucky Loudon 1 Brickyard 400 Pocono 2 Watkins Glen Michigan 2 Bristol 2 Bojangles ' Southern 500 Richmond 2 NASCAR playoffs Chicagoland Loudon 2 Dover 2 Charlotte 2 Kansas 2 Talladega 2 Martinsville 2 Texas 2 Phoenix 2 Homestead Non-points events Sprint Unlimited Can - Am Duel NASCAR Sprint All - Star Race Daytona 500 pole position races Winter Heat Series Previous Atlanta 2 Auto Club 2 North Wilkesboro 1 North Wilkesboro 2 Ontario Riverside ( Summer ) Riverside ( Winter ) Rockingham 1 Rockingham 2 Darlington Nashville 1 Nashville 2 Greenville 1 News television series Inside NASCAR Inside NBS NASCAR America NASCAR in a Hurry NASCAR Inside Nextel Cup NASCAR Nation NASCAR Now NASCAR Race Hub SPEED Center This Week in NASCAR Totally NASCAR Prerace television series NASCAR Countdown NASCAR Live ! NASCAR RaceDay Postrace television series NASCAR Victory Lane Race rebroadcasts Back in the Day ESPN Classic NASCAR Classics Broadcast technology Digger RaceCam Side - By - Side ( graphic ) Reality television series NASCAR Angels NASCAR Beyond the Wheel NASCAR Drivers : Non-Stop NBS 24 / 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirius_XM_NASCAR_Radio&oldid=823269441 '' Categories : Sirius Satellite Radio channels XM Satellite Radio channels Digital - only radio stations NASCAR on the radio Radio stations established in 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 06 : 33 . About Wikipedia | what is the nascar channel on sirius xm | [
"\nSiriusXM NASCAR Radio\n\n\n\n\nBroadcast area\nUnited States\nCanada\n\n\nSlogan\n24/7 Nascar Talk\n\n\nFrequency\nSirius XM Radio 90\n\n\nFirst air date\nJanuary 1, 2007\n\n\nFormat\nsports radio\n\n\nOwner\nSirius XM Radio\n\n\nWebsite\nSirius XM NASCAR Radio\n\n"
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"Sirius XM Radio 90"
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-6287006213293698553 | Reverse chronology | Reverse chronology - wikipedia Reverse chronology This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reverse chronology is a method of story - telling whereby the plot is revealed in reverse order . In a story employing this technique , the first scene shown is actually the conclusion to the plot . Once that scene ends , the penultimate scene is shown , and so on , so that the final scene the viewer sees is the first chronologically . Many stories employ flashback , showing prior events , but whereas the scene order of most conventional films is A-B-C - etc. , a film in reverse chronology goes Z-Y-X - etc . As a hypothetical example , if the fairy tale Jack and the Beanstalk was told using reverse chronology , the opening scene would depict Jack chopping the beanstalk down and killing the giant . The next scene would feature Jack being discovered by the giant and climbing down the beanstalk in fear of his life . Later , we would see Jack running into the man with the infamous magic beans , then , at the end of the film , being sent off by his mother to sell the cow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Examples of use 2.1 Literature 2.2 Theatre 2.3 Film 2.4 Television 2.5 Comics 2.6 Anime 2.7 Music 2.8 Video game 3 See also 4 References Purpose ( edit ) The unusual nature of this method means it is only used in stories of a specific nature . For example , Memento features a man with anterograde amnesia , meaning he is unable to form new memories . The film parallels the protagonist 's perspective by unfolding in reverse chronological order , leaving the audience as ignorant of the events that occurred prior to each scene ( which , played in reverse chronological order , will not be revealed until later ) as the protagonist is . In the film Irréversible , an act of homicidal violence takes place at the start of the movie ( i.e. , it is the final event to take place ) . During the remainder of the film we learn not only that the violence is an act of vengeance , but what exactly is being avenged . The film was highly controversial for its graphic nature ; had the scenes been shown in chronological order , this violent content would make it a simple , and pointlessly brutal , revenge movie . However , as it is , told in reverse , the audience is made to consider the exact consequences of each action , and there is often `` more than meets the eye . '' Examples of Use ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) The epic poem Aeneid , written by Virgil in the 1st century BC , uses reverse chronology within scenes . In `` The Three Apples '' , a murder mystery in the One Thousand and One Nights , the middle part of the story shows a flashback of events leading up to the discovery of a dead body at the beginning of the story . The action of W.R. Burnett 's novel , Goodbye to the Past ( 1934 ) , moves continually from 1929 to 1873 . Edward Lewis Wallant uses flashbacks in reverse chronology in The Human Season ( 1960 ) . The novel Christopher Homm ( 1965 ) , by C.H. Sisson , is also told in reverse chronology . Philip K. Dick , in his 1967 novel Counter-Clock World , describes a future in which time has started to move in reverse , resulting in the dead reviving in their own graves ( `` old - birth '' ) , living their lives in reverse , eventually ending in returning to the womb , and splitting into an egg and a sperm during copulation between a recipient woman and a man . The novel was expanded from Dick 's short story Your Appointment Will Be Yesterday , first published in the August 1966 edition of Amazing Stories . Martin Amis 's 1991 novel `` Time 's Arrow '' tells the story of a man who , it seems , brings dead people to life . Eventually it is revealed that the story is being seen backwards , and he was a doctor at Auschwitz who brought death to live people . He escaped to the United States , and the novel starts with his death and ends with his birth . Amis writes in the Afterword that he had a `` certain paragraph '' from Kurt Vonnegut 's Slaughterhouse Five ( 1969 ) in mind . As he waits to be taken by aliens to the planet Tralfamadore , the protagonist , Billy Pilgrim , watches a war movie backwards . American planes full of holes fly backwards as German planes suck bullets from them ; bombers take their bombs back to base where they are returned to the States , reduced to ore and buried . The American fliers became high school kids again , and , Billy guesses , Hitler ultimately returns to babyhood . Iain Banks 's novel Use of Weapons interweaves two parallel stories , one told in standard chronology and one in reverse . Julia Alvarez 's novel How the García Girls Lost Their Accents opens in 1989 with one of the characters returning to her Native Dominican Republic . The story of why the family left and their attempts to succeed in New York are told in reverse chronological order , with the last events happening in 1956 . Theatre ( edit ) A number of plays have employed this technique . George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart 's 1934 play , Merrily We Roll Along , is told in reverse order , as is the Harold Pinter play Betrayal ( 1978 ) . Kaufman and Hart 's play was adapted as a musical comedy by Stephen Sondheim in 1981 , and Pinter 's play was made into a film in 1983 . Film ( edit ) In 1927 , Jean Epstein 's La glace à trois faces ( The Three Sided Mirror ) features a sequence where the events happen in reverse , beginning with the protagonist 's exit from a room until the viewer sees the entrance . The Czech comedy Happy End ( 1966 ) is a farce which starts with a guillotined man finding his head popped back on his shoulders and ends with him as a new - born being pushed back into his mother 's womb . Atom Egoyan , influenced by Pinter 's plays , tells the story of The Sweet Hereafter ( 1997 ) in reverse chronology , with the first scene of the film set in 1977 and the last in 1968 . The technique was later employed in Peppermint Candy ( 2000 ) , by South Korean director Lee Chang - dong ; in Memento ( 2000 ) , a mystery directed by Christopher Nolan about short term memory loss ; and in Jean - Luc Godard 's short film De l'origine du XXIe siècle pour moi ( 2000 ) . In Irréversible ( 2002 ) , the technique is used so thoroughly that the end credits are not only shown at the beginning of the movie , but they roll down the screen , rather than upwards as is familiar . The first several scenes in 2003 's film Identity , starring John Cusack , occur in reverse order . The 2004 film 5x2 , directed by François Ozon , tells the story of a relationship between two people in five episodes using reverse chronology . In Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) , a main substory is told in reverse . Coup de Sang , a French film , by Jean Marboeuf ( 2006 ) uses limited reverse chronology . The film begins with the revelation that the main character will commit a murder one week from the next scene , although it is not revealed who will be killed or why . In the 2007 movie P.S. I Love You , the scenes in which Gerry Kennedy ( Gerard Butler ) meets and courts Holly ( Hilary Swank ) are shown in reverse . In the 2010 Tamil movie , Manmadan Ambu , the song `` Neela Vaanam '' ( visuals inspired by Coldplay 's `` The Scientist '' ) is shown in a reverse sequence . Television ( edit ) See also : The Backwards Episode The made - for - television drama Two Friends ( 1986 ) , by Jane Campion , and the 1997 episode , `` The Betrayal '' , of the hit sitcom Seinfeld , employs the technique . The Seinfeld episode is a take - off of the Harold Pinter play `` Betrayal '' and has a character named `` Pinter . '' The 2000 X-Files episode Redrum ( in which a character experiences the events in reverse along with the audience ) and the 2002 ER episode , `` Hindsight '' , does as well . A 1997 `` Star Trek : Voyager '' episode , `` Before and After '' , which writer Kenneth Biller claimed was based on a Martin Amis novel `` Time 's Arrow '' , also features a character experiencing the events in reverse along with the audience . Sealab 2021 episode `` Shrabster '' is also in reverse order . For a few seasons , the revived `` Doctor Who '' had an extensive storyline focusing on a relationship between the Doctor and his companions ' daughter ( River Song ) from the future based on `` opposite timelines '' ( i.e. , as the Doctor was travelling through time on one path , River was travelling on an opposite path ) causing them to interact in opposite chronological order . In 2017 , the British tv mini-series Rellik ( Killer backwards ) cleverly tells a story about a serial killer in backwards order . In 2018 , the episode `` Once Removed '' , from the series `` Inside No. 9 '' uses reverse chronology to tell a dark story about a family who is moving house , and the murder that subsequently begins . Comics ( edit ) The story `` The Time Eater '' from issue 40 of the comic `` Vampirella '' , scripted by Jack Butterworth and published in 1975 , included the concept of human lives running backwards . People were shown to be exhumed , reunited with families , separated from their spouses in order to attend school , and finally returned to the womb . Dialogue was reversed also . Alan Moore 's 1983 short story `` The Reversible Man '' from issue 308 of the comic `` 2000AD '' told an ordinary man 's life backwards , using the same concept as Butterworth but recasting it as a first - person narrative . Brian K. Vaughan wrote an issue of the ongoing Midnighter series told in reverse chronology . The issue explored the fact that the character Midnighter has the ability to calculate millions of possible scenarios for any given situation . The issue does not have the scenes in reverse order , but rather the individual pages run backwards . Issue 43 of Bongo 's `` Simpsons Comics '' is told in reverse order : the story opens with a depiction of a crane lifting a crashed car out of a lake ; each subsequent scene ( which lasts for one page ) carries a caption informing the reader that it took place , for instance , `` 20 minutes earlier '' . The penultimate page jumps back thirty years and shows Homer Simpson as a child Anime ( edit ) The 2007 anime television series Touka Gettan employed entirely this narrative method . All 26 episodes were aired in chronologically reverse order , with the first episode being the ending of the story while the last episode being the beginning . Music ( edit ) The lyrics to `` All Along the Watchtower '' , written by Bob Dylan , are , he says , `` in a rather reverse order '' ; indeed , the final verse begins with the words `` All along the watchtower '' , and if reversed , the verses would tell the story in the correct order . The lyrics to `` Apparition . Apparitions . '' by Trophy Scars describe the events leading up to a woman 's suicide in reverse order , beginning with her death and ending with her initial romance with her boyfriend . The song `` One Thing Leads to Another '' by the Pet Shop Boys ( on a limited release of their 1993 album Very ) describes the events leading up to a man 's death in reverse order . Multiple music videos , including Coldplay 's `` The Scientist '' use reverse chronology in which a scene plays backwards while someone sings normally . This is done by filming the video chronologically but getting the actor to sing the lyrics backwards . The music video for Enigma 's `` Return to Innocence '' uses reverse chronology showing a man 's life , beginning with his death as an old man and ending with his baptism as an infant . The music video for Linkin Park 's `` Bleed It Out '' also uses the same method , whereas the band performs normally , but everything else is reversed . In 2016 , Malaysian Singer - Songwriter Yuna uses reverse chronology in her music video `` Lanes '' . The events of the song `` Reverse '' by SomeKindaWonderful , as said in the title itself , are told in reverse chronology . The lyrics in `` Rewind '' by NaS also tell a story in reverse chronology , with some of the dialogue even being in reverse order . `` Good Mistake '' Album by Bahram Nouraei is the first Iranian concept album ever made inspired by reverse chronology as the storytelling method . There have also been several discussions as to how the picturisation of Neela Vaanam `` Manmadan Ambu '' ( sung by Kamal Haasan himself ) has been slightly inspired from official video of Coldplay 's The Scientist . The whole song has been depicted in such a way so as to highlight the events that led to the death of Mannar 's ( Kamal 's character ) French wife Juliet , in reverse . Video game ( edit ) The announcement trailer of 2011 video game , Dead Island , also present in reverse chronological order with flash of chronological action edited into the whole video . See also ( edit ) In medias res Nonlinear narrative References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albrecht , Michael von ; & Schmeling , Gareth L. ( 1997 ) . History of Roman Literature : From Livius Andronicus to Boethius , Vol. 1 . Brill . p. 681 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09630 - 2 Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) . Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights . Brill Publishers . pp. 86 -- 94 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bordwell , David ( April 2006 ) . The Way Hollywood Tells It : Story and Style in Modern Movies . University of California Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24622 - 5 Jump up ^ Serafin , Steven ; & Bendixen , Alfred ( 2003 ) . The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 1189 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1517 - 2 Jump up ^ Head , Dominic ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English . Cambridge University Press . p. 1036 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83179 - 2 Jump up ^ http://www.arls.org/2011/11/arls-teen-book-review-how-the-garcia-girls-lost-their-accents/ Jump up ^ `` Cinema : Happy End '' . Time . 1968 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ MacDermott , Felim ; & McGrath , Declan ( 2003 ) . Screenwriting . Focal Press . p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80512 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Gateward , Frances K. ( 2007 ) . Seoul Searching : Culture and Identity in Contemporary Korean Cinema . SUNY Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 7225 - 6 Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . `` We 're Sorry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Calamari , Alexandra ( 2007 ) . `` P.S. I Love You '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bahram Nouraei -- Official Website '' . bahramnouraei.com . Jump up ^ `` Dead Island : Official Announcement Trailer '' . youtube.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reverse_chronology&oldid=847266873 '' Categories : Film and video terminology Narratology Plot ( narrative ) Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Latviešu 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2018 , at 02 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whats it called when a story starts at the end | [
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-2414684586644612139 | Ra's al Ghul | Ra 's al Ghul - Wikipedia Ra 's al Ghul Jump to : navigation , search Ra 's al Ghul Art by Cliff Chiang Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Batman # 232 ( June 1971 ) Created by Julius Schwartz ( concept / name ) Dennis O'Neil ( writer ) Neal Adams ( artist ) In - story information Team affiliations The Demon League of Assassins Underground Society Notable aliases Ra 's , The Demon 's Head Abilities Criminal mastermind Skilled martial artist and hand - to - hand combatant Skilled alchemist and swordsman Longevity from Lazarus Pits Ra 's al Ghul ( Arabic : رأس الغول Raʾs al - Ghūl ; `` Ghoul 's Head '' or `` Demon 's Head '' ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly as an adversary of the superhero Batman . Created by editor Julius Schwartz , writer Dennis O'Neil , and artist Neal Adams , the character first appeared in Batman # 232 's `` Daughter of the Demon '' ( June 1971 ) . The character is one of Batman 's most enduring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up Batman 's rogues gallery , though given his high status as a supervillain , he has also come into conflict with Superman and other superheroes in the DC Universe . Most notable as the leader of the League of Assassins , Ra 's al Ghul 's name in Arabic translates to `` The Demon 's Head '' . He is the son of Sensei , the father of Talia al Ghul , Nyssa Raatko , and Dusan al Ghul , and the maternal grandfather of Damian Wayne . Stories featuring Ra 's al Ghul often involve the Lazarus Pits , which restore life to the dying . The Lazarus Pits have considerably prolonged Ra 's life , making him particularly dangerous as he has honed his combat skills for centuries . Ra 's al Ghul has been featured in various media adaptations . The character was voiced / portrayed by David Warner in Batman : The Animated Series , Liam Neeson in The Dark Knight Trilogy , Jason Isaacs in Batman : Under the Red Hood , Dee Bradley Baker in the Batman : Arkham video game series , Matt Nable in the Arrowverse television series , and Alexander Siddig in Gotham . IGN 's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Ra 's as # 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Character overview 3 Fictional character biography 3.1 Origin 3.2 Contagion and Legacy 3.3 JLA : Tower of Babel 3.4 Death and the Maidens 3.5 The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul 3.6 The Return of Bruce Wayne 3.7 The New 52 3.8 DC Rebirth 4 Powers , abilities , and weapons 5 Family 5.1 The Sensei 5.2 Dusan al Ghul 5.3 Nyssa Raatko 5.4 Talia al Ghul 5.5 Damian Wayne 5.6 Mara al Ghul 5.7 Athanasia al Ghul 5.8 Others 6 Involvement with Batman 7 Other versions 7.1 Son of the Demon 7.2 31st Century 7.3 Superman & Batman : Generations 7.4 Spider - Man / Batman 7.5 The Batman Adventures 7.6 Amalgam Comics 7.7 Earth - C 7.8 Kingdom Come 7.9 Flashpoint 7.10 Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 7.11 Batman ' 66 7.12 Injustice 2 8 In other media 8.1 Television 8.1. 1 Animation 8.1. 2 Live action 8.2 Film 8.2. 1 Live action 8.2. 2 Animated 8.3 Video games 8.3. 1 Lego Batman 8.3. 2 Arkham series 8.4 Parodies 8.5 Miscellaneous 9 Collected editions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Publication history ( edit ) Created by editor Julius Schwartz , writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams , he was introduced in Batman # 232 's `` Daughter of the Demon '' ( June 1971 ) . The character 's creation and depiction was inspired by other works of fiction , such as the 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , and the Fu Manchu fiction . The Bond film has international crime lord Draco wanting the agent to marry his daughter Contessa Teresa . Another visual antecedent for Ra 's al Ghul and his daughter Talia are found in Saloud ( actor James Lanphier ) and Princess Dala ( Claudia Cardinale ) in the 1963 film The Pink Panther . Character overview ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul is an international criminal mastermind whose ultimate goal is a world in perfect environmental balance . He believes that the best way to achieve this balance is to eliminate most of humanity . Ra 's usually tries to assault the world 's human populace with a biological weapon , such as a genetically - engineered virus . He is aided in this quest by the Lazarus Pits , reservoirs of rejuvenating chemicals that restore the dead and dying to life ; these pits have granted him a lifespan of several centuries . He regards Batman as his worthiest opponent , addressing him as `` Detective '' out of respect for his intellectual brilliance , and has frequently sought to make the Dark Knight his successor . He is one of the few criminals in Batman 's rogues gallery to have deduced his secret identity as Bruce Wayne , but keeps silent on the matter due to the same sense of respect for Batman . For his own part , Batman 's opposition to Ra 's is complicated by both his own respect for al Ghul 's genius ( if not his goals and methods ) and his attraction to his daughter , Talia , which she reciprocates . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul 's real name , early life , and exact age have been described differently by various writers . His Post-Crisis origin story is told in the graphic novel Batman : Birth of the Demon ( 1992 ) by Dennis O'Neil and Norm Breyfogle . As told in Birth of the Demon , Ra 's al Ghul was born over 600 years before his first appearance in Batman comics , to a Bedouin tribe of nomads in a desert somewhere in Arabia , near a city whose inhabitants ' ancestors had journeyed to the Arabian Peninsula from Morocco . Developing an interest in the sciences at an early age , Ra 's abandoned his tribe to live in the city where he pursued life as a researcher . He subsequently became a physician and married a woman named Sora . Ra 's discovered the secret of the Lazarus Pit , and he saves a dying prince by lowering him into it . The prince , who is sadistic to begin with , is driven completely insane by the Lazarus Pit . He proceeds to strangle Sora , on whom he has already had his eye for some time . The sultan , unwilling to admit to himself his son 's culpability , declares Ra 's guilty of the crime and sentences him to a slow , tortured death in a cage with Sora 's corpse . Cover of Batman # 232 ( June 1971 ) , the first appearance of Ra 's al Ghul . Art by Neal Adams . Ra 's is set free by the son of a dying elderly woman , who Ra 's had earlier examined . The son feels that he owes Ra 's a debt for easing his mother 's suffering during her last few hours . Ra 's and the son head into the desert to seek the tribe of Ra 's ' birth . Ra 's convinces the head of his tribe , his uncle , to follow Ra 's in his quest for revenge by promising the downfall of the sultan . By understanding the germ theory of disease hundreds of years before anyone else , Ra 's is able to infect the prince with a deadly virus by sending him contaminated fabrics . When the sultan comes to ask Ra 's to cure the prince again , Ra 's kills both him and his son . Ra 's then leads his tribe to raze the city to the ground and kill all of its inhabitants . Subsequently , Ra 's declares himself `` Ra 's al Ghul '' , the `` Demon 's Head '' . Batman : Birth of the Demon provides a rough figure of 500 years for Ra 's al Ghul 's age . Due to living so long , he is assumed to have lost track of how old he is . Azrael # 6 ( July 1995 ; written by Dennis O'Neil ) places Ra 's age closer to 450 years . As he tells Jean Paul Valley , `` I appear to be a vigorous fifty . I am actually a very vigorous four hundred and forty - eight ... or is it four hundred and fifty - three ? I lost count during the Black Plague . No matter '' . In Batman Annual # 25 ( published in 2006 ) , Ra 's al Ghul is described as a `` 700 - Year Old International Terrorist '' . Using the Lazarus Pits to extend his life , Ra 's spends the next several centuries journeying the world . He fights in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and becomes a formidable warrior . As the world entered the modern age and industrialization began to cover much of the Earth , Ra 's grew to despise the humans who he believed were destroying the world 's natural beauty , thus setting him on a path of eco-terrorism . Also during this time , Ra 's , his uncle , and the boy who freed him from the sultan are all using the Lazarus Pits to prolong their lives until an incident in London . Ra 's catches the boy writing his own memoirs in their original language , of which Ra 's has forbidden all records . During a battle , Ra 's kills the boy and flees to a Lazarus Pit , which he uses . When he returns to their home in London , his uncle has vanished with the remnants of their historical records . Over time , he becomes a master of many forms of combat , notably fencing . He also builds up vast wealth and creates The Demon , a huge international organization . According to Justice League of America ( 1st series ) # 94 ; `` It has been whispered in the darkest places for 500 years that a cartel of criminals has slowly sucked its way into the rich veins of the Earth . Many are its names spit from the mouths of men , but most often it is cursed only as . The Demon . It has a leader . A Head '' . The League of Assassins , one of the many smaller organizations making up The Demon , is thus sometimes called `` The Demon 's Fang '' or `` Demonfang '' . Contagion and legacy ( edit ) Ra 's returns to prominence and comes dangerously close to realizing his dream of worldwide genocide in the `` Contagion '' story arc of the Batman titles . His organization unleashes a deadly virus known as Ebola Gulf A ( a.k.a. `` The Clench '' ) in Gotham City , putting Batman in conflict with a force he seemingly can not defeat . A cure is eventually located by Batman and his allies , though the mastermind behind the outbreak is not discovered until the follow - up story `` Legacy '' . Learning that the Demon 's Head still lives , Batman and his team circle the globe , preventing further outbreaks of the virus . Ra 's allies himself with Bane , the man who once crippled and nearly killed Batman . Ra 's considers Bane a potential heir to his empire , despite his daughter Talia 's distaste for the criminal mastermind . Eventually , Batman deduces a way to eliminate the Clench virus from an ancient `` Wheel of Plagues '' artifact whose knowledge has aided Ra 's in the creation of the disease . The long - lived madman eludes justice again . JLA : Tower of Babel ( edit ) In the `` Tower of Babel '' storyline , in JLA # 43 -- 46 , Ra 's discovers Batman 's contingency plans for stopping the other members of the Justice League of America , should they turn or be turned evil , and uses them to try to destroy the group . Meanwhile , Ra 's steals the bodies of Batman 's parents . This theft prevents Batman from realizing Ra 's is using his traps until it is too late , as he is distracted by the search for the corpses of his parents . Though defeated , Ra 's does cause the temporary exit of Batman from the JLA , who now distrust the Caped Crusader . However , though some of the League resent Batman 's plans , they eventually accept that the plans were created for the right reasons once Batman confirms that he trusts them by revealing his secret identity to the rest of the team . Talia , disillusioned with her father , leaves the League to run LexCorp for former U.S. President Lex Luthor , before selling the company to Bruce Wayne for his Wayne Foundation to aid Batman and Superman 's victory over Luthor . Ra 's blames Batman for his failed relationship with Talia , and stages a plot where he tries to separate Batman from his heir , Dick Grayson , shortly before Wayne officially adopts his former ward as his son . The plan fails , and Wayne and Grayson go ahead with the adoption . Ra 's is also featured in Birds of Prey # 31 -- 35 , where he has a romantic fling with the Black Canary . The superheroine is injured and healed in the Lazarus Pit , which also restores the Canary Cry she lost years earlier . Death and the Maidens ( edit ) In Death and the Maidens ( 2004 ) , Ra 's ' other daughter , Nyssa Raatko , furious at her father for abandoning her in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II , begins plotting to destroy him , prompting Ra 's to contact Batman to make a deal for access to a Lazarus Pit to give him the strength for a final confrontation with Nyssa ; in exchange for the location of a Pit , Ra 's provides Batman with a serum that will allow him to walk in the spirit world and speak with his parents . While Batman experiences his `` vision '' , Nyssa befriends Talia and then kidnaps and brainwashes her . Nyssa plots to destroy all hope and optimism in the world by assassinating Superman with Kryptonite bullets she steals from the Batcave . While Batman stops Nyssa from killing Superman , he is unable to stop her from mortally injuring her father . A dying Ra 's reveals that this is all part of his greater plan to ensure that his daughters will realize that he is correct in his perceptions about the world and what needs to be done to it , and that they would come to accept their destinies as his heirs . Ra 's ' plan works : both Nyssa and Talia become the heads of The Demon and the League of Assassins . Talia disavows her love for Bruce Wayne , and both sisters declare Batman their enemy . It is too late for Ra 's , as Nyssa stabs her father through the heart , seemingly killing him for good . To ensure Ra 's will not return , Batman oversees his nemesis ' cremation . The resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul ( edit ) Main article : Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul Ra 's al Ghul returns from the dead . Art by Tony Daniel . Ra 's al Ghul returns in the form of his own son Dusan al Ghul , Arabic : دوسان الغول , `` The White Ghost '' . Art by Ryan Benjamin . In Batman Annual # 26 , Talia is prompted to read the history of Ra 's al Ghul to her son Damian by a mysterious figure from Ra 's ' past : the White Ghost . Unbeknownst to her , the White Ghost plans to use Damian as a vessel for Ra 's ' return . However , mother and son escape before the plan is completed . After the escape , Batman confronts the White Ghost ; he fights Batman , but accidentally falls into a Lazarus Pit . As of Batman # 670 Ra 's al Ghul has returned , having evaded death by transferring his consciousness into the body of another . Because his host body is decaying from radiation poisoning , he needs to transfer his mind into another host body . His first choice is that of his grandson Damian Wayne , but Damian escapes to alert his father . Upon taking Ra 's to a `` Fountain of Essence '' , which contains the qualities of a Lazarus Pit , Batman is confronted with the sight of the Sensei , who is revealed to be Ra 's ' father . After defeating Ra 's , Sensei fights and impales Batman with a cane . Determined to win , Batman drags the Sensei into the Fountain , where he is killed for not being a pure soul . Ra 's , meanwhile , has taken over the body of a Nanda Parbat monk and departs . Healed by the Fountain , Batman emerges and yells for Ra 's . Ra 's attempts to make amends with Batman after his resurrection , but Batman responds by crushing his decaying fingers . Ra 's accepts this latest rebuke and , with the help of his men , overpowers Batman and captures Damian , who has arrived to try to help his father . Ra 's attempts to take over Damian , but Batman breaks free just as Robin , Talia , Alfred Pennyworth , and Nightwing arrive to save him . While the battle ensues at Nanda Parbat , the White Ghost takes Ra 's to a secluded place , where he appears to accept the fact that his death is inevitable . The White Ghost is revealed as Ra 's ' estranged albino son Dusan , and offers up his own body instead . Ra 's performs the transfer of souls , but the White Ghost apparently dies soon afterward . Ra 's resumes the battle and attempts to kill Batman , but the monks at Nanda Parbat stop him and banish him from the temple . Following his resurrection , Ra 's al Ghul , in his new body , moves his base of operations to Gotham City where it is revealed that a remnant of his son Dusan 's consciousness still remains within him . Since the White Ghost was his son , Ra 's was able to use the resemblance between them to modify his new body 's appearance to be more like his own . This arrogance contributes to the brazen move to Gotham and a subsequent ninja attack on Batman , which indirectly leads to the discovery of a map of all the known Lazarus Pit locations across the globe . Batman then infiltrates Ra 's al Ghul 's new Gotham penthouse headquarters and easily defeats his horde of ninjas and Ra 's himself . To ensure Ra 's is not a constant threat within Gotham City , Batman comes up with the false identity of `` Terry Gene Kase '' , and plants it along with credible photos , medical records , and police records for both Blackgate Penitentiary and Arkham Asylum . Batman takes an unconscious Ra 's directly to Arkham where it is believed he really is the prisoner `` Terry Gene Kase '' , a criminal with multiple personality disorder who has just been transferred to Arkham to finish out multiple life sentences . Along with attaching false information and a false identity to Ra 's al Ghul 's file , Batman attaches a false prescription of potent medication that ensures slurred speech and next to zero mobility . Despite these precautions , Ra 's eventually escapes when the orderlies miss his dosage once , which allows him to become conscious enough to escape from Arkham . The return of Bruce Wayne ( edit ) Ra 's realizes that Batman has apparently died after Darkseid 's invasion during Final Crisis . After confronting Nightwing with his knowledge , he and the hero eventually duel with swords . Nightwing defeats Ra 's and earns the immortal 's respect , signified by leaving his sword in the Batcave as a gift after their fight . Ra 's refuses to believe his enemy 's passing despite the evidence , leading him to be involved in the Red Robin 's ( Tim Drake ) quest concerning the fate of the original Dark Knight . After Drake finds proof that Wayne is still alive but lost in time after his battle with Darkseid , the former Boy Wonder cripples Ra 's ' organization , the League of Assassins , from within . In response , Ra 's returns to Gotham to begin his attack to destroy every legacy of the Wayne Family . While his men target everyone close to the Waynes , Ra 's makes a pact with Hush as part of his plans . Unknown to both men , Bruce Wayne has already named Tim as his heir prior to his disappearance , leaving him in control of the Wayne Family resources . Enraged , Ra 's then engages Tim Drake in combat , which ends with Tim mocking Ra 's by saying that there 's nothing he can do to harm the Bat Family anymore ; in response , Ra 's smiles and says `` Well done . Detective '' ( a name he has only ever reserved for Batman , and Nightwing once before ) . He then proceeds to kick him out of a skyscraper window and retreats from the battle . Later , in seclusion , Ra 's reveals everything which happened was a test for Tim Drake , from the League , the Council , the Men of Death , and the plot against Bruce Wayne . Learning of Bruce Wayne 's return , Ra 's muses that his next confrontation with the detective will be particularly interesting as he believes that Batman has at last had a taste of the immortality that Ra 's himself enjoys . He goes after Vicki Vale and almost kills her . He spares her life only after she refuses to publish the identity of Batman and gets rid of all of the evidence she has to that effect . He also realizes that Vale may be a descendant of a French opponent , Marcel du Valliere , from centuries before ; therefore , his business with her may not be finished . The new 52 ( edit ) In The New 52 ( a 2011 reboot of the DC Comics universe ) , Ra 's al Ghul appears in a hooded robe at the League of Assassins ' city of ' Eth Alth'eban . He enters the Well of Sins after an encounter with Jason Todd . When he emerges , Ra 's is consumed by the evil that corrupted the Untitled centuries before , and he feels compelled to rid himself of the machinations of his daughter and Ducra by killing Jason . At Ra 's ' command , the prisoners are brought to him , and he promises to use his newfound power to destroy them . Red Hood engages Ra 's , as Essence joins the battle . She insists that he will allow Jason and his friends to leave his realm , or he will be forced to die a mortal death just as he always feared he would . Despite having destroyed the All - Caste , Ra 's al Ghul 's actions have led to their eventual rebirth . Defeated , he swears that he will visit great agony upon Red Hood if he ever sees him again . Batman and Aquaman head to an island , where the League of Assassins are located , after Ra 's has the bodies of Damian Wayne and Talia exhumed . Ra 's had ordered the hunt of whales , creating genetically altered super-humans in the wombs of sperm whales , part of a plan to rebuild the League of Assassins . Inside the compound , they find that Ra 's is wiping the hard drives clean , preventing data recovery . As his parting gift , he has left Batman the Heretics to keep him entertained . Batman fights his way to Ra 's escape aircraft . He sees Talia and Damian 's bodies stored within it , and clings to the fuselage from outside as the plane takes off . Though Ra 's plans to go to Paradise Island , he is nearly surprised to see Batman pounding on the cockpit 's windshield . From outside , Batman screams for Ra 's to give back his son , but Ra 's responds that he is blood of Damian 's blood and the boy is in good hands . He orders the plane to tilt its angle , causing the wind shear to rip Batman from his purchase and drop down into the sea . Luckily , Aquaman is there to catch Batman . Batman and Ra 's then encounter Glorious Godfrey . Glorious Godfrey 's reason to come to Earth is to retrieve the Chaos Shard , a powerful crystal once belonged to Darkseid which Ra 's al Ghul revealed was hidden inside the sarcophaus he crafted for Damian . During Batman Eternal , Bruce briefly speculates that Ra 's is the mastermind behind most of the attacks against him that have left Wayne Enterprises bankrupt and Batman pushed to the limit . However , when he confronts Ra 's , his foe reveals that , while he was invited to participate in the attack by the true mastermind , he rejected the offer as Ra 's would prefer to destroy Batman when the Dark Knight believes that his legacy will be as eternal as Ra 's , rather than tear him down in such a manner . Ra'as al Ghul in Detective Comics # 953 ( May 2017 ) . Art by Christian Duce and Fernando Blanco . DC rebirth ( edit ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2017 ) Ra 's al Ghul appears in Detective Comics issues # 953 - 956 as part of the `` League of Shadows '' story arc , which runs from issue # 951 - 956 ( April -- July 2017 ) . Ra 's al Ghul appears in Dark Nights : Metal issue # 2 as a member of the Immortals , a group formed by the oldest beings in the multiverse . He participates in a discussion on how they will fight the Dark Multiverse invasion . Powers , abilities , and weapons ( edit ) Due to his expanded life span , Ra 's has accumulated a vast knowledge of hand - to - hand combat , chemistry , detective artistry , physics , and martial arts ( all of which are greater than that of Batman ) . He has also gained many international contacts and a vast fortune over the course of centuries . When in combat , he favors more ancient weaponry ( as he has had more time to utilize them than more modern weaponry ) . These weapons include scimitars , katana , bolas , throwing stars ( shuriken ) , smoke pellets , and miniaturized explosives . Ra 's is also assisted by his devoted , musclebound servant Ubu . Ra 's ' greatest tools are his Lazarus Pits , which heal any injury including recent death and restore the user back to the prime of life , but cause temporary insanity ( or , for those already insane like the Joker , sanity ) . His constant exposure to the pits have granted him slightly enhanced endurance , strength , and healing but also comes with the price of a gradual onset of insanity if overused . Along with his physical abilities and resources , Ra 's al Ghul has been shown to possess a certain degree of proficiency with mysticism . In an effort to guarantee his continued existence , he has on several occasions demonstrated the ability to transfer his soul into the bodies of others , giving him a way to live on in the event that his physical body is destroyed and unable to be transported into a Lazarus Pit . The exact details of this process have remained inconsistent ; at times it appears as though a complicated ritual is required to achieve this effect , while on other occasions he is capable of performing this feat on a whim , merely by making physical contact with his intended host . Family ( edit ) The following are members of Ra 's al Ghul 's family : The Sensei ( edit ) Main article : Sensei ( DC Comics ) Created by Neal Adams in 1968 , the Sensei was originally introduced as high - ranking member of the League of Assassins . He was portrayed as an aged but highly skilled martial artist . During the Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul storyline , he was revealed to be Ra 's al Ghul 's centuries - old father . He dies during the same storyline . Dusan al Ghul ( edit ) Created by Peter Milligan and David Lopez in 2007 , Dusan al Ghul ( Arabic : دوسان الغول ) was Ra 's ' only known son . He was also referred to as Ash'Shabah Al - Abyad ( Arabic : الشبح الأبيض ) , meaning `` the White Ghost '' . Though little is known about his past , it is stated that he was born out of a union meant to strengthen his father 's hold over `` some long - extinct people '' , suggesting that he was older than Ra 's ' other children . As an albino , he was never considered a potential heir to his father 's empire . He ultimately sacrificed himself to ensure his father 's survival during the Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul storyline . Nyssa Raatko ( edit ) Main article : Nyssa Raatko Created by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson in 2003 , Nyssa Raatko ( Arabic : نيسا رعتكو ) is Ra 's al Ghul 's oldest known daughter . She was born to an unnamed woman in 18th century Russia . She would later become a Holocaust survivor . She is murdered by Cassandra Cain during the One Year Later storyline . Nyssa appears in Arrow . Talia al Ghul ( edit ) Main article : Talia al Ghul Created by Dennis O'Neil and Bob Brown in 1971 , Talia al Ghul ( Arabic : تاليه الغول ) is Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . Talia 's mother was a woman of Arab ancestry named Melisande , who met Ra 's at the Woodstock festival . Talia was born not long after . Talia also appears in 2012 's The Dark Knight Rises . Talia also appears in Arrow season 5 . Damian Wayne ( edit ) Main article : Damian Wayne Originally appearing as an unnamed infant in the 1987 graphic novel Batman : Son of the Demon , the character was introduced as Damian Wayne or Damian al Ghul ( Arabic : دميان الغول ) by Grant Morrison and Andy Kubert in 2006 . Damian is the son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul , making him the grandson of Ra 's al Ghul . Heir to the Demon Head and expected to one day lead the League . He raised to be the new Alexanda the great . Bred from birth to take and rule the world by his mother Talia al Ghul . He was very aggressive until he met his father , Batman . Batman taught him how to calm himself and trained him to be the new Robin . His genetic perfection and genetic makeup unfortunately marked him as the ideal host for his grandfather who wants to take over his body . Mara al Ghul ( edit ) Created by Benjamin Percy and Jonboy Meyers , the character debuted in Teen Titans Vol. 6 in December 2016 . Mara al Ghul is a granddaughter of Ra 's al Ghul , daughter to the late Dusan al Ghul and a cousin to Damian Wayne . Introduced as an enemy to Damian she was also raised by the League of Assassins . She and Damian were both members of the Demon 's Fist , an elite group within in the League . Damian was supposed to lead the Demon 's Fist but Mara now leads the group since Damian 's choosing his father over the League . Mara hates Damian since he left her with a scar across her right eye during a training session when they were younger . Mara has not inherited her fathers albinism ; she has black hair with red bangs . Like the rest of her family she is a skilled fighter and is also noted to be a talented artist . Athanasia al Ghul ( edit ) Athanasia al Ghul is a character featured so far only in the Injustice 2 prequel comics and does not appear in the prime earth continuity . She is the daughter of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul , sister of Damian Wayne and granddaughter of Ra 's al Ghul . Athanasia is the secret daughter of Talia and Bruce and raised by Talia without Bruce or even Damian 's knowledge . While Talia allowed Damian to become a hero and work with his father for a time , Talia kept Athanasia a secret from her father and raised her as a member of the League of Assassins . Athanasia is first seen beside her mother Talia breaking her brother Damian out of Prison . She is insulted by Damian 's apparent rudeness and wants him to say please before letting him out . When Warden Dan Turpin tries to arrest them she kills him and the guards . While exiting the building Damian tells his mother to control her ' servant ' , Athanasia , who then assaults him . It is only then that Talia reveals Athanasia is Damian 's sister and the `` Daughter of the Bat '' . After the fall of Superman 's regime Athanasia and the rest of the League come out of hiding . She works alongside her mother and grandfather in a scheme to reclaim the Earth from humans who were destroying it . During a fight with Batman in their secret base in the Amazon Rainforest Athanasia was seemingly killed when El Diablo exploded and Athanasia was n't shielded by the blast . She later appeared again alongside her grandfather in Gorilla City as King Solovar 's guests . Others ( edit ) Although he fathered children with several women , Ra 's al Ghul has only two confirmed marriages . The first was to Sora , whose death set Ra 's on the path to becoming the `` Demon 's Head '' . The second was to Melisande , Talia 's mother . Ra 's also appears to have an unnamed sister or half - sister , a female assassin belonging to a group called the `` Daughters of Acheron '' , whose members share the same father . Another member is a woman using the alias `` Promise '' . It is unclear if their common father , `` Acheron '' , is in fact the Sensei ( making them all Ra 's ' half - sisters ) or if Ra 's only has one half - sister on his mother 's side . In Batman and Robin # 12 , it is revealed that Talia has cloned her son , Damian . The clone is , therefore , a grandson of sorts of Ra 's al Ghul . Additionally , Nyssa once stated that she has given birth twelve times , opening the possibility of Ra 's having many other descendants . Involvement with Batman ( edit ) After Talia encounters and falls in love with Batman in Detective Comics # 411 ( May 1971 ) , Ra 's begins to consider Batman as a possible heir . Ra 's first deduces Batman 's secret identity when he reasons that the Dark Knight has to be rich , and learns that only Bruce Wayne has bought the equipment that a crime fighter would have ; he is then ready to put Batman to a final test . Ra 's surprises Batman in the Batcave , seemingly to enlist Batman 's aid in rescuing both Talia and Dick Grayson , the first Robin , both of whom have apparently been kidnapped . Batman soon discovers that the whole affair is a charade orchestrated by Ra 's to test Batman , which he passes . Ra 's asks that Batman become his heir , which Batman refuses , appalled by his genocidal plan to `` cleanse '' the world . This story was later adapted into a two - part story in Batman : The Animated Series during its third season under the title `` The Demon 's Quest '' . Despite being mortal enemies , Ra 's al Ghul and Batman maintain some level of respect towards one another . Similar to The Riddler , Ra 's admires Batman 's intellectual prowess first and foremost , regularly referring to Batman as `` Detective '' or `` The Detective '' when speaking to or about him . And despite being aware of Batman 's true identity as Bruce Wayne since their first meeting , Ra 's has never exposed that information to the public or Batman 's other foes ; something Batman once attributed to Ra 's ' personal code of honor . However , Ra 's has repeatedly used that knowledge to his own advantage when fomenting plans and contingencies against Batman . In the story `` Resurrection Night '' in Batman # 400 , Ra 's helps all of Batman 's foes to escape from Arkham Asylum and the Gotham State Penitentiary , setting them on a plan to abduct certain individuals across Gotham City who are linked in one form or another to Batman . Ra 's ' true intent is to show Batman the folly of his efforts to protect a corrupt society that , to his mind , allows criminals to exist and flourish . Ra 's eventually uses the Pit while still healthy , both increasing his strength and putting his life at risk , in an attempt to outmatch the Dark Knight . The plan backfires , as Ra 's is left writhing in the pit , seemingly destroyed . Other versions ( edit ) Son of the Demon ( edit ) In the graphic novel Son of the Demon , Ra 's successfully enlists Batman 's aid in defeating a rogue assassin and warlord , Qayin ( a variation on the spelling of Cain ) , who has murdered Ra 's ' then - wife Melisande ( Talia 's mother ) . During this storyline , Batman marries Talia and she becomes pregnant . Batman is nearly killed protecting Talia from the assassin 's agents . In the end , Talia ends her relationship with Batman , unwilling to put him in danger . She claims to have miscarried and the marriage is dissolved . The child is eventually born and left at an orphanage ( eventually taking the name Ibn al Xu'ffasch ) . The only identification provided is Talia 's jewel - encrusted necklace , which once belonged to Talia 's mother . Two Elseworlds stories , Kingdom Come and Brotherhood of the Bat , feature two alternate versions of Ibn as an adult , coming to terms with his dual heritage . For a time , DC Comics ' policy was that Son of the Demon was not canon and that Batman had no son . The recent appearance of the child ( under the name Damian ) in an issue of Batman implies that this policy may have changed . 31st century ( edit ) Ra 's has previously been revealed as alive in the 31st century setting of the post-Zero Hour reboot Legion of Super-Heroes , impersonating Leland McCauley . Superman & Batman : Generations ( edit ) In the first Superman & Batman : Generations series , created by John Byrne , Bruce Wayne tracks down Ra 's al Ghul after passing the Batman mantle on to his son . Ra 's offers Bruce ( whom he addresses as `` Adversary '' ) a chance at immortality . Ra 's has determined that if two people enter the Lazarus Pit , the Pit will merge both life forces together , destroying one soul in the process and imbuing the other with youth and immortality without the ensuing madness . With his only alternatives being a fifty - fifty chance at death in the Pit or being murdered by Ra 's ' men , Bruce agrees to the process . He survive exposure to the Pit and subsequently uses Ra 's ' criminal empire to clandestinely set up an international humanitarian network . He also becomes a near - immortal , aging one year for every century . Spider - man / Batman ( edit ) In the Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning crossover book ( considered an Elseworlds story ) , Ra 's begins plans for worldwide devastation . He manipulates the Kingpin to his side by infecting the crime lord 's wife Vanessa with cancer and promising him the cure in return for his allegiance . Ra 's then orders him to press the button on his machines which would send New York City under the ocean . Ultimately , Spider - Man and Batman interfere and the Kingpin reveals that he knows Ra 's ' plans and allows the two heroes to board his plane so they can assist him . Defeated , Ra 's bows out of the plan gracefully but claims that there is no cure for the cancer . Vanessa convinces her husband that she wishes no further violence , and they leave . Talia soon gives the cure to Batman , who then gives it to Spider - Man , who passes it on to the Kingpin . The Batman Adventures ( edit ) In The Batman Adventures # 1 , albeit Ra 's did n't appear , he plays a larger role behind - the - scenes along the Society of Shadows and the Penguin . Ra 's finally appears in issue # 4 , in which he fights Batman again only to be defeated by him one more time . Series writer Ty Templeton originally wanted to bring back Ra 's in issue # 5 depicting him at prison , but his script for the planned story was rejected because DC Comics told him and Dan Slott that they were ' done ' with Ra 's and it was time to move with other characters , resulting in issue # 5 as a story of Black Mask 's False Face Society . Amalgam Comics ( edit ) In the Amalgam Comics alternate dimension , Ra 's is fused with Marvel Comics supervillain Apocalypse to become `` Ra 's Al - Pocalypse '' . Ra 's ' daughter Talia is fused with Lady Deathstrike to become `` Lady Talia '' . Earth - C. ( edit ) In Captain Carrot and the Final Ark , Ra 's is parodied as Rash Al Paca , an alpaca who plans to save the environment from `` animalkind '' by increasing global warming and flooding the planet . Kingdom come ( edit ) In Kingdom Come , a rogue superhuman claimed that Ra 's al Ghul was killed . Ra 's ' grandson , Ibn al Xu'ffasch , is a member of Lex Luthor 's Mankind Liberation Front . When the appearance of Gog threatens this reality , Ibn uses a Lazarus Pit to restore Ra 's to life to try to find a solution in collaboration with Lex Luthor and Brainiac , but they fail to find a solution . All three of them attempt to betray Ibn , and Lex and Brainiac die in their own trap for him . Ra 's gets into a sword duel with his grandson in the Batcave and is killed by him . Flashpoint ( edit ) In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event , Ra 's al Ghul is a young boy and member of the H.I.V.E. council . He voted against using nuclear weapons to end the war in Western Europe between Aquaman and Wonder Woman . Batman / Teenage Mutant ninja Turtles ( edit ) In the Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles crossover miniseries , when the Foot Clan initially arrive in Gotham , Batman considers the possibility that they are a branch of the League of Assassins , but dismisses the idea as the Foot 's combat skills show a focus on a specific area of martial arts as opposed to the more varied skills of the League . After Shredder attempts to escape a confrontation with Batman and the Turtles , he is confronted by Ra 's , who offers him an alliance . With a batch of fresh mutagen brought to the DC Universe by Casey Jones , Shredder and Ra 's try to bring the world to its knees by unleashing their mutated monstrosities ( starting with the inmates of Arkham Asylum ) , but are defeated by the combined efforts of Batman , Ra 's ' own grandson Damian , the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Splinter , who force Ra 's into flight . Batman ' 66 ( edit ) Ra 's appears as the main antagonist in a crossover story between Batman ' 66 and Wonder Woman ' 77 ( taking place in the continuity of Adam West 's portrayal of Batman and Lynda Carter 's portrayal of Wonder Woman ) . He and his daughter Talia first meet Bruce in the 40s at a Wayne Foundation auction to support the war effort , where The League of Shadows and the Nazis attempt to bid for a book detailing ancient treasures and locations . When they confront the book 's auction winner Mr. Finlay , the young Bruce and Talia escape with both of the books to keep them safe . Ra 's finds Bruce in the maze and threatens his life , but Bruce escapes as Ra 's manages to obtain one of the books . Twenty - two years later , Talia hires Catwoman to steal the second book from Mr. Finlay . Batman , Robin and Catwoman travel to Paradise Island to warn Wonder Woman and her people that the League of Shadows will be invading one of the nearby areas , with Diana knowing that Ra 's is after the island 's Lazarus Pit . Ra 's uses the pit to restore his youth and offers the four the chance to join the League of Shadows , but they refuse . Ra 's tries to bury them alive , but they are saved thanks to the intervention of Wonder Girl and Talia rescuing them behind her father 's back ( still harboring feelings for Bruce ) . Talia is placed in prison by the Amazons while Ra 's manages to escape . 11 years later , Catwoman aids Talia in escaping Paradise Island and the two Ghuls continue their search for Lazarus Pits . Thanks to spying on Wonder Woman and Batman , the League discovers there 's a Pit in Gotham underneath Arkham Asylum . Ra 's hires the Riddler , Mr. Freeze , Clayface , Killer Croc , and Cheetah to keep the heroes at bay . Batman follows Ra 's near the Pit and tries to stop him , but Ra 's uses his magical assassins to prevent them from interfering . Due to using the Pit sooner than the last time he used it , Ra 's is de-aged into a ten year old . The two Ghuls are taken into authorities , with Batman saddened that Talia chose to follow her father 's influence . Injustice 2 ( edit ) Ra 's serves as a major antagonist in the comic prequel series to the video game Injustice 2 . After the fall of the Regime , he takes control of the Suicide Squad , using them to break out Damian Wayne out of Stryker 's Island and kidnap the heads of large companies for execution , including Ted Kord . He also organizes the kidnapping of the relatives of active superheroes as a deterrent to their involvement in his plans and resurrects Alfred Pennyworth with one of his Lazarus Pits . Ra 's ' plan is eventually stopped when Batman and the remnants of the Insurgency , including Ted 's successor as Blue Beetle Jaime Reyes , break into his base , inadvertently killing all endangered life he was protecting . As he leaves , Ra 's reveals that he had ordered Jackson Hyde to attack the US congress , causing the deaths of thousands and damage to Batman 's plans of rebuilding society . It is also revealed that he has been working with Solovar and has possession of the android Amazo . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Animation ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul in Batman : The Animated Series . Ra 's al Ghul made his first appearance in media other than the comic books in the DC animated universe , voiced by David Warner . He first appeared in Batman : The Animated Series . At the very end of the episode `` Off Balance '' , he 's informed about Batman by his daughter Talia al Ghul . This sets the stage for subsequent appearances where he 's the episode 's villain . In the two - part episode `` The Demon 's Quest '' , Ra 's adapts his attempts from the comic to make Batman his heir and then to cleanse the world of humanity . After Batman refuses to follow in Ra 's footsteps , he activates a plan to detonate bombs in Lazarus Pits around the world . Ra 's is presumed dead when he falls into one of the pits but the ending reveals him to be alive . In the episode `` Avatar '' , Ra 's makes an attempt at true immortality . Though Batman manages to catch him in the end , Talia ends up freeing her father and sending Batman on his way . In the episode `` Showdown '' , he relates an event on a tape left for Batman and Dick Grayson after his men abducted a specific old man from a retirement villa . The recording describes how Ra 's and his son Arkady Duvall ( voiced by Malcolm McDowell ) battled Jonah Hex in 1883 . When Hex defeated Arkady , Ra 's was forced to abandon his son . When Batman and Robin catch up with Ra 's in the present day , Ra 's reveals that the old man is Arkady having vanished after completing a 50 - year prison sentence . Since Arkady 's mind and body are beyond the Lazarus Pit 's power to mend , Batman lets Ra 's take his son with him so that they can spend some time together before Arkady dies . Ra 's next appeared in Superman : The Animated Series . In the episode `` Knight Time '' , Tim Drake mentions him as a suspect Batgirl and Nightwing thought responsible for Batman 's disappearance . The episode `` The Demon Reborn '' reveals that Ra 's is dying due to the Lazarus Pit being ineffective at prolonging his aging body , thus became shriveled and confined to a wheelchair . He plotted to siphon life energy from Superman with a Native American artifact , in order to rejuvenate himself . Though Ra 's passes away , Talia begins the process , bringing Ra 's back to life , and makes him stronger than ever . When Batman forces Ra 's to choice between gaining more strength from Superman or saving Talia , Ra 's chooses his daughter , and both fall into an underground river before their lair explodes . Ra 's also appeared in Batman Beyond . Sometime prior to the original Batman 's retirement , Talia assisted in defeating Ra 's during one last confrontation in the Near - Apocalypse of ' 09 that left Ra 's apparently too injured for even the Lazarus Pit 's healing capabilities . Using a device that could copy his thoughts and memories onto a close genetic relative , he has Talia make the ultimate sacrifice and transfer his mind into Talia 's body . In the `` Out of the Past '' , Ra 's poses as his daughter ( voiced by Olivia Hussey ) to manipulate the elderly Bruce Wayne into using the Lazarus Pit to regain youth before imprisoning Bruce in his mansion hideaway . Having modified the device to apply the transfer process to any host , he intends to take over his nemesis ' body and pose as Bruce and Talia 's son to take control of Wayne Enterprises . Ra 's is thwarted by the new Batman ( Terry McGinnis ) . While trying to preserve the mind - transfer equipment , he is killed when the Lazarus Pit ignites in a fiery explosion . Ra 's al Ghul appears in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , voiced by Peter Woodward . This version is interested in making Dick Grayson an heir rather than Batman or his own daughter . In the episode `` Sidekicks Assemble '' , he attempts to infect Coast City with mutated plants using his flying island , but is stopped by Robin , Aqualad and Speedy . Ra 's manages to get away with Talia al Ghul . He later makes a cameo in the opening narration of the episode `` The Siege of Starro '' ( Part 1 ) where he and Ubu are foiled by Batman . Ra 's ' final appearance is in the episode `` Crisis 22,300 Miles Above Earth '' when he attempts to flood and ' cleanse ' the Earth by melting the polar ice caps . His plan and his army are stopped by Batman , the Justice League International and the Justice Society of America with help from Talia . Ra 's is last seen falling into an abyss in the Himalayas after a fight with Batman . Ra 's al Ghul appears in Young Justice , voiced by Oded Fehr . In the episode `` Targets '' , he hires his League of Shadows assassin Cheshire and enforcer Sportsmaster to kill Lex Luthor and a pair of Asian diplomats . The plot is foiled by Red Arrow and Aqualad . It is later revealed that Ra 's and Luthor are plotting together to have the diplomats saved by Mercy Graves from the assassins and have them make a weapons deal with Luthor in order to assist the Light ( Project Cadmus 's Board of Directors ) . In the episode `` Revelation '' , it is revealed that Ra 's is L - 2 of the Light . In the episode `` Auld Acquaintance '' , Ra 's , Luthor , Queen Bee , Ocean Master , Brain and Monsieur Mallah infiltrate Project Cadmus and steal the clones as well as the original Speedy 's cryogenic pod . In the episode `` Darkest '' , Ra 's was with the Light when Black Manta tells them the progress of the mission and that Aqualad has ' seen the light ' . Ra 's is the one who congratulated and tells Aqualad that it 's time to meet the Light 's partner . In the episode `` Summit '' , Ra 's joins the Light in meeting with the Reach in the caves of Santa Prisca . During the meeting , Ra 's manages to figure out that Tigress is Artemis upon removing the special medallion on her that has a Glamour Charm . During the team 's fight with the Light and the Reach , Black Beetle stabs Ra 's as Ubu gets his body away from Santa Prisca . Ra 's al Ghul appears in Beware the Batman , voiced by Lance Reddick . At the end of the episode `` Sacrifice '' , Lady Shiva finds the package that Anarky had temporarily stolen from the League of Assassins had contained Ra 's ' body . In `` Fall '' , a flashback reveals that he encountered MI6 Agents Alfred Pennyworth and Edogawa Yamashiro ( the father of Katana ) in the past with Edogawa forced to betray Alfred to Ra 's in their last encounter under threat of his family . Ra 's ordered Edogawa to use the Soultaker Sword on Alfred , but Alfred fought back , causing the powers of the sword to activate , leading to Edogawa 's death . In the present day , he is revived by Lady Shiva and is ready to use the Ion Cortex to drain all of Gotham City 's electricity leaving it in darkness . Batman and Katana arrive to stop him . Ra 's fights hand - to - hand against Batman where he defeats Batman considering him a ' worthy opponent ' . Ra 's nearly kills Batman before Alfred arrives and interferes . Katana and Alfred barely escape from the League of Assassins with Ra 's commenting on how Alfred killed Edogawa . Ra 's activates the Ion Cortex plunging all of Gotham City into darkness . In `` Darkness '' , Ra 's directly threatens Gotham 's citizens by making an example of it to the rest of the world by taking it over and ' cleansing ' it from the evils of technology , and even has the unnamed police commissioner killed to make his point . In addition , he has Alfred and Katana captured when they try to break into his lair . He also causes a breakout at Blackgate Penitentiary at the end of the episode . In `` Reckoning '' , Ra 's recruits Professor Pyg , Mr. Toad , Magpie , Tobias Whale , and Phosphorus Rex as well as League of Assassins operative Cypher to kill Batman ( who had escaped with the help of an imprisoned Silver Monkey ) in exchange of a small piece of the city . Ra 's also manipulates Katana into killing Alfred to avenge the death of her father . She refuses , forcing Ra 's to kill them all , only for Tobias to arrive with a captured Batman . Batman breaks free and stalls Ra 's in combat while Barbara Gordon hacks into the Ion Cortex , disabling it from the League of Assassins ' control and bringing electricity back into the city . Batman ultimately defeats Ra 's by using a reverse chant to release all of the souls in the Soultaker Sword ( particularly all of Ra 's enemies throughout the centuries ) . The vengeful spirits drag Ra 's into a bottomless pit , presumably to his death . Ra 's al Ghul will appear in Justice League Action . Live Action ( edit ) Matthew Nable as Ra 's al Ghul in the television series Arrow . Ra 's al Ghul appears in the Arrowverse , portrayed by Matthew Nable . Film actor Liam Neeson expressed an interest in reprising his role from Batman Begins for the series , but could n't take up the role when offered due to scheduling . The character appears in the third season of The CW 's TV series Arrow , after being alluded to in the previous two seasons . As the leader of the League of Assassins and father of Nyssa al Ghul , Ra 's al Ghul is portrayed as a moniker passed from one successor to another , eventually leading to the Ra 's who approved the training for both Malcolm Merlyn and Sara Lance ( The Canary ) . Merlyn was trained in the advanced fighting techniques he used in his war against Oliver Queen ( the Arrow ) in season one , though Ra 's later sought to kill Merlyn for breaking the League 's code after leaving Nanda Parbat . However , Malcolm was seemingly killed by Oliver and John Diggle at the end of season one , and Ra 's al Ghul considered the matter settled . His daughter Nyssa also trained Sara to be an assassin , as revealed in season two . In season two , it is revealed that Malcolm did indeed survive but neither Oliver nor the League knew he was alive as Oliver 's mother died before telling him . He killed Sara by manipulating Oliver 's younger half sister and his daughter Thea , which reignites Ra 's ' vendetta against Malcolm . To save his sister from Ra 's ' vengeance , Oliver falsesly confesses that he was the one who killed Sara and challenges Ra 's to a trial by combat in Nanda Parbat , where he is apparently slain . However , he narrowly survives and is healed by Tatsu Yamashiro . When Ra 's learns of Oliver 's survival , the prophecy deems Oliver worthy of being his heir ; having survived the blade of Ra 's al Ghul , Oliver must become the new Ra 's al Ghul . After Oliver declines to take Ra 's al Ghul 's place , Ra 's systematically attacks Oliver 's home of Starling City to pressure him into taking the title on . Finally , Ra 's mortally wounds Oliver 's sister Thea so that Oliver will have to come to Nanda Parbat and accept Ra 's offer in exchange for healing Thea with the Lazarus Pit . Desperate to save Thea , Oliver agrees to train as the heir Al Sah - him . Ra 's tells him that he and a man known as Damien Darhk used to be friends . They both wanted to be Heir to the Demon and when Ra 's became Heir to the Demon , he was forced to kill Damien but hesitated allowing him to steal waters from the Lazarus Pit to keep him from aging and escape . He formed a hive of supporters and Ra 's tells Oliver he wants him to kill Damien this time . that In the season finale , Ra 's plans to unleash a bio weapon attack on Starling City so Oliver will not feel the pull of his former home . However , Oliver reveals that he is still loyal to his friends . With help from Nyssa , Oliver foils the plan and duels Ra 's again , this time killing him . As part of a previous deal , Oliver surrenders the Ra 's al Ghul title and control of the League of Assassins to Malcolm . In the fourth season , Malcolm used many of his connections as Ra 's al Ghul for his own means until Oliver helps Nyssa regain control of the League in exchange for Thea 's life , curing the bloodlust that was a side - effect of her use of the pit but costing Merlyn his left hand in a duel with Oliver . Nyssa , influenced by Laurel Lance , releases the entire League from their oaths and destroys the Ring of Ra 's al Ghul , ending the line of succession . His other daughter , Talia , later seeks revenge on Oliver for killing Ra 's and works with Prometheus to do so . She and Nyssa battle on Lian Yu and Nyssa defeats her . Nyssa survives the explosion on Lian Yu , while Talia presumably dies , though her fate is not clarified . Ra 's al Ghul reappears in Legends of Tomorrow . After Sara Lance , Ray Palmer and Kendra Saunders are inadvertently stranded by Rip Hunter 's team in 1958 , they move on with their lives . After ten weeks , Sara decides to once `` again '' rejoin ( from her perspective ) the League . Sara both impresses and surprises Ra 's with her fast progress in combat training . Ra 's al Ghul is also raising his young daughter , Talia , at the time . Two years later , Sara 's team ( with Ray and Kendra back among them ) go to Nanda Parbat to rescue her . However , Sara suddenly turns on them , resulting in the team being captured . Rip challenges Ra 's to a trial by combat to win their freedom . Ra 's decides to choose Sara as his champion and gives Rip the same offer . Rip nominates Kendra to be his own champion . Sara ultimately gains the upper hand , and Ra 's al Ghul entreats her to finish Kendra . But due to the pleas of her teammates , she decides not to . Then the temporal bounty hunter Chronos invades the arena and kills several League members , despite their efforts . Rip quickly appeals to Ra 's to free them if he wishes to preserve the League and his life , which Ra 's does . After they defeat the bounty hunter , Ra 's al Ghul releases Sara from the League , deducing that she is from the future and is divided over killing others . Right before leaving , Sara advises Ra 's al Ghul to ensure that his unborn daughter , Nyssa , be at Lian Yu in 2008 . Ra 's al Ghul agrees and is delighted to know that he will have another child . Ra 's al Ghul appears in the third and fourth seasons of Gotham , portrayed by Alexander Siddig . This version of the character , in addition to leading the League of Assassins , is also tied to the Court of Owls , although he has his acolytes dispose of the Court once he is finished with them . He is first mentioned in `` Heroes Rise : Pretty Hate Machine '' as `` The Demon 's Head '' , the mastermind of a plot to destroy Gotham City with a weaponized virus . In `` Heroes Rise : Destiny Calling '' , Ra 's al Ghul meets with Bruce Wayne , whom the Court 's minions have brainwashed , and entreats the boy to become his heir . As a `` final test '' , he orders Bruce to kill his butler Alfred Pennyworth . In `` Heroes Rise : Heavydirtysoul '' , when Bruce stabs Alfred and snaps out of his conditioning , Ra 's tells him to use the Lazarus Pit waters to save Alfred . He subsequently praises Bruce for his ability to resist , and says that he has not yet given up on turning Bruce into his heir . Ra 's then disappears . In the fourth season , he tries to track down an ancient knife prophesied to be the only thing that can kill him . In the episode `` A Dark Knight : The Blade 's Path '' , he begs Bruce to stab him with the knife and end his suffering ; when Bruce refuses , Ra 's threatens to kill everyone he holds dear , goading Bruce into stabbing and apparently killing him . He appears to Bruce in a hallucination in the episode `` A Dark Knight : A Beautiful Darkness '' . Film ( edit ) Live Action ( edit ) Liam Neeson as Ra 's al Ghul / Henri Ducard in Batman Begins ( 2005 ) . Liam Neeson portrayed Ra 's al Ghul in The Dark Knight Trilogy . Ra 's al Ghul appears in the film Batman Begins . He is the head of the millennia - old League of Shadows organization based in Bhutan that is dedicated to keeping order and justice in a world which it views as decadent and corrupt . During the first half of the film , the character goes by the name `` Henri Ducard '' and poses as a servant of Ra 's al Ghul 's decoy ( portrayed by Ken Watanabe ) . Ducard acts as Bruce Wayne 's mentor , teaching the stealth and martial arts training that his protégé will one day use as Batman . He orders Bruce to execute a thief as a final test , but Bruce refuses and burns down the league 's temple . Subsequently , the decoy is killed by falling debris , while Bruce saves Ducard . During the film 's climax , he reappears and reveals his true identity to Bruce , and explains his plan to disperse Jonathan Crane 's fear - inducing toxin into Gotham 's water supplies . Ra 's then tells Bruce that the League of Shadows had tried to destroy Gotham once before by creating an economic depression that indirectly resulted in the murders of Bruce 's parents . In their final confrontation , Batman defeats Ra 's and leaves him on a runaway train which falls off a bridge , crashes , and explodes , killing him . Ra 's al Ghul makes a cameo appearance in The Dark Knight Rises . As a hallucination , he tells Bruce that he has an heir who is carrying on the League of Shadows ' mission to destroy Gotham . Josh Pence plays a younger version of the character in flashbacks set 30 years before the film 's events . In an ancient part of the world , he was a mercenary who worked for a local warlord . He fell in love with the warlord 's daughter and married her in secret . When the warlord found out , he condemned Ra 's to a prison known as `` The Pit '' . The daughter intervened on Ra 's ' behalf , so the warlord exiled him and sentenced her to life in `` The Pit '' . Unbeknownst to Ra 's , she was pregnant with his child . After his wife was killed in an attack by the other prisoners , their daughter Talia was rescued by Bane and later escaped from the Pit and went to find her father , now the leader of the League of Shadows . Ra 's turned the League on the prison , killing several inmates and freeing Bane . But even after Bane saved Talia 's life , Ra 's saw him only as a reminder of the Pit where his wife died and so excommunicated him from the League . During the film 's main timeline , Talia and Bane assumed leadership of the League of Shadows after Ra 's ' death , traveled to Gotham to finish his work and avenge his death , for which they blame Batman . Recited in the Pit , the prevalent chant deshi basara ( Arabic : دشي بسرعة ) is of the Moroccan language , indicative of Ra 's al Ghul 's Arab background . Animated ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul appears in the animated film Batman : Under the Red Hood , voiced by Jason Isaacs . This version is responsible for Jason Todd 's resurrection after Robin was killed by the Joker . Halfway through the film , Batman travels to Ra 's ' stronghold to question him . Ra 's reveals that he had been planning to ruin Europe 's economy by destroying its financial centers and had hired Joker to provide Batman and Robin with a distraction . The Joker went rogue , however , and killed Robin . Plagued with guilt , Ra 's resurrected Jason with the Lazarus Pit , but the boy was driven insane and returned to Gotham City as the murderous vigilante Red Hood , intent on taking revenge on Joker . Ra 's is last seen watching the news bulletin about Red Hood 's disappearance and Joker 's return to Arkham Asylum . Ra 's al Ghul appears in Son of Batman , voiced by Giancarlo Esposito . This version is depicted as Damian Wayne 's mentor and possible father figure . During the film 's beginning , he and Dusan al Ghul are victims of Deathstroke 's takeover . He is shown as an extremely skilled warrior but is taken out by a gunship rocket attack and even then almost makes it to a nearby Lazarus Pit before dying . Following his death , Damian attempts to submerge his grandfather into the Lazarus Pit , but Talia al Ghul states that the Lazarus Pit can not save him . Ra 's al Ghul appears to return in Justice League vs. Teen Titans , voiced by Terrence C. Carson . As a follow - up of Son of Batman , a demon claiming to be Ra 's al Ghul is encountered by Robin in Trigon 's hellish realm where he claims that Trigon is the creator of the Lazarus Pits and that their usage would entail a price in the form of eternal servitude following the recipient 's death . As a servant of Trigon , he shatters the crystal that Raven intends to use to imprison Trigon . Robin , having accompanied and bonded with Raven , attacks the demon Ra 's in Raven 's defense , eventually slicing his head . His body is then dragged into a monolith by a horde of Trigon 's demons . Video games ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul is the final boss in the 2003 video game Batman : Dark Tomorrow , voiced by Don Leslie . Ra 's al Ghul appears in the Batman Begins video game based on the movie with Liam Neeson as Henri Ducard / Ra 's al Ghul and Ken Watanabe as `` Decoy Ra 's al Ghul '' . Ra 's al Ghul appears in DC Universe Online . Ra 's al Ghul appears as an unplayable support card in the iOS version of Injustice : Gods Among Us . Ra 's al Ghul appears briefly in Injustice 2 . He is also mentioned by several characters within the opening dialogue for matches , particularly if they 're pitted against Damian Wayne . Ra 's is seen as part of Black Adam 's ending . When Black Adam brings his dead wife 's corpse to the Lazarus Pit following Brainiac 's attack , Ra 's blocks the way to prevent from doing so . Ra 's offers Black Adam use of the pit , but they would help overthrow Superman 's newly restored regime in return . Despite their differences , Black Adam agrees and the two begin their crusade against Superman . Lego Batman ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul is featured as an unlockable character in Lego Batman : The Video Game . Ra 's al Ghul appears in Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes , voiced by Steven Blum . He is a boss fight and unlockable character who is found at the North Metro Station . The Batman Begins version of Ra 's al Ghul ( aka Henri Ducard ) appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham via downloadable content . Arkham series ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul has been a staple in the Batman : Arkham franchise where he has been voiced by Dee Bradley Baker : In Batman : Arkham Asylum , his body can be found zipped up in a body bag in the morgue part of Arkham Mansion near Dr. Penny Young 's office . His character bio is gained after scanning the body . If the player returns to the Morgue later in the game , after completing the main story , the body is gone , most likely taken by the League of Assassins to be resurrected in a Lazarus Pit . In Batman : Arkham City , after Batman is infected with the Joker 's poisoned blood , he attempts to collect a sample of Ra 's ' blood ( which has regenerative capabilities ) in order to find a cure . Heading to Wonder City 's ruins , Batman and Ra 's al Ghul fight when the Dark Knight refuses to kill Ra 's and take his place as leader of the League of Assassins . After a long battle , Batman eventually defeats Ra 's and forcibly collects his blood , telling him that the Lazarus Pit has corrupted his mind and giving him one chance to end his crusade . Ra 's is later revealed to be the power behind Arkham City 's warden , Hugo Strange , having seen the professor as a possible successor instead of Batman . He appears in Wonder Tower and kills Strange for his failure when Protocol 10 was deactivated by Batman . However , the professor uses his dying breath to activate Protocol 11 ( a self - destruct protocol for the command center in Wonder Tower ) . Saved from the explosion by Batman , Ra 's , rather than be captured , stabs himself with his sword mid-fall before landing on the Arkham City gate . If the player returns to the gate later in the game , after completing the main story , Ra 's body is gone , and only his sword remains . In Batman : Arkham Knight , Ra 's sword is placed in the GCPD evidence room prior to the game . Gotham 's alleyways also have graffiti on it that says `` The Demon 's Head will return '' , likely written by the League of Assassins . Later , Ra 's appears in a side mission `` Shadow War '' , which is a downloadable content ( DLC ) pack only available with the game 's Season pass in December `` Season of Infamy '' . While having survived his previous battle against the Dark Knight , Ra 's al Ghul is left sickly and barely clinging to life by having the remains of the Lazarus Pit constantly pumped into him . This weakening of Ra 's inspires his daughter , Nyssa Raatko , to form a rebel faction of the League to take control of the organization , resulting in a war breaking out between them and Ra 's loyalists within Gotham . As this ultimately draws Batman 's attention , he soon discovers Ra 's hideout under Elliot Memorial Hospital , and learns of his deteriorating condition . Appealing to Batman 's sense of morality , Ra 's followers tell him of another , purer , Lazarus Pit within Gotham , and ask him to use it to heal Ra 's . Upon finding the second Lazarus Pit , Batman returns to Elliot Memorial Hospital , where he has two choices : Batman gives the Lazarus to Ra 's , at which point Batman is forced to fight Nyssa and her rebels . Not soon after , Ra 's regains his former strength and fatally slashes Nyssa for her treachery . Batman tries to fight him , but Ra 's al Ghul steals one of his smoke bombs and disappears . Batman comforts Nyssa in her dying moments and closes her eyes before he leaves . Batman decides against giving the Lazarus sample to Ra 's , and destroys the equipment keeping him alive . After he takes care of Ra 's loyalists , Nyssa arrives to see what her father has ultimately become . As she is about to strike him down , Batman stops her and says that he will take him to the GCPD . Nyssa is satisfied and lives up to her word , recalling all her forces from Gotham while Batman takes Ra 's to a special cell at GCPD and straps him to a gurney , with Ra 's telling the Dark Knight that he is proud of him for apparently breaking his code . Parodies ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul appears in Robot Chicken . In the episode `` Password : Swordfish '' , Henri Ducard ( voiced by Seth Green ) trains Heimlich to save people who are choking on food in a segment that parodies Batman Begins . Dee Bradley Baker later reprises his role from Arkham video game franchise in the third DC Comics special . In the segment , Batman chases him down to the Lazarus Pit where Ra 's uses it to rejuvenate and become younger , but Batman continuously kicks him in which causes his age to regress into nothingness . Batman quickly leaves , not wanting anyone to know that a baby was just killed . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Ra 's al Ghul appears in The Batman Adventures . He arrived to break up a fight between Batman and Sensei and even had to allow Sensei to go with Batman . Ra 's al Ghul appears in the comic book tie - in to Young Justice . In issue 11 , Ra 's al Ghul oversaw the hijacking of the rocket at Cape Canaveral and had the original research payload replaced with a diamond lens that would turn sun beams into death beams that would attack the various cities . Batman and Robin end up fighting Ra 's al Ghul which ended with Ra 's falling off the tower to his death . Ubu and Talia were able to get Ra 's back to Infinity Island where Sensei used the Lazarus Pit to revive Ra 's al Ghul . After emerging from the Lazarus Pit , Ra 's al Ghul ordered Sensei to prepare their weapon called the Serpent . In issue 12 , Ra 's al Ghul arrived where he found Sensei and Talia being attacked by Clayface and learned from Sensei that the monster was their operative Matt Hagen . After Ra 's al Ghul stated to Clayface that he was still a member of the League of Shadows and commanded him to sleep , he ordered Sensei to ship Clayface to Gotham City for him to bother Batman and then demanded an explanation from Talia on how Clayface came to be . Collected editions ( edit ) His stories have been collected into a number of volumes : Batman : Tales Of The Demon ( 1991 ) , collecting the original 1970s Ra 's al Ghul stories by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams Batman : Birth Of The Demon ( 1992 ) by Dennis O'Neil and Norm Breyfogle , giving the origin of Ra 's al Ghul JLA Vol. 7 : Tower Of Babel ( 2001 ) , by Mark Waid , in which Ra 's goes up against the Justice League of America ( ISBN 1 - 56389 - 727 - X ) Batman : Death And The Maidens ( 2004 ) by Greg Rucka and Klaus Janson , giving the ultimate death of Ra 's al Ghul ( ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0234 - 9 ) Year One : Batman -- Ra 's al Ghul ( 2005 ) by Devin K. Grayson and Paul Gulacy , which takes place a year after Ra 's ' death in Death And The Maidens Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's Al Ghul ( 2008 ) by Grant Morrison , Peter Milligan , Fabian Nicieza , and Paul Dini , chronicles Ra 's al Ghul 's resurrection . See also ( edit ) List of Batman Family enemies Algol -- The name Algol derives from the Arabic رأس الغول ra 's al - ghūl . The English name `` Demon 's Head '' is a direct translation of this , as Ra 's is head , Ghoul is Demon . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Detective Comics ( vol. 1 ) # 840 ( March 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : McAvennie , Michael ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1970s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . Writer Denny O'Neil once stated that he and artist Neal Adams ' set out to consciously and deliberately to create a villain ... so exotic and mysterious that neither we nor Batman were sure what to expect . ' Who they came up with was arguably Batman 's most cunning adversary : the global eco-terrorist named Ra 's al Ghul . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Detective Comics ( vol. 1 ) # 411 ( May 1971 ) `` Editor 's Note : In Arabic , ' The Demon 's Head ' ! Literally , Al Ghul signifies a mischief - maker , and appears as the Ghoul of the Arabian Nights ! '' Jump up ^ Batman Villains Secret Files & Origins # 1 ( 1998 ) and Arrow ( TV series ) . `` Ra 's al Ghul 's true name is lost in the sands of time . Of all the Dark Knight 's foes , ' The Ghoul 's Head ' , as his name translates from Arabic , is perhaps the most dangerous . '' Jump up ^ `` Ra 's Al Ghul Is Number 7 '' . IGN.com . Jump up ^ Death and The Maidens # 8 ( May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Batman ( vol. 1 ) # 671 ( January 2008 ) Jump up ^ Nightwing ( vol. 2 ) # 145 ( August 2008 ) Jump up ^ Batman & Robin : The Road Back # 1 ( December 2010 ) Jump up ^ Red Hood and the Outlaws # 24 Jump up ^ Red Hood and the Outlaws # 25 Jump up ^ Red Hood and the Outlaws # 27 Jump up ^ Batman and Robin Vol. 2 # 29 Jump up ^ Batman and Ra 's al Ghul # 32 Jump up ^ Batman and Ra 's al Ghul # 33 Jump up ^ Batman Eternal # 46 Jump up ^ Dixon , Chuck ( w ) , Aparo , Jim ( p ) , Cebolerro , John ( i ) , James Sinclair , Noelle Giddings , Digital Chameleon ( col ) , Oakley , Bill ( let ) , Andrew Helfer , Harvey Richards ( ed ) . `` The Demon Laughs '' Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight 142 - 145 ( June -- September 2001 ) , New York , NY : DC Comics Jump up ^ Strange Adventures # 215 ( November -- December 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Batman # 671 ( January 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Batman Annual # 26 ( October 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Detective Comics # 839 ( February 2008 ) Jump up ^ Detective Comics # 783 ( August 2003 ) Jump up ^ Batman : Death and the Maidens # 3 ( December 2003 ) Jump up ^ Batman : Death and the Maidens # 5 ( February 2004 ) Jump up ^ Robin # 148 ( May 2006 ) Jump up ^ Detective Comics # 411 ( May 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Batman : Birth of the Demon ( December 1992 ) ^ Jump up to : Batman : Son of the Demon ( September 1987 ) ^ Jump up to : Batman Incorporated ( vol. 2 ) # 2 ( June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Batman # 655 ( September 2006 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Wayne : The Road Home : Ra 's Al Ghul ( December 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Red Robin # 25 ( September 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Red Robin # 24 ( August 2011 ) Jump up ^ Batman and Robin # 12 ( July 2010 ) Jump up ^ Batman : Death and the Maidens # 6 ( March 2004 ) Jump up ^ The Batman Adventures # 1 Jump up ^ The Batman Adventures # 4 Jump up ^ `` The World 's Finest - Batman Adventures : Tribute - The Comic - Ty Templeton '' . www.worldsfinestonline.com . Jump up ^ Flashpoint : The World of Flashpoint # 1 ( June 2011 ) Jump up ^ Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 Jump up ^ Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 3 Jump up ^ Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 4 Jump up ^ Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 5 Jump up ^ Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 6 Jump up ^ Batman ' 66 meets Wonder Woman ' 77 Jump up ^ Injustice 2 # 7 Jump up ^ Injustice 2 # 24 Jump up ^ `` The World 's Finest '' . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Reddick On Dr0ne , Fringe & More -- '' . G4tv.com. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` How Did ' Justice League Action ' Go From Being Another Solo Batman Toon To Including 152 DC Characters ? '' . sciencefiction.com . Jump up ^ `` Liam Neeson Actually WAS Offered the Role of Ra 's Al Ghul for Arrow '' . Movie Pilot . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arrow Season 4 episode 13 , Sins of the Father Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Matt Nable 's Ra 's al Ghul Coming to DC 's Legends of Tomorrow '' . Comicbook.com . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' recap : Too little , two years too late '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Casts ' Star Trek ' Alum Alexander Siddig as Ra 's al Ghul '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises : Liam Neeson spotted filming in London '' . Metro.co.uk. 2011 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) . `` ' Social Network ' Actor Lands Role in ' Dark Knight Rises ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Our second look at ' The Dark Knight Rises ' digs into the bad and the ugly '' . Hitfix . Retrieved on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) . ' The Dark Knight Rises ' : Batman Begins , Again . The Huffington Post . Retrieved on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( 2012 - 07 - 28 ) . ' Dark Knight Rises ' Femme Fatales : An Appreciation . MTV . Retrieved on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . ' The Dark Knight Rises ' Again : Tips For Your Second Viewing . MTV . Retrieved on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Be Part Of The Dark Knight Rises Score By Recording Yourself Chanting '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Dark Knight Rises '' Teaser Trailer Has Some Familiar Chanting ; Great Fan Poster For The Batman Trilogy `` . Movieviral.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Batman DVD to peek out from ' Under the Red Hood ' -- Hero Complex -- Los Angeles Times '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Kate Jewell interviews Andrea Romano '' . Comics Continuum. 2010 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sands , Rich ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) . `` First Look : It 's Father 's Day for the Dark Knight in Son of Batman '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Game Informer features a two - page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph . See `` LEGO Batman : Character Gallery '' , Game Informer 186 ( October 2008 ) : 93 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ra 's al Ghul https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115839/http://www.spider-bob.com/villains/dc/RasAlGhul.htm http://www.batmantas.com/cmp/ras.htm http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/WF/batman/btas/bios/rasalghul/ http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/WF/beyond/bios/taliaras/ https://web.archive.org/web/20051126221806/http://www.unstable.com/whoswho/rasalghu.htm http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/WF/superman/episodes/TheDemonReborn/ http://www.batman-superman.com/batman/cmp/ras.html Batman characters Batman family By secret identity Batman Robin Catwoman Batwoman Batgirl Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Oracle Spoiler Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Black Bat Bluebird By public identity Bruce Wayne Dick Grayson Selena Kyle Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Helena Wayne Jason Todd Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Julie Madison Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Knight Squire Dark Ranger Ace the Bat - Hound Leslie Thompkins Silver St. Cloud Lucius Fox Orpheus Nightrunner Bat - Cow GCPD contacts James `` Jim '' Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Michael Akins Neutral characters Mayors of Gotham City Hamilton Hill Michael Akins Professor Carter Nichols Bat - Mite Arnold John Flass Gillian B. 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"Ra's al Ghul appears in the film Batman Begins. He is the head of the millennia-old League of Shadows organization based in Bhutan that is dedicated to keeping order and justice in a world which it views as decadent and corrupt. During the first half of the film, the character goes by the name \"Henri Ducard\" and poses as a servant of Ra's al Ghul's decoy (portrayed by Ken Watanabe). Ducard acts as Bruce Wayne's mentor, teaching the stealth and martial arts training that his protégé will one day use as Batman. He orders Bruce to execute a thief as a final test, but Bruce refuses and burns down the league's temple. Subsequently, the decoy is killed by falling debris, while Bruce saves Ducard. During the film's climax, he reappears and reveals his true identity to Bruce, and explains his plan to disperse Jonathan Crane's fear-inducing toxin into Gotham's water supplies. Ra's then tells Bruce that the League of Shadows had tried to destroy Gotham once before by creating an economic depression that indirectly resulted in the murders of Bruce's parents. In their final confrontation, Batman defeats Ra's and leaves him on a runaway train which falls off a bridge, crashes, and explodes, killing him."
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5466016677150439895 | Toilet | Toilet - Wikipedia Toilet This article is about the fixture generally . For the common flush toilet , see flush toilet . For a room containing a toilet , see Toilet ( room ) . For other uses , see Toilet ( disambiguation ) . All types of hardware for the collection and disposal of human waste . Toilets come in various shapes and forms around the world , including for flush toilets used by sitting or squatting , and dry toilets like pit latrines . A toilet is a piece of hardware used for the collection or disposal of human urine and feces . In other words : `` Toilets are sanitation facilities at the user interface that allow the safe and convenient urination and defecation '' . Toilets can be with or without flushing water ( flush toilet or dry toilet ) . They can be set up for a sitting posture or for a squatting posture ( squat toilet ) . Flush toilets are usually connected to a sewer system in urban areas and to septic tanks in less built - up areas . Dry toilets are connected to a pit , removable container , composting chamber , or other storage and treatment device . Toilets are commonly made of ceramic ( porcelain ) , concrete , plastic , or wood . In private homes , the toilet , sink , bath , or shower may be in the same room . Another option is to have one room for body washing ( bathroom ) and a separate room for the toilet and handwashing sink ( toilet room ) . Public toilets consist of one or more toilets ( and commonly urinals ) which are available for use by the general public . Portable toilets or chemical toilets may be brought in for large and temporary gatherings . Many poor households in developing countries use very basic , and often unhygienic toilets , for example simple pit latrines and bucket toilets which are usually placed in outhouses . Globally , nearly one billion people even have no access to a toilet at all , and are forced to do open defecation ( particularly in India ) . Diseases transmitted via the fecal - oral route or via water , such as cholera and diarrhea , can be spread by open defecation . They can also be spread by unsafe toilets which cause pollution of surface water or groundwater . Historically , sanitation has been a concern from the earliest stages of human settlements . The Sustainable Development Goal Number 6 calls for `` adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation by 2030 '' . Contents 1 Overview 2 With water as an odor seal 2.1 Flush toilet 2.2 High - tech toilet 2.3 Vacuum toilet 3 Without water as an odor seal 3.1 Pit latrine with direct drop 3.2 Vault toilet 3.3 Urine - diverting dry toilet 3.4 Portable toilet 3.5 Chemical toilet 4 Types by usage posture 4.1 Toilet with a pedestal for sitting 4.2 Squat toilet 5 Usage 5.1 Urination 5.2 Anal cleansing habits 5.3 Accessible toilets 6 Public toilet 7 Public health aspects 7.1 Example of cholera in England 8 Toilets in developing countries 8.1 Flying toilet 8.2 Floating toilet 8.3 Toilet connected to livestock or aquaculture 9 History 9.1 Ancient history 9.2 Post-classical history 9.3 Modern history 9.3. 1 Development of dry earth closets 9.3. 2 Development of flush toilets 10 Names 10.1 Etymology 10.2 Contemporary use 10.3 Regional variants 10.4 Euphemisms 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Overview The number of different types of toilets used on a worldwide level is large . Toilet types can be grouped by : Having a water seal or not ( which usually relates to flushing or not , i.e. flush toilet versus dry toilet ) Being used in a sitting or squatting position ( sitting toilet versus squat toilet ) Being located at a household level or in public ( toilet room versus public toilet ) People use different toilet types based on the country that they are in . In developing countries , access to toilets is also related to people 's socio - economic status . Poor people in low - income countries often have no toilets at all and resort to open defecation instead . This is part of the sanitation crisis which international initiatives such as World Toilet Day draw attention to . With water as an odor seal Flush toilet Main article : Flush toilet Flush toilet bowl A typical flush toilet is a ceramic bowl ( pan ) connected on the `` up '' side to a cistern ( tank ) that enables rapid filling with water , and on the `` down '' side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent . When a toilet is flushed , the sewage should flow into a septic tank or into a system connected to a sewage treatment plant . However , in many developing countries , this treatment step does not take place . The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside - down U . One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high . The siphon tube connects to the drain . The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it flows down the drain . The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to sewer gas entering the building . Sewer gas escapes through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line . The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets usually makes up a significant portion of personal daily water usage . However , modern low flush toilet designs allow the use of much less water per flush . Dual flush toilets allow the user to select between a flush for urine or feces , saving a significant amount of water over conventional units . The flush handle on these toilets is pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other . Another design is to have two buttons , one for urination and the other for defectation . In some places , users are encouraged not to flush after urination . Flushing toilets can be plumbed to use greywater ( previously used for washing dishes , laundry , and bathing ) rather than potable water ( drinking water ) . Some modern toilets pressurize the water in the tank , which initiates flushing action with less water usage . Another variant is the pour - flush toilet . This type of flush toilet has no cistern , but is flushed manually with a few litres of a small bucket . The flushing can use as little as 2 -- 3 litres ( 0.44 -- 0.66 imp gal ; 0.53 -- 0.79 US gal ) . This type of toilet is common in many Asian countries . The toilet can be connected to one or two pits , in which case it is called a `` pour flush pit latrine '' or a `` twin pit pour flush pit latrine '' . It can also be connected to a septic tank . Flush toilets on ships are typically flushed with seawater . High - tech toilet See also : Toilets in Japan `` High - tech '' toilets , which can be found in countries like Japan , include features such as automatic - flushing mechanisms ; water jets or `` bottom washers '' ; blow dryers ; or artificial flush sounds to mask noises . Others include medical monitoring features such as urine and stool analysis and the checking of blood pressure , temperature , and blood sugar . Some toilets have automatic lid operation , heated seats , deodorizing fans , or automated replacement of paper toilet - seat - covers . Interactive urinals have been developed in several countries , allowing users to play video games . The `` Toylet '' , produced by Sega , uses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates that into on - screen action . Astronauts on the International Space Station use a space toilet with urine diversion which can recover potable water . Vacuum toilet A vacuum toilet is a flush toilet that requires very little flushing water and is connected to a vacuum sewer system . For example , they are used on planes ( aircraft lavatories ) and on trains ( passenger train toilets ) . Without water as an odor seal Main article : Dry toilet Pit latrines are still in use in rural areas of wealthy countries ( Herøy , Norway ) Many types of toilets without a water seal ( also called dry toilets or `` non-flush toilets '' ) exist . These types of toilets do not use water as an odor seal or to move excreta along . For example , from simple to more complex : a bucket toilet ( honey bucket ) , a tree bog or arborloo ( two simple systems for converting excrement to direct fertiliser for trees ) , a pit latrine ( a deep hole in the ground ) , a vault toilet ( which keeps all the waste underground until it is pumped out ) , a container - based toilet , a composting toilet ( which mixes excreta with carbon - rich materials for faster decomposition ) , a urine - diverting dry toilet ( which keeps urine separate from feces ) , and incinerating and freezing toilets . Dry toilets use no water for flushing . They also do not produce wastewater . Some of these devices are high - tech but many are quite basic . Pit latrine with direct drop Main article : Pit latrine A poorly maintained pit latrine in Yaounde , Cameroon A simple pit latrine uses no water seal and collects human excreta in a pit or trench . The excreta drop directly into the pit via a drop hole . This type of toilet can range from a simple slit trench to more elaborate systems with seating or squatting pans and ventilation systems . In developed countries they are associated with camping and wilderness areas . They are common in rural or peri-urban areas in many developing countries . Pit latrines are also used in emergency sanitation situations . The pit or trench can be dug large enough so that the pit can be used for many years before it fills up . When the pit becomes full , it may be emptied or the hole covered with earth and the pit latrine relocated . Pit latrines have to be located away from drinking water sources ( wells , streams , etc . ) to minimize the possibility of disease spread via groundwater pollution . A ventilation improved pit ( VIP ) latrine adds certain design features to the simple pit latrine which reduces flies from exiting the latrine , thereby reducing the spread of diseases . Vault toilet A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container ( or vault ) buried in the ground to receive the excreta , all of which is contained underground until it is removed by pumping . A vault toilet is distinguished from a pit latrine because the waste accumulates in the vault instead of seeping into the underlying soil . Urine - diverting dry toilet Main article : Urine - diverting dry toilet Urine diversion toilets have two compartments , one for urine and one for feces . A urine - diverting dry toilet uses no water for flushing , and keeps urine and feces separate . It can be linked to systems which reuse excreta as a fertilizer . Portable toilet A line of portable toilets Portable toilet on top of a mountain in China Main article : Portable toilet The portable toilet is used on construction sites , film locations , and large outdoor gatherings where there are no other facilities . They are typically self - contained units that are made to be easily moved . Most portable toilets are unisex single units with privacy ensured by a simple lock on the door . The units are usually light weight and easily transported by a flatbed truck and loaded and unloaded by a small forklift . Many portable toilets are small molded plastic or fiberglass portable rooms with a lockable door and a receptacle to catch waste in a chemically treated container . If used for an extended period of time , they have to be cleaned out and new chemicals put in the waste receptacle . For servicing multiple portable toilets , tanker trucks ( vacuum trucks or honeywagons ) are equipped with large vacuums to evacuate the waste and replace the chemicals . Portable toilets can also be urine - diverting dry toilets . A bucket toilet , also known as a honey bucket , is a very simple type of portable toilet . Chemical toilet Main article : Chemical toilet Chemical toilets collect human excreta in a holding tank and use chemicals to minimize odors . They do not require a connection to a water supply and are used in a variety of situations . Aircraft lavatories and passenger train toilets were in the past often designed as chemical toilets but are nowadays more likely to be vacuum toilets . Types by usage posture Toilets can be designed to be used either in a sitting or in a squatting posture . Toilet with a pedestal for sitting Sitting toilets are often referred to as `` western - style toilets '' . Sitting toilets are more convenient than squat toilets for people with disabilities and the elderly . Squat toilet Main article : Squat toilet A squat toilet ( also called `` squatting toilet '' , `` natural position toilet '' , or by many national names ) is a toilet of any technology type ( i.e. pit latrine , urine - diverting dry toilet , flush toilet etc . ) which is used in a squatting position rather than sitting . This means that the defecation posture used is to place one foot on each side of the toilet drain or hole and to squat over it . Squatting toilets are the norm in many Asian and African countries , and are common in most Muslim countries . They are also occasionally be found in some European and South American countries . In 1976 , squatting toilets were said to be used by the majority of the world 's population . However , there is a general trend in many countries to move from squatting toilets to sitting toilets ( particularly in urban areas ) as the latter are often regarded as more modern . Squat toilet as seen in some parts of Europe and Asia Squat toilet in Topkapi palace Porcelain squat toilet , with water tank for flushing ( Wuhan , China ) Old - style squat toilet ( Hong Kong ) Usage Urination Main article : Urination There are cultural differences in socially accepted and preferred voiding positions for urination around the world : in the Middle East and Asia , the squatting position is more prevalent , while in the Western world the standing and sitting position are more common . Anal cleansing habits Main article : Anal cleansing In the Western world , the most common method of cleaning the anal area after defecation is by toilet paper or sometimes by using a bidet . In many Muslim countries , the facilities are designed to enable people to follow Islamic toilet etiquette Qaḍāʼ al - Ḥājah . For example , a bidet shower may be plumbed in . The left hand is used for cleansing , for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many Asian countries . There are toilets on the market where the seats have integrated spray mechanicms for anal and genital water sprays ( see for example Toilets in Japan ) . This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities . Accessible toilets Main article : Accessible toilet An accessible toilet is designed to accommodate people with physical disabilities , such as age related limited mobility or inability to walk due to impairments . Additional measures to add toilet accessibility are providing more space and grab bars to ease transfer to and from the toilet seat , including enough room for a caregiver if necessary . Public toilet Main article : Public toilet A public toilet is accessible to the general public . It may be municipally owned or managed , entered directly from the street . It may be within a building that , while privately owned , allows public access , such as a department store , or it may be limited to the business 's customers , such as a restaurant . If its use requires a fee , it is also called a pay toilet . Depending on culture , there may be varying degrees of separation between men and women and different levels of privacy . Typically , the entire room , or a stall or cubicle containing a toilet , is lockable . Urinals , if present in a men 's toilet , are typically mounted on a wall with or without a divider between them . In the most basic form , a public toilet may be not much more than an open latrine . Another form is a street urinal known as a pissoir , after the French term . Public health Aspects Main article : Sanitation Play media Toilets should be innovated and `` reinvented '' to properly address the global sanitation crisis says the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation To this day , 1 billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to Open defecation instead . The Joint Monitoring Programme ( JMP ) for Water Supply and Sanitation by WHO and UNICEF is the official United Nations mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goal relating to drinking - water and sanitation ( MDG 7 , Target 7c ) . One target of this goal is to : `` Halve , by 2015 , the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking - water and basic sanitation '' and publishes figures on access to sanitation worldwide on a regular basis . Another organisation which focuses on toilet and sanitation is the World Toilet Organisation which has its founding date , November 19 , used for the UN 's International World Toilet Day . Toilets are one important element of a sanitation system , although other elements are also needed : transport , treatment , disposal , or reuse . Diseases , including Cholera , which still affects some 3 million people each year , can be largely prevented when effective sanitation and water treatment prevents fecal matter from contaminating waterways , groundwater , and drinking water supplies . Example of cholera in England There have been five main cholera outbreaks and pandemics since 1825 . In London alone , the second killed 14,137 people in 1849 , and the third took 10,738 lives in 1853 -- 54 . In 1849 the English physician John Snow published a paper On the Mode of Communication of Cholera , in which he suggested that cholera might be waterborne . During the 1854 epidemic , he collected and analyzed data establishing that people who drank water from contaminated sources such as the Broad Street pump died of cholera at much higher rates than those who got water elsewhere . Toilets in developing countries Flying toilet Main article : Flying toilet A bucket toilet A `` flying toilet '' is a facetious name for a plastic bag that is used as a container for excrement and are then simply discarded . Associated especially with slums , they are called flying toilets `` because when you have filled them , you throw them as far away as you can . '' Floating toilet A floating toilet is essentially a toilet on a platform built above or floating on the water . Instead of excreta going into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel . To reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore , many use urine diversion . The floating toilet was developed for residents without quick access to land or connection to a sewer systems . It is also used in areas subjected to prolonged flooding . The need for this type of toilet is high in areas like Cambodia . Toilet connected to livestock or aquaculture The pig toilet , which consists of a toilet linked to a pigsty by a chute , is still in use to a limited extent . It was common in rural China , and was known in Japan , Korea , and India . The `` fish pond toilet '' depends on the same principle , of livestock ( often carp ) eating human excreta directly . History Further information : History of water supply and sanitation Ancient history Roman public toilets , Ostia Antica . Model of toilet with pigsty , China , Eastern Han dynasty 25 -- 220 AD During the third millennium BC , toilets and sewers were invented throughout the world . Mohenjo - Daro circa 2800 BC is cited as having some of the most advanced , with toilets built into outer walls of homes . These toilets were Western - style , albeit a primitive form , with vertical chutes , via which waste was disposed of into cesspits or street drains . These toilets were only used by the affluent classes ; most people would have squatted over old pots set into the ground or used open pits . The people of the Harappan civilization in Pakistan and northwestern India had primitive water - cleaning toilets that used flowing water in each house that were linked with drains covered with burnt clay bricks . The flowing water removed the human waste . The Indus Valley civilisation had a rudimentary network of sewers built under grid pattern streets . Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at Skara Brae in Orkney , Scotland , which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC . Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them , and some of these had a cubicle over the drain . Around the 18th century BC , toilets started to appear in Minoan Crete , Pharaonic Egypt , and ancient Persia . In 2012 , archaeologists found what is believed to be Southeast Asia 's earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the Rạch Núi archaeological site , southern Vietnam . The toilet , dating back 1500 BC , yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society . More than 30 coprolites , containing fish and shattered animal bones , provided information on the diet of humans and dogs , and on the types of parasites each had to contend with . In Roman civilization , toilets using flowing water were sometimes part of public bath houses . Roman toilets , like the ones pictured here , are commonly thought to have been used in the sitting position . The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers which were periodically `` flushed '' with flowing water , rather than elevated for sitting . Romans and Greeks also used chamber pots , which they brought to meals and drinking sessions . Johan J. Mattelaer said , `` Plinius has described how there were large receptacles in the streets of cities such as Rome and Pompeii into which chamber pots of urine were emptied . The urine was then collected by fullers . '' ( Fulling was a vital step in textile manufacture . ) The Han dynasty in China two thousand years ago used pig toilets . Post-classical history Garderobes were toilets used in the Post-classical history , most commonly found in upper - class dwellings . Essentially , they were flat pieces of wood or stone spanning from one wall to the other , with one or more holes to sit on . These were above chutes or pipes that discharged outside the castle or Manor house . Garderobes would be placed in areas away from bedrooms to shun the smell and also near kitchens or fireplaces to keep the enclosure warm . Garderobe seat openings View looking down into garderobe seat opening Exterior view of garderobe at Campen castle The other main way of handling toilet needs was the chamber pot , a receptacle , usually of ceramic or metal , into which one would excrete waste . This method was used for hundreds of years ; shapes , sizes , and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries . Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times , even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims . Modern history Bourdaloue chamber pots from the Austrian Imperial household Early 18th century British three - seat privvy 19th century thunderbox , a heavy wooden commode to enclose chamber pot By the Early Modern era , chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration . They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to the home . In pre-modern Denmark , people generally defecated on farmland or other places where the human waste could be collected as fertilizer . The Old Norse language had several terms for referring to outhouses , including garðhús ( yard house ) , náð - / náða - hús ( house of rest ) , and annat hús ( the other house ) . In general , toilets were functionally non-existent in rural Denmark until the 18th century . By the 16th century , cesspits and cesspools were increasingly dug into the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collecting waste , as urban populations grew and street gutters became blocked with the larger volume of human waste . Rain was no longer sufficient to wash away waste from the gutters . A pipe connected the latrine to the cesspool , and sometimes a small amount of water washed waste through . Cesspools were cleaned out by tradesmen , known in English as gong farmers , who pumped out liquid waste , then shovelled out the solid waste and collected it during the night . This solid waste , euphemistically known as nightsoil , was sold as fertilizer for agricultural production ( similarly to the closing - the - loop approach of ecological sanitation ) . The garderobe was replaced by the privy midden and pail closet in early industrial Europe . In the early 19th century , public officials and public hygiene experts studied and debated sanitation for several decades . The construction of an underground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquid waste was only begun in the mid 19th - century , gradually replacing the cesspool system , although cesspools were still in use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century . Even London , at that time the world 's largest city , did not require indoor toilets in its building codes until after the First World War . The water closet , with its origins in Tudor times , started to assume its currently known form , with an overhead cistern , s - bends , soil pipes and valves around 1770 . This was the work of Alexander Cumming and Joseph Bramah . Water closets only started to be moved from outside to inside of the home around 1850 . The integral water closet started to be built into middle class homes in the 1860s and 1870s , firstly on the principal bedroom floor and in larger houses in the maids ' accommodation , and by 1900 a further one in the hallway . A toilet would also be placed outside the back door of the kitchen for use by gardeners and other outside staff such as those working with the horses . The speed of introduction was varied , so that in 1906 the predominantly working class town of Rochdale had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000 . The working class home had transitioned from the rural cottage , to the urban back - to - back terraces with external rows of privies , to the through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external WC . It was the Tudor Walters Report of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal WC . As recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes , the bathroom with a water closet and later the low - level suite , became more prominent in the home . Before the introduction of indoor toilets , it was common to use the chamber pot under one 's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning . During the Victorian era , British housemaids collected all of the household 's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids ' cupboard . This room contained a `` slop sink '' , made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots , for washing the `` bedroom ware '' or `` chamber utensils '' . Once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into British houses , servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs , separate from the family lavatory . The practice of emptying one 's own chamber pot , known as slopping out , continued in British prisons until as recently as 2014 and was still in use in 85 cells in the Republic of Ireland in July 2017 . With rare exceptions , chamber pots are no longer used . Modern related implements are bedpans and commodes , used in hospitals and the homes of invalids . Development of dry earth closets Further information : Dry toilet § History Henry Moule 's earth closet design , circa 1909 Before the widespread adoption of the flush toilet , there were inventors , scientists , and public health officials who supported the use of `` dry earth closets '' . One person developing these was the English clergyman Henry Moule , who dedicated his life to improving public sanitation after witnessing the horrors of the cholera epidemics of 1849 and 1854 . He invented what he called the dry earth system , somewhat similar to a composting toilet or a bucket toilet . In partnership with James Bannehr , in 1860 he took out a patent for the process ( No. 1316 ) . His system was adopted in private houses , in rural districts , in military camps , in many hospitals , and extensively in the British Raj . Ultimately , however , it failed to gain the same public support in Europe as the water closet , although variations of the design remain today in use ( see dry toilet ) . Development of flush toilets Further information : Flush toilet § History Although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by John Harington , such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century . With the onset of the industrial revolution and related advances in technology , the flush toilet began to emerge into its modern form . A crucial advance in plumbing , was the S - trap , invented by the Scottish mechanic Alexander Cummings in 1775 , and still in use today . This device uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl , preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer . It was only in the mid-19th century , with growing levels of urbanisation and industrial prosperity , that the flush toilet became a widely used and marketed invention . This period coincided with the dramatic growth in the sewage system , especially in London , which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons . Flush toilets were also known as `` water closets '' , as opposed to the earth closets described above . WCs first appeared in Britain in the 1880s , and soon spread to Continental Europe . In America , the chain - pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s . William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer in 1906 , which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes . Names See also : Toilet ( room ) § Names , and Outhouse § Names Etymology In La Toilette from Hogarth 's Marriage à la Mode series ( 1743 ) , a young countess receives her lover , tradesmen , hangers - on , and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toilette Detail of Queen Charlotte with her Two Eldest Sons , Johan Zoffany , 1765 , ( the whole painting ) . She is doing her toilet , with her silver - gilt toilet service on the dressing - table Toilet was originally a French loanword ( first attested in 1540 ) that referred to the toilette ( `` little cloth '' ) draped over one 's shoulders during hairdressing . During the late 17th century , the term came to be used by metonymy in both languages for the whole complex of grooming and body care that centered at a dressing table ( also covered by a cloth ) and for the equipment composing a toilet service , including a mirror , hairbrushes , and containers for powder and makeup . The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one 's `` toilet '' ; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as `` toilet - calls '' . The use of `` toilet '' to describe a special room for grooming came much later ( first attested in 1819 ) , following the French cabinet de toilet . Similar to `` powder room '' , `` toilet '' then came to be used as a euphemism for rooms dedicated to urination and defecation , particularly in the context of signs for public toilets , as on trains . Finally , it came to be used for the plumbing fixtures in such rooms ( apparently first in the United States ) as these replaced chamber pots , outhouses , and latrines . These two uses , the fixture and the room , completely supplanted the other senses of the word during the 20th century except in the form `` toiletries '' . Contemporary use The word `` toilet '' was by etymology a euphemism , but is no longer understood as such . As old euphemisms have become the standard term , they have been progressively replaced by newer ones , an example of the euphemism treadmill at work . The choice of word relies not only on regional variation , but also on social situation and level of formality ( register ) or social class . American manufacturers show an uneasiness with the word and its class attributes : American Standard , the largest firm , sells them as `` toilets '' , yet the higher priced products of the Kohler Company , often installed in more expensive housing , are sold as commodes or closets , words which also carry other meanings . Confusingly , products imported from Japan such as TOTO are referred to as `` toilets '' , even though they carry the cachet of higher cost and quality . ( Toto , an abbreviation of Tōyō Tōki ( 東洋 陶器 Oriental Ceramics ) , is used in Japanese comics to visually indicate toilets or other things that look like toilets ; see Toilets in Japan . ) Regional variants Different dialects use `` bathroom '' and `` restroom '' ( American English ) , `` bathroom '' and `` washroom '' ( Canadian English ) , and `` WC '' ( an initialism for `` water closet '' ) , `` lavatory '' and its abbreviation `` lav '' ( British English ) . Euphemisms `` Crapper '' was already in use as a coarse name for a toilet , but it gained currency from the work of Thomas Crapper , who popularized flush toilets in England . `` The Jacks '' is Irish slang for toilet . It perhaps derives from `` jacques '' and `` jakes '' , an old English term . `` Loo '' -- The etymology of loo is obscure . The Oxford English Dictionary notes the 1922 appearance of `` How much cost ? Waterloo . Watercloset . '' in James Joyce 's novel Ulysses and defers to Alan S.C. Ross 's arguments that it derived in some fashion from the site of Napoleon 's 1815 defeat . In the 1950s the use of the word `` loo '' was considered one of the markers of British upper - class speech , featuring in a famous essay , `` U and non-U English '' . `` Loo '' may have derived from a corruption of French l'eau ( `` water '' ) , gare à l'eau ( `` mind the water '' , used in reference to emptying chamber pots into the street from an upper - story window ) , lieu ( `` place '' ) , lieu d'aisance ( `` place of ease '' , used euphemistically for a toilet ) , or lieu à l'anglaise ( `` English place '' , used from around 1770 to refer to English - style toilets installed for travelers ) . Other proposed etymologies include a supposed tendency to place toilets in room 100 ( hence `` loo '' ) in English hotels , a dialectical corruption of the nautical term `` lee '' in reference to the need to urinate and defecate with the wind prior to the advent of head pumps , or the 17th - century preacher Louis Bourdaloue , whose long sermons at Paris 's Saint - Paul - Saint - Louis prompted his parishioners to bring along chamber pots . Gallery Men 's toilet designed by artist and architect Hundertwasser Toilet in Delftware style Toilet bus in Samsun , Turkey Duo toilet for child training in a banquet hall near Jerusalem , Israel Instructions on using a urine - diverting dry toilet in Sri Lanka See also Wikivoyage has travel information for Toilets . Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Toilet humour Toilet - related injuries and deaths World Toilet Day Notes Jump up ^ For a full list of English synonyms , see `` toilet '' at Wikisaurus . Jump up ^ The French eau de toilette ( `` toilet water '' ) is sometimes used as a sophisticated synonym for perfume and cologne but is generally received jokingly , as with Cosmopolitan 's parody `` If it does n't say ' eau de toilette ' on the label , it most likely does n't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette in France and might not even come from toilets at all . '' Jump up ^ Yachtsmen still tend to refer to their toilets as `` loos '' rather than `` heads '' . References ^ Jump up to : Tilley , Elizabeth ; Ulrich , Lukas ; Lüthi , Christoph ; Reymond , Philippe ; Zurbrügg , Chris . Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ( 2nd ed . ) . Duebendorf , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology ( Eawag ) . ISBN 978 - 3 - 906484 - 57 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : WHO and UNICEF ( 2017 ) Progress on Drinking Water , Sanitation and Hygiene : 2017 Update and SDG Baselines . Geneva : World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Shaw , R. ( 2014 ) . A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs . EOOS and WEDC , Loughborough University , UK . p. 40 . ISBN 978 1 84380 155 9 . Jump up ^ `` World Toilet Day 19 November '' . United Nations . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tucson lawmaker wants tax credits for water - conserving toilet '' . Cronkite News Service . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Geere , Duncan . ( 6 January 2011 ) . `` ' Toylet ' Games in Japan 's Urinals '' . Wired UK . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gives Space Station Crew ' Go ' to Drink Recycled Water '' . www.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gershenson , Olga ; Penner , Barbara ( 2009 ) : Ladies and gents - Public toilets and gender . Temple University Press , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ Kira A . The Bathroom . Harmondsworth : Penguin , 1976 , revised edition , pp. 115,116 . Jump up ^ von Münch , E. ; Milosevic , D. ( 2015 ) : Qualitative survey on squatting toilets and anal cleansing with water with a special emphasis on Muslim and Buddhist countries by using the SuSanA discussion forum . Ostella Consulting , Schwalbach , Germany Jump up ^ Y. de Jong . `` Influence of voiding posture on urodynamic parameters in men : a literature review ( in Dutch ) '' ( PDF ) . Nederlands Tijdschrift voor urologie . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Shu'aib , Tajuddin B. , `` Qadaahul Haajah ( Relieving Oneself ) '' , The Prescribed Prayer Made Simple , MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts , archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 19 , retrieved 2009 - 03 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Eight surprisingly rude gestures to avoid when travelling '' . News.com.au . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ manic . `` World Toilet '' . World Toilet . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ WHO and UNICEF Progress on Sanitation and Drinking - water : 2013 Update Archived 2014 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , WHO , Geneva and UNICEF , New York Jump up ^ manic . `` World Toilet '' . World Toilet . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Mark . 30 June 2007 . `` Why Uganda hates the plastic bag . '' BBC News via news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved on 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sample Designs : Floating UDD Toilets '' . Asian Development Bank . Jump up ^ Article , Govt : Bt900bn needed ( in Thailand ) , The Nation October 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ Cain , Geoffrey. ( April 19 , 2010 ) . `` Floating toilets to clean up Cambodia 's act '' . Global Post . Jump up ^ Environmental History of Water , p. 40 Jump up ^ Teresi et al. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Early Latrines and Plumbing '' . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Who invented a version of the flowing water toilet Jump up ^ `` The History of the Toilet '' . Thomas Mulrooney . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Old toilet find offers civilization start clues . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Time capsule . Viet Nam News . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Asia 's First Toilet Discovered In Southern Viet Nam . Asian Scientist . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Mattelaer , Johan J. `` Some Historical Aspects of Urinals and Urine Receptacles . '' World Journal of Urology 17.3 ( 1999 ) : 145 -- 50 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Genc , Melda . `` The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State . '' Thesis . Middle East Technical University , 2009 . Harold B. Lee Library . Brigham Young University , 2009 . Web . 28 Nov. 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Ages Hygiene . '' Middle Ages . The Middle Ages Website . Web . 28 Nov. 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , Christine A. `` Port Royal Chamberpots Introduction . '' Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University . Texas A&M University , 1 Dec. 1996 . Web . 28 Nov. 2011 . Jump up ^ Setton , Kenneth M. & Harry W. Hazard ( 1977 ) . A History of the Crusades , Volume IV : The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 06824 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Newitz , Annalee ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Unexpected Viking toilet discovery leads to controversy '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the ' Privy ' by Johnny Ragland '' ( PDF ) . Kingston University , Faculty of Art , Design and Music , New Design Centre , St. Pölten , Austria , BA ( Hons ) Product and Furniture Design . 2004 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ La Berge , Ann Elizabeth Fowler ( 2002 ) . Mission and Method : The Early Nineteenth - Century French Public Health Movement . Cambridge University Press . pp. 207 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52701 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , John Burnett ; illustrated by Christopher ( 1986 ) . A social history of housing , 1815 - 1985 ( 2nd . ed . ) . London : Methuen . p. 214 . ISBN 0416367704 . Jump up ^ Powell , John Burnett ; illustrated by Christopher ( 1986 ) . A social history of housing , 1815 - 1985 ( 2nd . ed . ) . London : Methuen . pp. 336,337 . ISBN 0416367704 . Jump up ^ Flanders , Judith ( 2003 ) . The Victorian House . London : HarperCollins . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713189 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cole , Paul ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Brutal sex killer claims having to slop out cell breaches his human rights '' . birminghammail . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slopping out ended in Cork Prison Irish Penal Reform Trust ( IPRT ) '' . www.iprt.ie . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fordington , Biography , Rev Henry Moule , 1801 - 1880 '' . freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Victoriancrapper.com '' . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Poop Culture : How America is Shaped by its Grossest National Product , Dave Praeger , ISBN 1 - 932595 - 21 - X Jump up ^ See Egerton op cit ^ Jump up to : `` toilet , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Egerton , Judy ( 1998 ) , `` The British School '' , National Gallery Catalogues , New Series , p. 167 , ISBN 1 - 85709 - 170 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pope , Alexander ( 1717 ) , The Rape of the Lock . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , the description of the Hogarth painting `` The Toilette '' from his Marriage à - la - mode series in Egerton or the extensive discussion of a lady 's toilet in Pope . Jump up ^ `` The honest Jakes or Privy has graduated via Offices to the final horror of Toilet '' -- Vicar Bell , ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` BBC h2g2 '' . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toilet Inspector '' . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` loo , n. 4 '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Ross , Alan S.C. ( October 1974 ) , Blackwood 's Magazine , pp. 309 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alan S.C. ( 1954 ) , `` Linguistic Class - Indicators in Present - Day English '' , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , Vol. 55 , Helsinki , pp. 113 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Ashenburg , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` loo '' . Online Etymology Dictionary ... Jump up ^ `` Why do they call it the loo ? '' , Kottke , 16 February 2005 , retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chamber Pots '' . Muzeum historických nočníků a toalet . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Wikipedia 's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush On - board Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Potty Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Urine - diverting dry Vacuum Washlet ( combined toilet and bidet ) Cultural aspects Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Honeywagon ( vehicle ) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Sex segregation in public restrooms Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck Jobs and activities Manual scavenging Slopping out Toileting Toilet training Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology Places Outhouse Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet ( room ) Toilets in Japan Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Wastewater Sources Acid mine drainage Ballast water Bathroom Blackwater ( coal ) Blackwater ( waste ) Boiler blowdown Brine Combined sewer Cooling tower Cooling water Fecal sludge Greywater Infiltration / Inflow Industrial effluent Ion exchange Leachate Manure Papermaking Produced water Return flow Reverse osmosis Sanitary sewer Septage Sewage Sewage sludge Toilet Urban runoff Quality indicators Adsorbable organic halides Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform index Oxygen saturation Heavy metals pH Salinity Temperature Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity Treatment options Activated sludge Aerated lagoon Agricultural wastewater treatment API oil -- water separator Carbon filtering Chlorination Clarifier Constructed wetland Decentralized wastewater system Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fecal sludge management Filtration Imhoff tank Industrial wastewater treatment Ion exchange Membrane bioreactor Reverse osmosis Rotating biological contactor Secondary treatment Sedimentation Septic tank Settling basin Sewage sludge treatment Sewage treatment Sewer mining Stabilization pond Trickling filter Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation UASB Vermifilter Wastewater treatment plant Disposal options Combined sewer Evaporation pond Groundwater recharge Infiltration basin Injection well Irrigation Marine dumping Marine outfall Reclaimed water Sanitary sewer Septic drain field Sewage farm Storm drain Surface runoff Vacuum sewer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toilet&oldid=856698621 '' Categories : Toilets Bathrooms Toilet types Sanitation Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing French - language text Articles with medical app sidebar Articles created via the Article Wizard Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Atikamekw Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what the back part of the toilet called | [
"A typical flush toilet is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the \"up\" side to a cistern (tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the \"down\" side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a septic tank or into a system connected to a sewage treatment plant. However, in many developing countries, this treatment step does not take place.\n"
] | [
"cistern (tank)"
] |
4777136731903536086 | Heart (symbol) | Heart ( symbol ) - wikipedia Heart ( symbol ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the graphical symbol . For the symbolic or metaphorical use of the word , see Heart § Symbolism . For other uses , see Heart ( disambiguation ) . This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . Conventional heart symbol A heart symbol pierced with an arrow , symbolizing romantic love ( being lovestruck , or the pain of lovesickness ) A typical depiction of the Sacred Heart ( often shown with other attributes , e.g. surmounted by a cross , pierced by nails or swords , etc . ) An animated beating heart The heart shape ( ♥ ) is an ideograph used to express the idea of the `` heart '' in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion , including affection and love , especially ( but not exclusively ) romantic love . The `` wounded heart '' indicating love sickness came to be depicted as a heart symbol pierced with an arrow ( Cupid 's ) , or heart symbol `` broken '' in two or more pieces . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest use 1.2 Renaissance and early modern 1.3 Modern 2 Heraldry 3 Botanical Symbolism : Silphium 4 Encoding 5 Parametrisation 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Inline citations 7.2 Works cited 7.3 General references 8 External links History ( edit ) Earliest use ( edit ) The earliest known visual depiction of a heart symbol , as a lover hands his heart to the beloved lady , in a manuscript of the Roman de la poire'mid - 13th century . Andrea Pisano 's Charity ( c. 1337 ) , holding a heart in her right hand . The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages , although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts . With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century , the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century , and became popular in Europe during the 16th . Before the 14th century , the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor . The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources , but in such instances does not depict a heart , but typically foliage : in examples from antiquity fig leaves , and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water - lily . The first known depiction of a heart as a symbol of romantic love dates to the 1250s . It occurs in a miniature decorating a capital ' S ' in a manuscript of the French Roman de la poire ( National Library FR MS . 2086 , plate 12 ) . In the miniature a kneeling lover ( or more precisely , an allegory of the lover 's `` sweet gaze '' or douz regart ) offers his heart to a damsel . The heart here resembles a pine cone ( held `` upside down '' , the point facing upward ) , in accord with medieval anatomical descriptions . However , in this miniature what suggests a heart shape is only the result of a lover 's finger superimposed on an object ; the full shape outline of the object is partly hidden , and therefore unknown . Moreover , the French title of the manuscript that features the miniature translates into `` Novel Of The Pear '' in English . Thus the heart shaped object would be a pear ; the conclusion that a pear represents a heart is dubious . Opinions therefore differ over this being the first depiction of a heart as symbol of romantic love . Giotto in his 1305 painting in the Scrovegni Chapel ( Padua ) shows an allegory of charity handing her heart to Christ , this heart is also depicted in the pine cone shape based on anatomical descriptions of the day ( still held `` upside down '' ) . Giotto 's painting exerted considerable influence on later painters , and the motive of Caritas offering a heart is shown by Taddeo Gaddi in Santa Croce , by Andrea Pisano on the bronze door of the south porch of the Baptisterium in Florence ( c. 1337 ) , by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Palazzo Publico in Siena ( c. 1340 ) and by Andrea da Firenze in Santa Maria Novella in Florence ( c. 1365 ) . The convention of showing the heart point upward switches in the late 14th century and becomes rare in the first half of the 15th century . The `` scalloped '' shape of the now - familiar heart symbol , with a dent in its base , arises in the early 14th century , at first only lightly dented , as in the miniatures in Francesco Barberino 's Documenti d'amore ( before 1320 ) . A slightly later example with a more pronounced dent is found in a manuscript from the Cistercian monastery in Brussels ( MS 4459 -- 70 , fol 192v . Royal Library of Belgium ) . The convention of showing a dent at the base of the heart thus spread at about the same time as the convention of showing the heart with its point downward . The modern indented red heart has been used on playing cards since the late 15th century . Various hypotheses attempted to connect the `` heart shape '' as it evolved in the late medieval period with instances of the geometric shape in antiquity . Such theories are modern , proposed from the 1960s onward , and they remain speculative , as no continuity between the supposed ancient predecessors and the late medieval tradition can be shown . Specific suggestions include : the shape of the seed of the silphium plant , used in ancient times as an herbal contraceptive , and stylized depictions of features of the human female body , such as the female 's buttocks , pubic mound , or spread vulva . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) Hearts can be seen on the bible Jesus holds in the Empress Zoe mosaic in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul . It probably dates from 1239 . Mosaic of the Empress Zoe in the Hagia Sophia , 1239 Hearts can also be seen on various stucco reliefs and wall panels excavated from the ruins of Ctesiphon , the Persian capital ( circa 90 BC -- 637 AD ) . The Luther rose was the seal that was designed for Martin Luther at the behest of Prince John Frederick , in 1530 , while Luther was staying at the Coburg Fortress during the Diet of Augsburg . Luther wrote an explanation of the symbol to Lazarus Spengler : `` a black cross in a heart , which retains its natural color , so that I myself would be reminded that faith in the Crucified saves us . ' For one who believes from the heart will be justified ' ( Romans 10 : 10 ) . '' The aorta remains visible , as a protrusion at the top centered between the two `` chambers '' indicated in the symbol , in some depictions of the Sacred Heart well into the 18th century , and is partly still shown today ( although mostly obscured by elements such as a crown , flames , rays , or a cross ) but the `` hearts '' suit did not have this element since the 15th century . The heart symbol reached Japan with the Nanban trade of 1543 to 1614 , as evidenced by an Edo period Samurai helmet ( dated c. 1630 ) , which includes both the rounded and indented forms of the heart symbol , representing the heart of Marishiten , goddess of archers . The chanson Belle , Bonne , Sage by Baude Cordier , written in the shape of a heart , in the Chantilly Codex . This is one of two dedicatory pieces placed at the beginning of the older ( late 14th century ) corpus , probably to replace the original first fascicle , which is missing . Early depiction of the Heart of Jesus in the context of the Five Wounds ( the wounded heart here depicting Christ 's wound inflicted by the Lance of Longinus ) in a 15th - century manuscript ( Cologne Mn Kn 28 - 1181 fol. 116 ) 1486 depiction of the Five Wounds Miniature from the Petit Livre d'Amour ( c. 1500 ) , showing the author Pierre Sala ( fr ) depositing his heart in a marguerite flower ( symbolizing his mistress , who was called Marguerite ) . Also worth mentioning is the miniature on fol . 13r , showing two women catching winged hearts in a net . The Luther rose , 1706 print after the 1530 design . Hearts suit in a 1540s German deck of playing cards The Danish `` Heart Book '' , a heart - shaped manuscript of love ballads from the 1550s . Saint Augustine holding a heart in his hand which is set alight by a ray emanating from divine Truth ( Veritas ) , painting by Philippe de Champaigne , ca . 1650 . Allegorical painting of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . The central heart radiates hearts gathered up by Putti . By Robert la Longe , ca . 1705 . Leaden heart of Raesfeld chapel ( funerary casket containing the heart of Christoph Otto von Velen , d . 1733 ) 18th - century depiction of the Sacred Heart from the vision of Marguerite Marie Alacoque ( d . 1690 ) . The heart is both `` heart shaped '' and drawn anatomically correct , with both the aorta and the pulmonary artery visible , with the crucifix placed inside the aorta . Another anatomically correct Sacred Heart , painted in c. 1770 by José de Páez . Modern ( edit ) Since the 19th century , the symbol has often been used on St. Valentine 's Day cards , candy boxes , and similar popular culture artifacts as a symbol of romantic love . The use of the heart symbol as a logograph for the English verb `` to love '' derives from the use in `` I ♥ NY , '' introduced in 1977 . Heart symbols were used to symbolize `` health '' or `` lives '' in video games ; influentially so in The Legend of Zelda ( 1986 ) . Super Mario Bros. 2 ( 1987 , 1988 ) had a `` life bar '' composed of hexagons , but in 1990s remakes of these games , the hexagons were replaced by heart shapes . Since the 1990s , the heart symbol has also been used as an ideogram indicating health outside of the video gaming context , e.g. its use by restaurants to indicate heart - healthy nutrient content claim ( e.g. `` low in cholesterol '' ) . A copyrighted `` heart - check '' symbol to indicate heart - healthy food was introduced by the American Heart Association in 1995 . A heart - shaped `` Map of Woman 's Heart '' ( 1830s ) Two burning hearts , coloured pink , illustration on a Victorian - era Valentine 's Day card . A `` Vinegar Valentine '' card from the 1870s , with a red heart symbol pierced by six arrows . The traditional `` heart shape '' appears on a 1910 Valentine 's Day card . Sheet music cover of `` Look in His Eyes '' , from the musical Have a Heart ( 1913 ) . Heraldry ( edit ) `` Heart field '' or `` heart shield '' are terms for an inescutcheon placed en surtout . The earliest heart - shaped charges in heraldry appear in the 12th century ; the hearts in the coat of arms of Denmark go back to the royal banner of the kings of Denmark , in turn based on a seal used as early as the 1190s . However , while the charges are clearly heart - shaped , they did not in origin depict hearts , or symbolize any idea related to love . Instead they are assumed to have depicted the leaves of the water - lily . Early heraldic heart - shaped charges depicting the leaves of water - lilies are found in various other designs related to territories close to rivers or a coastline ( e.g. Flags of Frisia ) . Inverted heart symbols have been used in heraldry as stylized testicles ( coglioni in Italian ) as in the canting arms of the Colleoni family of Milan . A seal attributed to William , Lord of Douglas ( of 1333 ) shows a heart shape , identified as the heart of Robert the Bruce . The authenticity of this seal is `` very questionable '' , i.e. it could possibly date to the late 14th or even the 15th century . Heraldic charges actually representing hearts became more common in the early modern period , with the Sacred Heart depicted in ecclesiastical heraldry , and hearts representing love appearing in bourgeois coats of arms . Hearts also later became popular elements in municipal coats of arms . Royal Banner of the Kings of Denmark ( 12th or 13th century ) . Coat of arms of the Principality of Lüneburg , originating with William of Winchester , Lord of Lüneburg ( d . 1213 ) who married Helena , daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark , and therefore adopted the `` Danish tincture '' to the arms of his father , Henry the Lion . 14th - century fresco showing Valdemar IV of Denmark . Here the Danish coat of arms is shown without the water - lily leaves ( `` hearts '' ) , but they are shown on the king 's surcoat and on the crest drawn above his shield . Arms of the Earl of Douglas ( created 1358 , forfeited 1455 ) , and in use in the armorials of all branches of the House of Douglas to the present day . A tomb dated 1693 from southern Germany ( Lake Constance region ) showing a heart with two arrows as part of the deceased woman 's coat of arms Coat of arms of the city of Glinsk , Poltava Governorate ( now Sumy Oblast , Ukraine ) in the Russian Empire ( 1782 ) A heart in a Polish coat of arms , dated to ca . 1750 . A heart pierced with an arrow in a Polish coat of arms ( recorded 1897 ) The Sacred Heart in the episcopal coat of arms of Ivan Ljavinec , Apostolic Exarch of the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2003 . Botanical Symbolism : Silphium ( edit ) Main article : Silphium There has been some conjecture regarding the link between the traditional heart symbol and images of the fruit of Silphium , a ( probably ) extinct plant known to classical antiquity and belonging to the genus Ferula , used as a condiment and medicine , ( the medicinal properties including contraceptive and abortifacient activity , linking the plant to sexuality and love ) . Silver coins from the ancient Libya of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE bear images strongly reminiscent of the heart symbol , sometimes accompanied by images of the Silphium plant . The related Ferula species Asafoetida - which was actually used as an inferior substitute for Silphium - is regarded as an aphrodisiac in Tibet and India , suggesting yet a third amatory association relating to Silphium . Ancient silver coin from Cyrene , Libya depicting the heart - shaped ' seed ' ( actually fruit ) of Silphium . Example of a heart - shaped mericarp fruit in a plant ( Heracleum sphondylium ) belonging , like the unidentified Silphium , to the Parsley family , Apiaceae . Ferula assa - foetida a species of Giant Fennel belonging to the same genus as the ancient Silphium and regarded as having similar properties , while being an inferior substitute for the plant . Ferula tingitana : a possible identity for Silphium . Encoding ( edit ) This section contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . A common emoticon for the heart is <3 . In Unicode several heart symbols are available : Glyph Description HTML code Alt codes ♡ U + 2661 WHITE HEART SUIT & # x2661 ; or & # 9825 ; ♥ U + 2665 BLACK HEART SUIT & # x2665 ; or & # 9829 ; or &hearts ; Alt + 3 ❤ U + 2764 HEAVY BLACK HEART & # x2764 ; ❥ U + 2765 ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET & # x2765 ; ❣ U + 2763 HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT & # x2763 ; And from the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs range associated with emoji : Glyph Description HTML code 🎔 U + 1F394 HEART WITH TIP ON THE LEFT & # x1f394 ; 💑 U + 1F491 COUPLE WITH HEART & # x1f491 ; 💓 U + 1F493 BEATING HEART & # x1f493 ; 💔 U + 1F494 BROKEN HEART & # x1f494 ; 💕 U + 1F495 TWO HEARTS & # x1f495 ; 💖 U + 1F496 SPARKLING HEART & # x1f496 ; 💗 U + 1F497 GROWING HEART & # x1f497 ; 💘 U + 1F498 HEART WITH ARROW & # x1f498 ; 💙 U + 1F499 BLUE HEART & # x1f499 ; 💚 U + 1F49A GREEN HEART & # x1f49a ; 💛 U + 1F49B YELLOW HEART & # x1f49b ; 💜 U + 1F49C PURPLE HEART & # x1f49c ; 💝 U + 1F49D HEART WITH RIBBON & # x1f49d ; 💞 U + 1F49E REVOLVING HEARTS & # x1f49e ; 💟 U + 1F49F HEART DECORATION & # x1f49f ; In Code page 437 , the original character set of the IBM PC , the value of 3 ( hexadecimal 03 ) represents the heart symbol . This value is shared with the non-printing ETX control character , which overrides the glyph in many contexts . The Unicode character of the letter ghan of the Georgian alphabet ( ღ ) has seen some use as a surrogate heart symbol in online communication . Parametrisation ( edit ) A number of parametrisations of approximately heart - shaped curves have been described . The best - known of these is the cardioid , which is an epicycloid with one cusp ; though as the cardioid lacks the point , it may be seen as a stylized water - lily leaf , a so - called seeblatt , rather than a heart . Other curves , such as the implicit curve ( x + y − 1 ) − x y = 0 , may produce better approximations of the heart shape . A cardioid generated by a rolling circle ( animated ) Implicit heart curve ( x + y − 1 ) − x y = 0 Parametric plot of the curve ( 16 sin 3 t 13 cos t − 5 cos 2 t − 2 cos 3 t − cos 4 t ) ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ binom ( 16 \ sin ^ ( \ scriptscriptstyle 3 ) t ) ( 13 \ cos ( ) t - 5 \ cos 2t - 2 \ cos 3t - \ cos 4t ) ) ) Heart by Hamid Naderi Yeganeh Implicit heart surface Simple form made from two perpendicular lines and two circular arcs . heart curve on ti - 89 graphics calculator parametric equation of heart curve on ti - 89 graphics calculator See also ( edit ) Cordata , Cordatum and Cordatus , Latin adjectives meaning heart - shaped Seeblatt References ( edit ) Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kemp ( 2011 ) , 96 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Vinken ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Vinken ( 2001 ) : `` The change from the spherical to the scalloped form of the heart base happened more or less in train with the differing way in which the heart was held , and has dominated visual representations of the heart ever since . '' Jump up ^ A Breef History of Playing Cardes , by Charles Knutson , Renaissance Magazine 2001 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : The Shape of My Heart : Where did the ubiquitous Valentine 's symbol come from ? by Keelin McDonell , Slate.com , Tuesday , Feb. 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sowing the seeds of love , The Age , by Luke Benedictus , February 12 , 2006 ; use as contraceptive : Pliny the Elder , XXII , Ch. 49 Jump up ^ proposed by Gloria Steinem in the 1998 introduction to the Vagina Monologues online copy ; `` For example , the shape we call a heart -- whose symmetry resembles the vulva far more than the asymmetry of the organ that shares its name -- is probably a residual female genital symbol . It was reduced from power to romance by centuries of male dominance . '' , based on an earlier suggestion by Tanzer ( 1969 ) that the shape was used as a symbol indicating brothels in ancient Pompeii ) . Tanzer ( 1969 ) . The Common People of Pompeii . A study of the graffiti . With illustrations and a map Jump up ^ Roundel with radiating palmettes . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 , from http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId={60853040-AE7E-4162-8FA7-525505D6B633}&oid=322631 Jump up ^ Fragments of stucco roundels in situ , Taq - i Kisra , south building , Ctesiphon , Iraq , 1931 -- 32 . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 , from http://www.metmuseum.org/met-around-the-world/images/wb_large/wb_Ctesiphon2.jpg Jump up ^ `` Wall panel with a guinea fowl ( Sasanian ) ( 32.150. 13 ) '' . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2000 --. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/32.150.13 ( March 2012 ) Jump up ^ gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca , i-p-c-s.org ( 2 ) antiquemapsandprints.com , obviously more research is needed here . Jump up ^ Samurai helmet representing the flaming jewel , by Unkai Mitsuhisa ca 1630 , Ann and Gabriel Barbier - Mueller Collection , exhibited at Boston Fine Arts Museum , April -- August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Subsequently the heart symbol became a shorthand for enthusiasm for everything form software to Yorkshire terriers . It was a stamp that validated lifestyles . People could ♥ their grandchildren or line dancing or Buddha . '' Stephen Amidon , Thomas Amidon , The Sublime Engine : A Biography of the Human Heart ( 2011 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` the heart - check mark that began to appear on a wide array of food packaging in 1995 . The symbol consists of a heart branded with a bold , efficient check mark . It is copyrighted by the American Heart Association ( AHA ) which licences it for a nominal fee to companies whose products meet the organization 's criteria for saturated fat and cholesterol content . '' Stephen Amidon , Thomas Amidon , The Sublime Engine : A Biography of the Human Heart ( 2011 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Woodward , John and George Burnett ( 1969 ) . Woodward 's a treatise on heraldry , British and foreign , page 203 . Originally published 1892 , Edinburgh : W. & A.B. Johnson . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 4464 - 1 . LCCN 02 - 20303 Jump up ^ McAndrew , Scotland 's Historic Heraldry , 2006 , p. 141 Jump up ^ McAndrew 2006 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ C. Weyers in : Stengel ( ed . ) , Archiv für Diplomatik : Schriftgeschichte , Siegel , und Wappenkunde , Volume 54 , 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Favorito , E.N. ; Baty , K. ( February 1995 ) . `` The Silphium Connection '' . Celator. 9 ( 2 ) : 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ T.V. Buttrey , `` The Coins and the Cult '' , Expedition magazine vol. 34 , Nos. 1 -- 2 `` Special Issue : Gifts to the Goddesses -- Cyrene 's Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone '' , Spring -- Summer 1992 . Jump up ^ Koerper , H. ; Kolls , A.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The Silphium Motif Adorning Ancient Libyan Coinage : Marketing a Medicinal Plant '' . Economic Botany. 53 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 143 . JSTOR 4256173 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02866492 . Jump up ^ http://thepoisondiaries.tumblr.com/post/42771270639/aphrodisiac-asafoetida-ferula-asa-foetida Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. , `` Cardioid '' from MathWorld . Jump up ^ Eric W. Weisstein , `` Heart Curve . '' From MathWorld Jump up ^ `` Hamid Naderi Yeganeh , `` Heart '' ( November 2014 ) `` . American Mathematical Society . November 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Martin Kemp , `` The Heart '' in Christ to Coke : How Image Becomes Icon , Oxford University Press , 2011 , 81 -- 113 . P.J. Vinken ( 2000 ) , The Shape of the Heart : A Contribution to the Iconology of the Heart ( illustrated ed . ) , Elsevier Health Sciences , ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 82987 - 0 General references ( edit ) Vinken , P ( 2001 ) , `` How the heart was held in medieval art '' , The Lancet , 358 ( 9299 ) : 2155 -- 2157 , PMID 11784647 , doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 07224 - 5 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHeart ( symbol ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Heart Symbol -- Origin , History And Significance ( essay by cardiologist Armin Dietz ) List of Unicode Heart Symbols Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_(symbol)&oldid=801603184 '' Categories : Heart Romance Symbols Heraldic charges Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2013 Pages with too many photos All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2013 Articles needing the year an event occurred from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 18 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the traditional heart shape come from | [
"The combination of the heart shape and its use within the heart metaphor developed at the end of the Middle Ages, although the shape has been used in many ancient epigraphy monuments and texts. With possible early examples or direct predecessors in the 13th to 14th century, the familiar symbol of the heart representing love developed in the 15th century, and became popular in Europe during the 16th.[1] Before the 14th century, the heart shape was not associated with the meaning of the heart metaphor. The geometric shape itself is found in much earlier sources, but in such instances does not depict a heart, but typically foliage: in examples from antiquity fig leaves, and in medieval iconography and heraldry typically the leaves of ivy and of the water-lily."
] | [
"Europe"
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-8239148364390953861 | Chloroplast | Chloroplast - wikipedia Chloroplast Jump to : navigation , search Chloroplasts visible in the cells of Bryum capillare , a type of moss Structure of a typical higher - plant chloroplast Chloroplasts / ˈklɔːrəˌplæsts , - plɑːsts / are organelles , specialized compartments , in plant and algal cells . Their discovery inside plant cells is usually credited to Julius von Sachs ( 1832 -- 1897 ) , an influential botanist and author of standard botanical textbooks -- sometimes called `` The Father of Plant Physiology '' . The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis , where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water . They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle . Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions , including fatty acid synthesis , much amino acid synthesis , and the immune response in plants . The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one , in unicellular algae , up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat . A chloroplast is a type of organelle known as a plastid , characterized by its two membranes and a high concentration of chlorophyll . Other plastid types , such as the leucoplast and the chromoplast , contain little chlorophyll and do not carry out photosynthesis . Chloroplasts are highly dynamic -- they circulate and are moved around within plant cells , and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce . Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity . Chloroplasts , like mitochondria , contain their own DNA , which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor -- a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell . Chloroplasts can not be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division . With one exception ( the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora ) , all chloroplasts can probably be traced back to a single endosymbiotic event , when a cyanobacterium was engulfed by the eukaryote . Despite this , chloroplasts can be found in an extremely wide set of organisms , some not even directly related to each other -- a consequence of many secondary and even tertiary endosymbiotic events . The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek words chloros ( χλωρός ) , which means green , and plastes ( πλάστης ) , which means `` the one who forms '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Chloroplast lineages and evolution 2.1 Cyanobacterial ancestor 2.2 Primary endosymbiosis 2.2. 1 Glaucophyta 2.2. 2 Rhodophyceae ( red algae ) 2.2. 3 Chloroplastida ( green algae and plants ) 2.2. 4 Paulinella chromatophora 2.3 Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis 2.3. 1 Green algal derived chloroplasts 2.3. 1.1 Euglenophytes 2.3. 1.2 Chlorarachniophytes 2.3. 1.3 Prasinophyte - derived dinophyte chloroplast 2.3. 2 Red algal derived chloroplasts 2.3. 2.1 Cryptophytes 2.3. 2.2 Haptophytes 2.3. 2.3 Heterokontophytes ( stramenopiles ) 2.3. 2.4 Apicomplexans , chromerids , and dinophytes 2.3. 2.5 Fucoxanthin - containing ( haptophyte - derived ) dinophyte chloroplasts 2.3. 2.6 Diatom - derived dinophyte chloroplasts 2.4 Kleptoplastidy 2.4. 1 Cryptophyte - derived dinophyte chloroplast 3 Chloroplast DNA 3.1 Molecular structure 3.1. 1 Inverted repeats 3.1. 2 Nucleoids 4 DNA replication 4.1 The leading model of cpDNA replication 4.2 Deamination 4.3 Alternative model of replication 4.4 Gene content and protein synthesis 4.4. 1 Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer 4.4. 2 Protein synthesis 4.5 Protein targeting and import 4.5. 1 Transport proteins and membrane translocons 5 Structure 5.1 Outer chloroplast membrane 5.2 Intermembrane space and peptidoglycan wall 5.3 Inner chloroplast membrane 5.3. 1 Peripheral reticulum 5.4 Stroma 5.4. 1 Chloroplast ribosomes 5.4. 2 Plastoglobuli 5.4. 3 Starch granules 5.4. 4 RuBisCO 5.5 Pyrenoids 5.6 Thylakoid system 5.6. 1 Granal structure 5.6. 2 Thylakoids 5.6. 3 Pigments and chloroplast colors 5.6. 3.1 Chlorophylls 5.6. 3.2 Carotenoids 5.6. 3.3 Phycobilins 5.7 Specialized chloroplasts in C plants 6 Location 6.1 Distribution in a plant 6.2 Cellular location 6.2. 1 Chloroplast movement 7 Function and chemistry 7.1 Guard cell chloroplasts 7.2 Plant innate immunity 7.3 Photosynthesis 7.3. 1 Light reactions 7.3. 1.1 Energy carriers 7.3. 1.2 Photophosphorylation 7.3. 1.3 NADP reduction 7.3. 1.4 Cyclic photophosphorylation 7.3. 2 Dark reactions 7.3. 2.1 Carbon fixation and G3P synthesis 7.3. 2.2 Sugars and starches 7.3. 2.3 Photorespiration 7.4 pH 7.5 Amino acid synthesis 7.6 Other nitrogen compounds 7.7 Other chemical products 8 Differentiation , replication , and inheritance 8.1 Plastid interconversion 8.2 Chloroplast division 8.2. 1 Regulation 8.3 Chloroplast inheritance 8.3. 1 Transplastomic plants 9 References 10 External links Discovery ( edit ) The first definitive description of a chloroplast ( Chlorophyllkörnen , `` grain of chlorophyll '' ) was given by Hugo von Mohl in 1837 as discrete bodies within the green plant cell . In 1883 , A.F.W. Schimper would name these bodies as `` chloroplastids '' ( Chloroplastiden ) . In 1884 , Eduard Strasburger adopted the term `` chloroplasts '' ( Chloroplasten ) . Chloroplast lineages and Evolution ( edit ) Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell . They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis -- when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell . Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event , where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed . This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria . Chloroplasts are only found in plants , algae , and the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora . Cyanobacterial ancestor ( edit ) Main article : Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts . They are sometimes called blue - green algae even though they are prokaryotes . They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis , and are gram - negative , meaning that they have two cell membranes . Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , which is thicker than in other gram - negative bacteria , and which is located between their two cell membranes . Like chloroplasts , they have thylakoids within . On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments , including chlorophyll a . Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments , usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes ( phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though ) . Both chloroplasts and cyanobacteria have a double membrane , DNA , ribosomes , and thylakoids . Both the chloroplast and cyanobacterium depicted are idealized versions ( the chloroplast is that of a higher plant ) -- a lot of diversity exists among chloroplasts and cyanobacteria . Primary endosymbiosis ( edit ) Primary endosymbiosis A eukaryote with mitochondria engulfed a cyanobacterium in an event of serial primary endosymbiosis , creating a lineage of cells with both organelles . It is important to note that the cyanobacterial endosymbiont already had a double membrane -- the phagosomal vacuole - derived membrane was lost . Somewhere around a billion years ago , a free - living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell , either as food or as an internal parasite , but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in . The two innermost lipid - bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium 's gram negative cell wall , and not the phagosomal membrane from the host , which was probably lost . The new cellular resident quickly became an advantage , providing food for the eukaryotic host , which allowed it to live within it . Over time , the cyanobacterium was assimilated , and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host . From genomes that probably originally contained over 3000 genes only about 130 genes remain in the chloroplasts of contemporary plants . Some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and imported back into the chloroplast ( formerly the cyanobacterium ) . Separately , somewhere around 100 million years ago , it happened again and led to the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora . This event is called endosymbiosis , or `` cell living inside another cell with a mutual benefit for both '' . The external cell is commonly referred to as the host while the internal cell is called the endosymbiont . Chloroplasts are believed to have arisen after mitochondria , since all eukaryotes contain mitochondria , but not all have chloroplasts . This is called serial endosymbiosis -- an early eukaryote engulfing the mitochondrion ancestor , and some descendants of it then engulfing the chloroplast ancestor , creating a cell with both chloroplasts and mitochondria . Whether or not primary chloroplasts came from a single endosymbiotic event , or many independent engulfments across various eukaryotic lineages , has long been debated . It is now generally held that organisms with primary chloroplasts share a single ancestor that took in a cyanobacterium 600 -- 1600 million years ago . It has been proposed this bacterium was Gloeomargarita lithophora . The exception is the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora , which descends from an ancestor that took in a Prochlorococcus cyanobacterium 90 -- 140 million years ago . These chloroplasts , which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor , are known as primary plastids ( `` plastid '' in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast ) . All primary chloroplasts belong to one of four chloroplast lineages -- the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage , the amoeboid Paulinella chromatophora lineage , the rhodophyte ( red algal ) chloroplast lineage , or the chloroplastidan ( green ) chloroplast lineage . The rhodophyte and chloroplastidan lineages are the largest , with chloroplastidan ( green ) being the one that contains the land plants . Glaucophyta ( edit ) See also : Cyanobacteria The alga Cyanophora , a glaucophyte , is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast . The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages , being found in only 13 species , and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest . Glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes , like their cyanobacterial parent . For this reason , glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts . Glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids , which surround a carboxysome -- an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme RuBisCO in . The starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast . Like cyanobacteria , glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes . For these reasons , glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants . Diversity of red algae Clockwise from top left : Bornetia secundiflora , Peyssonnelia squamaria , Cyanidium , Laurencia , Callophyllis laciniata . Red algal chloroplasts are characterized by phycobilin pigments which often give them their reddish color . Rhodophyceae ( red algae ) ( edit ) The rhodophyte , or red algal chloroplast group is another large and diverse chloroplast lineage . Rhodophyte chloroplasts are also called rhodoplasts , literally `` red chloroplasts '' . Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes , preventing their thylakoids from stacking . Some contain pyrenoids . Rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments ; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color . However , since they also contain the blue - green chlorophyll a and other pigments , many are reddish to purple from the combination . The red phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water -- as such , some red algae that live in shallow water have less phycoerytherin in their rhodoplasts , and can appear more greenish . Rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean starch , which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast , in the cytoplasm of the red alga . Chloroplastida ( green algae and plants ) ( edit ) Diversity of green algae Clockwise from top left : Scenedesmus , Micrasterias , Hydrodictyon , Volvox , Stigeoclonium . Green algal chloroplasts are characterized by their pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b which give them their green color . The chloroplastidan chloroplasts , or green chloroplasts , are another large , highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage . Their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants . They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes , and contain chlorophyll b instead . Most green chloroplasts are ( obviously ) green , though some are n't , like some forms of Hæmatococcus pluvialis , due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors . Chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane , leaving an intermembrane space . Some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer , though they 've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead . Most of the chloroplasts depicted in this article are green chloroplasts . Green algae and plants keep their starch inside their chloroplasts , and in plants and some algae , the chloroplast thylakoids are arranged in grana stacks . Some green algal chloroplasts contain a structure called a pyrenoid , which is functionally similar to the glaucophyte carboxysome in that it is where RuBisCO and CO are concentrated in the chloroplast . Transmission electron micrograph of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , a green alga that contains a pyrenoid surrounded by starch . Helicosporidium is a genus of nonphotosynthetic parasitic green algae that is thought to contain a vestigial chloroplast . Genes from a chloroplast and nuclear genes indicating the presence of a chloroplast have been found in Helicosporidium even if nobody 's seen the chloroplast itself . Paulinella chromatophora ( edit ) While most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events , Paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently . It is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes . Being in the early stages of endosymbiosis , Paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved . Paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue - green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores , descended from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus . Chromatophores can not survive outside their host . Chromatophore DNA is about a million base pairs long , containing around 850 protein encoding genes -- far less than the three million base pair Synechococcus genome , but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast . Chromatophores have transferred much less of their DNA to the nucleus of their host . About 0.3 -- 0.8 % of the nuclear DNA in Paulinella is from the chromatophore , compared with 11 -- 14 % from the chloroplast in plants . Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis ( edit ) Many other organisms obtained chloroplasts from the primary chloroplast lineages through secondary endosymbiosis -- engulfing a red or green alga that contained a chloroplast . These chloroplasts are known as secondary plastids . While primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor , secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two , as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event , when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast - containing alga but failed to digest it -- much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story . The engulfed alga was broken down , leaving only its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus , forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes -- the two cyanobacterial membranes , sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane . Secondary endosymbiosis consisted of a eukaryotic alga being engulfed by another eukaryote , forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes . Diagram of a four membraned chloroplast containing a nucleomorph . The genes in the phagocytosed eukaryote 's nucleus are often transferred to the secondary host 's nucleus . Cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes retain the phagocytosed eukaryote 's nucleus , an object called a nucleomorph , located between the second and third membranes of the chloroplast . All secondary chloroplasts come from green and red algae -- no secondary chloroplasts from glaucophytes have been observed , probably because glaucophytes are relatively rare in nature , making them less likely to have been taken up by another eukaryote . Green algal derived chloroplasts ( edit ) Green algae have been taken up by the euglenids , chlorarachniophytes , a lineage of dinoflagellates , and possibly the ancestor of the CASH lineage ( cryptomonads , alveolates , stramenopiles and haptophytes ) in three or four separate engulfments . Many green algal derived chloroplasts contain pyrenoids , but unlike chloroplasts in their green algal ancestors , storage product collects in granules outside the chloroplast . Euglena , a euglenophyte , contains secondary chloroplasts from green algae . Euglenophytes ( edit ) Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga . Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes -- it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost , leaving the cyanobacterial membranes , and the secondary host 's phagosomal membrane . Euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three . Photosynthetic product is stored in the form of paramylon , which is contained in membrane - bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte . Chlorarachnion reptans is a chlorarachniophyte . Chlorarachniophytes replaced their original red algal endosymbiont with a green alga . Chlorarachniophytes ( edit ) Chlorarachniophytes / ˌklɔːrəˈræknioʊˌfaɪts / are a rare group of organisms that also contain chloroplasts derived from green algae , though their story is more complicated than that of the euglenophytes . The ancestor of chlorarachniophytes is thought to have been a eukaryote with a red algal derived chloroplast . It is then thought to have lost its first red algal chloroplast , and later engulfed a green alga , giving it its second , green algal derived chloroplast . Chlorarachniophyte chloroplasts are bounded by four membranes , except near the cell membrane , where the chloroplast membranes fuse into a double membrane . Their thylakoids are arranged in loose stacks of three . Chlorarachniophytes have a form of polysaccharide called chrysolaminarin , which they store in the cytoplasm , often collected around the chloroplast pyrenoid , which bulges into the cytoplasm . Chlorarachniophyte chloroplasts are notable because the green alga they are derived from has not been completely broken down -- its nucleus still persists as a nucleomorph found between the second and third chloroplast membranes -- the periplastid space , which corresponds to the green alga 's cytoplasm . Prasinophyte - derived dinophyte chloroplast ( edit ) Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes ( see below ) that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast ( more specifically , a prasinophyte ) . Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that 's not from the rhodoplast lineage . The chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph -- all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus . The endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis -- the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast ( making a secondary chloroplast ) . Red algal derived chloroplasts ( edit ) Cryptophytes ( edit ) Cryptophytes , or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red - algal derived chloroplast . Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes . Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes , the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum . They synthesize ordinary starch , which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space -- outside the original double membrane , in the place that corresponds to the red alga 's cytoplasm . Inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two . Their chloroplasts do not have phycobilisomes , but they do have phycobilin pigments which they keep in their thylakoid space , rather than anchored on the outside of their thylakoid membranes . Scanning electron micrograph of Gephyrocapsa oceanica , a haptophyte . Haptophytes ( edit ) Haptophytes are similar and closely related to cryptophytes or heterokontophytes . Their chloroplasts lack a nucleomorph , their thylakoids are in stacks of three , and they synthesize chrysolaminarin sugar , which they store completely outside of the chloroplast , in the cytoplasm of the haptophyte . Heterokontophytes ( stramenopiles ) ( edit ) The photosynthetic pigments present in their chloroplasts give diatoms a greenish - brown color . The heterokontophytes , also known as the stramenopiles , are a very large and diverse group of eukaryotes . The photoautotrophic lineage , Ochrophyta , including the diatoms and the brown algae , golden algae , and yellow - green algae , also contains red algal derived chloroplasts . Heterokont chloroplasts are very similar to haptophyte chloroplasts , containing a pyrenoid , triplet thylakoids , and with some exceptions , having four layer plastidic envelope , the outermost epiplastid membrane connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . Like haptophytes , heterokontophytes store sugar in chrysolaminarin granules in the cytoplasm . Heterokontophyte chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and with a few exceptions chlorophyll c , but also have carotenoids which give them their many colors . Cyanobacteria Archæplastida Land plants Glaucophyta Green algae Excavata Euglenophyta Rhodophyta Chromalveolata Rhizaria Paulinella Chlorarachniophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Heterokontophyta Dinoflagellata Apicomplexa Ciliatea Possible cladogram of chloroplast evolution Circles represent endosymbiotic events . For clarity , dinophyte tertiary endosymbioses and many nonphotosynthetic lineages have been omitted . It is now established that Chromalveolata is paraphyletic to Rhizaria . Edit Apicomplexans , chromerids , and dinophytes ( edit ) The alveolates are a major clade of unicellular eukaryotes of both autotrophic and heterotrophic members . The most notable shared characteristic is the presence of cortical ( outer - region ) alveoli ( sacs ) . These are flattened vesicles ( sacs ) packed into a continuous layer just under the membrane and supporting it , typically forming a flexible pellicle ( thin skin ) . In dinoflagellates they often form armor plates . Many members contain a red - algal derived plastid . One notable characteristic of this diverse group is the frequent loss of photosynthesis . However , a majority of these heterotrophs continue to process a non-photosynthetic plastid . Apicomplexans Apicomplexans are a group of alveolates . Like the helicosproidia , they 're parasitic , and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast . They were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia , but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than part of the CASH lineage . The apicomplexans include Plasmodium , the malaria parasite . Many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast , which they inherited from their ancestors . Other apicomplexans like Cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely . Apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin granules that are located in their cytoplasm , even though they are nonphotosynthetic . Apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function , and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids . They are bounded by four membranes , but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . The fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other than photosynthesis . Plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar , and apicoplasts are no different -- they synthesize fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron - sulfur clusters , and carry out part of the heme pathway . This makes the apicoplast an attractive target for drugs to cure apicomplexan - related diseases . The most important apicoplast function is isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis -- in fact , apicomplexans die when something interferes with this apicoplast function , and when apicomplexans are grown in an isopentenyl pyrophosphate - rich medium , they dump the organelle . Chromerids The Chromerida is a newly discovered group of algae from Australian corals which comprises some close photosynthetic relatives of the apicomplexans . The first member , Chromera velia , was discovered and first isolated in 2001 . The discovery of Chromera velia with similar structure to the apicomplexanss , provides an important link in the evolutionary history of the apicomplexans and dinophytes . Their plastids have four membranes , lack chlorophyll c and use the type II form of RuBisCO obtained from a horizontal transfer event . Dinophytes The dinoflagellates are yet another very large and diverse group of protists , around half of which are ( at least partially ) photosynthetic . Most dinophyte chloroplasts are secondary red algal derived chloroplasts . Many other dinophytes have lost the chloroplast ( becoming the nonphotosynthetic kind of dinoflagellate ) , or replaced it though tertiary endosymbiosis -- the engulfment of another eukaryotic algae containing a red algal derived chloroplast . Others replaced their original chloroplast with a green algal derived one . Most dinophyte chloroplasts contain form II RuBisCO , at least the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a , chlorophyll c , beta - carotene , and at least one dinophyte - unique xanthophyll ( peridinin , dinoxanthin , or diadinoxanthin ) , giving many a golden - brown color . All dinophytes store starch in their cytoplasm , and most have chloroplasts with thylakoids arranged in stacks of three . Ceratium furca , a peridinin - containing dinophyte The most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin - type chloroplast , characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts , along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c . Peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts . The peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes ( occasionally two ) , having lost the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane . The outermost membrane is not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . They contain a pyrenoid , and have triplet - stacked thylakoids . Starch is found outside the chloroplast . An important feature of these chloroplasts is that their chloroplast DNA is highly reduced and fragmented into many small circles . Most of the genome has migrated to the nucleus , and only critical photosynthesis - related genes remain in the chloroplast . The peridinin chloroplast is thought to be the dinophytes ' `` original '' chloroplast , which has been lost , reduced , replaced , or has company in several other dinophyte lineages . Fucoxanthin - containing ( haptophyte - derived ) dinophyte chloroplasts ( edit ) Karenia brevis is a fucoxanthin - containing dynophyte responsible for algal blooms called `` red tides '' . The fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages ( including Karlodinium and Karenia ) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast , and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont . Karlodinium and Karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes . Because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes , tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast , adding the haptophyte 's cell membrane and the dinophyte 's phagosomal vacuole . However , the haptophyte was heavily reduced , stripped of a few membranes and its nucleus , leaving only its chloroplast ( with its original double membrane ) , and possibly one or two additional membranes around it . Fucoxanthin - containing chloroplasts are characterized by having the pigment fucoxanthin ( actually 19 ′ - hexanoyloxy - fucoxanthin and / or 19 ′ - butanoyloxy - fucoxanthin ) and no peridinin . Fucoxanthin is also found in haptophyte chloroplasts , providing evidence of ancestry . Dinophysis acuminata has chloroplasts taken from a cryptophyte . Diatom - derived dinophyte chloroplasts ( edit ) Some dinophytes , like Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia have a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast . These chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes , ( depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast , or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it ) . The diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little -- it still retains its original mitochondria , and has endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes , a nucleus , and of course , red algal derived chloroplasts -- practically a complete cell , all inside the host 's endoplasmic reticulum lumen . However the diatom endosymbiont ca n't store its own food -- its storage polysaccharide is found in granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm instead . The diatom endosymbiont 's nucleus is present , but it probably ca n't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction , and might have even been expanded . Diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times . The diatom endosymbiont is bounded by a single membrane , inside it are chloroplasts with four membranes . Like the diatom endosymbiont 's diatom ancestor , the chloroplasts have triplet thylakoids and pyrenoids . In some of these genera , the diatom endosymbiont 's chloroplasts are n't the only chloroplasts in the dinophyte . The original three - membraned peridinin chloroplast is still around , converted to an eyespot . Kleptoplastidy ( edit ) Main article : Kleptoplastidy In some groups of mixotrophic protists , like some dinoflagellates ( e.g. Dinophysis ) , chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga and used temporarily . These klepto chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced . Cryptophyte - derived dinophyte chloroplast ( edit ) Members of the genus Dinophysis have a phycobilin - containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte . However , the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont -- only the chloroplast seems to have been taken , and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes , leaving just a two - membraned chloroplast . Cryptophyte chloroplasts require their nucleomorph to maintain themselves , and Dinophysis species grown in cell culture alone can not survive , so it is possible ( but not confirmed ) that the Dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast -- if so , Dinophysis chloroplasts wear out and Dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones . Chloroplast DNA ( edit ) Main article : Chloroplast DNA See also : List of sequenced plastomes Chloroplasts have their own DNA , often abbreviated as ctDNA , or cpDNA . It is also known as the plastome . Its existence was first proved in 1962 , and first sequenced in 1986 -- when two Japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco . Since then , hundreds of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced , but they 're mostly those of land plants and green algae -- glaucophytes , red algae , and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented , potentially introducing some bias in views of `` typical '' chloroplast DNA structure and content . Molecular structure ( edit ) cytochrome photosystem I acetyl - CoA carboxylase rubisco tRNAs tRNA photosystem II tRNAs tRNAs photosystem II ribosomal proteins tRNA tRNA nadh dehydrogenase ribosomal proteins tRNA replication origin regions tRNA small RNA ribosomal protein replication origin regions ribosomal RNA tRNAs ribosomal RNA tRNA cytochromes photosystem II ribosomal proteins photosystem I cytochromes photosystem II atp synthase tRNAs nadh dehydrogenase tRNA ribosomal proteins photosystem I tRNAs photosystem II RNA polymerase ribosomal protein atp synthase tRNAs ribosomal protein tRNA photosystem II tRNA tRNA ribosomal RNA tRNA ribosomal RNA tRNA ribosomal protein photosystem I nadh dehydrogenase tRNA ribosomal protein nadh dehydrogenase tRNA tRNA ribosomal proteins initiation factor 1 ribosomal proteins RNA polymerase atp - dependent protease ribosomal proteins tRNAs nicotiana tabacum edit image Chloroplast DNA Interactive gene map of chloroplast DNA from Nicotiana tabacum . Segments with labels on the inside reside on the B strand of DNA , segments with labels on the outside are on the A strand . Notches indicate introns . With few exceptions , most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large circular DNA molecule , typically 120,000 -- 170,000 base pairs long . They can have a contour length of around 30 -- 60 micrometers , and have a mass of about 80 -- 130 million daltons . While usually thought of as a circular molecule , there is some evidence that chloroplast DNA molecules more often take on a linear shape . Inverted repeats ( edit ) Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats , which separate a long single copy section ( LSC ) from a short single copy section ( SSC ) . While a given pair of inverted repeats are rarely completely identical , they are always very similar to each other , apparently resulting from concerted evolution . The inverted repeats vary wildly in length , ranging from 4,000 to 25,000 base pairs long each and containing as few as four or as many as over 150 genes . Inverted repeats in plants tend to be at the upper end of this range , each being 20,000 -- 25,000 base pairs long . The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants , and accumulate few mutations . Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages ( glaucophyta and rhodophyceae ) , suggesting that they predate the chloroplast , though some chloroplast DNAs have since lost or flipped the inverted repeats ( making them direct repeats ) . It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome , as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more . Nucleoids ( edit ) New chloroplasts may contain up to 100 copies of their DNA , though the number of chloroplast DNA copies decreases to about 15 -- 20 as the chloroplasts age . They are usually packed into nucleoids , which can contain several identical chloroplast DNA rings . Many nucleoids can be found in each chloroplast . In primitive red algae , the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of the chloroplast , while in green plants and green algae , the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma . Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones , in red algae , similar proteins that tightly pack each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid have been found . DNA replication ( edit ) The leading model of cpDNA replication ( edit ) Chloroplast DNA replication via multiple D loop mechanisms . Adapted from Krishnan NM , Rao BJ 's paper `` A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication . '' The mechanism for chloroplast DNA ( cpDNA ) replication has not been conclusively determined , but two main models have been proposed . Scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s . The results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast DNA replicates using a double displacement loop ( D - loop ) . As the D - loop moves through the circular DNA , it adopts a theta intermediary form , also known as a Cairns replication intermediate , and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism . Transcription starts at specific points of origin . Multiple replication forks open up , allowing replication machinery to transcribe the DNA . As replication continues , the forks grow and eventually converge . The new cpDNA structures separate , creating daughter cpDNA chromosomes . In addition to the early microscopy experiments , this model is also supported by the amounts of deamination seen in cpDNA . Deamination occurs when an amino group is lost and is a mutation that often results in base changes . When adenine is deaminated , it becomes hypoxanthine . Hypoxanthine can bind to cytosine , and when the XC base pair is replicated , it becomes a GC ( thus , an A → G base change ) . Over time , base changes in the DNA sequence can arise from deamination mutations . When adenine is deaminated , it becomes hypoxanthine , which can pair with cytosine . During replication , the cytosine will pair with guanine , causing an A -- > G base change . Deamination ( edit ) In cpDNA , there are several A → G deamination gradients . DNA becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded . When replication forks form , the strand not being copied is single stranded , and thus at risk for A → G deamination . Therefore , gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened ( the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time ) . This mechanism is still the leading theory today ; however , a second theory suggests that most cpDNA is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination . It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched , linear , or other complex structures . Alternative model of replication ( edit ) One of competing model for cpDNA replication asserts that most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4 . It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA , such as maize , and that more species still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand . When the original experiments on cpDNA were performed , scientists did notice linear structures ; however , they attributed these linear forms to broken circles . If the branched and complex structures seen in cpDNA experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular DNA or broken circles , then a D - loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate . At the same time , homologous recombination does not expand the multiple A -- > G gradients seen in plastomes . Because of the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpDNA , the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpDNA is circular and most likely replicates via a D loop mechanism . Gene content and protein synthesis ( edit ) The chloroplast genome most commonly includes around 100 genes that code for a variety of things , mostly to do with the protein pipeline and photosynthesis . As in prokaryotes , genes in chloroplast DNA are organized into operons . Interestingly though , unlike prokaryotic DNA molecules , chloroplast DNA molecules contain introns ( plant mitochondrial DNAs do too , but not human mtDNAs ) . Among land plants , the contents of the chloroplast genome are fairly similar . Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer ( edit ) Over time , many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host , a process called endosymbiotic gene transfer . As a result , the chloroplast genome is heavily reduced compared to that of free - living cyanobacteria . Chloroplasts may contain 60 -- 100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often have more than 1500 genes in their genome . Recently , a plastid without a genome was found , demonstrating chloroplasts can lose their genome during endosymbiotic the gene transfer process . Endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many CASH lineages . Even if a chloroplast is eventually lost , the genes it donated to the former host 's nucleus persist , providing evidence for the lost chloroplast 's existence . For example , while diatoms ( a heterokontophyte ) now have a red algal derived chloroplast , the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point , which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast . In land plants , some 11 -- 14 % of the DNA in their nuclei can be traced back to the chloroplast , up to 18 % in Arabidopsis , corresponding to about 4,500 protein - coding genes . There have been a few recent transfers of genes from the chloroplast DNA to the nuclear genome in land plants . Of the approximately 3000 proteins found in chloroplasts , some 95 % of them are encoded by nuclear genes . Many of the chloroplast 's protein complexes consist of subunits from both the chloroplast genome and the host 's nuclear genome . As a result , protein synthesis must be coordinated between the chloroplast and the nucleus . The chloroplast is mostly under nuclear control , though chloroplasts can also give out signals regulating gene expression in the nucleus , called retrograde signaling . Protein synthesis ( edit ) See also : Transcription and translation Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on two RNA polymerases . One is coded by the chloroplast DNA , the other is of nuclear origin . The two RNA polymerases may recognize and bind to different kinds of promoters within the chloroplast genome . The ribosomes in chloroplasts are similar to bacterial ribosomes . This section needs expansion with : Genome size differences between algae and land plants , chloroplast stuff coded by the nucleus . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) Protein targeting and import ( edit ) See also : Translation Because so many chloroplast genes have been moved to the nucleus , many proteins that would originally have been translated in the chloroplast are now synthesized in the cytoplasm of the plant cell . These proteins must be directed back to the chloroplast , and imported through at least two chloroplast membranes . Curiously , around half of the protein products of transferred genes are n't even targeted back to the chloroplast . Many became exaptations , taking on new functions like participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance . A few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome -- most became nonfunctional pseudogenes , though a few tRNA genes still work in the mitochondrion . Some transferred chloroplast DNA protein products get directed to the secretory pathway though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host 's cell membrane , and therefore topologically outside of the cell , because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol , you have to cross the cell membrane , just like if you were headed for the extracellular space . In those cases , chloroplast - targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway . Because the cell acquiring a chloroplast already had mitochondria ( and peroxisomes , and a cell membrane for secretion ) , the new chloroplast host had to develop a unique protein targeting system to avoid having chloroplast proteins being sent to the wrong organelle . The two ends of a polypeptide are called the N - terminus , or amino end , and the C - terminus , or carboxyl end . This polypeptide has four amino acids linked together . At the left is the N - terminus , with its amino ( H N ) group in green . The blue C - terminus , with its carboxyl group ( CO H ) is at the right . In most , but not all cases , nuclear - encoded chloroplast proteins are translated with a cleavable transit peptide that 's added to the N - terminus of the protein precursor . Sometimes the transit sequence is found on the C - terminus of the protein , or within the functional part of the protein . Transport proteins and membrane translocons ( edit ) After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol , an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates , or adds a phosphate group to many ( but not all ) of them in their transit sequences . Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide , keeping it from folding prematurely . This is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place -- the cytosol . At the same time , they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast . These proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast . From here , chloroplast proteins bound for the stroma must pass through two protein complexes -- the TOC complex , or translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane , and the TIC translocon , or translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane translocon . Chloroplast polypeptide chains probably often travel through the two complexes at the same time , but the TIC complex can also retrieve preproteins lost in the intermembrane space . Structure ( edit ) Transmission electron microscope image of a chloroplast . Grana of thylakoids and their connecting lamellae are clearly visible . In land plants , chloroplasts are generally lens - shaped , 3 -- 10 μm in diameter and 1 -- 3 μm thick . Corn seedling chloroplasts are ≈ 20 μm in volume . Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae , which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net ( e.g. , Oedogonium ) , a cup ( e.g. , Chlamydomonas ) , a ribbon - like spiral around the edges of the cell ( e.g. , Spirogyra ) , or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges ( e.g. , Sirogonium ) . Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell ; they are star - shaped in Zygnema , or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales . In some algae , the chloroplast takes up most of the cell , with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles , for example , some species of Chlorella have a cup - shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell . All chloroplasts have at least three membrane systems -- the outer chloroplast membrane , the inner chloroplast membrane , and the thylakoid system . Chloroplasts that are the product of secondary endosymbiosis may have additional membranes surrounding these three . Inside the outer and inner chloroplast membranes is the chloroplast stroma , a semi-gel - like fluid that makes up much of a chloroplast 's volume , and in which the thylakoid system floats . 1 Granum 2 Chloroplast envelope 2.1 Outer membrane 2.2 Intermembrane space 2.3 Inner membrane 3 Thylakoid 3.1 Thylakoid space ( lumen ) 3.2 Thylakoid membrane 4 Stromal thylakoids ( lamellæ or frets ) 5 Granal thylakoids 6 Stroma 7 Nucleoid ( DNA rings ) 8 Ribosome 9 Plastoglobulus 10 Starch granule Edit Source image Chloroplast ultrastructure ( interactive diagram ) Chloroplasts have at least three distinct membrane systems , and a variety of things can be found in their stroma . See also : Chloroplast membrane There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes . The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host 's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium -- which is not true -- both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium 's original double membranes . The chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane . This is not a valid comparison -- the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy . The only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system . Even so , in terms of `` in - out '' , the direction of chloroplast H ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . In addition , in terms of function , the inner chloroplast membrane , which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials , has no counterpart in the mitochondrion . Outer chloroplast membrane ( edit ) Main article : Chloroplast membrane The outer chloroplast membrane is a semi-porous membrane that small molecules and ions can easily diffuse across . However , it is not permeable to larger proteins , so chloroplast polypeptides being synthesized in the cell cytoplasm must be transported across the outer chloroplast membrane by the TOC complex , or translocon on the outer chloroplast membrane . The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm , forming a stromule , or stroma - containing tubule . Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts , and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots , respectively . They may exist to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport , because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum . When they were first observed in 1962 , some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual , claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts . However , there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional , integral features of plant cell plastids , not merely artifacts . Intermembrane space and peptidoglycan wall ( edit ) Instead of an intermembrane space , glaucophyte algae have a peptidoglycan wall between their inner and outer chloroplast membranes . Usually , a thin intermembrane space about 10 -- 20 nanometers thick exists between the outer and inner chloroplast membranes . Glaucophyte algal chloroplasts have a peptidoglycan layer between the chloroplast membranes . It corresponds to the peptidoglycan cell wall of their cyanobacterial ancestors , which is located between their two cell membranes . These chloroplasts are called muroplasts ( from Latin `` mura '' , meaning `` wall '' ) . Other chloroplasts have lost the cyanobacterial wall , leaving an intermembrane space between the two chloroplast envelope membranes . Inner chloroplast membrane ( edit ) Main article : Chloroplast membrane The inner chloroplast membrane borders the stroma and regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast . After passing through the TOC complex in the outer chloroplast membrane , polypeptides must pass through the TIC complex ( translocon on the inner chloroplast membrane ) which is located in the inner chloroplast membrane . In addition to regulating the passage of materials , the inner chloroplast membrane is where fatty acids , lipids , and carotenoids are synthesized . Peripheral reticulum ( edit ) Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum . It is often found in the chloroplasts of C plants , though it has also been found in some C angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms . The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast . Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm . The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space . Stroma ( edit ) Main article : Stroma The protein - rich , alkaline , aqueous fluid within the inner chloroplast membrane and outside of the thylakoid space is called the stroma , which corresponds to the cytosol of the original cyanobacterium . Nucleoids of chloroplast DNA , chloroplast ribosomes , the thylakoid system with plastoglobuli , starch granules , and many proteins can be found floating around in it . The Calvin cycle , which fixes CO into sugar takes place in the stroma . Chloroplast ribosomes ( edit ) Chloroplast ribosomes Comparison of a chloroplast ribosome ( green ) and a bacterial ribosome ( yellow ) . Important features common to both ribosomes and chloroplast - unique features are labeled . Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes , which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins . Chloroplast ribosomes are about two - thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes ( around 17 nm vs 25 nm ) . They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein . While similar to bacterial ribosomes , chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria , so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast - unique features . Small subunit ribosomal RNAs in several Chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine - dalgarno sequence recognition , which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes . Such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes . Plastoglobuli ( edit ) Plastoglobuli ( singular plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s ) ) , are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45 -- 60 nanometers across . They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer . Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts , but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress , or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast . Plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions . They are also common in etioplasts , but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts . Plastoglubuli contain both structural proteins and enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism . They contain many types of lipids including plastoquinone , vitamin E , carotenoids and chlorophylls . Plastoglobuli were once thought to be free - floating in the stroma , but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid , a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network . In normal green chloroplasts , the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid . In old or stressed chloroplasts , plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains , still always anchored to a thylakoid . Plastoglobuli form when a bubble appears between the layers of the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane , or bud from existing plastoglubuli -- though they never detach and float off into the stroma . Practically all plastoglobuli form on or near the highly curved edges of the thylakoid disks or sheets . They are also more common on stromal thylakoids than on granal ones . Starch granules ( edit ) Starch granules are very common in chloroplasts , typically taking up 15 % of the organelle 's volume , though in some other plastids like amyloplasts , they can be big enough to distort the shape of the organelle . Starch granules are simply accumulations of starch in the stroma , and are not bounded by a membrane . Starch granules appear and grow throughout the day , as the chloroplast synthesizes sugars , and are consumed at night to fuel respiration and continue sugar export into the phloem , though in mature chloroplasts , it is rare for a starch granule to be completely consumed or for a new granule to accumulate . Starch granules vary in composition and location across different chloroplast lineages . In red algae , starch granules are found in the cytoplasm rather than in the chloroplast . In C plants , mesophyll chloroplasts , which do not synthesize sugars , lack starch granules . RuBisCO ( edit ) RuBisCO , shown here in a space - filling model , is the main enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in chloroplasts . Main article : RuBisCO The chloroplast stroma contains many proteins , though the most common and important is RuBisCO , which is probably also the most abundant protein on the planet . RuBisCO is the enzyme that fixes CO into sugar molecules . In C plants , RuBisCO is abundant in all chloroplasts , though in C plants , it is confined to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where the Calvin cycle is carried out in C plants . Pyrenoids ( edit ) Main article : Pyrenoid The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids . They are not found in higher plants . Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them . They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons , surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates . The starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature . In algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms , the enzyme RuBisCO is found in the pyrenoids . Starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when CO is scarce . Pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced `` de novo '' . Thylakoid system ( edit ) Transmission electron microscope image of some thylakoids arranged in grana stacks and lamellæ . Plastoglobuli ( dark blobs ) are also present . Main article : Thylakoid Suspended within the chloroplast stroma is the thylakoid system , a highly dynamic collection of membranous sacks called thylakoids where chlorophyll is found and the light reactions of photosynthesis happen . In most vascular plant chloroplasts , the thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana , though in certain C plant chloroplasts and some algal chloroplasts , the thylakoids are free floating . Granal structure ( edit ) Using a light microscope , it is just barely possible to see tiny green granules -- which were named grana . With electron microscopy , it became possible to see the thylakoid system in more detail , revealing it to consist of stacks of flat thylakoids which made up the grana , and long interconnecting stromal thylakoids which linked different grana . In the transmission electron microscope , thylakoid membranes appear as alternating light - and - dark bands , 8.5 nanometers thick . For a long time , the three - dimensional structure of the thylakoid system has been unknown or disputed . One model has the granum as a stack of thylakoids linked by helical stromal thylakoids ; the other has the granum as a single folded thylakoid connected in a `` hub and spoke '' way to other grana by stromal thylakoids . While the thylakoid system is still commonly depicted according to the folded thylakoid model , it was determined in 2011 that the stacked and helical thylakoids model is correct . Granum structure The prevailing model for granal structure is a stack of granal thylakoids linked by helical stromal thylakoids that wrap around the grana stacks and form large sheets that connect different grana . image labels In the helical thylakoid model , grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes . Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids , though grana with 10 -- 20 thylakoids are most common . Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids , also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids . The helices ascend at an angle of 20 -- 25 ° , connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge - like slit junction . The helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana , or narrow to tube - like bridges between grana . While different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins , the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth . Thylakoids ( edit ) Thylakoids ( sometimes spelled thylakoïds ) , are small interconnected sacks which contain the membranes that the light reactions of photosynthesis take place on . The word thylakoid comes from the Greek word thylakos which means `` sack '' . Embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis . Photosystem II and photosystem I contain light - harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons . Molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , decreasing the pH and turning it acidic . ATP synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate ATP energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma -- much like a dam turbine . There are two types of thylakoids -- granal thylakoids , which are arranged in grana , and stromal thylakoids , which are in contact with the stroma . Granal thylakoids are pancake - shaped circular disks about 300 -- 600 nanometers in diameter . Stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana . The flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem II protein complex . This allows them to stack tightly , forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane , called granal membrane , increasing stability and surface area for light capture . In contrast , photosystem I and ATP synthase are large protein complexes which jut out into the stroma . They ca n't fit in the appressed granal membranes , and so are found in the stromal thylakoid membrane -- the edges of the granal thylakoid disks and the stromal thylakoids . These large protein complexes may act as spacers between the sheets of stromal thylakoids . The number of thylakoids and the total thylakoid area of a chloroplast is influenced by light exposure . Shaded chloroplasts contain larger and more grana with more thylakoid membrane area than chloroplasts exposed to bright light , which have smaller and fewer grana and less thylakoid area . Thylakoid extent can change within minutes of light exposure or removal . Pigments and chloroplast colors ( edit ) Inside the photosystems embedded in chloroplast thylakoid membranes are various photosynthetic pigments , which absorb and transfer light energy . The types of pigments found are different in various groups of chloroplasts , and are responsible for a wide variety of chloroplast colorations . Paper chroma - tography of some spinach leaf extract shows the various pigments present in their chloroplasts . Xanthophylls Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophylls ( edit ) Chlorophyll a is found in all chloroplasts , as well as their cyanobacterial ancestors . Chlorophyll a is a blue - green pigment partially responsible for giving most cyanobacteria and chloroplasts their color . Other forms of chlorophyll exist , such as the accessory pigments chlorophyll b , chlorophyll c , chlorophyll d , and chlorophyll f . Chlorophyll b is an olive green pigment found only in the chloroplasts of plants , green algae , any secondary chloroplasts obtained through the secondary endosymbiosis of a green alga , and a few cyanobacteria . It is the chlorophylls a and b together that make most plant and green algal chloroplasts green . Chlorophyll c is mainly found in secondary endosymbiotic chloroplasts that originated from a red alga , although it is not found in chloroplasts of red algae themselves . Chlorophyll c is also found in some green algae and cyanobacteria . Chlorophylls d and f are pigments found only in some cyanobacteria . Carotenoids ( edit ) Delesseria sanguinea , a red alga , has chloroplasts that contain red pigments like phycoerytherin that mask their blue - green chlorophyll a . In addition to chlorophylls , another group of yellow -- orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems . There are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids . They help transfer and dissipate excess energy , and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green , like during the fall , when the leaves of some land plants change color . β - carotene is a bright red - orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts , like chlorophyll a . Xanthophylls , especially the orange - red zeaxanthin , are also common . Many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts . Phycobilins ( edit ) Phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria , and glaucophyte , red algal , and cryptophyte chloroplasts . Phycobilins come in all colors , though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red . Phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes . Like photosystem I and ATP synthase , phycobilisomes jut into the stroma , preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts . Cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria do n't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes , and keep them in their thylakoid space instead . Photosynthetic pigments Table of the presence of various pigments across chloroplast groups . Colored cells represent pigment presence . Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d and f Xanthophylls α - carotene β - carotene Phycobilins Land plants Green algae Euglenophytes and Chlorarachniophytes Multicellular red algae Unicellular red algae Haptophytes and Dinophytes Cryptophytes Glaucophytes Cyanobacteria Specialized chloroplasts in C plants ( edit ) Many C plants have their mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells arranged radially around their leaf veins . The two types of cells contain different types of chloroplasts specialized for a particular part of photosynthesis . See also : Photosynthesis and C photosynthesis To fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis , chloroplasts use an enzyme called RuBisCO . RuBisCO has a problem -- it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen , so at high oxygen concentrations , RuBisCO starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors . This has the end result of ATP energy being wasted and CO being released , all with no sugar being produced . This is a big problem , since O is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis , causing issues down the line in the Calvin cycle which uses RuBisCO . C plants evolved a way to solve this -- by spatially separating the light reactions and the Calvin cycle . The light reactions , which store light energy in ATP and NADPH , are done in the mesophyll cells of a C leaf . The Calvin cycle , which uses the stored energy to make sugar using RuBisCO , is done in the bundle sheath cells , a layer of cells surrounding a vein in a leaf . As a result , chloroplasts in C mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis . In mesophyll cells , chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions , so they lack RuBisCO , and have normal grana and thylakoids , which they use to make ATP and NADPH , as well as oxygen . They store CO in a four - carbon compound , which is why the process is called C photosynthesis . The four - carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where it drops off CO and returns to the mesophyll . Bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions , preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting RuBisCO activity . Because of this , they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks -- though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free - floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow , a light - driven method of synthesizing ATP to power the Calvin cycle without generating oxygen . They lack photosystem II , and only have photosystem I -- the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow . Because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar , they often contain large starch grains . Both types of chloroplast contain large amounts of chloroplast peripheral reticulum , which they use to get more surface area to transport stuff in and out of them . Mesophyll chloroplasts have a little more peripheral reticulum than bundle sheath chloroplasts . Location ( edit ) Distribution in a plant ( edit ) Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts . All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts -- the chloroplasts , or more specifically , the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green . The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells , though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue . A plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell . A typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . A cross section of a leaf , showing chloroplasts in its mesophyll cells . Stomal guard cells also have chloroplasts , though much fewer than mesophyll cells . In some plants such as cacti , chloroplasts are found in the stems , though in most plants , chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves . One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts . Within a leaf , chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf , and the guard cells of stomata . Palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30 -- 70 chloroplasts per cell , while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8 -- 15 per cell , as well as much less chlorophyll . Chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf , especially in C plants , which carry out the Calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells . They are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf . Cellular location ( edit ) Chloroplast movement ( edit ) When chloroplasts are exposed to direct sunlight , they stack along the anticlinal cell walls to minimize exposure . In the dark they spread out in sheets along the periclinal walls to maximize light absorption . See also : Cytoplasmic streaming The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light . In low - light conditions , they will spread out in a sheet -- maximizing the surface area to absorb light . Under intense light , they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell 's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge - on . This reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage . This ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones . Chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus - response systems that can be found in plants . Mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move . In higher plants , chloroplast movement is run by phototropins , blue light photoreceptors also responsible for plant phototropism . In some algae , mosses , ferns , and flowering plants , chloroplast movement is influenced by red light in addition to blue light , though very long red wavelengths inhibit movement rather than speeding it up . Blue light generally causes chloroplasts to seek shelter , while red light draws them out to maximize light absorption . Studies of Vallisneria gigantea , an aquatic flowering plant , have shown that chloroplasts can get moving within five minutes of light exposure , though they do n't initially show any net directionality . They may move along microfilament tracks , and the fact that the microfilament mesh changes shape to form a honeycomb structure surrounding the chloroplasts after they have moved suggests that microfilaments may help to anchor chloroplasts in place . Function and Chemistry ( edit ) Guard cell chloroplasts ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : determined functions , controversial functions , characteristics and population . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) Unlike most epidermal cells , the guard cells of plant stomata contain relatively well - developed chloroplasts . However , exactly what they do is controversial . Plant Innate Immunity ( edit ) Plants lack specialized immune cells -- all plant cells participate in the plant immune response . Chloroplasts , along with the nucleus , cell membrane , and endoplasmic reticulum , are key players in pathogen defense . Due to its role in a plant cell 's immune response , pathogens frequently target the chloroplast . Plants have two main immune responses -- the hypersensitive response , in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death , and systemic acquired resistance , where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence . Chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system , producing reactive oxygen species . High levels of reactive oxygen species will cause the hypersensitive response . The reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens within the cell . Lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance , triggering defense - molecule production in the rest of the plant . In some plants , chloroplasts are known to move closer to the infection site and the nucleus during an infection . Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors . After detecting stress in a cell , which might be due to a pathogen , chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense - signals . As cellular signals , reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules , so they probably do n't leave the chloroplast , but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule . All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling -- signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus . In addition to defense signaling , chloroplasts , with the help of the peroxisomes , help synthesize an important defense molecule , jasmonate . Chloroplasts synthesize all the fatty acids in a plant cell -- linoleic acid , a fatty acid , is a precursor to jasmonate . Photosynthesis ( edit ) Main article : Photosynthesis One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis , the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy , to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars . Water ( H O ) and carbon dioxide ( CO ) are used in photosynthesis , and sugar and oxygen ( O ) is made , using light energy . Photosynthesis is divided into two stages -- the light reactions , where water is split to produce oxygen , and the dark reactions , or Calvin cycle , which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide . The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADP ) . Light reactions ( edit ) The light reactions of photosynthesis take place across the thylakoid membranes . Main article : Light reactions The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes . They take light energy and store it in NADPH , a form of NADP , and ATP to fuel the dark reactions . Energy carriers ( edit ) Main articles : Adenosine triphosphate and NADPH ATP is the phosphorylated version of adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , which stores energy in a cell and powers most cellular activities . ATP is the energized form , while ADP is the ( partially ) depleted form . NADP is an electron carrier which ferries high energy electrons . In the light reactions , it gets reduced , meaning it picks up electrons , becoming NADPH . Photophosphorylation ( edit ) Main article : Photophosphorylation Like mitochondria , chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H , or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy . The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water , and release them down an electron transport chain . The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons ' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , creating a concentration gradient , with more hydrogen ions ( up to a thousand times as many ) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma . The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient , flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase . ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate , or ATP . Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma , the ATP is synthesized there , in position to be used in the dark reactions . NADP reduction ( edit ) See also : Redox reaction Electrons are often removed from the electron transport chains to charge NADP with electrons , reducing it to NADPH . Like ATP synthase , ferredoxin - NADP reductase , the enzyme that reduces NADP , releases the NADPH it makes into the stroma , right where it is needed for the dark reactions . Because NADP reduction removes electrons from the electron transport chains , they must be replaced -- the job of photosystem II , which splits water molecules ( H O ) to obtain the electrons from its hydrogen atoms . Cyclic photophosphorylation ( edit ) Main article : Cyclic photophosphorylation While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons , photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain . Normally , the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP , though sometimes they can flow back down more H - pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more ATP . This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled . Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in C plants , which need more ATP than NADPH . Dark reactions ( edit ) The Calvin cycle ( Interactive diagram ) The Calvin cycle incorporates carbon dioxide into sugar molecules . RuBisCo Carbon fixation Reduction 3 - phosphoglycerate 3 - phosphoglycerate Carbon dioxide 1 , 3 - biphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) Inorganic phosphate Ribulose 5 - phosphate Ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate Edit Source image Main article : Dark reactions The Calvin cycle , also known as the dark reactions , is a series of biochemical reactions that fixes CO into G3P sugar molecules and uses the energy and electrons from the ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions . The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast . While named `` the dark reactions '' , in most plants , they take place in the light , since the dark reactions are dependent on the products of the light reactions . Carbon fixation and G3P synthesis ( edit ) The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme RuBisCO to fix CO into five - carbon Ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) molecules . The result is unstable six - carbon molecules that immediately break down into three - carbon molecules called 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , or 3 - PGA . The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3 - PGA into glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate , or G3P sugar molecules . Most of the G3P molecules are recycled back into RuBP using energy from more ATP , but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle -- the end product of the dark reactions . Sugars and starches ( edit ) Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate can double up to form larger sugar molecules like glucose and fructose . These molecules are processed , and from them , the still larger sucrose , a disaccharide commonly known as table sugar , is made , though this process takes place outside of the chloroplast , in the cytoplasm . Sucrose is made up of a glucose monomer ( left ) , and a fructose monomer ( right ) . Alternatively , glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch , which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast . Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO concentrations , these starch grains may grow very large , distorting the grana and thylakoids . The starch granules displace the thylakoids , but leave them intact . Waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts , possibly due to less sucrose being exported out of the chloroplast ( or more accurately , the plant cell ) . This depletes a plant 's free phosphate supply , which indirectly stimulates chloroplast starch synthesis . While linked to low photosynthesis rates , the starch grains themselves may not necessarily interfere significantly with the efficiency of photosynthesis , and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis - depressing factor . Photorespiration ( edit ) Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high . RuBisCO can not distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well , so it can accidentally add O instead of CO to RuBP . This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis -- it consumes ATP and oxygen , releases CO , and produces no sugar . It can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle . Several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast , increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis . These mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms , or CCMs . These include Crassulacean acid metabolism , C carbon fixation , and pyrenoids . Chloroplasts in C plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism . PH ( edit ) Because of the H gradient across the thylakoid membrane , the interior of the thylakoid is acidic , with a pH around 4 , while the stroma is slightly basic , with a pH of around 8 . The optimal stroma pH for the Calvin cycle is 8.1 , with the reaction nearly stopping when the pH falls below 7.3 . CO in water can form carbonic acid , which can disturb the pH of isolated chloroplasts , interfering with photosynthesis , even though CO is used in photosynthesis . However , chloroplasts in living plant cells are not affected by this as much . Chloroplasts can pump K and H ions in and out of themselves using a poorly understood light - driven transport system . In the presence of light , the pH of the thylakoid lumen can drop up to 1.5 pH units , while the pH of the stroma can rise by nearly one pH unit . Amino acid synthesis ( edit ) Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell 's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur - containing ones like cysteine and methionine . Cysteine is made in the chloroplast ( the proplastid too ) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria , probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed . The chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol . Other nitrogen compounds ( edit ) Chloroplasts make all of a cell 's purines and pyrimidines -- the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA . They also convert nitrite ( NO ) into ammonia ( NH ) which supplies the plant with nitrogen to make its amino acids and nucleotides . Other chemical products ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : needs more about lipids , also paramylon . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2013 ) Chloroplasts are the site of complex lipid metabolism . Differentiation , replication , and inheritance ( edit ) Main article : Plastid Plastid types ( Interactive diagram ) Plants contain many different kinds of plastids in their cells . Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid , though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . There are many other types of plastids , which carry out various functions . All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg . Proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant 's apical meristems . Chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems -- instead , the formation of starch - storing amyloplasts is more common . In shoots , proplastids from shoot apical meristems can gradually develop into chloroplasts in photosynthetic leaf tissues as the leaf matures , if exposed to the required light . This process involves invaginations of the inner plastid membrane , forming sheets of membrane that project into the internal stroma . These membrane sheets then fold to form thylakoids and grana . If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation , proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts . An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll , and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma , called a prolamellar body . While etioplasts lack chlorophyll , they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked . Within a few minutes of light exposure , the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids , and chlorophyll starts to be produced . This process , where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast , takes several hours . Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts . Light , however , does not guarantee that a proplastid will develop into a chloroplast . Whether a proplastid develops into a chloroplast some other kind of plastid is mostly controlled by the nucleus and is largely influenced by the kind of cell it resides in . Many plastid interconversions are possible . Plastid interconversion ( edit ) Plastid differentiation is not permanent , in fact many interconversions are possible . Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts , which are pigment - filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit . Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts , and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts . Chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts , like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated . If a plant is injured , or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state , chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids . Chloroplast , amyloplast , chromoplast , proplast , etc. , are not absolute states -- intermediate forms are common . Chloroplast division ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : functions , Z - ring dynamic assembly , regulators such as Giant Chloroplast 1 . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2013 ) Most chloroplasts in a photosynthetic cell do not develop directly from proplastids or etioplasts . In fact , a typical shoot meristematic plant cell contains only 7 -- 20 proplastids . These proplastids differentiate into chloroplasts , which divide to create the 30 -- 70 chloroplasts found in a mature photosynthetic plant cell . If the cell divides , chloroplast division provides the additional chloroplasts to partition between the two daughter cells . In single - celled algae , chloroplast division is the only way new chloroplasts are formed . There is no proplastid differentiation -- when an algal cell divides , its chloroplast divides along with it , and each daughter cell receives a mature chloroplast . Almost all chloroplasts in a cell divide , rather than a small group of rapidly dividing chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have no definite S - phase -- their DNA replication is not synchronized or limited to that of their host cells . Much of what we know about chloroplast division comes from studying organisms like Arabidopsis and the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolæ . Most chloroplasts in plant cells , and all chloroplasts in algae arise from chloroplast division . Picture references , The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments , and with the help of a protein ARC6 , form a structure called a Z - ring within the chloroplast 's stroma . The Min system manages the placement of the Z - ring , ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly . The protein MinD prevents FtsZ from linking up and forming filaments . Another protein ARC3 may also be involved , but it is not very well understood . These proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast , preventing Z - ring formation there , but near the center of the chloroplast , MinE inhibits them , allowing the Z - ring to form . Next , the two plastid - dividing rings , or PD rings form . The inner plastid - dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast 's inner membrane , and is formed first . The outer plastid - dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane . It consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across , arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart , and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast . This is when chloroplast constriction begins . In a few species like Cyanidioschyzon merolæ , chloroplasts have a third plastid - dividing ring located in the chloroplast 's intermembrane space . Late into the constriction phase , dynamin proteins assemble around the outer plastid - dividing ring , helping provide force to squeeze the chloroplast . Meanwhile , the Z - ring and the inner plastid - dividing ring break down . During this stage , the many chloroplast DNA plasmids floating around in the stroma are partitioned and distributed to the two forming daughter chloroplasts . Later , the dynamins migrate under the outer plastid dividing ring , into direct contact with the chloroplast 's outer membrane , to cleave the chloroplast in two daughter chloroplasts . A remnant of the outer plastid dividing ring remains floating between the two daughter chloroplasts , and a remnant of the dynamin ring remains attached to one of the daughter chloroplasts . Of the five or six rings involved in chloroplast division , only the outer plastid - dividing ring is present for the entire constriction and division phase -- while the Z - ring forms first , constriction does not begin until the outer plastid - dividing ring forms . image labels Chloroplast division In this light micrograph of some moss chloroplasts , many dumbbell - shaped chloroplasts can be seen dividing . Grana are also just barely visible as small granules . Regulation ( edit ) In species of algae that contain a single chloroplast , regulation of chloroplast division is extremely important to ensure that each daughter cell receives a chloroplast -- chloroplasts ca n't be made from scratch . In organisms like plants , whose cells contain multiple chloroplasts , coordination is looser and less important . It is likely that chloroplast and cell division are somewhat synchronized , though the mechanisms for it are mostly unknown . Light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division . Chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light , but are slow to complete division -- they require exposure to bright white light to complete division . Spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell - shaped chloroplasts . Exposure to white light can stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population of dumbbell - shaped chloroplasts . Chloroplast inheritance ( edit ) Like mitochondria , chloroplasts are usually inherited from a single parent . Biparental chloroplast inheritance -- where plastid genes are inherited from both parent plants -- occurs in very low levels in some flowering plants . Many mechanisms prevent biparental chloroplast DNA inheritance , including selective destruction of chloroplasts or their genes within the gamete or zygote , and chloroplasts from one parent being excluded from the embryo . Parental chloroplasts can be sorted so that only one type is present in each offspring . Gymnosperms , such as pine trees , mostly pass on chloroplasts paternally , while flowering plants often inherit chloroplasts maternally . Flowering plants were once thought to only inherit chloroplasts maternally . However , there are now many documented cases of angiosperms inheriting chloroplasts paternally . Angiosperms , which pass on chloroplasts maternally , have many ways to prevent paternal inheritance . Most of them produce sperm cells that do not contain any plastids . There are many other documented mechanisms that prevent paternal inheritance in these flowering plants , such as different rates of chloroplast replication within the embryo . Among angiosperms , paternal chloroplast inheritance is observed more often in hybrids than in offspring from parents of the same species . This suggests that incompatible hybrid genes might interfere with the mechanisms that prevent paternal inheritance . Transplastomic plants ( edit ) Recently , chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops . Since , in most flowering plants , chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent , transgenes in these plastids can not be disseminated by pollen . This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained , thus posing significantly lower environmental risks . This biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture . 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( 2008 ) . `` The Three - Dimensional Network of the Thylakoid Membranes in Plants : Quasihelical Model of the Granum - Stroma Assembly '' . The Plant Cell Online . 20 ( 10 ) : 2552 -- 7 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 108.059147 . PMC 2590735 . PMID 18952780 . ^ Jump up to : Austin , J.R. ; Staehelin , L.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Three - Dimensional Architecture of Grana and Stroma Thylakoids of Higher Plants as Determined by Electron Tomography '' . Plant Physiology. 155 ( 4 ) : 1601 -- 11 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 110.170647 . PMC 3091084 . PMID 21224341 . Jump up ^ Infanger , S ; Bischof , S ; Hiltbrunner , A ; Agne , B ; Baginsky , S ; Kessler , F ( 2011 ) . `` The Chloroplast Import Receptor Toc90 Partially Restores the Accumulation of Toc159 Client Proteins in the Arabidopsis thaliana ppi2 Mutant '' . Molecular Plant . 4 ( 2 ) : 252 -- 63 . doi : 10.1093 / mp / ssq071 . PMID 21220583 . Jump up ^ `` thylakoid '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . 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Freeman . pp. Section 19.4 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Jeremy M. Berg ; John L. Tymoczko ; Lubert Stryer . Web content by Neil D. ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry ( 5 . ed. , 4 . print . ed . ) . New York , NY ( u.a. ) : W.H. Freeman . pp. Section 20.1 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Wample , R.L. ; Davis , R.W. ( 1983 ) . `` Effect of Flooding on Starch Accumulation in Chloroplasts of Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L . ) '' . Plant Physiology. 73 ( 1 ) : 195 -- 8 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 73.1. 195 . PMC 1066435 . PMID 16663176 . Jump up ^ Carmi , A. ; Shomer , I. ( 1979 ) . `` Starch Accumulation and Photosynthetic Activity in Primary Leaves of Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L . ) '' . Annals of Botany. 44 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 484 . Jump up ^ Berg JM ; Tymoczko JL ; Stryer L. ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . WH Freeman . pp. Section 19.4 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hauser , M ; Eichelmann , H ; Oja , V ; Heber , U ; Laisk , A ( 1995 ) . `` Stimulation by Light of Rapid pH Regulation in the Chloroplast Stroma in Vivo as Indicated by CO2 Solubilization in Leaves '' . Plant Physiology. 108 ( 3 ) : 1059 -- 1066 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 108.3. 1059 . PMC 157457 . PMID 12228527 . ^ Jump up to : Werdan , Karl ; Heldt , Hans W. ; Milovancev , Mirjana ( 1975 ) . `` The role of pH in the regulation of carbon fixation in the chloroplast stroma . Studies on CO2 fixation in the light and dark '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 396 ( 2 ) : 276 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2728 ( 75 ) 90041 - 9 . PMID 239746 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , , Jeremy ( 1989 ) . An introduction to plant cell development . Cambridge : Cambridge university press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31611 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Myriam ; Daniel Salvi ; Hélène Rivière - Rolland ; Thierry Vermat ; Daphné Seigneurin - Berny ; Didier Grunwald ; Jérôme Garin ; Jacques Joyard ; Norbert Rolland ( 20 August 2002 ) . `` Integral membrane proteins of the chloroplast envelope : Identification and subcellular localization of new transporters '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 99 ( 17 ) : 11487 -- 11492 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9911487F . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 172390399 . PMC 123283 . PMID 12177442 . ^ Jump up to : Rolland , Norbert ; Michel Droux ; Roland Douce ( March 1992 ) . `` Subcellular Distribution of O - Acetylserine ( thiol ) lyase in Cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea L . ) Inflorescence '' . Plant Physiology. 98 ( 3 ) : 927 -- 935 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 98.3. 927 . Jump up ^ Ravanel , Stéphane ; Bertrand Gakière ; Dominique Job ; Roland Douce ( 23 June 1998 ) . `` The specific features of methionine biosynthesis and metabolism in plants '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 95 ( 13 ) : 7805 -- 7812 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.7805 R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.13. 7805 . PMC 22764 . PMID 9636232 . Jump up ^ Joyard , Jacques ; Ferro , Myriam ; Masselon , Christophe ; Seigneurin - Berny , Daphné ; Salvi , Daniel ; Garin , Jérôme ; Rolland , Norbert ( 2010 ) . `` Chloroplast proteomics highlights the subcellular compartmentation of lipid metabolism '' . Progress in Lipid Research . 49 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plipres. 2009.10. 003 . PMID 19879895 . Jump up ^ Steer , Brian E.S. Gunning , Martin W. ( 1996 ) . Plant cell biology : structure and function . Boston , Mass. : Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 504 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , , Jeremy ( 1989 ) . An introduction to plant cell development ( Pbk . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge university press . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31611 - 1 . Jump up ^ Burgess , , Jeremy ( 1989 ) . An introduction to plant cell development ( Pbk . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge university press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31611 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Possingham , J.V. ; Rose , R.J. ( 1976 ) . `` Chloroplast Replication and Chloroplast DNA Synthesis in Spinach Leaves '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 193 ( 1112 ) : 295 -- 305 . Bibcode : 1976RSPSB. 193 ... 295P . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1976.0047 . Jump up ^ Heinhorst , S ; G.C. Cannon ( January 1993 ) . `` DNA replication in chloroplasts '' . Journal of Cell Science . 104 ( 104 ) : 1 -- 9 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miyagishima , S. - y. ; Nishida , K ; Mori , T ; Matsuzaki , M ; Higashiyama , T ; Kuroiwa , H ; Kuroiwa , T ( 2003 ) . `` A Plant - Specific Dynamin - Related Protein Forms a Ring at the Chloroplast Division Site '' . The Plant Cell Online . 15 ( 3 ) : 655 -- 65 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 009373 . PMC 150020 . PMID 12615939 . ^ Jump up to : Hashimoto , H. ; Possingham , J.V. ( 1989 ) . `` Effect of Light on the Chloroplast Division Cycle and DNA Synthesis in Cultured Leaf Discs of Spinach '' . Plant Physiology. 89 ( 4 ) : 1178 -- 83 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 89.4. 1178 . PMC 1055993 . PMID 16666681 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , A.K. ; Escobar , L.K. ; Gilbert , L.E. ; Jansen , R.K. ( 2007 ) . `` Paternal , maternal , and biparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Passiflora ( Passifloraceae ) : Implications for phylogenetic studies '' . American Journal of Botany. 94 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 6 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 94.1. 42 . PMID 21642206 . Jump up ^ Birky , C. William ( 1995 ) . `` Uniparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes : Mechanisms and Evolution '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 92 ( 25 ) : 11331 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1995PNAS ... 9211331B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.25. 11331 . PMC 40394 . PMID 8524780 . Jump up ^ Powell W , Morgante M , McDevitt R , Vendramin GG , Rafalski JA ( August 1995 ) . `` Polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions in chloroplast genomes : applications to the population genetics of pines '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 ( 17 ) : 7759 -- 63 . Bibcode : 1995PNAS ... 92.7759 P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 92.17. 7759 . PMC 41225 . PMID 7644491 . In the pines , the chloroplast genome is transmitted through pollen Jump up ^ Stegemann , S. ; Hartmann , S ; Ruf , S ; Bock , R ( 2003 ) . `` High - frequency gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the nucleus '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 ( 15 ) : 8828 -- 33 . Bibcode : 2003PNAS ... 100.8828 S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1430924100 . PMC 166398 . PMID 12817081 . ^ Jump up to : Ruf , S. ; Karcher , D. ; Bock , R. ( 2007 ) . `` Determining the transgene containment level provided by chloroplast transformation '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 ( 17 ) : 6998 -- 7002 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 104.6998 R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700008104 . PMC 1849964 . PMID 17420459 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chloroplasts . Chloroplast -- Cell Centered Database https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/7525012?report=graphChloroplasts and Photosynthesis : The Role of Light from Kimball 's Biology Pages Clegg , M.T. ; Gaut , BS ; Learn Jr , GH ; Morton , BR ( 1994 ) . `` Rates and Patterns of Chloroplast DNA Evolution '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 91 ( 15 ) : 6795 -- 801 . Bibcode : 1994PNAS ... 91.6795 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.15. 6795 . PMC 44285 . PMID 8041699 . 3D structures of proteins associated with thylakoid membrane Co-Extra research on chloroplast transformation NCBI full chloroplast genome Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject LCCN : sh85024586 GND : 4147821 - 6 BNF : cb12254729f ( data ) NDL : 00574347 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloroplast&oldid=821273622 '' Categories : Organelles Photosynthesis Endosymbiotic events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013 Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from August 2013 Articles to be expanded from March 2013 Articles to be expanded from February 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does a chloroplast do in a plant cell | [
"The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat."
] | [
"conduct photosynthesis"
] |
-2809165281967765754 | List of Home and Away characters (2017) | List of home and Away characters ( 2017 ) - wikipedia List of home and Away characters ( 2017 ) Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera . It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988 . The following is a list of characters that appeared in 2017 , by order of first appearance . All characters are introduced by the soap 's executive producer , Lucy Addario . The 30th season of Home and Away began airing from 30 January 2017 . Riley Hawkins was introduced during the following episode . Scarlett Snow made her debut in May , while June saw the arrival of the four - strong Astoni family consisting of parents Ben and Maggie Astoni , and their daughters Coco and Ziggy Astoni . Robbo and Jennifer Dutton made their first appearances in July , and Beth Ellis was introduced in August . Ryder Jackson make his debut in October . November saw the first appearance of Willow Harris , and Jasmine Delaney arrived in December . Contents ( hide ) 1 Riley Hawkins 2 Scarlett Snow 3 Ziggy Astoni 4 Ben Astoni 5 Maggie Astoni 6 Coco Astoni 7 Robbo 8 Jennifer Dutton 9 Beth Ellis 10 Ryder Jackson 11 Willow Harris 12 Jasmine Delaney 13 Others 14 References 15 External links Riley Hawkins ( edit ) Riley Hawkins Home and Away character Portrayed by Ryan O'Kane First appearance 31 January 2017 Last appearance 2 March 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Surgeon Home Sydney Riley Hawkins , played by Ryan O'Kane , made his first appearance on 31 January 2017 . O'Kane's housemate Rob Mills also auditioned for the role . He was waiting for his agent to let him know the outcome when O'Kane revealed that he had won the part . Riley is introduced as Tori Morgan 's ( Penny McNamee ) former boyfriend and a surgeon at the local hospital , who steps in to perform surgery on Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) . McNamee said the moment Tori is reunited with Riley is `` shocking '' for her because she has not seen him in seven years . While Riley is surprised to learn that Tori and her siblings have been in witness protection . Fellow doctor Nate Cooper ( Kyle Pryor ) , who broke up with Tori , is jealous of her history with Riley . On his first day at Northern Districts Hospital , Riley is asked to operate on Justin Morgan , the brother of his former partner Tessa Lee , now known as Tori . Tori explains to Riley that she and her brothers had to go into witness protection after their parents were shot . Riley tells Nate Cooper that he and Tori used to be a couple , and that he wants her back . He also apologises to Tori for cheating on her . When Justin learns Riley is in town , he warns him to stay away from Tori . Riley later treats Justin when he is admitted with an infection . He also tells Tori that Nate tried to make a bet with him about her , but she soon realises that he lied . Riley performs a bronchoscopy on Billie Ashford ( Tessa de Josselin ) and finds a mass in her airway . Tori and Riley go on a lunch date , where he asks her for another chance , but she is cautious due to his history . Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) sees Riley flirting with Evelyn MacGuire ( Philippa Northeast ) at Billie 's wake , and tells him not to mess Tori around again . Shortly after they get back together , Riley asks Tori to move to the city with him . She turns him down for the sake of her family . Riley then sees her and Nate talking and hugging . He amends Billie 's notes and then makes a formal complaint in an attempt to get Nate fired for medical negligence . Tori proves the notes were doctored and when Riley admits that he did it , she breaks up with him . When he shows up at her house , Tori tells him to get out of her life . Justin overhears them arguing and fights with Riley , before Tori orders him to leave . Riley quits his job at the hospital and leaves town . Scarlett Snow ( edit ) Scarlett Snow Home and Away character Portrayed by Tania Nolan First appearance 8 May 2017 Last appearance 31 October 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Scarlett Dwyer Occupation Bait shop assistant lawyer Home Adelaide show Family Husband Caleb Snow Sons Max Snow Scarlett Snow , played by Tania Nolan , made her first appearance on 8 May 2017 . Nolan was living in Los Angeles when she learned the role was available . She flew to Sydney , where the show is filmed , for a screen test . She returned to Los Angeles the following day , but soon learned she had won the role and had to fly back to Sydney two days later . Nolan was contracted for six months and she finished filming in May . Nolan described her character as `` a bit of a mystery '' , and explained that no one knows why she is in the Bay , but she has suffered a tragedy in her past that she is dealing with . Nolan accepted the part and relocated to Sydney because of the character 's `` unique '' storyline . The actress added , `` I could relate to certain things Scarlett has been through . Not specifically , but unfortunately I know what it 's like to go through what she went through . '' . Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) jumps into Scarlett 's car and orders her to drive , as he is avoiding the police . Scarlett pulls the car over and offers Brody her handbag , which he takes . Brody goes to Scarlett 's house to return the handbag , but Scarlett hits him over the head with a vase and ties him up . She threatens to call the police , and Brody opens up to her about his drug addiction . She makes him call his family and then frees him . Brody leaves with William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) , who he says is his brother , and Scarlett thinks he is going to get help . The police track down Scarlett and ask her about the carjacking . She tells them she did not get a good look at the carjacker . Scarlett finds Brody sleeping on the beach , and he blames her for his arrest . She buys him a coffee and takes him back to her house . She then visits his family and brings them to him . Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) suggests that Brody stays with Scarlett and she agrees . Scarlett disapproves of the way Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) handles Brody 's addiction . Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) tells Scarlett off for spear fishing in the wrong place . When she enquires about hiring a boat , Alf tells her she can borrow one for free if she can get it mended . Scarlett reluctantly hires Justin to help her . Brody relapses and flees shortly before Scarlett finds he has ransacked the house , and stolen $10,000 and a bracelet . Her landlord asks her to leave , and Alf gives her a caravan at the Summer Bay Caravan Park , as well as a job at his bait shop . Bruno Addlen ( Johnny Nasser ) turns up in the Bay looking for Scarlett , having been hired by her husband . Bruno asks for $8000 to leave and keep her whereabouts a secret . Alf offers to lend Scarlett the money , but she turns him down . Tori later thanks Scarlett for helping Brody secure a lawyer and tells her the family will repay the money Brody stole , which allows Scarlett to pay Bruno . Scarlett bonds with Justin 's daughter Ava Gilbert ( Grace Thomas ) when she visits him . Scarlett later listens to a voicemail message from her son , Max ( Addison Price ) . While working on the boat together , Justin accidentally causes Scarlett 's phone to fall into the sea . He retrieves it and gets it working again . He also notices that she has a son and questions her about it , causing Scarlett to slap him . She later apologises and decides to leave town , until Justin asks her to stay . Scarlett 's estranged husband sends another private investigator after her , as he wants her to come home . Justin helps her to get out of the Bay and Scarlett tells him that her son died a year ago . Justin admits that he cares for her and allows Scarlett to take his car . Scarlett returns a week later and gets drunk on the anniversary of Max 's death . She wakes up in Justin 's bed and assumes they had sex , but he explains that she took a shower and fell asleep , while he slept on the couch . Scarlett apologises for over-reacting and tells Justin how her marriage broke down because of Max 's death . Alf and Justin take Scarlett out in the boat for some fishing . When they attempt to leave , their boat fails to start and they have to spend the night on the beach . Alf is attacked by Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) , who also scares Scarlett . Justin fixes the boat and they return home . Scarlett attempts to kiss Justin , but he rejects her advances , later explaining that he still loves his former fiancée , Phoebe Nicholson ( Isabella Giovinazzo ) . He later changes his mind and they go back to Scarlett 's caravan , but Justin calls out Phoebe 's name and they stop . After avoiding each other , Scarlett and Justin decide to give their relationship a chance . They go swimming , but Justin hits his head and does not resurface . Scarlett pulls him out and gets him breathing again , but she suffers a flashback to her son 's death . Scarlett and Kat move in together , and Scarlett offers to be Brody 's lawyer at his court case . After Brody is accused of stabbing someone , Scarlett looks at Kat 's police files and then goes to a drug den to find the weapon . She and Kat briefly fall out . While Scarlett and Justin are celebrating Brody 's suspended sentence , they are interrupted by the arrival of her estranged husband Caleb Snow ( Josh McConville ) . Scarlett spends time with Caleb and they later meet over dinner , where Caleb brings her Max 's stuffed toy , causing Scarlett to leave . Caleb reveals that he has been seeing a counsellor . Scarlett , Justin , Kat and Robbo go away to a cabin in the bush , where a bomb explodes and causes a piece of wood to pierce Scarlett 's shoulder . While Justin looks after her , she calls out Caleb 's name . Justin later breaks up with Scarlett , telling her that he cares for her , but their relationship will not work because of Caleb . Scarlett tells Caleb that she has feelings for Justin , but Caleb kisses her and tells her he wants her to move back home . Scarlett realises that Justin is right and she decides to leave the Bay with Caleb . Ziggy Astoni ( edit ) Ziggy Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Sophie Dillman Duration 2017 -- First appearance 20 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Apprentice mechanic Home The Farmhouse show Family Father Ben Astoni Mother Maggie Astoni Sisters Coco Astoni Grandmothers Diana Walford Ziggy Astoni played by Sophie Dillman , made her first appearance on 20 June 2017 . Details about Ziggy were released in June . Ziggy is the eldest daughter of Ben ( Rohan Nichol ) and Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Karlie Rutherford of The Daily Telegraph described Ziggy as a `` wild child '' and a `` rebel teenager '' . Ziggy is a potential love interest for Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) . After running away from her father , Ben , Ziggy enters a bathroom and asks Brody Morgan to hide her . He allows her to hide in his car and she thanks him , after Ben leaves . Ziggy goes back home , where Ben confronts her about stealing a car . He and his wife Maggie take Ziggy and her younger sister , Coco , on a road trip and they end up in Summer Bay . Ziggy meets Brody again in the Surf Club . Ziggy steals money from Kat Chapman 's ( Pia Miller ) purse and soon learns Kat is a police officer . Ben and Maggie collect her from the police station . After her parents decide to move to the Bay , Ziggy refuses to stay and Brody drives her back to the city . There she finds her boyfriend , Jarrod ( Joel Davies ) has been cheating on her . She returns to the Bay and decides to give it a chance . She spends more time with Brody and they kiss , but she and her parents soon learn he is a drug addict , and Ziggy rejects him . Ziggy is given a job at Summer Bay Auto . After learning Brody and his brother Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) have been involved in a car accident , Ziggy comes to see him at the hospital , but he tells her to leave . Ziggy befriends Olivia Fraser Richards ( Raechelle Banno ) when she helps Olivia unlock her car , after the keys get locked inside . Ziggy is approached by William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) , who asks her if she has seen Brody and whether she is his girlfriend , which she denies . Zannis later has Ziggy kidnapped and he uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel room , where he plans to ply them with alcohol and drugs . Kat and Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) rescue them . Ziggy tells Brody to stay away from her . She later suffers a panic attack at the beach and Brody sends his sister , Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) to check on Ziggy . Tori convinces Ziggy to see a counsellor . Ziggy thanks Brody and after they talk , they have sex . They meet up the following day , but Brody tells Ziggy that they can not be together as he is still in recovery . However , they decide to date in secret . Brody convinces Ziggy to tell her parents about their relationship . When she does eventually tell Ben and Maggie , they voice their disapproval and Ziggy leaves the house . Ben apologises to Ziggy and asks her to come home , but when Ziggy asks him to accept her relationship with Brody , Ben tells her he can not and she refuses to come back . During the launch party for Olivia 's fashion line , Brody breaks up with Ziggy , but they remain friends . Ziggy 's ex , Jarrod comes to Summer Bay and tries to win her back , and she hides him in a motel room from her parents and Brody . Brody however sees him and tells Ben and Maggie , who confront her . Brody admits to her that he is jealous , as he is still in love with her . When Ziggy goes on a car ride with Jarrod , he kisses her , but she pushes him away . When Brody hosts a relaunch party at Salt , Ziggy goes to the party with her family and Jarrod . However , Ziggy realises she is in love with Brody and ends things with Jarrod for good . Ben gives her and Brody his blessing and Ziggy and Brody get back together . Ben Astoni ( edit ) Ben Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Rohan Nichol Duration 2017 -- First appearance 20 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Builder Home The Farmhouse show Family Brothers Marco Astoni Wife Maggie Astoni Daughters Ziggy Astoni Coco Astoni Ben Astoni , played by Rohan Nichol , made his first appearance on 20 June 2017 . Nichol previously appeared in the show in 2004 as Stafford McRae . Nichol relocated from Melbourne to Manly , so he would be closer to Palm Beach for the role . Ben moves to Summer Bay along with his wife Maggie ( Kestie Morassi ) and their two daughters Coco ( Anna Cocquerel ) and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . After his daughter , Ziggy , runs away from him , Ben asks Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) if he has seen her . At home , Ben confronts Ziggy about stealing a car and then learns that his youngest daughter , Coco , has been suspended from school . His wife Maggie suggests that they get away from the city and visit her mother , but after Ben leaves the main road , they end up in Summer Bay . When they go to leave , the car does not start . Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) offers them a caravan , while the car is fixed overnight . After Ziggy gets into trouble for stealing , Ben asks Martin Ashford ( George Mason ) if the car is ready , and Ash admits the clutch is not stable . The family try to leave , but Ben accidentally reverses the car into a water tank , causing a pipe to burst . He tells Alf that he will fix it , leading the family to stay in the Bay for a week . Ben befriends Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) . Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse and she and Ben decide to buy it and the Pier , which leads them to clash with business owners Leah Patterson ( Ada Nicodemou ) , Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) and Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) . Ben and Maggie learn Ziggy has befriended Brody , who is a recovering drug addict , and ask her to stay away from him . Ben 's renovation plans cause tension between Maggie and Leah , and Maggie asks him to reconsider the plans , but later changes her mind . Ben and Maggie learn that Ziggy has been dating Brody in secret and they disapprove of the relationship . Ziggy leaves the house and Ben tells her not to come back . He apologises to her the next day , but does not accept her relationship with Brody , so Ziggy refuses to come home . Brody later breaks up with her . Ben begins making surf boards to sell at the pier . Ben finds Coco convulsing in the garden and he and Maggie learn she has bulimia . Ziggy later leaves home . Days later , Ben sees her with Brody , who is attempting to bring her home , and punches him in the face . Olivia Fraser Richards ( Raechelle Banno ) tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy ( Nicholas Cassim ) and Ben is arrested . McCarthy and Kat Chapman ( Pia Miller ) learns he has a criminal record for assaulting his brother . Ben insults Kat , which leads to him being charged . Maggie secures a loan to get him out on bail . Maggie 's mother , Diana ( Sarah Chadwick ) came to Summer Bay to visit the family and Diana told Ben and Maggie that she is the one who bailed Ben out of jail . Maggie Astoni ( edit ) Maggie Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Kestie Morassi Duration 2017 -- First appearance 21 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Principal of Summer Bay High Home The Farmhouse show Family Father Richard Walford Mother Diana Walford Sisters Kate Walford Husband Ben Astoni Daughters Ziggy Astoni Coco Astoni Maggie Astoni , played by Kestie Morassi , made her first appearance on 21 June 2017 . Morassi 's casting was revealed in early 2017 when she was pictured filming on set , while her character details were announced on 4 June . Morassi told Luke Dennehy of Herald Sun that it took some time for her to get used to the fast - paced filming schedule of the show . She commented , `` It was definitely a shock to the system . I 'm mostly used to working on film , where you have a lot more time for rehearsals . With film you are shooting maybe three minutes a day , whereas here , you are shooting almost an episode a day . '' Maggie moves to Summer Bay with her husband Ben Astoni ( Rohan Nichol ) and their two daughters Coco ( Anna Cocquerel ) and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Maggie brings her youngest daughter Coco home , after she is suspended from school for cyber bullying . Maggie suggests to her husband , Ben , that they go on a trip and they decide to visit her mother , but they end up in Summer Bay when Ben leaves the main road . After their car breaks down , the family stay at the Caravan Park . Ben and Maggie go to the Pier Diner for dinner and Maggie falls out with Leah Patterson - Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) , after jokingly implying that Leah was checking Ben out . Maggie , Coco and Ziggy take a bus tour around the Bay and Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse , which is for sale . She later learns that the principal job at the local high school is available . She has an interview and is offered the position . She and Ben decide to purchase the Farmhouse and the pier , which includes the leases for the diner and bait shop . Maggie and Ben are invited to lunch with Leah , Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) , Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) and Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) , where they try and discuss their plans for adding another business to the pier , which would mean taking space from the diner . Leah and Irene object to their plans . Maggie later apologises to everyone . She embarrasses Coco on her first day at Summer Bay High , by calling her by her nickname `` Coco Pops '' . Coco Astoni ( edit ) Coco Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Anna Cocquerel Duration 2017 -- First appearance 21 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home The Farmhouse show Family Father Ben Astoni Mother Maggie Astoni Sisters Ziggy Astoni Grandmothers Diana Walford Coco Astoni , played by Anna Cocquerel , made her first appearance on 21 June 2017 . Coco is the youngest daughter of Ben ( Rohan Nichol ) and Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Imogen Groome of the Metro reported that Coco could be a new love interest for VJ . Coco is suspended from school for cyber-bullying another student . When Ziggy and Coco fight , their father , Ben , puts Coco 's phone in the blender and turns it on . Ben and his wife , Maggie , decide to get away from the city and the family ends up in Summer Bay . Coco befriends Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) . Ben and Maggie decide to move the family to the Bay . Coco meets VJ Patterson and Raffy tells him that she is her French tutor . Coco plays along and VJ asks her out on a date . His mother , Leah Patterson - Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) interrupts their date and reveals that Coco is only 16 . She leaves the restaurant and later apologises to VJ . On her first day at Summer Bay High , Coco is embarrassed when her mother calls her by her nickname `` Coco Pops '' . Jennifer Dutton ( Brittany Santariga ) then teases her about it and Raffy attempts to stand up for Coco , who tells her to get lost . Coco and Raffy make up when Coco offers to cover for Raffy , while she leaves the school . Jennifer continues bullying Coco and Raffy stands up for her . As Coco is teased for her appearance , she begins binge eating and making herself sick . She and Jennifer are suspended when they get into a fight at the beach . Jennifer later realises that Coco has an eating disorder . She says that she will not tell anyone , if Coco can set her up on a date with VJ . Coco agrees and Jennifer 's negative attitude towards her changes , causing strain on Coco and Raffy 's friendship . During a surf lesson with VJ and Jennifer , Coco faints . She faints again while out jogging , causing her to fall down some stairs and fracture her wrist . She almost passes out again , but is caught by Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) , who takes her to the hospital . Raffy and Coco mend their friendship . Coco continues to binge and make herself sick , and Leah later catches her doing . Leah tries to convince Coco to tell Ben and Maggie , but she refuses and begs Leah to keep it quiet . Leah offers her support and tells her to call if she is attempted to binge again . Coco discovers that Ziggy was involved in an incident at their old school in which Maggie was injured . Coco asks Ziggy to come clean , but Ziggy tells her that it will tear their family apart . While working outside , Coco collapses and suffers a seizure . At the hospital , Coco finally admits that she has bulimia . Coco blames Ziggy for putting their mother under stress . While Coco is at the Surf Club , she meets Ryder Jackson ( Lukas Radovich ) and he buys her a drink . Coco and Ryder later meet up at the Diner , where he asks her for her phone number . When he calls , Coco gets Ben to scare him off . Coco and Raffy soon befriend Ryder . When he overhears them organising a girls movie night , he invites himself along . Coco asks Raffy if she likes Ryder and Raffy replies that he is cool and asks Coco if she likes Ryder too , but Coco denies it . But after seeing Raffy and Ryder getting closer , Coco become jealous and leaves early . At home , Maggie catches Coco about to binge eat . Coco tells Raffy about her bulimia and that she also likes Ryder . Coco hosts a Glow Day event to raise money for charity . Raffy informs Coco that she told Ryder that she is not interested in dating him , so Coco can pursue Ryder . Robbo ( edit ) Robbo Home and Away character Portrayed by Jake Ryan Duration 2017 -- First appearance 25 July 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names John Doe Beckett Reid Ryan Shaw Occupation Handyman AFP Federal Agent Home Pier Flat show Family Wife Lauren Shaw Sons Lucas Shaw Daughters Sofia Shaw Robbo ( also John Doe ) , played by Jake Ryan , made his first appearance on 25 July 2017 . Ryan admitted that he was not prepared for the fame that will come from appearing on the show , saying `` Sometimes these bad boy characters can work in your favour and maybe no one will like me . '' He also told Karlie Rutherford of news.com.au that he lost 13 kg ahead of his debut , after gaining weight following an injury that ended his taekwondo career . Producers introduced Robbo in a bid to fill `` the heart - throb void '' left by Darryl Braxton ( Stephen Peacocke ) . Ryan previously auditioned for the role of Brax , and he said , `` Both characters have been painted with the bad boy brush ... but they 're very different . '' Robbo will also be Kat 's new love interest . John Doe watches on as Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) , Scarlett Snow ( Tania Nolan ) and Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) approach the cove , where he is hiding out , in a boat . While they are fishing , John Doe attempts to hot - wire the boat , but gives up when he sees Justin approaching . The boat fails to start and Alf , Scarlett and Justin camp out on the island . When Alf goes in search of firewood the following morning , John Doe hits him with a tree branch and takes his knife . He hides on the boat and emerges once it is docked in Summer Bay . John Doe breaks into the Pier Diner to steal some food , and Alf later finds him hiding on the boat . He pushes past Alf and Justin and later follows Alf to his house , where he produces the knife . John Doe tells Alf that he can not recall who he is and needs answers . Alf 's daughter Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) and Constable Kat Chapman ( Pia Miller ) approach the scene and Kat talks him into giving her the knife . She calls Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) to treat John Doe 's head injury , and Tori takes him to the hospital to get a CT scan , as he is suffering from post-traumatic amnesia . He later leaves the hospital , but Kat convinces him to return . Kat runs his finger prints and DNA against the police database , but there are no hits . The nurses name him `` Robbo '' after Robinson Crusoe and he is discharged . Alf allows Robbo to stay at the Caravan Park . Robbo decides to leave the Bay , but after saving Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) from Mackenzie ( Luke Davis ) , he decides to stay and wait to see if any information comes back about his tattoos . Kat and Scarlett take Robbo back to the cove and search his campsite . Kat finds a picture of herself , but Robbo does not know why he has it . John Palmer ( Shane Withington ) and Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) try to help Robbo figure out who he is , but when John attempts to teach him how to drive , Robbo backs the car into Kat 's police cruiser . While taking him to the station , Kat stops off at a motel to find Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) . Robbo notices Faz ( Jesse Rowles ) leave the room , and when he and Bob ( Neal Horton ) emerge with Brody and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) , Robbo attacks them . William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) pulls a gun , but Robbo disarms him , leading Kat to think Robbo might have been a police officer . Alf offers Robbo a job doing maintenance work around the Caravan Park . After Kat breaks up with her boyfriend Martin Ashford ( George Mason ) , Robbo comes to her caravan and offers her a bottle of whiskey . They kiss , but Kat tells him it was a mistake . Scarlett offers to help Robbo and later gets a hit on one of his tattoos , which is connected to a woman called Rose . She gives him a list of addresses and Kat helps him out . At the second address , Robbo finds a burnt photo that shows his arm around a woman . He and Kat then find her body inside . Robbo decides to give up searching for information about his past and asks Kat to close the investigation . Robbo helps Coco Astoni ( Anna Cocquerel ) to the hospital when she faints at the beach . During an overnight trip in the bush with Kat , Scarlett , and Justin , their cabin is set fire to by a stranger who Robbo chases down . He tells him his real name is Beckett Reid , and escapes before he can ask more . The man , whose name is revealed to be Dennis Novak , returns and targets Kat . After confronting him , he tells Robbo they were partners in crime , and urges him to come back . After he kidnaps and attempts to murder Kat , Robbo saves her and kills Novak , burying him in the bush . As the police uncover Novak 's death , they close in on Robbo as the prime suspect . After Kat and Ash discover proof of his guilt , he tries to convince her to flee the Bay with him , but she refuses . After kidnapping and releasing Tori with an address for Kat , he escapes , but returns to confront Kat and asks her to come with him . She again refuses and he hands himself into the police ; however , Kat frees him and they drive off together . As they are leaving the Bay , they are involved in a major car accident , which leaves them both injured . Kat begs Robbo to leave her , so he will not be arrested . He reaches the house where he and Kat were going to start a new life and waits for her . He later contacts the hospital and Tori informs him that Kat and her baby have died . Robbo mourns them , while Ash swears to find Robbo and exact his revenge . Robbo returns to the Bay and collapses in Tori 's garden due to an infection . Tori hides him in the garage and treats his injuries . Justin plans to get him out of town in the boot of a car with help from Willow Harris ( Sarah Roberts ) . As Robbo is about to take the car and leave , he finds a photo of himself with a women and two children . He becomes unresponsive and Willow decides to hide him in a motel in the Bay . Robbo eventually tells Tori that the people in the photo are his wife and children . After learning that Ash is searching the local area for him , Tori and Willow take Robbo back to the Morgan 's house . Robbo is finally able to recall that his real name is Ryan Shaw and that his family are dead . As he goes to hand himself in to the police , he is spotted by Ash , who chases him up to the headland . Robbo gives in and prepares for Ash to beat him , but the police arrive and arrest them both . However Robbo is later released on bail until his trial . At the near conclusion of Robbo 's trial , with the jury having reached a verdict , and the Judge about to read it out , the Australian Federal Police ( AFP ) unexpectedly storm into the courtroom and hastily seize Robbo . An AFP officer tells Tori to forget Beckett Reid ever existed as Robbo is rushed into an unmarked police van . Robbo is taken to an unknown AFP base and is cuffed to a table in an interview room . During the interview , his memories start coming back as he sees dozen of pictures of him and his family . An AFP officer , Lance Salisbury ( Angus McLaren ) , tells Robbo that he is an AFP officer . Lance confirms to Robbo that his real name is Ryan Shaw , and explains that Robbo was working undercover as Beckett Reid to track down the people that killed his family . His real identity was completely wiped off of the system like he never existed . A new fictional identity was created as part of the cover story to ensure the crimes that he had supposedly committed never actually happened , and that no one knew he is an AFP officer . Additionally , it is further revealed that Robbo was sent to Summer Bay to protect Kat as part of his undercover mission , but everything went wrong when he lost his memories . Robbo returns to the Bay , accompanied by Lance , for unfinished business . Lance returns all of his belonging , including his real passport , driver 's licence , and credit cards . Additionally , Lance gives back Robbo 's AFP ID badge and advises him to think about returning to AFP . Jennifer Dutton ( edit ) Jennifer Dutton Home and Away character Portrayed by Brittany Santariga Duration 2017 -- First appearance 27 July 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Student show Family Father Nick Dutton Jennifer Dutton , played by Brittany Santariga , made her first appearance on 27 July 2017 . Santariga 's casting was confirmed in June 2017 when she was photographed filming alongside actors Matt Little and Anna Cocquerel at Palm Beach , the show 's outdoor location . Jennifer was introduced as a high school student , who bullies Cocquerel 's character Coco Astoni . Carely Duffy of 2Day FM reported Jennifer would later become a love interest for Hunter King ( Scott Lee ) . She also added that Santariga `` already caused quite a stir at Summer Bay High playing the role of bully Jennifer . '' Jennifer teases Coco Astoni after her mother and school principal , Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) , calls her by her embarrassing nickname , `` Coco Pops '' on her first day . Jennifer tells Coco that she has been given a detention from Maggie and Coco pushes her books to the floor , before VJ Patterson ( Little ) breaks up the confrontation . Jennifer puts rubbish in Coco 's locker and teases her about her social media photos . Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) stands up to Jennifer on Coco 's behalf , calling her `` Jenny '' as she knows Jennifer hates it . Jennifer insults Coco 's appearance and weight . Coco starts a fight with Jennifer , which is broken up by Maggie . She suspends them both and Jennifer 's father Nick ( Jacob Allan ) collects her from school . Jennifer realises Coco has an eating disorder and threatens to reveal it , unless Coco gets her a date with VJ . Coco agrees and she begins to spend time with Jennifer , which causes a strain on her friendship with Raffy . Jennifer has a surfing lesson with VJ and Coco , and she helps Coco after she faints on the beach . During Olivia Fraser Richards ' ( Raechelle Banno ) fashion line launch party at Salt , Jennifer encourages Raffy to drink alcohol , causing her to get drunk . The next day , Raffy confronts Jennifer and pushes her , which Maggie witnesses . Jennifer attends Summer Bay 's Glow Day , hosted by Coco . She is paired with Ryder Jackson ( Lukas Radovich ) for the obstacle course , and he causes her to fall and sprain her wrist . Jennifer flirts with Raffy 's brother Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) when he treats her . Jennifer then trains with Mason at the gym , where she kisses him . Mason pushes her away , as he is still grieving for his late girlfriend and Jennifer apologises . Jennifer comforts Hunter King after Olivia rejects his marriage proposal . Jennifer and Mason support Hunter in the wake of his break up , and Hunter helps Jennifer with her studies . While they are at the beach together , Jennifer kisses Hunter and asks him to come to Diner to help her with an assignment . Hunter mistakenly assumes it is a date , so Jennifer invites him to go on a real date and he accepts . Beth Ellis ( edit ) Beth Ellis Home and Away character Portrayed by Anneliese Apps First appearance 31 August 2017 Last appearance 30 October 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; recurring show Family Father Alan Ellis Mother Jackie Ellis Elizabeth `` Beth '' Ellis , played by Anneliese Apps , made her first appearance on 31 August 2017 . The actress secured the role five months after graduating from Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts . She initially thought she had performed badly in the audition , but received a callback , which she felt had gone well . She learned she had won the role a week later . Apps was excited for the audience to meet Beth and said her storyline was `` moving '' . Describing her character , Apps stated `` Beth is cheeky , layered and she wants to make the people around her feel good . She is mysterious , perhaps even a bit quirky , like me -- I 'm not that mysterious , but I 'm definitely a bit quirky . '' Beth was also introduced as a love interest for Mason Morgan ( Pledger ) . Apps told a columnist for New Idea that Beth wants to help Mason , as she sees part of herself in him . While she is at the hospital , Beth overhears Mason Morgan shouting at his siblings about his paralysis . She later changes into some nursing scrubs and attempts to cheer Mason up . Beth convinces him to get in the wheelchair and they race around the corridors . Mason meets Beth again and they spend some more time together . It emerges Beth is a patient when she returns to her room to continue her treatment . Beth and Mason spend more time together , and he introduces her to his sister Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) . Beth keeps up the pretence that she is a nurse , but Mason later finds her in her room undergoing a procedure . He attempts to look at her file and Beth catches him . She tells Mason that she has cardiomyopathy and is waiting for a heart transplant . Beth explains that she liked pretending to be someone else , as she did not want Mason to pity her . They agree to start their friendship over . Beth encourages Mason to forgive his brother Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) for causing the crash that paralysed him . Mason finds Beth 's bucket list and arranges for them to get tattoos together . Beth kisses him during their dinner date , and they later go skinny dipping . When Beth asks Mason what he would put on his bucket list , Mason arranges for them to get dressed up and go to a casino . Beth cancels a hospital appointment for the trip , but during the drive she becomes short of breath and faints . Mason helps Beth into the back seat of the car and he is forced to drive them to Tori , who helps transfer Beth to an ambulance . Beth later visits Mason to let him know she is okay . Mason introduces her to his siblings as his girlfriend . When Mason sees Beth and her father , Alan Ellis ( Blair McDonough ) together , he introduces himself and realises that Beth has not told her parents about their relationship . Beth tells Mason that she knew they would want her to focus on her health . Alan invites Mason to lunch and Beth 's mother Jackie ( Rachael Coopes ) joins them . Mason later tells Beth that Alan asked him to stay away from her , so she confronts her father and tells him that she is not breaking up with Mason . Beth collapses and is admitted to the hospital , where Tori informs her that she needs a stent . Beth 's condition worsens and she is moved up the transplant list . When Beth is feeling better , Mason is given permission to take her out for the afternoon . Mason arranges for them to have lunch on the beach , where he gives Beth a promise ring . Beth suddenly becomes short of breath and Mason gets her back to the hospital , where she suffers a sudden fatal arrhythmia and dies . After her funeral , Mason sees a vision of Beth in his room , she tells him to move on in his life . Ryder Jackson ( edit ) Ryder Jackson Home and Away character Portrayed by Lukas Radovich Duration 2017 -- First appearance 25 October 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Juice bar worker Home Summer Bay House show Family Mother Quinn Jackson Grandfathers Alf Stewart Aunts Roo Stewart Ryder Jackson , played by Lukas Radovich , made his first appearance on 25 October 2017 . The character and Radovich 's casting details were announced on 23 October . Radovich secured the part shortly after graduating from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts and it marks his first acting role . Ryder is the son of Quinn Jackson ( Lara Cox ) and grandson of Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) . His first scenes see him break into the Surf Club . When he is later caught for trying to steal from Hunter King ( Scott Lee ) and VJ Patterson ( Matt Little ) , Ryder explains that he is Alf 's grandson . Ryder refuses to give out Quinn 's phone number , leading his aunt Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) to suspect he has run away . Ryder steals some sandwiches from the Summer Bay Surf Club . Later he steals money from VJ Patterson and Hunter King , who chase and catch him . They bring him to Alf Stewart and Ryder tells him that he is his grandson . Alf does not believe Ryder , until he tells him and Roo Stewart that his mother is Quinn Jackson . Ryder tells them he has lost his phone and can not give them Quinn 's contact details . Ryder takes money from Alf 's wallet and leaves . He returns to the Surf Club where he meets Coco Astoni ( Anna Cocquerel ) , who he is attracted to , and he offers to buy her a drink . Roo finds Ryder and he tells her he does not want to go back to his mother 's , so she takes him back to Summer Bay House . Ryder meets Coco at the Diner and asks her for her number , unaware that Coco actually gave him her father , Ben Astoni 's ( Rohan Nichol ) number instead . Ryder kept calling for Coco and Ben threatens Ryder for harassing Coco . Quinn later calls Alf and states that Ryder is his grandson . He is then asked to go back to camp , but Roo decides he should stay in Summer Bay . Ryder meets and becomes attracted to Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) at the Surf Club and they play pool together . Willow Harris ( edit ) Willow Harris Home and Away character Portrayed by Sarah Roberts Duration 2017 -- First appearance 14 November 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Personal trainer Home Summer Bay Caravan Park show Family Father Russell Harris Grandmothers Judy Lawson Willow Harris ( also Ranger ) , played by Sarah Roberts , made her first appearance on 14 November 2017 . Prior to securing the role of Willow , Roberts auditioned for both Kat Chapman and Scarlett Snow . She flew up from Melbourne to Sydney for the audition and had a chemistry reading with James Stewart , who plays Justin Morgan . Roberts did not think she had won the part , as it took a while for the producers to contact her . Roberts described Willow as a `` strong , female character '' , who is also independent , loyal and fierce . The actress said Willow would bring `` mischief and a bit of trouble '' to Summer Bay . Willow 's introductory scenes see her attack Justin Morgan at the local garage , as she tries to find a large amount of money that has been stolen from her . A writer for New Idea observed that Justin 's reluctance to report her to the police , could be because he is developing a crush on her . Roberts added that Willow was `` definitely a bad girl . But for all the right reasons . She has taken wrong turns and made decisions that some people would consider ' bad ' , but only to help the people that she loves . '' Willow pulls up to Summer Bay Auto , attracting the attention of Justin Morgan . She hits him in the stomach with her motorcycle helmet and demands to know where her $15,000 is . She ties Justin to a table and he explains that he gave the money to the police , after it fell out of the bumper of a customer 's car . Willow takes Justin 's wallet and leaves him locked up in the garage overnight . She returns in the morning , after finding Justin 's bank account empty , and reveals that the money does not belong to her , before fleeing as Justin 's partner and assistant arrive . Willow takes Justin 's dog Buddy and demands a ransom . Jasmine Delaney ( edit ) Jasmine Delaney Home and Away character Portrayed by Sam Frost Duration 2017 -- First appearance 18 December 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; recurring Profile Occupation Nurse Home Beach House Jasmine Delaney ( also Delany ) , played by Sam Frost , made her first appearance on 18 December 2017 . Frost 's casting was announced on 17 July 2017 . She was asked to audition for the show while she was appearing on Hell 's Kitchen Australia . Frost did not think she would win the role , after going up against several actresses , but she was told that she had secured the part after a second audition . Frost commented `` I grew up watching Home and Away and never in my wildest dreams did I think I would be on set and part of the cast . '' The role marks Frost 's acting debut . Frost 's casting attracted criticism from some actors , who dubbed it a publicity stunt . The artistic director of the Australian Acting Academy , Brendan Glanville admitted that he was `` disappointed '' by the casting , saying `` To me it demonstrates that Home and Away has lost faith in its writers if directors are resorting to this kind of stunt , rather than using their storylines to pull viewers . I ca n't comment on Sam Frost 's acting because some people have a natural ability , but this is a non-artistic choice that is disappointing . '' Details of Frost 's character were not immediately released , but press photographs showed Frost would be involved in a car crash that would result in the death of Kat Chapman , played by Pia Miller . Frost later described Jasmine as `` quite guarded '' , with `` an anxious energy . '' She is hiding secrets and has `` a dark past '' . Jasmine crashes into a car containing Kat Chapman and Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) . She is knocked unconscious and taken to the local hospital . Shortly after she wakes up , Jasmine leaves the hospital and Leah Patterson ( Ada Nicodemou ) finds her walking alongside the road . Leah tells her that she sat with her while she was in a coma , and invites Jasmine to her diner for something to eat . Jasmine learns that the diner is closed for Kat 's funeral , who died after the accident . Leah notices that Jasmine is jumpy , and Jasmine explains that she met a man while internet dating who started stalking her . On the night of the accident , she was trying to get away from him . Others ( edit ) Date ( s ) Character Actor Circumstances 31 January -- 23 November Luc Patterson Various actors Luc is Billie Ashford and Mick Jennings 's daughter . Billie conceives after she is raped by Mick . She allows her boyfriend VJ Patterson to believe that he is the baby 's father , until their wedding day . Billie gives birth to her daughter at the hospital , shortly after escaping a bush fire . VJ reveals that he and Billie are naming her Luc , after Billie 's late brother , Luke Ashford . VJ 's mother , Leah Patterson Baker is not keen on the name , but VJ explains that Luc is short for Lucinda , which leads Leah to question why her name is not Lucy instead . Mick later kidnaps Luc from the hospital , but he soon hands her over to his mother Irene Roberts , who returns her to Billie . A blessing is held for Luc , but Billie collapses and is later told that she has terminal cancer . VJ takes Billie to the beach , where she dies with Luc in her arms . VJ struggles to cope with Luc , so he and Leah allow her to stay with Irene Roberts . Ash feels that he is being left out , and when Luc gets sick , he decides to apply for temporary custody , which he wins . Ash then takes Luc to live with him , Kat Chapman and his brother Patrick Stanwood . Patrick almost harms her due to his PTSD . Ash and Kat take Luc camping when she fails to settle , but Ash can not wake her in the morning and she later suffers convulsions on the way to the hospital . Tori Morgan informs Ash and Kat that Luc is suffering from a bowel torsion and part of her bowel has become gangrenous . Luc develops septicaemia and she undergoes surgery . The surgery goes well but she is left on life support . Luc wakes up and makes a full recovery . Mick returns to the Bay and seeks custody of Luc , so VJ leaves the country with her . 1 February -- Constable Corelli Nick Cain Constable Corelli assists Kat Chapman with an open arson case . Months later , Corelli finds CCTV footage of Robbo being held at gunpoint by Dylan Carter at a marina . 2 February Lactation Consultant Gail Knight The Lactation Consultant helps Billie Ashford to nurse her newborn daughter . 23 February -- 1 May Ambulance Officer Rob Baird The Ambulance Officer brings John Palmer to the hospital , after he suffers a seizure at home . A few months later , he brings Zac MacGuire in after Zac suffers a fall . The Ambulance Officer tells Tori Morgan that Zac hit his head and lost consciousness for three to five minutes . 27 February -- 8 May Patrick Stanwood Luke McKenzie Patrick comes to the beach to watch the funeral service for Billie Ashford . Kat Chapman spots him leaving . She later identifies Patrick as Billie and Martin Ashford 's brother , Luke , who is presumed dead . After Kat and Ash search Patrick 's home , he appears and calls out to Ash , who punches him and leaves . Patrick comes to the Summer Bay Caravan Park to see Ash . He tells him that he faked his death as he was depressed following his last tour of duty . Kat brings Patrick to the station for questioning . Ash later introduces Patrick to his niece Luc . Kat forces Ash and Patrick to sit down and talk . Patrick stops Ash from attacking John Palmer . Patrick moves into the farmhouse with Kat . She and Ash soon realise that he is suffering from PTSD , which worsens when Ash is granted temporary custody of Luc . Patrick strikes Ava Gilbert with his car while suffering a flashback . He later reveals to Ash that he killed a young girl while he was serving in the army . Patrick leaves the Bay , and Ash finds him on some cliffs . Ash stops Patrick from hurting himself and tells him that he and Luc need him around . Patrick finally bonds with Luc and agrees to get help for his PTSD . 7 March -- 15 August Lena Ascot Felicity McKay While attending O - Week at the university , Lena bumps into Olivia Fraser Richards and asks for directions to the design and arts building . She later invites Olivia to a student night at Salt , and introduces her friends Byron and Steve . Lena later introduces herself to Olivia 's former boyfriend Mason Morgan . Lena sells drugs at the student night and Brody Morgan asks her to leave Salt . She tells him to look the other way , but Brody throws everyone out . Lena collects her credit card the following day and apologises to Brody . He later hires her as a waitress at Salt , but threatens to fire her when he catches her using cocaine . Lena gives some to Brody , and he takes it to help him create a new menu . Brody and Lena have a brief romantic relationship , until he fires her . Brody 's brother Justin Morgan sees Lena at the beach and tells her that Brody has developed a drug addiction . He grabs her arm and warns her to stay away . Kat Chapman intervenes and Lena leaves . Kat later brings Lena to the police station to question her about selling drugs . Justin tries to talk to Lena again , after Brody goes missing , but she tells him that she has not seen Brody and walks away . Raffy Morrison later asks for Lena 's help in finding Brody , and Lena gives Justin an address to a house that Brody might be staying in . Months later , Lena attends the same rehab facility as Brody and encourages him to sneak out . She produces some drugs and tries to tempt Brody to use again , but he leaves her and walks back to rehab . 7 March Byron Benjamin Winckle Byron encourages Olivia Fraser Richards to come to Salt with him and Lena Ascot later in the week . After learning Olivia 's boyfriend Hunter King is repeating his final school year , Byron tells him that Olivia is out of his league and they fight . Mason Morgan intervenes and sends Byron away . 9 March Local Woman Meagan Caratti The local man and woman recognise John Palmer from the newspaper , and the man tells John to take some responsibility for the fires he started . The woman calls John a coward , leading his wife Marilyn to defend him . Local Man James Caitlin 13 March -- 18 April Jess Kearney Jess Bush Olivia Fraser Richards meets with Jess at the Pier Diner for a study session . Jess embarrasses Olivia 's boyfriend Hunter King , as he is repeating Year 12 . A few weeks later , Hunter invites Jess to Salt to celebrate Olivia 's birthday . 21 March Cal Whitman Craig Scott Cal is one of several people forced to stay at the Caravan Park , after their homes are destroyed in a bush fire started by John Palmer . John later address everyone to tell them that he is sorry and would like a chance to help them . Cal tells John that he appreciates his gesture . 22 March , 6 December Terry Diamond Rob Flanagan Terry is a renowned restaurant critic , who comes to review the food at Salt . After giving his opinion , Brody Morgan tells Terry he is wrong and insults him . Months later , Terry returns to Summer Bay and orders a meal at the Pier Diner . He asks Marilyn Chambers if he can meet the chef , but she tells him the chef is shy . Terry later goes into the kitchen and discovers the chef is Brody . Terry tells Brody that he is talented and could achieve great things . 29 March -- 3 April Donna Fields Melissa Bonne Donna comes to Summer Bay to surprise her friend Phoebe Nicholson , ahead of her engagement party . They talk about Donna 's music career , and Donna asks Phoebe why she left music . She criticises her new life in Summer Bay , and Phoebe tells her not to come to the party . Donna later apologises , and Phoebe explains that she is happy and that she will play a song at the party . Before Donna leaves town , she asks Phoebe to come on tour with her in the United States . 29 March -- 29 August Lachlan Piers Warwick Allsopp Lachlan is John Palmer 's lawyer . He shows little interest in John 's case and asks John to use insane automatism in his defence instead of mentioning his brain tumour blackout . John later fires Lachlan . Months later , Lachlan tells Ben Astoni that his planning application for the pier is on hold after someone applied for heritage status . 29 March -- 20 April James Mayvers Tim Ross James is Roo Stewart 's boyfriend , who she met in Hawaii . He comes to visit her in Summer Bay and she tries to keep him a secret from her friends , but her aunt Morag Bellingham finds him in Roo 's bedroom . James assures Roo that their age gap does not matter to him . Morag tells James not to get too attached to Roo . James is hired by a news agency to photograph John Palmer after he is convicted of arson and manslaughter . James finds Roo when she faints and she tells him that she think she is going through menopause . James attends Olivia Fraser Richards ' birthday party with Roo , where Marilyn Chambers realises that he took the photos of John . He and Roo argue , but she later invites him over to the flat to tell him she is pregnant . James asks her to have a termination , as he does not want to be a father , but she decides to keep the baby and raise it as a single parent . Roo later has a miscarriage . 3 April -- 30 August William Zannis Caleb Alloway Zannis meets with Brody Morgan , on Lena Ascot 's behalf , to sell him cocaine . He later sells Brody methamphetamine . Brody meets with Zannis to buy more drugs , but when he can not come up with much money , Zannis tells him he could always start selling . When Brody fails to come up with the money for the drugs Zannis gave him to sell , Zannis has him beaten and dumped in the bush . Brody later pays his debt and buys more drugs . Brody contacts Zannis and pretends they are brothers in front of Scarlett Snow , so she will let him leave her house . Zannis is spotted selling drugs by Kat Chapman . She tries to stop him , but he drives at her causing her to jump out of the way . The police find his meth lab , but Zannis disappears . He later finds Brody and tells him he is calling in the favour Brody owes him . Zannis informs Brody that a shipment of drugs is coming to the restaurant , but Brody tells him that he is done and warns Zannis that he will go to the police if he comes back . Zannis enters the Morgan 's house and spikes the drinking water with potassium . Zannis flees when the police try to arrest him . Zannis returns to town and offers Brody more drugs . He later attempts to run Brody and Mason Morgan 's car off the road , and when they crash he comes over to see if they are still alive . Zannis believes Ziggy Astoni is Brody 's girlfriend and kidnaps her . He uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel , and then tries forcing Brody into taking drugs . Kat turns up and is knocked out by Zannis 's accomplice , Faz . Zannis decides to move Ziggy and Brody to a new location , but when he goes outside with a gun , he is disarmed by Robbo . His bail is later revoked . 10 April Court Officer Alistair Bates The court officer asks VJ Patterson to take the oath , before giving his statement . Jury Foreperson Aanisa Vylet The foreperson reads out a guilty verdict in John Palmer 's arson and manslaughter trial . Police Officer Joshua Farah The police officer escorts John Palmer from the court to a waiting police van . 11 -- 25 April Prison Officer PJ Williams The prison officer asks Marilyn Chambers to take off her bag and jewellery before visiting John Palmer . He tells her she will get used to the routine . A few days later , he reminds John and Deacon Marx that cell doors should remain open , before escorting John to his meeting with Morag Bellingham . 12 April Annie Banks Raelee Hill Annie mediates a meeting between Martin Ashford , Kat Chapman , Irene Roberts , VJ Patterson and Leah Patterson - Baker when Ash and Irene apply for custody of Luc Patterson . When Annie realises that they will not reach a peaceful agreement , she ends the meeting and takes the case to the court , which grants Ash a six - month interim parental responsibility order . 13 April Delivery Guy Brendan Dodds The delivery guy brings a food order to Salt , but tells Brody Morgan that his credit cards have been declined . When Brody says that he will go upstairs to get cash , the delivery guy tells Brody to make it quick . 17 -- 25 April Deacon Marx Sam Smith Deacon notices Marilyn Chambers when she visits John Palmer in gaol and stares at her . He later gets in Marilyn 's way as she leaves and smacks her bottom . John grabs Deacon and pushes him up against the wall , causing the guards to pull them apart . Deacon later confronts John about Billie Ashford 's death and shows him his burns from a fire started by another arsonist . John hits him and Deacon 's friends attack him in retaliation . Deacon continues to threaten John , and brings a weapon into his cell , but John manages to talk him down . 17 April Bartender Alex Ewan Hunter King orders two cocktails from the Salt bartender for himself and Olivia Fraser Richards , pointing out that Olivia 's 18th birthday is in a few hours , but the bartender refuses to make them . The bartender later brings over an alcoholic drink and tells Hunter and Olivia that it has gone midnight . 3 -- 11 May Brian Gilbert Tom O'Sullivan Brian comes to the Bay to collect his stepdaughter Ava Gilbert when she comes to meet her father Justin Morgan . Brian tells Ava off for running away , before clashing with Justin . Ava runs off while they are arguing and she is struck by a car . Brian and Justin clash at the hospital , and Brian tells Justin that he can not see Ava . Justin later apologises and thanks Brian for being there for Ava . Brian visits Justin and allows him to see Ava . He later brings her back to the Bay for Justin 's farewell party . 8 May Tony Stoiov Patrick Dickson Tony is a pawnbroker , who offers Brody Morgan $10 for a necklace he wants to sell . Brody gets argumentative and Tony asks him to leave , but Brody starts smashing up the stock . Tony calls the police and Brody runs off . 9 May , 11 July Terry Deakins Chris Hanrahan Terry is from the department of education . He meets with Zac MacGuire , who wants to discuss a potential move . John Palmer notices Terry walking by the Surf Club and introduces him to Zac 's son Hunter King . Terry asks Hunter to speak to Zac about his potential relocation . Terry later meets with Roo Stewart and Maggie Astoni about the vacant principal job at Summer Bay High . 10 May Postman Jonathan Lee Jones The postman delivers a contract from the Mayvers family to Roo Stewart . 17 May David Mayvers Noel Hodda David is James Mayvers 's father . He comes to the Bay to talk to Roo Stewart , who is pregnant with James 's baby . He apologises for sending her a contract and then offers her $250,000 , so that she and her child do not contact James . David urges Roo to think about their future , but she asks him to leave . She later meets with him and rejects his offer . 22 May Heather Shirley Meagan Caratti Heather berates John Palmer for organising a fundraiser for the burns unit , after he was charged with arson . 24 May Helena Harrison Jenevieve Chang Helena and Joseph are Leah Patterson and Zac MacGuire 's divorce lawyers . They meet at Salt for the signing of the papers . Zac does not show up , but Leah signs the papers anyway . Joseph Moore Joel Pierce 29 May -- 7 June Dr. Bailey Voss Travis Jeffery Doctor Voss is a psychologist , who meets with John Palmer . John tells him about his brain tumour and how he feels guilty for the fires he started . John believes Doctor Voss is too young and inexperienced to help him , so he leaves . John later returns and Doctor Voss tries to get him to open up about his childhood , but John realises that he can not recall anything from before he was 12 . John informs Doctor Voss that he believes he was responsible for his father 's death due to flashback he had . Doctor Voss recommends John tries hypnosis . 30 -- 31 May Rebecca Brown Kate Betcher Rebecca notices VJ Patterson at Salt and approaches him . They flirt with each other and Rebecca asks if they can go somewhere more private . The following morning , VJ asks Rebecca to leave , as his mother is in the house . He offers to get her a taxi . Rebecca introduces herself to Alf Stewart before she leaves . 31 May -- 22 June Bede Hadden Bill Young Bede finds John and Jett Palmer outside his home . Jett explains that John used to live there and Bede invites them inside . When John mentions his surname is Palmer , Bede takes him to his father 's grave and reveals that George Palmer died in a fire . Bede later comes to Summer Bay and brings John a box of things he found in his attic . 31 May -- 8 June Young John Palmer Rex Palazzi John Palmer recalls a memory of himself carrying a petrol can , shortly before a fire killed his father . John later recalls that he found his father after he shot himself , and his mother asked him to help cover it up by starting a fire . 8 June Enid Palmer Megan O'Connell John Palmer recalls a memory of him and his mother Enid covering up his father 's suicide by setting a fire . Enid asks John to keep it quiet , as they will never be able to escape the shame . 14 June -- 4 October Jay Turner Aidan Gillett Justin and Mason Morgan go to Jay 's drug den to find their brother Brody Morgan . Jay tells them he has not seen Brody , but Justin and Mason later force their way inside . Jay attempts to hit Justin with a pool cue , but Mason punches him . Months later , Jay is brought into the Yabbie Creek police station , where he realises Brody has told the police about him . He accuses Brody of stabbing him with a screwdriver . Justin comes to Jay 's house to ask him to stop lying about Brody . After the police find the screwdriver at Jay 's house with his fingerprints on it , he tells them that he accidentally fell on it . 14 -- 15 June Bruno Addlen Johnny Nasser Bruno comes to Summer Bay looking for Scarlett Snow . He asks Alf Stewart if he knows her whereabouts , but Alf tells him that he just missed her . Bruno eventually catches up with Scarlett and it emerges he is a private investigator hired to find her by her husband . Bruno asks Scarlett for $8000 to keep her whereabouts a secret and she pays him . Before he leaves , Bruno remarks that if he can find her , so can someone else . 20 June Des Green Kirk Dodd Des leads a Narctoics Anonymous meeting , which Brody Morgan attends . 21 June Anton Shields David Woodland Anton runs the following NA meeting , where Brody Morgan finally admits that he is an addict . 26 June -- 11 September Max Snow Addison Price Scarlett Snow listens to a voicemail from her son Max asking her when she is coming home . Scarlett tells Justin Morgan that her son died a year ago . Scarlett suffers flashbacks that show Max died after falling from a tree and hitting his head . Scarlett found him dead in his bed the following morning . 4 -- 20 July Peggy King Caroline Gillmer Peggy is Hunter King 's grandmother , who comes to Summer Bay after her tries to contact her . Hunter informs Peggy that Zac MacGuire is not his father and Peggy leaves when Hunter calls his mother , Charlotte , a liar . Peggy tells Hunter that she knows about the Pier Diner robbery and she blames him for ruining Charlotte 's life . Hunter 's girlfriend Olivia Fraser Richards talks with Peggy and explains how Hunter has matured , before asking her not to go to the police about the robbery . Peggy reacts badly to Olivia 's plea and tells the police that Hunter committed the Diner robbery . Olivia and Hunter apologise to Peggy , who also apologises to them for going to the police . Hunter and Peggy agree to start afresh and spend time together , with Peggy also helping to find his father . Peggy tells Hunter that she suspects her former neighbour Wally could be his father . 6 July Constable Anderson Jon Scholten Anderson is a PI hired to track down Scarlett Snow . She offers to double his fee to leave , but he tells her has already been paid and gives her a letter from her husband . Anderson learns , via a bug in Scarlett 's caravan , that Justin Morgan is helping her to leave town . Anderson and his associate try to stop them , but Scarlett and Justin escape . 13 July -- 18 December Jarrod McGregor Joel Davies Jarrod is Ziggy Astoni 's boyfriend . She makes a surprise visit only to find him in bed with someone else . Jarrod goes after Ziggy and they argue , before she leaves with Brody Morgan . Months later , Jarrod comes to Summer Bay to see Ziggy . He tells her that he wants her back . Jarrod brings his bike to Summer Bay Auto just to see Ziggy . They later take an old Triumph car for a test drive and Jarrod kisses her . He apologises and offers to just be friends . Ziggy continues to spend time with Jarrod , but she eventually tells him that while she forgive him for cheating on her , they are done as a couple . 13 July Random Girl Emma Sabjan Ziggy Astoni finds her boyfriend Jarrod in bed with the girl . 20 July Tom Joel Hogan Tom flirts with Scarlett Snow in Salt and Justin Morgan warns him off . 31 July -- 4 September Wally Burns Julian Garner Peggy King suspects her former neighbour Wally is Hunter King 's father . After Hunter sends him a letter , which he returns , Wally comes to Summer Bay and eventually meets Hunter . When Hunter expresses his happiness that he has found him , Wally tells him that he can not be his father , as he is infertile . Wally and Hunter later have dinner together and Wally tells Hunter stories about his mother Charlotte King . The following day , Hunter asks Wally for a DNA test , as there is still a chance he could be his father . Wally takes Hunter 's DNA records and asks him not to contact him again . A few days later , Wally returns and tells Hunter a DNA test confirmed that he is Hunter 's father . Hunter tries to bond with Wally , but realises they do not have much in common . Wally lies to his wife that he is at a conference . Wally visits Hunter again , but they still struggle to bond over their respective interests . Wally 's wife Claire follows him to the Bay and accuses Leah Patterson of having an affair with Wally , but Leah tells her the truth about Hunter . Wally later meets with Hunter to apologise and they agree to meet up when things improve between Wally and Claire . Wally gives Hunter a cheque for $50,000 , but Hunter rejects it after realising Claire does not want him around . He then asks Wally for another chance to get to know him , but they still to struggle to bond . Wally overhears Hunter saying he wish he had not gone looking for his father , and Wally agrees . They decide to stop forcing a relationship between them and Wally leaves town . 10 August -- 14 September Doctor Simms Ed Wightman Doctor Simms attempts to take Mason Morgan off the ventilator , but he suffers respiratory arrest . Doctor Simms tells Tori Morgan that the spinal shock obviously has not warn off and they will try again in a couple of days . Mason later wakes up and Doctor Simms carries a series of tests on his sensations and reflexes . Weeks later , Doctor Simms assesses Mason 's progress and decides that he can be discharged . 10 August Norris Gavin Fenwick Christensen Martin Ashford meets Norris to get an address for William Zannis . 14 August Counsellor Kathryn Sarah Amanious After Kathryn finishes up a group session at the rehab facility attended by Brody Morgan , she encourages him to talk at the next one . She later asks him about the hallucinations he suffered while he was taking drugs . At the next session , Kathryn asks the patients to open up about their triggers . 14 August Addict Lisa Ashley Avci Lisa attends group sessions along with Brody Morgan at a rehab facility . 14 August Mackenzie Luke Davis Mackenzie spots Raffy Morrison sitting at the bus stop and offers to drive her home . She accepts and gets into the car , but Mackenzie then makes advances towards her by putting his hand on her leg . She tells him she will get the bus , but Mackenzie accelerates away . As Raffy begs to be let out of the car , Robbo catches up to them and forces Mackenzie to pull over . Raffy gets out and Mackenzie drives off . 16 August Surfer Finlay Upton The surfer notices John Palmer with Luc Patterson and calls him `` Grandpa '' as he walks past . 17 -- 21 August Claire Burns Di Adams Claire comes to the Beach House looking for her husband Wally , and accuses Leah Patterson of having an affair with him . When Wally arrives , he introduces Hunter King as the son of a friend , but Leah then tells Claire that Hunter is Wally 's son . 22 August , 18 December Felicity Cox Amali Golden Felicity is a potential buyer for Salt . Justin Morgan shows her around the restaurant and advises her to come back during the dinner service . Felicity makes it clear that she interested in Justin and kisses him . Four months later , Justin and Brody Morgan meet with Felicity and asks her to sell Salt back to them . She offers to do so at double the price they sold it for . When Justin attempts to flirt with Felicity , she raises the price by $50,000 . Brody meets with Felicity later that day and he brings Willow Harris along , who reveals that she knows that Felicity has committed fraud . Felicity sells Salt back to Brody . 22 August -- Nick Dutton Jacob Allan Nick and his friends come into the Pier Diner and overhear Leah Patterson telling Roo Stewart that she think she has run out of romantic chances , so he asks her out on a date . Nick tells her he has been through a messy break up recently too . Leah turns him down , as she is not ready , but Nick tells her he will check in on her again soon . Nick is called to the high school to collect his daughter Jennifer , after she is suspended for fighting . Nick returns to the diner and invites Leah to have a coffee with him . Ben Astoni comes to see Nick after learning that he applied for the pier to be heritage listed , but they argue and Nick leaves . Months later , Nick drops Jennifer off at the beach and notices her with Huntr King . He later returns to pick her up at the Diner , but Leah tells him Jennifer is at the university with her boyfriend , Hunter . Nick finds Jennifer and accuses Hunter of buying her alcohol . He tells Hunter to stay away from his daughter , before taking her home . 22 August Tyson Indigo Felton Along with Nick Dutton , Tyson and Paul overhear Leah Patterson bemoaning her lack of romantic chances and they both agree that they would ask her out . Paul John Van Putten Polygraph Examiner Gregg Arthur The Polygraph Examiner interviews Robbo , who is suffering from amnesia . 28 August -- 6 September Faz Jesse Rowles Faz helps William Zannis to kidnap and hold Ziggy Astoni hostage . After Brody Morgan joins them , Faz also tries to force him to drink alcohol and take drugs . When Kat Chapman enters the room , Faz hits her over the head with a vase , knocking her unconscious . He and Bob take Ziggy and Brody outside , but they are attacked by Robbo . Ziggy later suffers a flashback to when Faz kidnapped her . 30 August Bob Neal Horton Bob is called to a motel to pick up William Zannis and Faz , and help them move Ziggy Astoni and Brody Morgan to a new location . As he and Faz go outside , they are attacked by Robbo . 4 September -- Dr Pandza Oliver Wenn Dr Pandza is Beth Ellis 's doctor . When she returns to her hospital room for treatment , he advises her to take things easy . A few days later , Dr Pandza is preparing to perform a procedure on Beth when Mason Morgan opens the door and learns she is a patient , not a nurse . 11 September Rose Wagner Jacqui Duncan Kat Chapman shows Rose a photo of Robbo , and asks her if she knows him , but Rose denies seeing him before . 12 September Trish Jeannie Gee Trish watches on as police enter the home of her deceased neighbour , Rose . Kat Chapman asks Trish if she knows Robbo , and Trish tells her that while she has seen him with Rose , she does not know his name . 21 September Leon Maxime Etienne Leon is a tattoo artist , who is asked by Mason Morgan to come to Summer Bay and tattoo himself and Beth Ellis . 25 September -- 5 October Colin Ben Barber While waiting in the queue at the Pier Diner , Colin is approached by Tori Morgan , who flirts with him and asks him on a date . Colin accepts and suggests they go to Salt . The date goes well until they are interrupted by Martin Ashford , causing Colin to leave . Tori contacts Colin a week later to arrange another date . He soon realises that Tori is not into him and decides to leave . He helps Ash 's date Liz with her pram and they decide to get a drink together somewhere else . 26 September Sergeant Halac Louise Kelly Sergeant Halac allows Kat Chapman to take the lead when the police raid Dylan Carter 's house . Sergeant Halac alerts Kat to a wall covered in pictures and newspapers clippings of her . 28 September Photographer Lance Bonza The photographer is invited to take pictures at Olivia Fraser Richards ' launch party for her fashion label . 3 October Junkie Ellen Harvey The junkie answers the door to Scarlett Snow when she calls at Jay Turner 's drug den . Scarlett tells her that she is there to pick something up and offers the junkie money to go and get them cigarettes . 4 October Mate # 1 Peter Sammak Jay Turner 's mate comes to his house to drink beer and play pool with him . 5 October Liz Margarita Merkel Martin Ashford bumps into Liz and her son Phoenix 's pram . After he fixes the broken wheel , Liz asks him out for a coffee and a play date for their children . Ash takes her to Salt , but is distracted when Tori Morgan arrives . Liz decides to leave when she realises that Ash likes Tori . Colin helps her with the pram and she suggests they go and get a drink somewhere else . Baby Phoenix River and Ryder Srhoj 5 -- 23 October Alan Ellis Blair McDonough Alan is spending time with his daughter Beth Ellis when Mason Morgan approaches them and introduces himself as Beth 's boyfriend . Beth apologises to her father for the way he found out about her relationship . Alan invites Mason to brunch and they are joined by his wife Jackie . After brunch , Alan tells Mason to stay away from Beth . He later comes to Mason 's home , where Beth confronts him about what he said . Mason tells Alan that they both want Beth to be happy , and they sit down and talk . Beth is later rushed to the hospital , and Alan tells Mason to stay away . When Beth wakes up , she asks her parents to let Mason see her . Jackie convinces Alan to give them some time alone together . The Ellis ' are later informed that Beth 's heart is failing and she is now top of the transplant list . When Beth 's heart stops , Alan blames Mason for taking her out . Beth dies shortly after of a sudden fatal arrhythmia and Tori tells Alan and Jackie that it could have happened anytime . They later make a complaint against Mason for acting inappropriately . Jackie Ellis Rachael Coopes 9 October Prosecutor Cameron Rhodes The prosecutor in Brody Morgan 's trial details his drug use and how it affected his family and community , before asking for a custodial sentence of six years , with a minimum four - year non-parole period . 9 -- 31 October Caleb Snow Josh McConville Caleb is Scarlett Snow 's estranged husband , who arrives unexpectedly in Summer Bay . Caleb tells Scarlett that he wanted to see how she was following the anniversary of their son 's death . They meet the following day and Caleb apologises for blaming her for Max 's death . He also tells her he seeing a counsellor . Caleb and Scarlett agree to stop being angry with each other and decide to work through their issues , so they can move on . They meet up for dinner and Caleb gives Scarlett Max 's favourite stuffed toy . He tells her he misses and loves her . Caleb leaves town , but returns when Scarlett is injured in an explosion . He tells Justin Morgan to stay away from her and helps Scarlett when she is discharged . Scarlett tells Caleb that she has feelings for Justin , but he responds by kissing her and asking her to return home . Scarlett agrees and she and Caleb leave the Bay . 10 October Pete Sam Woods Maggie Astoni suffers a flashback to the moment she was pushed over by Pete at her previous school . 11 October Waiter Adam Boys The waiter serves Robbo and Kat Chapman when they visit a restaurant in the city . 11 October -- 22 November Dennis Novak Mirko Grillini Novak uses a drone to spy on Robbo and Kat Chapman while they are in the city . He calls his contact to let them know he has found Robbo . Dennis rents a caravan at the park Robbo is staying , and breaks into Robbo 's caravan . He soon realises that Robbo does not recognise him . He speaks to his contact , and later follows Robbo , Kat Chapman , Scarlett Snow and Justin Morgan to a cabin in the bush , where he poses as a maintenance man and plants a bomb . After it explodes , Dennis kidnaps Kat and plans to kill her for testifying against Dylan Carter , but Robbo interrupts him and Dennis runs off . When Robbo catches him , Dennis tells him they served together and his name is Beckett Reid . Dennis hits Robbo with a rock and leaves . The police later track Dennis down , but he escapes them . Robbo learns that was he was hired to kill Kat after tracking Dennis to an old garage . Dennis is informed that Kat is testifying after all , so he kidnaps her at gunpoint and makes her drive to a wreckers yard , where he ties her up inside a car and attempts to crush it . Robbo stops him in time and ties him up , before placing him in the boot of a car . Robbo later returns to the yard , where he learns that it was his dumping ground . Dennis gets free , but is shot while he and Robbo are fighting . Robbo buries his body on the headland across from The Diner . His body is later discovered by Ryder Jackson and Raffy Morrison . 12 October Shelley Hannah Goodwin Shelley meets with Olivia Fraser Richards to get paid for sewing some clothes for Olivia 's business . 12 October Guard David Nicoll The guard at the Northern Districts psychiatric facility allows Martin Ashford to visit Mick Jennings , after Ash tells him he is Mick 's brother and has a message for him . 16 October Parole Assessor Kate Bookallil The parole assessor interviews Mick Jennings , and listens to him as he admits responsibility for his actions and asks for a chance to prove himself . 17 October Elle Gilbert Liz Bardot Elle is brought into the local hospital after suffering a severe head injury in a car accident . Her scans show that she has irreversible brain function and her husband Brendan has to choose when to switch off her life support . 17 -- 23 October Brendan Gilbert Thomas Filer Brendan comes to the hospital to see his wife Elle , who has been involved in a car accident . He is told that she has suffered a brain injury that she will not recover from . Brendan chooses not to honour Elle 's wishes to donate her organs and gets angry at Mason Morgan who tries to get him to change his mind . Mason later apologises to Brendan and invites him to meet his girlfriend Beth Ellis , who needs a heart transplant , but Brendan can not bring himself to see her . He asks for more time before switching off Elle 's life support . Brendan later sees Mason bringing in Beth , who is suffering breathing difficulties . He tells Mason that he has changed his mind about donating Elle 's organs , but it is too late for Beth , who dies . Tori tells him that Elle 's organs will save the lives of eight other people . 19 October Dr Lang Zoe Carides Dr Lang and Oliver are members of the hospital board , who meet with Mason Morgan after Brendan Gilbert makes a complaint against him . They opt to fire Mason from his hospital placement . Oliver Brisbane Todd Goddard 23 October Nurse Lee Adam Dunn Nurse Lee assists Tori Morgan in her attempts to resuscitate Beth Ellis . Pete Sands Benjamin Dillon - Smith Pete is Mick Jennings ' caseworker , who asks Mick 's mother Irene Roberts to visit him at the halfway house . As he shows Irene to Mick 's room , Pete informs her that Mick has been involved in an altercation . 24 -- 25 October Curtis Taylor Wiese Curtis approaches Ziggy Astoni in a bar and asks if he can buy her a drink , but she rejects his offer . He then answers her phone and speaks to Olivia Fraser Richards , before Ziggy takes it back . She later joins Curtis and his friend Macca for a round of drinks and Curtis spikes her beer . When she attempts to leave , Ziggy finds herself unable to walk properly and Curtis takes her outside to an alley way , where he attempts to assault her . He runs off when Brody Morgan approaches . 24 October Macca Zac Deane Macca tells his friend Curtis that he wants to leave the bar they are in , but later joins him and Ziggy Astoni for drinks . 1 -- 22 November Diana Walford Sarah Chadwick Diana is Maggie Astoni 's mother , who turns up in the Bay to visit her family , after Maggie asks her for money to bail out her husband Ben Astoni from jail . Diana senses the family are keeping things from her and her granddaughter Coco Astoni reveals the personal struggles they have all faced . Diana vows to stay on for a week . When she interferes in Ben 's plans for his and Maggie 's wedding anniversary , Ben says he will not put up with it any more and insults her . He apologises to Diana the following day , and asks for her help in organising a vow renewal ceremony . Diana overhears the family discussing how much she is annoying them and when they are going to ask her to leave . She later admits to Ben that her former husband , Richard , has a 27 - year - old girlfriend , and that she feels humiliated and lonely . Maggie later tells Diana that Richard is getting married . Diana decides to sell up and move to the Bay , but changes her mind when Coco offers to stay with her for a while . 6 November -- 28 February 2018 Axel Boyd Matthew Pearce Axel meets Olivia Fraser Richards at Salt , after she complains that her dresses are being sold on the fashion website he works for . He apologises and explains that when he learned that a low level designer copied her designs , they were fired . He then offers Olivia a deal to buy one of her designs . When Olivia meets with him again to discuss the contract , Axel invites her to the company headquarters in Melbourne . After the trip , Olivia meets with Axel to show him some new designs . She introduces him to her boyfriend Hunter King , who attempts to ask questions about the contract , but Olivia shuts him down . Axel later tells Olivia that he thinks Hunter will hold her back . When Axel arranges a photoshoot and interview for Olivia at Salt , he suggests that Hunter leaves , as he is a distraction . Axel flatters Olivia over drinks and then kisses her . Olivia tells him their relationship should stay purely business , as she loves Hunter . After learning that Olivia meet with a rep from another website , he tells her that their deal is terminated and if she sells her designs to a competitor , she will be sued . Olivia goes to Axel 's motel room to apologise and they have sex . Axel then offers to talk to his bosses and smooth things over . He later tells Olivia that his bosses have agreed to give her a second chance and they work on more designs together . 9 November Judy Lawson Annie Byron Judy comes to Summer Bay Auto to pick up her car . Mason Morgan makes her tea , while they wait for Justin Morgan to return . Ziggy Astoni refuses to accept payment from Judy , telling her it was only a loose exhaust bracket , and Judy leaves happy . 16 November -- 5 December , 19 April 2018 Boyd Easton Steve Le Marquand Boyd comes to Willow Harris 's home and demands his money back . Willow admits that she does not have it , but will get it to him soon . They are interrupted by Justin Morgan , who tells Boyd that he found his money and gave it to the police . Boyd tells Willow to get him the money and he leaves . Boyd later shows up at Justin 's house looking for Willow , and he gives them 24 hours to give him his money . Boyd chases Willow to Summer Bay Auto and trashes the garage when he can not find her or Justin . Boyd later pushes Willow 's father down some stairs and admits it to Justin , who provokes Boyd into beating him up . Boyd is soon arrested . After he is paroled , Boyd and his mother Hazel Easton kidnap Justin 's daughter Ava Gilbert . Boyd later contacts Willow to arrange collection of a ransom . Boyd hands over Ava to Willow , who tells her to run to the police and Boyd realises he has been set up . He grabs Willow , but he is tackled to the ground by Dean Thompson . Boyd manages to get back in the car and drives at Dean . Colby Thorne shoots him and Boyd clips Dean , before coming to a stop . He dies of his injuries in the hospital . 16 November Sidney Cheng Lucy Goleby Sidney is a lawyer hired by Martin Ashford , Irene Roberts and Leah Patterson to help them in a custody case against Mick Jennings . 27 November -- DI Will Shepherd Josef Ber DI Shepherd leads a special task force investigation into Dennis Novak and the local police corruption case . He pulls Robbo in for questioning about his actions on the day Novak kidnapped Constable Kat Chapman . Robbo tells Shepherd and DI Vincent that he did not report the incident straight away , as he went back to the wreckers yard to find Novak , but Novak had gone . Shepherd and Vincent plan to accompany Kat to the city , so she can testify in the corruption trial , but Robbo convinces them to let Kat do it via video - link . Shepherd returns when Novak 's body is discovered . He questions Kat and Robbo . 28 November -- DI Liz Vincent Natasha Beaumont 28 November Truck Driver Steven Riley The truck driver attempts to deliver goods to the bait shop , but is briefly stopped and his truck searched by police . Robbo hides a phone underneath the truck . 30 November Naomi Sabrina Brandon Naomi is a stylist , who helps Olivia Fraser Richards get ready for a fashion showcase . Tulli Ayeshah Rose Axel Boyd introduces Tulli to Olivia Fraser Richards , and she compliments Olivia on her fashion designs . Gabriella Sarah Jane Kelly Gabriella is the creative director for The Find , a fashion website that Olivia Fraser Richards designs for . She introduces Gabriella to her boyfriend Hunter King and Mason Morgan . Prosecutor Monette Lee The prosecutor in the trial for police corruption questions Kat Chapman about why she wanted to testify via video - link . 4 December Ambulance Officer Emily Taylor The ambulance officer brings Russell Harris to the Northern Districts Hospital and informs Tori Morgan that he had a fall and has suffered a laceration to the head . 4 December -- Russell Harris Monroe Reimers Russell is Willow Harris ' father . He suffers from Alzheimer 's disease , and is rushed to hospital after being pushed down some stairs . When he wakes up , Russell mistakes his daughter for his wife and Justin Morgan for his brother Bobby . Months later , Russell takes Willow 's car , which previously belonged to him , and drives to the beach . Colby Thorne finds him and calls Willow , who decides to take Russell out for a drive at Colby 's suggestion . 5 December Trend Rep Caroline Attwood The Trend rep meets with Olivia Fraser Richards about her fashion designs , and she tells Olivia that Trend look forward to doing business with her . 6 December Forensic Officer Leanne Mauro The forensic officer takes photographs of Dennis Novak 's body that has washed up in a cove . She tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy that it is difficult to determine how long the body has been there . 13 December Marli Lewis Sophie Cook Marli is the head of fashion brand The Find . She meets with Olivia Fraser Richards to discuss her new designs and whether she has a future with the company following her meeting with another label . Olivia apologises for her mistake and Marli welcomes her back . 14 December Mark Clayton Adams Mark meets with Willow Harris at Salt to discuss signing up for a gym membership . While training together , Mark flirts with and attempts to kiss Willow . Justin Morgan walks in and punches Mark after being goaded by him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Firestorm -- Monday 30th January '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan O'Kane '' . Showcast . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Preview 2017 '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Cross Television -- Darwin Tuesday , 31 - Jan - 2017 '' . Southern Cross Media . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucklow , Andrew ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Rob Mills ' housemate won a TV role that the former Australian Idol contestant really wanted '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , Tamara ; Downie , Stephen ( 28 January -- 3 February 2017 ) . `` Mystery medic '' . TV Week ( 4 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tania Nolan '' ( PDF ) . Johnson & Laird Management . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kiwi Go Girls actress Tania Nolan scores Home and Away part '' . Stuff.co.nz. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rama ; Nolan , Tania ( 22 June 2017 ) . My # LAFF2017 Interview with Tania Nolan -- ' And Then There Was Eve ' . Rama 's Screen and YouTube . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scarlett woman '' . TV Week ( 19 ) . 13 -- 19 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Karlie ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Home And Away wild child role could be Sophie Dillman 's big break '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Groome , Imogen ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : There 's a new family heading to Summer Bay '' . Metro . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dennehy , Luke ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` New family for long running soap Home and Away , set to make waves in Summer Bay '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 10 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away offers a first look at a brand new family in an exciting new promo '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Swain , Sarah ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` He was in Star Wars and now actor Rohan Nichol has moved to Summer Bay for Home and Away '' . Manly Daily . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap diary '' . TV Week ( 24 ) . 17 -- 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pregnancy shock ! '' . Inside Soap ( 46 ) : 24 . 18 -- 24 November 2017 . As the week kicks off , Robbo is still in shock after discovering his real identity -- his name is Beckett Reid . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6701 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Karlie ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Home and Away 's new bad boy Jake Ryan to hit our screens as Pia Miller 's new love interest '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Natasha ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Home and Away 's Jake Ryan wanted to play Brax '' . Yahoo7 Be . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away finally reveals Robbo 's full backstory '' . Digital Spy. 17 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Santariga '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : All the rumoured new arrivals at the Bay this summer '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Carley ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Townsville Beauty Set To Rock Summer Bay '' . 2Day FM . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nicky Arnall ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6722 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Cromarty , Ali ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Larry is my inspiration '' . New Idea : 38 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : All the rumoured new arrivals at the Bay this summer '' . Metro . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darwin Wednesday , 25 - October - 2017 '' . Southern Cross Media . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` Home and Away brings in Alf Stewart 's grandson Ryder -- and he arrives with a bang '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Downie , Stephen ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Get to know Home And Away 's new guy , Lukas Radovich '' . TV Week . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Roberts could 've been Kat and Scarlett ! '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home And Away : Justin in shock attack '' . New Idea . November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All there is to know about Willow Harris '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 photos that have us wanting more in 2018 ! -- Jasmine Delaney '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Karlie ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Sam Frost joins Home and Away cast after the abrupt end to her radio show : ' I 'm so excited ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Lorna ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Sam Frost lands her first acting role ... in Home And Away ! '' . Women 's Day . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hannah ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Sam Frost 's casting on Home and Away labelled a ' publicity stunt ' '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : Kat to die in upcoming crash scenes ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Sam Frost 's Home and Away character Sam Frost is bringing secrets to Summer Bay '' . TV Week . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leah 's reaction '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Episode 6582 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Hannah Carroll Chapman ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6583 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Chris Langman ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6587 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6602 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Luke McKenzie '' . Showcast . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity McKay ATYP '' . ATYP . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Kate Bradley ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6610 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6612 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6615 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6622 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Hannah Carroll Chapman ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6623 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Bonne '' . Showcast . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 25 -- 31 March 2017 ) . `` Morag returns '' . TV Week ( 12 ) : 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Kerry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Home And Away 's Georgie Parker calls for less gender specific storylines '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caleb Alloway '' . Sophie Jermyn Management . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6635 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6636 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Raelee Hill '' . Mollison Keightley Management . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Sarah Mayberry ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6638 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith '' . Linsten Morris Management . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Anna Bauweraerts ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6639 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Tom O'Sullivan '' ( PDF ) . Sue Barnett & Associates . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6652 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nick King ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6653 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 10 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6654 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 13 -- 19 May 2017 ) . `` Bye bye baby '' . TV Week ( 19 ) . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Shaun Topp ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6664 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Romina Accurso ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6666 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Joel Pierce '' . Showcast . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Jeffery '' . Showcast . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Michelle Offen ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6669 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Nick King ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6670 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Rex Palazzi '' . StarNow . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan O'Connell '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Hannah Carrol Chapman ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6678 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6681 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Nick King ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6682 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6684 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Bad boy '' . TV Week ( 26 ) : 10 . 1 -- 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Scholten '' . Showcast . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Davies '' . Showcast . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6695 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Alessandra Brook ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6699 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Julian Garner '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Wightman '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Managemen . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Fenwick Christensen '' . Showcast . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Fiona Kelly ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6712 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Luke Davis '' . Stunt Book Australia . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6714 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Di Adams '' . Showcast . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amali Golden '' . Showcast . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Allan '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 19 -- 25 August 2017 ) . `` Back in the game '' . TV Week ( 33 ) : 10 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6717 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` John Van Putten '' . StarNow . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Emma Gordon ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6720 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6724 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Rachel Laverly ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6728 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Jeannie Gee '' . StarNow . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Laura West ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6735 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6736 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Louise Kelly '' . lkellyperformer.com.au . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6736 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Nicky Arnall ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6741 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Kate Bradley ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6742 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6743 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Blair McDonough is joining Home And Away ! '' . TV Week . 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Coopes '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Rhodes '' . Auckland Actors . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Burfitt , John ( December 2017 ) . `` What 's Scarlett hiding ? '' . Soap World ( 301 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6747 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nick King ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6748 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Mirko Grillini '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Goodwin '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Nicoll '' . StarNow . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6752 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6753 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6756 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . 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External links ( edit ) Characters and cast at the Official AU Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database Ben Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Coco Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Maggie Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Ziggy Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Home and Away Characters Present characters Past characters Recurring characters Births , marriages and deaths Spin - offs headLand Home and Away : An Eye for an Eye Home and Away : Revenge Home and Away : All or Nothing Related articles Theme song Awards and nominations Summer Bay `` The Great Storm '' hide Home and Away characters Present characters Martin Ashford Marilyn Chambers Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson hide Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Home_and_Away_characters_(2017)&oldid=845848281 '' Categories : Lists of Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 2017 2017 in Australian television Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did ben assault in home and away | [
"Ben and Maggie learn that Ziggy has been dating Brody in secret and they disapprove of the relationship. Ziggy leaves the house and Ben tells her not to come back. He apologises to her the next day, but does not accept her relationship with Brody, so Ziggy refuses to come home. Brody later breaks up with her. Ben begins making surf boards to sell at the pier. Ben finds Coco convulsing in the garden and he and Maggie learn she has bulimia. Ziggy later leaves home. Days later, Ben sees her with Brody, who is attempting to bring her home, and punches him in the face. Olivia Fraser Richards (Raechelle Banno) tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy (Nicholas Cassim) and Ben is arrested. McCarthy and Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) learns he has a criminal record for assaulting his brother. Ben insults Kat, which leads to him being charged. Maggie secures a loan to get him out on bail. Maggie's mother, Diana (Sarah Chadwick) came to Summer Bay to visit the family and Diana told Ben and Maggie that she is the one who bailed Ben out of jail."
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"his brother"
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4450448876988485621 | Boxer Rebellion | Boxer Rebellion - wikipedia Boxer Rebellion Jump to : navigation , search For the rock band from London , see The Boxer Rebellion ( band ) . `` The Boxers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Boxers ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with I Wor Kuen . Boxer Rebellion ( 義和團 運動 ) Top : Russian cannons breaking the gates of Peking Bottom : American troops scale the walls of Peking Date 2 November 1899 -- 7 September 1901 Location Northern China Result Alliance victory Boxer Protocol signed Belligerents Eight - Nation Alliance : United Kingdom Russia France Japan Germany United States Italy Austria - Hungary Netherlands Numerous Qing governors Yihetuan ( Boxers ) Qing dynasty Commanders and leaders Legations : Claude Maxwell MacDonald Seymour Expedition : Sir Edward Seymour Gaselee Expedition : Alfred Gaselee Yevgeni Alekseyev Nikolai Linevich Fukushima Yasumasa Adna Chaffee Emerson H. Liscum † Occupation Force : Alfred von Waldersee Russian Occupation of Manchuria : Aleksey Kuropatkin Mutual Protection of Southeast China : Yuan Shikai Prince Qing Li Hongzhang Ronglu Empress Dowager Cixi Li Bingheng Yuxian Commander in Chief : Ronglu Hushenying : Zaiyi Tenacious Army : Nie Shicheng † Resolute Army : Ma Yukun ( zh : 馬玉崑 ) Song Qing Jiang Guiti Gansu Army ( Gansu Braves ) : Dong Fuxiang Ma Fulu † Ma Fuxiang Ma Fuxing Ma Haiyan Ma Biao Yao Wang Boxers : Cao Futian Ni Zanqing Strength Allied intervention forces in Peking : ≈ 50,255 in total Seymour Expedition : -- 2,100 -- 2,188 Gaselee Expedition : -- 18,000 China Relief Expedition : -- 2,500 Russian troops in Manchuria : 100,000 -- 200,000 100,000 -- 300,000 Boxers 100,000 Imperial troops Provincial Armies Gansu Army ( Kansu Braves ) 甘 軍 Gan jun -- General Dong Fuxiang Tenacious Army 武 毅軍 Wuyi jun -- General Nie Shicheng Resolute Army 毅軍 Yi jun -- General Song Qing ( Qing dynasty ) , General Ma Yukun ( zh : 馬玉崑 ) , General Jiang Guiti Metropolitan Eight Banners Centre Division of Guards Army 武衛軍 -- Commander in Chief Ronglu Hushenying 虎 神 營 -- Prince Zaiyi Peking Field Force -- Prince Qing Casualties and losses 2,500 foreign soldiers 2,000 Imperial troops Unknown number of Boxers 32,000 Chinese Christians and 200 missionaries killed by Boxers in Northern China Unknown number of civilians Boxer Rebellion Siege of the International Legations Siege of Concessions in Tianjin First intervention Langfang Battle of Taku Forts ( 1900 ) Taiyuan massacre Tientsin Beicang Second intervention Yangcun Peking Beitang Shanhaiguan Manchuria Boxer Protocol Boxer Rebellion Traditional Chinese 義和團 運動 Simplified Chinese 义 和 团 运动 Literal meaning Militia United in Righteousness Movement ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yìhétuán Yùndòng The Boxer Rebellion , Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement was a violent anti-foreign , anti-colonial , and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901 , towards the end of the Qing dynasty . It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness ( Yihetuan ) , known in English as the `` Boxers '' , for many of their members had been practitioners of the martial arts , such as boxing . They were motivated by proto - nationalist sentiments and opposition to Western colonialism and associated Christian missionary activity . The uprising took place against a background of severe drought and the disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence . After several months of growing violence against both the foreign and Christian presence in Shandong and the North China plain in June 1900 , Boxer fighters , convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons , converged on Beijing with the slogan `` Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners . '' Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter . In response to reports of an armed invasion to lift the siege , the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers . Diplomats , foreign civilians and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were placed under siege by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers for 55 days . Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation , led by Prince Qing . The supreme commander of the Chinese forces , the Manchu General Ronglu ( Junglu ) , later claimed that he acted to protect the besieged foreigners . The Eight - Nation Alliance , after being initially turned back , brought 20,000 armed troops to China , defeated the Imperial Army , and arrived at Peking on August 14 , relieving the siege of the Legations . Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued , along with the summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers . The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers , provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing , and 450 million taels of silver -- approximately $10 billion at 2017 silver prices and more than the government 's annual tax revenue -- to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next thirty - nine years to the eight nations involved . The Empress Dowager then sponsored a set of institutional and fiscal changes in an attempt to save the Dynasty by reforming it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 1.1 Origins of the Boxers 1.2 Causes of conflict and unrest 2 Boxer War 2.1 Intensifying crisis 2.2 Seymour Expedition 2.3 Conflicting attitudes within the Qing imperial court 2.4 Siege of the Beijing legations 2.5 Officials and commanders at cross purposes 2.6 Gaselee Expedition 2.7 Evacuation of the Qing imperial court from Beijing to Xi'an 3 Russian invasion of Manchuria 4 Massacre of missionaries and Chinese Christians 5 Aftermath 5.1 Occupation , looting and atrocities 5.2 Reparations 6 Long - term consequences 7 Controversies and changing views of the Boxers 8 Terminology 9 Later representations 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 General accounts and analysis 13.2 Missionary experience and personal accounts 13.3 Allied intervention , the Boxer War , and the aftermath 13.4 Contemporary accounts and sources 14 External links Historical Background ( edit ) Origins of the Boxers ( edit ) Model of a Boxer , armed with a spear and sword . Model by George S. Stuart The Righteous and Harmonious Fists ( Yihequan ) arose in the inland sections of the northern coastal province of Shandong , long known for social unrest , religious sects , and martial societies . American Christian missionaries were probably the first to refer to the well - trained , athletic young men as `` Boxers '' , because of the martial arts and weapons training they practiced . Their primary practice was a type of spiritual possession which involved the whirling of swords , violent prostrations , and chanting incantations to deities . The opportunities to fight back Western encroachment and colonization were especially attractive to unemployed village men , many of whom were teenagers . The tradition of possession and invulnerability went back several hundred years but took on special meaning against the powerful new weapons of the West . The Boxers , armed with rifles and swords , claimed supernatural invulnerability towards blows of cannon , rifle shots , and knife attacks . Furthermore , the Boxer groups popularly claimed that millions of soldiers of Heaven would descend to assist them in purifying China of foreign oppression . These beliefs are characteristic of millenarian movements of nativist resistance , especially the characteristic magical belief , shared by the Ghost Dancers of North America and the Kartelite Cults of Africa , that the believer could be rendered invulnerable to bullets . In 1895 , in spite of ambivalence toward their heterodox practices , Yuxian , a Manchu who was then prefect of Caozhou and would later become provincial governor , used the Big Swords Society in fighting bandits . The Big Swords , emboldened by this official support , also attacked their local Catholic village rivals , who turned to the Church for protection . The Big Swords responded by attacking Catholic churches and burning them . `` The line between Christians and bandits '' , remarks one recent historian , `` became increasingly indistinct . '' As a result of diplomatic pressure in the capital , Yuxian executed several Big Sword leaders , but did not punish anyone else . More martial secret societies started emerging after this . A Boxer during the revolt The early years saw a variety of village activities , not a broad movement with a united purpose . Martial folk religious societies such as the Baguadao ( Eight Trigrams ) prepared the way for the Boxers . Like the Red Boxing school or the Plum Flower Boxers , the Boxers of Shandong were more concerned with traditional social and moral values , such as filial piety , than with foreign influences . One leader , Zhu Hongdeng ( Red Lantern Zhu ) , started as a wandering healer , specializing in skin ulcers , and gained wide respect by refusing payment for his treatments . Zhu claimed descent from Ming dynasty emperors , since his surname was the surname of the Ming imperial family . He announced that his goal was to `` Revive the Qing and destroy the foreigners '' ( `` 扶 清 灭 洋 fu Qing mie yang '' ) . Causes of conflict and unrest ( edit ) The combination of extreme weather conditions , Western attempts at colonizing China and growing anti-imperialist sentiment fueled the movement . First , a drought followed by floods in Shandong province in 1897 -- 1898 forced farmers to flee to cities and seek food . As one observer said , `` I am convinced that a few days ' heavy rainfall to terminate the long - continued drought ... would do more to restore tranquility than any measures which either the Chinese government or foreign governments can take . '' A French political cartoon depicting China as a pie about to be carved up by Queen Victoria ( Britain ) , Kaiser Wilhelm II ( Germany ) , Tsar Nicholas II ( Russia ) , Marianne ( France ) and a samurai ( Japan ) , while a Chinese mandarin helplessly looks on . A major cause of discontent in north China was missionary activity . The Treaty of Tientsin ( or Tianjin ) and the Convention of Peking , signed in 1860 after the Second Opium War , had granted foreign missionaries the freedom to preach anywhere in China and to buy land on which to build churches . On 1 November 1897 , a band of armed men who were perhaps members of the Big Swords Society stormed the residence of a German missionary from the Society of the Divine Word and killed two priests . This attack is known as the Juye Incident . When Kaiser Wilhelm II received news of these murders , he dispatched the German East Asia Squadron to occupy Jiaozhou Bay on the southern coast of the Shandong peninsula . Germany 's action triggered a `` scramble for concessions '' by which Britain , France , Russia and Japan also secured their own sphere of influence in China . In October 1898 , a group of Boxers attacked the Christian community of Liyuantun village where a temple to the Jade Emperor had been converted into a Catholic church . Disputes had surrounded the church since 1869 , when the temple had been granted to the Christian residents of the village . This incident marked the first time the Boxers used the slogan `` Support the Qing , destroy the foreigners '' ( `` 扶 清 灭 洋 fu Qing mie yang '' ) that would later characterise them . The `` Boxers '' called themselves the `` Militia United in Righteousness '' for the first time one year later , at the Battle of Senluo Temple ( October 1899 ) , a clash between Boxers and Qing government troops . By using the word `` Militia '' rather than `` Boxers '' , they distanced themselves from forbidden martial arts sects , and tried to give their movement the legitimacy of a group that defended orthodoxy . Aggression toward missionaries and Christians drew the ire of foreign ( mainly European ) governments . In 1899 , the French minister in Beijing helped the missionaries to obtain an edict granting official status to every order in the Roman Catholic hierarchy , enabling local priests to support their people in legal or family disputes and bypass the local officials . After the German government took over Shandong many Chinese feared that the foreign missionaries and quite possibly all Christian activities were imperialist attempts at `` carving the melon '' , i.e. , to divide and colonize China piece by piece . A Chinese official expressed the animosity towards foreigners succinctly , `` Take away your missionaries and your opium and you will be welcome . '' The early growth of the Boxer movement coincided with the Hundred Days ' Reform ( 11 June -- 21 September 1898 ) . Progressive Chinese officials , with support from Protestant missionaries , persuaded the Guangxu Emperor to institute reforms which alienated many conservative officials by their sweeping nature . Such opposition from conservative officials led Empress Dowager Cixi to intervene and reverse the reforms . The failure of the reform movement disillusioned many educated Chinese and thus further weakened the Qing government . After the reforms ended , the conservative Empress Dowager Cixi seized power and placed the reformist Guangxu Emperor under house arrest . The national crisis was widely seen as being caused by foreign aggression . Foreign powers had defeated China in several wars , forced a right to promote Christianity and imposed unequal treaties under which foreigners and foreign companies in China were accorded special privileges , extraterritorial rights and immunities from Chinese law , causing resentment among the Chinese . France , Japan , Russia and Germany carved out spheres of influence , so that by 1900 it appeared that China would likely be dismembered , with foreign powers each ruling a part of the country . Thus , by 1900 , the Qing dynasty , which had ruled China for more than two centuries , was crumbling and Chinese culture was under assault by powerful and unfamiliar religions and secular cultures . Boxer War ( edit ) Intensifying crisis ( edit ) Chinese Muslim troops from Gansu , also known as the Gansu Braves , killed a Japanese diplomat on 11 June 1900 . Foreigners called them the `` 10,000 Islamic rabble . '' In January 1900 , with a majority of conservatives in the imperial court , Empress Dowager Cixi changed her long standing policy of suppressing Boxers , and issued edicts in their defence , causing protests from foreign powers . In spring 1900 , the Boxer movement spread rapidly north from Shandong into the countryside near Beijing . Boxers burned Christian churches , killed Chinese Christians and intimidated Chinese officials who stood in their way . American Minister Edwin H. Conger cabled Washington , `` the whole country is swarming with hungry , discontented , hopeless idlers . '' On 30 May the diplomats , led by British Minister Claude Maxwell MacDonald , requested that foreign soldiers come to Beijing to defend the legations . The Chinese government reluctantly acquiesced , and the next day an international force of 435 navy troops from eight countries disembarked from warships and travelled by train from Dagu ( Taku ) to Beijing . They set up defensive perimeters around their respective missions . On 5 June , the railway line to Tianjin was cut by Boxers in the countryside and Beijing was isolated . On 11 June , at Yongding gate , the secretary of the Japanese legation , Sugiyama Akira , was attacked and killed by the soldiers of general Dong Fuxiang , who were guarding the southern part of the Beijing walled city . Armed with Mauser rifles but wearing traditional uniforms , Dong 's troops had threatened the foreign Legations in the fall of 1898 soon after arriving in Beijing , so much that troops from the United States Marine Corps had been called to Beijing to guard the legations . The German Kaiser Wilhelm II was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested the Caliph Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire to find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting . The Caliph agreed to the Kaiser 's request and sent Enver Pasha ( not the future Young Turk leader ) to China in 1901 , but the rebellion was over by that time . Also on 11 June , the first Boxer , dressed in his finery , was seen in the Legation Quarter . The German Minister , Clemens von Ketteler , and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him . In response , thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city , burning some victims alive . American and British missionaries had taken refuge in the Methodist Mission and an attack there was repulsed by American Marines . The soldiers at the British Embassy and German Legations shot and killed several Boxers , alienating the Chinese population of the city and nudging the Qing government toward support of the Boxers . The Muslim Gansu braves and Boxers , along with other Chinese then attacked and killed Chinese Christians around the legations in revenge for foreign attacks on Chinese . Seymour Expedition ( edit ) Main article : Seymour Expedition Japanese marines who served in the Seymour Expedition . As the situation grew more violent , a second international force of 2,000 sailors and marines under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour , the largest contingent being British , was dispatched from Dagu to Beijing on 10 June 1900 . The troops were transported by train from Dagu to Tianjin with the agreement of the Chinese government , but the railway between Tianjin and Beijing had been severed . Seymour resolved to move forward and repair the railway , or progress on foot if necessary , keeping in mind that the distance between Tianjin and Beijing was only 120 km . When Seymour left Tianjin and started toward Beijing , it angered the imperial court . As a result , the pro-Boxer Manchu Prince Duan became leader of the Zongli Yamen ( foreign office ) , replacing Prince Qing . Prince Duan was a member of the imperial Aisin Gioro clan ( foreigners called him a `` Blood Royal '' ) , and Empress Dowager Cixi had named her son as next in line for the imperial throne . He became the effective leader of the Boxers , and he was extremely anti-foreigner like his friend Dong Fuxiang , and wanted to expel them from China . He soon ordered the Qing imperial army to attack the foreign forces . Confused by conflicting orders from Beijing , General Nie Shicheng let Seymour 's army pass by in their trains . Admiral Seymour returning to Tianjin with his wounded men , on 26 June . After leaving Tianjin , the convoy quickly reached Langfang , but found the railway there to be destroyed . Seymour 's engineers tried to repair the line , but the allied army found itself surrounded , as the railway both behind and in front of them had been destroyed . They were attacked from all parts by Chinese irregulars and Chinese governmental troops . Five thousand of Dong Fuxiang 's `` Gansu Braves '' and an unknown number of `` Boxers '' won a costly but major victory over Seymour 's troops at the Battle of Langfang on 18 June . As the allied European army retreated from Langfang , they were constantly fired upon by cavalry , and artillery bombarded their positions . It was reported that the Chinese artillery was superior to the European artillery , since the Europeans did not bother to bring along much for the campaign , thinking they could easily sweep through Chinese resistance . The Europeans could not locate the Chinese artillery , which was raining shells upon their positions . Mining , engineering , flooding and simultaneous attacks were employed by Chinese troops . The Chinese also employed pincer movements , ambushes and sniper tactics with some success against the foreigners . Italian mounted infantry near Tientsin in 1900 News arrived on 18 June regarding attacks on foreign legations . Seymour decided to continue advancing , this time along the Beihe river , toward Tongzhou , 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from Beijing . By the 19th , they had to abandon their efforts due to progressively stiffening resistance and started to retreat southward along the river with over 200 wounded . Commandeering four civilian Chinese junks along the river , they loaded all their wounded and remaining supplies onto them and pulled them along with ropes from the riverbanks . By this point they were very low on food , ammunition and medical supplies . Unexpectedly they then happened upon the Great Xigu Arsenal , a hidden Qing munitions cache of which the Allied Powers had had no knowledge until then . They immediately captured and occupied it , discovering not only Krupp field guns , but rifles with millions of rounds of ammunition , along with millions of pounds of rice and ample medical supplies . There they dug in and awaited rescue . A Chinese servant was able to infiltrate through the Boxer and Qing lines , informing the Eight Powers of the Seymour troops ' predicament . Surrounded and attacked nearly around the clock by Qing troops and Boxers , they were at the point of being overrun . On 25 June , a regiment composed of 1,800 men ( 900 Russian troops from Port Arthur , 500 British seamen , with an ad hoc mix of other assorted Alliance troops ) finally arrived on foot from Tientsin to rescue Seymour . Spiking the mounted field guns and setting fire to any munitions that they could not take ( an estimated £ 3 million worth ) , Seymour , his force , and the rescue mission marched back to Tientsin , unopposed , on 26 June . Seymour 's casualties during the expedition were 62 killed and 228 wounded . Conflicting attitudes within the Qing imperial court ( edit ) Qing imperial soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion Meanwhile , in Beijing , on 16 June , Empress Dowager Cixi summoned the imperial court for a mass audience and addressed the choices between using the Boxers to evict the foreigners from the city or seeking a diplomatic solution . In response to a high official who doubted the efficacy of the Boxers ' magic , Cixi replied : Both sides of the debate at the imperial court realised that popular support for the Boxers in the countryside was almost universal and that suppression would be both difficult and unpopular , especially when foreign troops were on the march . Two factions were active during this debate . On one side were anti-foreigners who viewed foreigners as invasive and imperialistic and evoked a nativist populism . They advocated taking advantage of the Boxers to achieve the expulsion of foreign troops and foreign influences . The pro-foreigners on the other hand advanced rapprochement with foreign governments , seeing the Boxers as superstitious and ignorant . The event that tilted the Qing imperial government irrevocably toward support of the Boxers and war with the foreign powers was the attack of foreign navies on the Dagu Forts near Tianjin , on 17 June 1900 . Siege of the Beijing legations ( edit ) Main article : Siege of the International Legations Locations of foreign diplomatic legations and front lines in Beijing during the siege On 15 June , Qing imperial forces deployed electric mines in the River Beihe ( Peiho ) to prevent the Eight - Nation Alliance from sending ships to attack . With a difficult military situation in Tianjin and a total breakdown of communications between Tianjin and Beijing , the allied nations took steps to reinforce their military presence significantly . On 17 June they took the Dagu Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin , and from there brought increasing numbers of troops on shore . When Cixi received an ultimatum demanding that China surrender total control over all its military and financial affairs to foreigners , she defiantly stated before the entire Grand Council , `` Now they ( the Powers ) have started the aggression , and the extinction of our nation is imminent . If we just fold our arms and yield to them , I would have no face to see our ancestors after death . If we must perish , why not fight to the death ? '' It was at this point that Cixi began to blockade the legations with the armies of the Peking Field Force , which began the siege . Cixi stated that `` I have always been of the opinion , that the allied armies had been permitted to escape too easily in 1860 . Only a united effort was then necessary to have given China the victory . Today , at last , the opportunity for revenge has come '' , and said that millions of Chinese would join the cause of fighting the foreigners since the Manchus had provided `` great benefits '' on China . On receipt of the news of the attack on the Dagu Forts on the 19th of June , Empress Dowager Cixi immediately sent an order to the legations that the diplomats and other foreigners depart Beijing under escort of the Chinese army within 24 hours . The next morning , diplomats from the besieged legations met to discuss the Empress 's offer . The majority quickly agreed that they could not trust the Chinese army . Fearing that they would be killed , they agreed to refuse the Empress 's demand . The German Imperial Envoy , Baron Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler , was infuriated with the actions of the Chinese army troops and determined to take his complaints to the royal court . Against the advice of the fellow foreigners , the baron left the legations with a single aide and a team of porters to carry his sedan chair . On his way to the palace , von Ketteler was killed on the streets of Beijing by a Manchu captain . His aide managed to escape the attack and carried word of the baron 's death back to the diplomatic compound . At this news , the other diplomats feared they also would be murdered if they left the legation quarter and they chose to continue to defy the Chinese order to depart Beijing . The legations were hurriedly fortified . Most of the foreign civilians , which included a large number of missionaries and businessmen , took refuge in the British legation , the largest of the diplomatic compounds . Chinese Christians were primarily housed in the adjacent palace ( Fu ) of Prince Su who was forced to abandon his property by the foreign soldiers . Representative U.S. , Indian , French , Italian , British , German , Austrian and Japanese military and naval personnel forming part of the Allied forces On the 21st of June , Empress Dowager Cixi declared war against all foreign powers . Regional governors who commanded substantial modernised armies , such as Li Hongzhang at Canton , Yuan Shikai in Shandong , Zhang Zhidong at Wuhan and Liu Kunyi at Nanjing , refused to join in the imperial court 's declaration of war and withheld knowledge of it from the public in the south . Yuan Shikai used his own forces to suppress Boxers in Shandong , and Zhang entered into negotiations with the foreigners in Shanghai to keep his army out of the conflict . The neutrality of these provincial and regional governors left the majority of Chinese out of the conflict . They were called The Mutual Protection of Southeast China . The legations of the United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy , Austria - Hungary , Spain , Belgium , the Netherlands , the United States , Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City . The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June to 14 August 1900 . A total of 473 foreign civilians , 409 soldiers , marines and sailors from eight countries , and about 3,000 Chinese Christians took refuge there . Under the command of the British minister to China , Claude Maxwell MacDonald , the legation staff and military guards defended the compound with small arms , three machine guns , and one old muzzle - loaded cannon , which was nicknamed the International Gun because the barrel was British , the carriage Italian , the shells Russian and the crew American . Chinese Christians in the legations led the foreigners to the cannon and it proved important in the defence . Also under siege in Beijing was the Northern Cathedral ( Beitang ) of the Catholic Church . The Beitang was defended by 43 French and Italian soldiers , 33 Catholic foreign priests and nuns , and about 3,200 Chinese Catholics . The defenders suffered heavy casualties especially from lack of food and mines which the Chinese exploded in tunnels dug beneath the compound . The number of Chinese soldiers and Boxers besieging the Legation Quarter and the Beitang is unknown . 1900 , soldiers burned down the Temple , Shanhaiguan . The destruction of a Chinese temple on the bank of the Pei - Ho , by Amédée Forestier On the 22nd and 23 June , Chinese soldiers and Boxers set fire to areas north and west of the British Legation , using it as a `` frightening tactic '' to attack the defenders . The nearby Hanlin Academy , a complex of courtyards and buildings that housed `` the quintessence of Chinese scholarship ... the oldest and richest library in the world '' , caught fire . Each side blamed the other for the destruction of the invaluable books it contained . After the failure to burn out the foreigners , the Chinese army adopted an anaconda - like strategy . The Chinese built barricades surrounding the Legation Quarter and advanced , brick by brick , on the foreign lines , forcing the foreign legation guards to retreat a few feet at a time . This tactic was especially used in the Fu , defended by Japanese and Italian sailors and soldiers , and inhabited by most of the Chinese Christians . Fusillades of bullets , artillery and firecrackers were directed against the Legations almost every night -- but did little damage . Sniper fire took its toll among the foreign defenders . Despite their numerical advantage , the Chinese did not attempt a direct assault on the Legation Quarter although in the words of one of the besieged , `` it would have been easy by a strong , swift movement on the part of the numerous Chinese troops to have annihilated the whole body of foreigners ... in an hour . '' American missionary Frank Gamewell and his crew of `` fighting parsons '' fortified the Legation Quarter , but impressed Chinese Christians to do most of the physical labour of building defences . The Germans and the Americans occupied perhaps the most crucial of all defensive positions : the Tartar Wall . Holding the top of the 45 ft ( 14 m ) tall and 40 ft ( 12 m ) wide wall was vital . The German barricades faced east on top of the wall and 400 yd ( 370 m ) west were the west - facing American positions . The Chinese advanced toward both positions by building barricades even closer . `` The men all feel they are in a trap '' , said the American commander , Capt . John T. Myers , `` and simply await the hour of execution . '' On 30 June , the Chinese forced the Germans off the Wall , leaving the American Marines alone in its defence . At the same time , a Chinese barricade was advanced to within a few feet of the American positions and it became clear that the Americans had to abandon the wall or force the Chinese to retreat . At 2 am on 3 July , 56 British , Russian and American marines and sailors , under the command of Myers , launched an assault against the Chinese barricade on the wall . The attack caught the Chinese sleeping , killed about 20 of them , and expelled the rest of them from the barricades . The Chinese did not attempt to advance their positions on the Tartar Wall for the remainder of the siege . Sir Claude MacDonald said 13 July was the `` most harassing day '' of the siege . The Japanese and Italians in the Fu were driven back to their last defence line . The Chinese detonated a mine beneath the French Legation pushing the French and Austrians out of most of the French Legation . On 16 July , the most capable British officer was killed and the journalist George Ernest Morrison was wounded . But American Minister Edwin Hurd Conger established contact with the Chinese government and on 17 July , an armistice was declared by the Chinese . More than 40 % of the legation guards were dead or wounded . The motivation of the Chinese was probably the realization that an allied force of 20,000 men had landed in China and retribution for the siege was at hand . Officials and commanders at cross purposes ( edit ) Han Chinese General Nie Shicheng , who fought both the Boxers and the Allies . The Manchu General Ronglu concluded that it was futile to fight all of the powers simultaneously , and declined to press home the siege . The Manchu Zaiyi ( Prince Duan ) , an anti-foreign friend of Dong Fuxiang , wanted artillery for Dong 's troops to destroy the legations . Ronglu blocked the transfer of artillery to Zaiyi and Dong , preventing them from attacking . Ronglu forced Dong Fuxiang and his troops to pull back from completing the siege and destroying the legations , thereby saving the foreigners and making diplomatic concessions . Ronglu and Prince Qing sent food to the legations , and used their Manchu Bannermen to attack the Muslim Gansu Braves ( `` Kansu Braves '' in the spelling of the time ) of Dong Fuxiang and the Boxers who were besieging the foreigners . They issued edicts ordering the foreigners to be protected , but the Gansu warriors ignored it , and fought against Bannermen who tried to force them away from the legations . The Boxers also took commands from Dong Fuxiang . Ronglu also deliberately hid an Imperial Decree from General Nie Shicheng . The Decree ordered him to stop fighting the Boxers because of the foreign invasion , and also because the population was suffering . Due to Ronglu 's actions , General Nie continued to fight the Boxers and killed many of them even as the foreign troops were making their way into China . Ronglu also ordered Nie to protect foreigners and save the railway from the Boxers . Because parts of the Railway were saved under Ronglu 's orders , the foreign invasion army was able to transport itself into China quickly . General Nie committed thousands of troops against the Boxers instead of against the foreigners . Nie was already outnumbered by the Allies by 4,000 men . General Nie was blamed for attacking the Boxers , as Ronglu let Nie take all the blame . At the Battle of Tianjin ( Tientsin ) , General Nie decided to sacrifice his life by walking into the range of Allied guns . Qing soldiers . Xu Jingcheng , who had served as the Qing Envoy to many of the same states under siege in the Legation Quarter , argued that `` the evasion of extraterritorial rights and the killing of foreign diplomats are unprecedented in China and abroad . '' Xu and five other officials urged Empress Dowager Cixi to order the repression of Boxers , the execution of their leaders , and a diplomatic settlement with foreign armies . The Empress Dowager , outraged , sentenced Xu and the five others to death for `` willfully and absurdly petitioning the Imperial Court '' and `` building subversive thought . '' They were executed on July 28 , 1900 and their severed heads placed on display at Caishikou Execution Grounds in Beijing . Han Chinese General Dong Fuxiang was overtly hostile to foreigners and his `` Gansu Braves '' relentlessly attacked the besieged legations . Reflecting this vacillation , some Chinese soldiers were quite liberally firing at foreigners under siege from its very onset . Cixi did not personally order imperial troops to conduct a siege , and on the contrary had ordered them to protect the foreigners in the legations . Prince Duan led the Boxers to loot his enemies within the imperial court and the foreigners , although imperial authorities expelled Boxer troops after they were let into the city and went on a looting rampage against both the foreign and the Qing imperial forces . Older Boxers were sent outside Beijing to halt the approaching foreign armies , while younger men were absorbed into the Muslim Gansu army . With conflicting allegiances and priorities motivating the various forces inside Beijing , the situation in the city became increasingly confused . The foreign legations continued to be surrounded by both Qing imperial and Gansu forces . While Dong Fuxiang 's Gansu army , now swollen by the addition of the Boxers , wished to press the siege , Ronglu 's imperial forces seem to have largely attempted to follow Empress Dowager Cixi 's decree and protect the legations . However , to satisfy the conservatives in the imperial court , Ronglu 's men also fired on the legations and let off firecrackers to give the impression that they , too , were attacking the foreigners . Inside the legations and out of communication with the outside world , the foreigners simply fired on any targets that presented themselves , including messengers from the imperial court , civilians and besiegers of all persuasions . Dong Fuxiang was denied artillery held by Ronglu which stopped him from leveling the legations , and when he complained to Empress Dowager Cixi on June 23 , she dismissively said that `` Your tail , is becoming too heavy to wag . '' The Alliance discovered large amounts of unused Chinese Krupp artillery and shells after the siege was lifted . The armistice , although occasionally broken , endured until 13 August when , with an allied army led by the British Alfred Gaselee approaching Beijing to relieve the siege , the Chinese launched their heaviest fusillade on the Legation Quarter . As the foreign army approached , Chinese forces melted away . Gaselee Expedition ( edit ) Forces of the Eight - Nation Alliance Relief of the Legations Troops of the Eight - Nation Alliance in 1900 . Left to right : Britain , United States , Australia , India , Germany , France , Russia , Italy , Japan Countries Warships ( units ) Marines ( men ) Army ( men ) Empire of Japan 18 540 20,300 Russian Empire 10 750 12,400 United Kingdom 8 2,020 10,000 French Third Republic 5 390 3,130 United States 295 3,125 German Empire 5 600 300 Austria - Hungary 296 unknown Kingdom of Italy 80 2,500 Total 54 4,971 51,755 Main articles : Eight - Nation Alliance and Gaselee Expedition The Boxers bombarded Tianjin in June 1900 , and Dong Fuxiang 's Muslim troops attacked the British Admiral Seymour and his expeditionary force . Foreign navies started building up their presence along the northern China coast from the end of April 1900 . Several international forces were sent to the capital , with varying success , and the Chinese forces were ultimately defeated by the Eight - Nation Alliance of Austria - Hungary , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , Russia , the United Kingdom and the United States . Independent of the alliance , the Netherlands dispatched three cruisers in July to protect its citizens in Shanghai . British Lieutenant - General Alfred Gaselee acted as the commanding officer of the Eight - Nation Alliance , which eventually numbered 55,000 . The main contingent was composed of Japanese ( 20,840 ) , Russian ( 13,150 ) , British ( 12,020 ) , French ( 3,520 ) , U.S. ( 3,420 ) , German ( 900 ) , Italian ( 80 ) , Austro - Hungarian ( 75 ) and anti-Boxer Chinese troops . The `` First Chinese Regiment '' ( Weihaiwei Regiment ) which was praised for its performance , consisted of Chinese collaborators serving in the British military . The international force finally captured Tianjin on 14 July under the command of the Japanese Colonel Kuriya , after a day of fighting . A Group Photograph at Quetta , Baluchistan ( Chief Commissioner 's Province ) , British India of some of the Officers of the 26th Baluchistan Regiment of Bombay Infantry of British India -- before leaving India to go to China in 1900 to suppress the Boxer Rebellion ( 1899 -- 1901 ) . The capture of the southern gate of Tianjin . British troops were positioned on the left , Japanese troops at the centre , French troops on the right . Notable events included the seizure of the Dagu Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin and the boarding and capture of four Chinese destroyers by British Commander Roger Keyes . Among the foreigners besieged in Tianjin was a young American mining engineer named Herbert Hoover , who would go on to become the 31st President of the United States . The march from Tianjin to Beijing of about 120 km included about 20,000 allied troops . On 4 August , there were approximately 70,000 Qing imperial troops and anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 Boxers along the way . The allies only encountered minor resistance , fighting battles at Beicang and Yangcun . At Yangcun , the 14th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. and British troops led the assault . The weather was a major obstacle . Conditions were extremely humid with temperatures sometimes reaching 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) . These high temperatures and insects plagued the Allies . Soldiers dehydrated and horses died . Chinese villagers killed Allied troops who searched for wells . The heat killed Allied soldiers , who foamed at the mouth . The tactics along the way were gruesome on either side . Allied soldiers beheaded already dead Chinese corpses , bayoneted or beheaded live Chinese civilians , and raped Chinese girls and women . Cossacks were reported to have killed Chinese civilians almost automatically and Japanese kicked a Chinese soldier to death . The Chinese responded to the Alliance 's atrocities with similar acts of violence and cruelty , especially towards captured Russians . Lieutenant Smedley Butler saw the remains of two Japanese soldiers nailed to a wall , who had their tongues cut off and their eyes gouged . Lieutenant Butler was wounded during the expedition in the leg and chest , later receiving the Brevet Medal in recognition for his actions . Chinese troops wearing modern uniforms in 1900 The international force reached Beijing on 14 August . Following the defeat of Beiyang army in the First Sino - Japanese War , the Chinese government had invested heavily in modernizing the imperial army , which was equipped with modern Mauser repeater rifles and Krupp artillery . Three modernized divisions consisting of Manchu Bannermen protected the Beijing Metropolitan region . Two of them were under the command of the anti-Boxer Prince Qing and Ronglu , while the anti-foreign Prince Duan commanded the ten - thousand - strong Hushenying , or `` Tiger Spirit Division '' , which had joined the Gansu Braves and Boxers in attacking the foreigners . It was a Hushenying captain who had assassinated the German diplomat Ketteler . The Tenacious Army under Nie Shicheng received western style training under German and Russian officers in addition to their modernised weapons and uniforms . They effectively resisted the Alliance at the Battle of Tientsin before retreating and astounded the Alliance forces with the accuracy of their artillery during the siege of the Tianjin concessions ( the artillery shells failed to explode upon impact due to corrupt manufacturing ) . The Gansu Braves under Dong Fuxiang , which some sources described as `` ill disciplined '' , were armed with modern weapons but were not trained according to western drill and wore traditional Chinese uniforms . They led the defeat of the Alliance at Langfang in the Seymour Expedition and were the most ferocious in besieging the Legations in Beijing . Some Banner forces were given modernised weapons and western training , becoming the Metropolitan Banner forces , which were decimated in the fighting . Among the Manchu dead was the father of the writer Lao She . Corporal Titus scaling the walls of Peking The British won the race among the international forces to be the first to reach the besieged Legation Quarter . The U.S. was able to play a role due to the presence of U.S. ships and troops stationed in Manila since the U.S. conquest of the Philippines during the Spanish -- American War and the subsequent Philippine Insurrection . In the U.S. military , the action in the Boxer Rebellion was known as the China Relief Expedition . United States Marines scaling the walls of Beijing is an iconic image of the Boxer Rebellion . The British Army reached the legation quarter on the afternoon of 14 August and relieved the Legation Quarter . The Beitang was relieved on 16 August , first by Japanese soldiers and then , officially , by the French . Evacuation of the Qing imperial court from Beijing to Xi'an ( edit ) Painting of Western and Japanese troops In the early hours of 15 August , just as the Foreign Legations were being relieved , Empress Dowager Cixi , dressed in the padded blue cotton of a farm woman , the Guangxu Emperor , and a small retinue climbed into three wooden ox carts and escaped from the city covered with rough blankets . Legend has it that the Empress Dowager then either ordered that the Guangxu Emperor 's favourite concubine , Consort Zhen , be thrown down a well in the Forbidden City or tricked her into drowning herself . The journey was made all the more arduous by the lack of preparation , but the Empress Dowager insisted this was not a retreat , rather a `` tour of inspection . '' After weeks of travel , the party arrived in Xi'an in Shaanxi province , beyond protective mountain passes where the foreigners could not reach , deep in Chinese Muslim territory and protected by the Gansu Braves . The foreigners had no orders to pursue the Empress Dowager , so they decided to stay put . Russian invasion of Manchuria ( edit ) Russian officers in Manchuria during the Boxer Rebellion The Russian Empire and the Qing Empire had maintained a long peace , starting with the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 , but Tsarist forces took advantage of Chinese defeats to impose the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860 which ceded formerly Chinese territory in Manchuria to Russia , much of which is held by Russia to the present day ( Primorye ) . The Russians aimed for control over the Amur River for navigation , and the all - weather ports of Dairen and Port Arthur in the Liaodong peninsula . The rise of Japan as an Asian power provoked Russia 's anxiety , especially in light of expanding Japanese influence in Korea . Following Japan 's victory in the First Sino - Japanese War of 1895 , the Triple Intervention of Russia , Germany and France forced Japan to return the territory won in Liaodong , leading to a de facto Sino - Russian alliance . Local Chinese in Manchuria were incensed at these Russian advances and began to harass Russians and Russian institutions , such as the Chinese Eastern Railway . In June 1900 , the Chinese bombarded the town of Blagoveshchensk on the Russian side of the Amur . The Czar 's government used the pretext of Boxer activity to move some 200,000 troops into the area to crush the Boxers . The Chinese used arson to destroy a bridge carrying a railway and a barracks on 27 July . The Boxers destroyed railways and cut lines for telegraphs and burned the Yantai mines . By 21 September , Russian troops took Jilin and Liaodong , and by the end of the month completely occupied Manchuria , where their presence was a major factor leading to the Russo - Japanese War . The Chinese Honghuzi bandits of Manchuria , who had fought alongside the Boxers in the war , did not stop when the Boxer rebellion was over , and continued guerilla warfare against the Russian occupation up to the Russo - Japanese war when the Russians were defeated by Japan . Massacre of missionaries and Chinese Christians ( edit ) The Holy Chinese Martyrs of the Orthodox Church as depicted in an icon commissioned in 1990 Orthodox , Protestant and Catholic missionaries and their Chinese parishioners were massacred throughout northern China , some by Boxers and others by government troops and authorities . After the declaration of war on Western powers in June 1900 , Yuxian , who had been named governor of Shanxi in March of that year , implemented a brutal anti-foreign and anti-Christian policy . On 9 July , reports circulated that he had executed forty - four foreigners ( including women and children ) from missionary families whom he had invited to the provincial capital Taiyuan under the promise to protect them . Although the purported eye witness accounts have recently been questioned as improbable , this event became a notorious symbol of Chinese anger , known as the Taiyuan Massacre . By the summer 's end , more foreigners and as many as 2,000 Chinese Christians had been put to death in the province . Journalist and historical writer Nat Brandt has called the massacre of Christians in Shanxi `` the greatest single tragedy in the history of Christian evangelicalism . '' During the Boxer Rebellion as a whole , a total of 136 Protestant missionaries and 53 children were killed , and 47 Catholic priests and nuns . 30,000 Chinese Catholics , 2,000 Chinese Protestants , and 200 to 400 of the 700 Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing were estimated to have been killed . Collectively , the Protestant dead were called the China Martyrs of 1900 . 222 of Russian Christian Chinese Martyrs including St. Metrophanes were locally canonised as New Martyrs on 22 April 1902 , after archimandrite Innocent ( Fugurovsky ) , head of the Russian Orthodox Mission in China , solicited the Most Holy Synod to perpetuate their memory . This was the first local canonisation for more than two centuries . The Boxers went on to murder Christians across 26 prefectures . Aftermath ( edit ) Occupation , looting and atrocities ( edit ) `` The Fall of the Peking Castle '' from September 1900 . British and Japanese soldiers assaulting Chinese troops . The occupation of Beijing . British sector in yellow , French in blue , US in green and ivory , German in red and Japanese in light green . Beijing , Tianjin , and other cities in northern China were occupied for more than one year by the international expeditionary force under the command of German General Alfred Graf von Waldersee . Atrocities by foreign troops were common . French troops ravaged the countryside around Beijing on behalf of Chinese Catholics . The Americans and British paid General Yuan Shikai and his army ( the Right Division ) to help the Eight Nation Alliance suppress the Boxers . Yuan Shikai 's forces killed tens of thousands of people in their anti Boxer campaign in Zhili Province and Shandong after the Alliance captured Beijing . Yuan operated out of Baoding during the campaign , which ended in 1902 . Li Hongzhang commanded Chinese soldiers to kill `` Boxers '' to assist the foreign invaders . German troops were also criticized . The German force arrived too late to take part in the fighting , but undertook punitive expeditions to the countryside . Kaiser Wilhelm II on July 27 during departure ceremonies for the German relief force included an impromptu , but intemperate reference to the Hun invaders of continental Europe would later be resurrected by British propaganda to mock Germany during the First World War and Second World War : Should you encounter the enemy , he will be defeated ! No quarter will be given ! Prisoners will not be taken ! Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited . Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves , one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend , may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German . Chinese prisoner , possibly a Boxer , being beheaded as Europeans watch Execution of a Boxer by the French , Tientsin Chinese prisoners , possibly Boxers , beheaded in front of a group of Chinese and Japanese officials One newspaper called the aftermath of the siege a `` carnival of loot '' , and others called it `` an orgy of looting '' by soldiers , civilians and missionaries . These characterisations called to mind the sacking of the Summer Palace in 1860 . Each nationality accused the others of being the worst looters . An American diplomat , Herbert G. Squiers , filled several railroad cars with loot . The British Legation held loot auctions every afternoon and proclaimed , `` looting on the part of British troops was carried out in the most orderly manner . '' However , one British officer noted , `` it is one of the unwritten laws of war that a city which does not surrender at the last and is taken by storm is looted . '' For the rest of 1900 -- 1901 , the British held loot auctions everyday except Sunday in front of the main-gate to the British Legation . Many foreigners , including Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald and Lady Ethel MacDonald and George Ernest Morrison of The Times , were active bidders among the crowd . Many of these looted items ended up in Europe . The Catholic Beitang or North Cathedral was a `` salesroom for stolen property . '' The American commander General Adna Chaffee banned looting by American soldiers , but the ban was ineffectual . Execution of Boxers after the rebellion . Missionaries also took an active part in retributions . To provide restitution to missionaries and Chinese Christian families whose property had been destroyed , William Ament , a missionary of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions , guided American troops through villages to punish those he suspected of being Boxers and confiscate their property . When Mark Twain read of this expedition , he wrote a scathing essay , `` To the Person Sitting in Darkness '' that attacked the `` Reverend bandits of the American Board , '' especially targeting Ament , one of the most respected missionaries in China . The controversy was front page news during much of 1901 . Ament 's counterpart on the distaff side was doughty British missionary Georgina Smith who presided over a neighborhood in Beijing as judge and jury . Japanese troops during the Boxer Rebellion It was reported that Japanese troops were astonished by other Alliance troops raping civilians . Roger Keyes , who commanded the British destroyer Fame and accompanied the Gaselee Expedition , noted that the Japanese had brought their own `` regimental wives '' ( prostitutes ) to the front to keep their soldiers from raping Chinese civilians . Thousands of Chinese women committed suicide ; The Daily Telegraph journalist E.J. Dillon stated it was to avoid rape by Alliance forces , and he witnessed the mutilated corpses of Chinese women who were raped and killed by the Alliance troops . The French commander dismissed the rapes , attributing them to `` gallantry of the French soldier . '' A foreign journalist , George Lynch , said `` there are things that I must not write , and that may not be printed in England , which would seem to show that this Western civilization of ours is merely a veneer over savagery . '' Many Bannermen supported the Boxers and shared their anti-foreign sentiment . The German Minister Clemens von Ketteler was assassinated by a Manchu . Bannermen had been devastated in the First Sino - Japanese War in 1895 and Banner armies were destroyed while resisting the invasion . In the words of historian Pamela Crossley , their living conditions went `` from desperate poverty to true misery . '' When thousands of Manchus fled south from Aigun during the fighting in 1900 , their cattle and horses were stolen by Russian Cossacks who then burned their villages and homes to ashes . The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders . Reparations ( edit ) Foreign armies assemble inside the Forbidden City after capturing Beijing , 28 November 1900 After the capture of Peking by the foreign armies , some of Empress Dowager Cixi 's advisers advocated that the war be carried on , arguing that China could have defeated the foreigners as it was disloyal and traitorous people within China who allowed Beijing and Tianjin to be captured by the Allies , and that the interior of China was impenetrable . They also recommended that Dong Fuxiang continue fighting . The Empress Dowager was practical , however , and decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce when she was assured of her continued reign after the war and that China would not be forced to cede any territory . On 7 September 1901 , the Qing imperial court agreed to sign the `` Boxer Protocol '' also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight - Nation Alliance and China . The protocol ordered the execution of 10 high - ranking officials linked to the outbreak and other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of foreigners in China . Alfons Mumm ( Freiherr von Schwarzenstein ) , Ernest Satow and Komura Jutaro signed on behalf of Germany , Britain and Japan respectively . China was fined war reparations of 450,000,000 taels of fine silver ( ≈ 540,000,000 troy ounces ( 17,000 t ) @ 1.2 ozt / tael ) for the loss that it caused . The reparation was to be paid within 39 years , and would be 982,238,150 taels with interest ( 4 percent per year ) included . To help meet the payment it was agreed to increase the existing tariff from an actual 3.18 percent to 5 percent , and to tax hitherto duty - free merchandise . The sum of reparation was estimated by the Chinese population ( roughly 450 million in 1900 ) , to let each Chinese pay one tael . Chinese custom income and salt tax were enlisted as guarantee of the reparation . China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939 , equivalent in 2010 to ≈ US $61 billion on a purchasing power parity basis . A large portion of the reparations paid to the United States was diverted to pay for the education of Chinese students in U.S. universities under the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program . To prepare the students chosen for this program an institute was established to teach the English language and to serve as a preparatory school . When the first of these students returned to China they undertook the teaching of subsequent students ; from this institute was born Tsinghua University . Some of the reparation due to Britain was later earmarked for a similar program . American troops during the Boxer Rebellion . The China Inland Mission lost more members than any other missionary agency : 58 adults and 21 children were killed . However , in 1901 , when the allied nations were demanding compensation from the Chinese government , Hudson Taylor refused to accept payment for loss of property or life in order to demonstrate the meekness and gentleness of Christ to the Chinese . The French Catholic vicar apostolic , Msgr . Alfons Bermyn wanted foreign troops garrisoned in Inner Mongolia , but the Governor refused . Bermyn petitioned the Manchu Enming to send troops to Hetao where Prince Duan 's Mongol troops and General Dong Fuxiang 's Muslim troops allegedly threatened Catholics . It turned out that Bermyn had created the incident as a hoax . The Qing government did not capitulate to all the foreign demands . The Manchu governor Yuxian , was executed , but the imperial court refused to execute the Han Chinese General Dong Fuxiang , although he had also encouraged the killing of foreigners during the rebellion . Empress Dowager Cixi intervened when the Alliance demanded him executed and Dong was only cashiered and sent back home . Instead , Dong lived a life of luxury and power in `` exile '' in his home province of Gansu . Upon Dong 's death in 1908 , all honors which had been stripped from him were restored and he was given a full military burial . Long - term consequences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The European great powers finally ceased their ambitions of colonizing China having learned from the Boxer rebellions that the best way to deal with China was through the ruling dynasty , rather than directly with the Chinese people ( a sentiment embodied in the adage : `` The people are afraid of officials , the officials are afraid of foreigners , and the foreigners are afraid of the people '' ( 老百姓 怕 官 , 官 怕 洋鬼子 , 洋鬼子 怕 老百姓 ) ) , and even briefly assisted the Qing in their war against the Japanese to prevent a Japanese domination in the region . Concurrently , this period marks the ceding of European great power interference in Chinese affairs , with the Japanese replacing the Europeans as the dominant power for their lopsided involvement in the war against the Boxers as well as their victory in the First Sino - Japanese War . With the toppling of the Qing that followed and the rise of the Nationalist Kuomintang , European sway within China was reduced to symbolic status . After taking Manchuria in 1905 , Japan came to dominate Asian affairs both militarily and culturally with many of the Chinese scholars also educated in Japan with the most prominent example being Sun Yat - Sen who would later found the Nationalist movement of the Kuomintang in China . French 1901 China expedition commemorative medal . Musée de la Légion d'Honneur . In October 1900 , Russia occupied the provinces of Manchuria , a move which threatened Anglo - American hopes of maintaining what remained of China 's territorial integrity and the country 's openness to commerce under the Open Door Policy . Japan 's clash with Russia over Liaodong and other provinces in eastern Manchuria , due to the Russian refusal to honour the terms of the Boxer protocol which called for their withdrawal , led to the Russo - Japanese War when two years of negotiations broke down in February 1904 . The Russian Lease of the Liaodong ( 1898 ) was confirmed . Russia was ultimately defeated by an increasingly confident Japan . Besides the compensation , Empress Dowager Cixi reluctantly started some reforms despite her previous views . Under her reforms known as the New Policies started in 1901 , the imperial examination system for government service was eliminated and as a result the system of education through Chinese classics was replaced with a European liberal system that led to a university degree . Along with the formation of new military and police organisations , the reforms also simplified central bureaucracy and made a start on revamping taxation policies . After the deaths of Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor in 1908 , the prince regent Zaifeng ( Prince Chun ) , the Guangxu Emperor 's brother , launched further reforms . The effect on China was a weakening of the dynasty and its national defense capabilities . The government structure was temporarily sustained by the Europeans . Behind the international conflict , it further deepened internal ideological differences between northern - Chinese anti-foreign royalists and southern - Chinese anti-Qing revolutionists . This scenario in the last years of the Qing dynasty gradually escalated into a chaotic warlord era in which the most powerful northern warlords were hostile towards the revolutionaries in the south who overthrew the Qing monarchy in 1911 . The rivalry was not fully resolved until the northern warlords were defeated by the Kuomintang 's 1926 -- 28 Northern Expedition . Prior to the final defeat of the Boxer Rebellion , all anti-Qing movements in the previous century , such as the Taiping Rebellion , had been successfully suppressed by the Qing . Historian Walter LaFeber has argued that President William McKinley 's decision to send 5,000 American troops to quell the rebellion marks `` the origins of modern presidential war powers '' : McKinley took a historic step in creating a new , 20th century presidential power . He dispatched the five thousand troops without consulting Congress , let alone obtaining a declaration of war , to fight the Boxers who were supported by the Chinese government ... Presidents had previously used such force against non-governmental groups that threatened U.S. interests and citizens . It was now used , however , against recognised governments , and without obeying the Constitution 's provisions about who was to declare war . Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. concurred , writing that : The intervention in China marked the start of a crucial shift in the presidential employment of armed force overseas . In the 19th century , military force committed without congressional authorization had been typically used against nongovernmental organizations . Now it was beginning to be used against sovereign states , and , in the case of Theodore Roosevelt , with less consultation than ever . In the Second Sino - Japanese War , when the Japanese asked the Muslim general Ma Hongkui to defect and become head of a Muslim puppet state , he responded that his relatives had been killed during the Battle of Peking , including his uncle Ma Fulu . Since Japanese troops made up the majority of the Alliance forces there would be no cooperation with the Japanese . Controversies and changing views of the Boxers ( edit ) Boxers captured by the U.S. Army near Tianjin in 1901 . From the beginning , views differed as to whether the Boxers were better seen as anti-imperialist , patriotic , and proto - nationalist or as `` uncivilized '' , irrational , and futile opponents of inevitable change . The historian Joseph Esherick comments that `` confusion about the Boxer Uprising is not simply a matter of popular misconceptions '' , for `` there is no major incident in China 's modern history on which the range of professional interpretation is as great '' . Chinese liberals such as Hu Shi often condemned the Boxers for their irrationality and barbarity . Chinese nationalists initially disdained them for their superstition and xenophobia . Dr. Sun Yat - sen , the founding father of the Republic of China and of the Nationalist Party at first believed that the Boxer Movement was stirred up by the Qing government 's rumors , which `` caused confusion among the populace '' , and delivered `` scathing criticism '' of the Boxers ' `` anti-foreignism and obscurantism '' . Sun praised the Boxers for their `` spirit of resistance '' but called them `` bandits '' . Students shared an ambivalent attitude to the Boxers , stating that while the uprising originated from the `` ignorant and stubborn people of the interior areas '' , their beliefs were `` brave and righteous '' , and could `` be transformed into a moving force for independence '' . After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 , nationalist Chinese became more sympathetic to the Boxers . In 1918 Sun praised their fighting spirit and said the Boxers were courageous and fearless , fighting to the death against the Alliance armies , specifically the Battle of Yangcun . The leader of the New Culture Movement , Chen Duxiu , forgave the `` barbarism of the Boxer ... given the crime foreigners committed in China '' , and contended that it was those `` subservient to the foreigners '' that truly `` deserved our resentment '' . Qing forces of Chinese soldiers in 1899 -- 1901 . Left : two infantrymen of the New Imperial Army . Front : drum major of the regular army . Seated on the trunk : field artilleryman . Right : Boxers . In other countries , views of the Boxers were complex and contentious . Mark Twain said that `` the Boxer is a patriot . He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people . I wish him success '' . The Russian writer Leo Tolstoy also praised the Boxers . He accused Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany of being chiefly responsible for the lootings , rapes , murders and the `` Christian brutality '' of the Russians and other western troops . The Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin mocked the Russian government 's claim that it was protecting Christian civilization : `` Poor Imperial Government ! So Christianly unselfish , and yet so unjustly maligned ! Several years ago it unselfishly seized Port Arthur , and now it is unselfishly seizing Manchuria ; it has unselfishly flooded the frontier provinces of China with hordes of contractors , engineers , and officers , who , by their conduct , have roused to indignation even the Chinese , known for their docility . '' The Indian Bengali Hindu Rabindranath Tagore attacked the European colonialists . A number of Indian soldiers in the British Indian Army agreed that the Boxers were right and the British stole from the Temple of Heaven a bell , which was given back to China by the Indian military in 1994 . Even some American churchmen spoke out in support of the Boxers . The evangelist Rev. Dr. George F. Pentecost said that the Boxer uprising was a `` patriotic movement to expel the ' foreign devils ' -- just that -- the foreign devils '' . Suppose , he said , the great nations of Europe were to `` put their fleets together , came over here , seize Portland , move on down to Boston , then New York , then Philadelphia , and so on down the Atlantic Coast and around the Gulf of Galveston ? Suppose they took possession of these port cities , drove our people into the hinterland , built great warehouses and factories , brought in a body of dissolute agents , and calmly notified our people that henceforward they would manage the commerce of the country ? Would we not have a Boxer movement to drive those foreign European Christian devils out of our country ? The Russian newspaper Amurskii Krai criticized the killing of innocent civilians , charging that `` restraint '' `` civilization '' and `` culture '' instead of `` racial hatred '' and `` destruction '' would have been more becoming of a `` civilized Christian nation '' . The paper asked `` What shall we tell civilized people ? We shall have to say to them : ' Do not consider us as brothers anymore . We are mean and terrible people ; we have killed those who hid at our place , who sought our protection ' '' . The events also left a longer impact . The historian Robert Bickers found that for the British in China the Boxer rising served as the `` equivalent of the Indian ' mutiny ' '' and came to represent the Yellow Peril . Later events , he adds , such as the Chinese Nationalist Revolution of the 1920s and even the activities of the Red Guards of the 1960s , were perceived as being in the shadow of the Boxers . In Taiwan ( Republic of China ) and Hong Kong , history textbooks often present the Boxer as irrational and xenophobic . But in the People 's Republic of China , government textbooks described the Boxer movement as an anti-imperialist , patriotic peasant movement whose failure was due to the lack of leadership from the modern working class , and described the international army as an invading force . In recent decades , however , large - scale projects of village interviews and explorations of archival sources have led historians in China to take a more nuanced view . Some non-Chinese scholars , such as Joseph Esherick , have seen the movement as anti-imperialist ; while others hold that the concept `` nationalistic '' is anachronistic because the Chinese nation had not been formed and the Boxers were more concerned with regional issues . Paul Cohen 's recent study includes a survey of `` the Boxers as myth '' , showing how their memory was used in changing ways in 20th century China from the New Culture Movement to the Cultural Revolution . In recent years the Boxer question has been debated in the People 's Republic of China . In 1998 , the critical scholar Wang Yi argued that the Boxers had features in common with the extremism of the Cultural Revolution . Both events had the external goal of `` liquidating all harmful pests '' and the domestic goal of `` eliminating bad elements of all descriptions '' and this relation was rooted in `` cultural obscurantism '' . Wang explained to his readers the changes in attitudes towards the Boxers from the condemnation of the May Fourth Movement to the approval expressed by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution . In 2006 Yuan Weishi , a professor of philosophy at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou , wrote that the Boxers by their `` criminal actions brought unspeakable suffering to the nation and its people ! These are all facts that everybody knows , and it is a national shame that the Chinese people can not forget '' . Yuan charged that history text books had been lacking in neutrality in presenting the Boxer Uprising as a `` magnificent feat of patriotism '' , and not presenting the view that the majority of the Boxer rebels were both violent and xenophobic . In response , some labeled Yuan Weishi a `` traitor '' ( Hanjian ) . Terminology ( edit ) The first reports coming from China in 1898 referred to the village activists as `` Yihequan '' , ( Wade -- Giles : I Ho Ch'uan ) . The first known use of the term `` Boxer '' was September 1899 in a letter from missionary Grace Newton in Shandong . It appears from context that `` Boxer '' was a known term by that time , possibly coined by the Shandong missionaries Arthur H. Smith and Henry Porter. Smith says in his book of 1902 that the name I Ho Ch'uan ... literally denotes the ' Fists ' ( Ch'uan ) of Righteousness ( or Public ) ( I ) Harmony ( Ho ) , in apparent allusion to the strength of united force which was to be put forth . As the Chinese phrase ' fists and feet ' signifies boxing and wrestling , there appeared to be no more suitable term for the adherents of the sect than ' Boxers , ' a designation first used by one or two missionary correspondents of foreign journals in China , and later universally accepted on account of the difficulty of coining a better one . On 6 June 1900 the Times of London used the term `` rebellion '' in quotation marks , presumably to indicate their view that the rising was in fact instigated by Empress Dowager Cixi . The historian Lanxin Xiang refers to the `` so called ' Boxer Rebellion , ' '' and explains that `` while peasant rebellion was nothing new in Chinese history , a war against the world 's most powerful states was . '' The name `` Boxer Rebellion '' , concludes Joseph Esherick , another recent historian , is truly a `` misnomer '' , for the Boxers `` never rebelled against the Manchu rulers of China and their Qing dynasty '' and the `` most common Boxer slogan , throughout the history of the movement , was `` support the Qing , destroy the Foreign . '' He adds that only after the movement was suppressed by the Allied Intervention did both the foreign powers and influential Chinese officials realize that the Qing would have to remain as government of China in order to maintain order and collect taxes to pay the indemnity . Therefore , in order to save face for the Empress Dowager and the imperial court , the argument was made that the Boxers were rebels and that support from the imperial court came only from a few Manchu princes . Esherick concludes that the origin of the term `` rebellion '' was `` purely political and opportunistic '' , but it has shown a remarkable staying power , particularly in popular accounts . Other recent Western works refer to the `` Boxer Movement '' , `` Boxer War '' or Yihetuan Movement , while Chinese studies use 义和团 运动 ( Yihetuan yundong ) , that is , `` Yihetuan Movement . '' In his discussion of the general and legal implications of the terminology involved , the German scholar Thoralf Klein notes that all of the terms , including the Chinese ones , are `` posthumous interpretations of the conflict . '' He argues that each term , whether it be `` uprising '' , `` rebellion '' or `` movement '' implies a different definition of the conflict . Even the term `` Boxer War '' , which has become widely used by recent scholars in the West , raises questions , as war was never declared , and Allied troops behaved as a punitive expedition in colonial style , not in a declared war with legal constraints . The Allies took advantage of the fact that China had not signed `` The Laws and Customs of War on Land '' , a key document at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference . They argued that China had violated its provisions but themselves ignored them . Later representations ( edit ) U.S. Marines fight rebellious Boxers outside Beijing Legation Quarter , 1900 . Copy of painting by Sergeant John Clymer . British and Japanese forces engage Boxers in battle . By 1900 , many new forms of media had matured , including illustrated newspapers and magazines , postcards , broadsides and advertisements , all of which presented images of the Boxers and of the invading armies . The rebellion was covered in the foreign illustrated press by artists and photographers . Paintings and prints were also published including Japanese wood - blocks . In the following decades , the Boxers were a constant subject for comment . A sampling includes : In the Polish play The Wedding by Stanisław Wyspiański , first published on 16 March 1901 , even before the rebellion was finally crushed , the character of Czepiec asks the Journalist ( Dziennikarz ) one of the best - known questions in the history of Polish literature : `` Cóż tam , panie , w polityce ? Chińczyki trzymają się mocno ! ? ( '' How are things in politics , Mister ? Are the Chinese holding out firmly ! ? `` ) . Liu E , Lao Can Yuji sympathetically shows an honest official trying to carry out reforms and depicts the Boxers as sectarian rebels . G.A. Henty , With the Allies to Pekin , a Tale of the Relief of the Legations ( New York : Scribners , 1903 ; London : Blackie , 1904 ) . Juvenile fiction by a widely read author , depicts the Boxers as `` a mob of ruffians . '' A false or forged diary , Diary of his Excellency Ching - Shan : Being a Chinese Account of the Boxer Troubles , including text written by Edmund Backhouse , who claimed he recovered the document from a burnt building . It is suspected that Backhouse falsified the document , as well as other stories , because he was prone to tell tales dubious in nature , including claims of nightly visits to the Empress Dowager Cixi . In Hergé 's The Adventures of Tintin comic The Blue Lotus , Tintin 's Chinese friend Chang Chong - Chen when they first meet , after Tintin saves the boy from drowning , the boy asks Tintin why he saved him from drowning as , according to Chang 's uncle who fought in the Rebellion , all white people were wicked . The novel Moment in Peking ( 1939 ) , by Lin Yutang , opens during the Boxer Rebellion , and provides a child 's - eye view of the turmoil through the eyes of the protagonist . Tulku , a 1979 children 's novel by Peter Dickinson , includes the effects of the Boxer Rebellion on a remote part of China . The Diamond Age or , A Young Lady 's Illustrated Primer ( New York , 1996 ) , by Neal Stephenson , includes a quasi-historical re-telling of the Boxer Rebellion as an integral component of the novel The novel The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure ( 2003 ) , by Adam Williams , describes the experiences of a small group of foreign missionaries , traders and railway engineers in a fictional town in northern China shortly before and during the Boxer Rebellion . Illusionist William Ellsworth Robinson a.k.a. Chung Ling Soo had a bullet catch trick entitled `` Condemned to Death by the Boxers '' , which famously resulted in his onstage death . The 1963 film 55 Days at Peking directed by Nicholas Ray and starring Charlton Heston , Ava Gardner and David Niven . In 1975 Hong Kong 's Shaw Brothers studio produced the film Boxer Rebellion ( Chinese : 八國 聯軍 ; pinyin : bāguó liánjūn ; Wade -- Giles : Pa kuo lien chun ; literally : `` Eight - Nation Allied Army '' ) under director Chang Cheh with one of the highest budgets to tell a sweeping story of disillusionment and revenge . Hong Kong 's Shaw Brothers Legendary Weapons of China ( 1981 ) , director Lau Kar Leung . A comedy starring Hsiao Ho ( Hsiao Hou ) as a disillusioned boxer of the Magic Clan who is sent to assassinate the former leader of a powerful boxer clan who refuses to dupe his students into believing they are impervious to firearms . There are several flashbacks to the Boxer Rebellion in the television shows Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel . During the conflict , Spike kills his first slayer to impress Drusilla , and Angel decisively splits from Darla . The 2003 film , Shanghai Knights , starring Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson , shows that the Boxers still exist , working for Lord Rathbone , who wants to assassinate many members of the British Royal Family . The Last Empress ( Boston , 2007 ) , by Anchee Min , describes the long reign of the Empress Dowager Cixi in which the siege of the legations is one of the climactic events in the novel . Mo , Yan . Sandalwood Death . Viewpoint of villagers during Boxer Uprising . The pair of graphic novels by Gene Luen Yang , with colour by Lark Pien , Boxers and Saints , describes the `` bands of foreign missionaries and soldiers '' who `` roam the countryside bullying and robbing Chinese peasants . '' Little Bao , `` harnessing the powers of ancient Chinese gods '' , recruits an army of Boxers , `` commoners trained in kung fu who fight to free China from ' foreign devils . ' '' The 2013 video game BioShock Infinite featured the Boxer Rebellion as a major historical moment for the floating city of Columbia . Columbia , in an effort to rescue American hostages during the rebellion , opened fire upon the city of Peking and burned it to the ground . These actions resulted in the United States recalling Columbia , which led to its secession from the Union . The Boxer Rebellion is the historical backdrop for the episode titled `` Kung Fu Crabtree '' ( Season 7 , Episode 16 , aired 24 March 2014 ) of the television series Murdoch Mysteries , when Chinese officials visit Toronto in 1900 in search of Boxers who have fled from China . See also ( edit ) Battle of Peking ( 1900 ) Century of humiliation China Relief Expedition History of Beijing Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol List of 1900 -- 30 publications on the Boxer Rebellion Opium War Xishiku Cathedral ( 西 什 庫 天主堂 ) Donghak Rebellion , an anti-foreign , proto - nationalist uprising in pre-Japanese Korea Eight - Nation Alliance The Mutual Protection of Southeast China Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program Gengzi Guobian Tanci Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein Stephen Pichon Ernest Mason Satow Maurice Joostens Komura Jutarō Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harrington 2001 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` China Relief Expedition ( Boxer Rebellion ) , 1900 -- 1901 '' . Veterans Museum and Memorial Center . Archived from the original on 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Immanuel C.Y. ( 1978 ) . `` Late Ch'ing Foreign Relations , 1866 -- 1905 '' . In John King Fairbank . The Cambridge History of China . 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Norton . p. 94 . ISBN 9780393040852 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ch ? ên , J. ( 1972 ) . Yuan Shih - kʻai . Stanford University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 9780804707893 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jan Kocvarp. , Germany and the Boxer Uprising in China West Bohemian Historical Review Vol. 5.2 2015 , p. 159 Jump up ^ `` Wilhelm II : `` Hun Speech '' ( 1900 ) German History in Documents and Images ( GHDI ) `` . germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org . Jump up ^ James L. Hevia , `` Looting and Its Discontents : Moral Discourse and the Plunder of Beijing , 1900 -- 1901 '' , in Bickers and Tiedemann , ed. , The Boxers , China , and the World ( 2007 ) : 94 . ^ Jump up to : Preston ( 2000 ) , p. 284 - 285 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Wilbur J. letter to his wife ( 11 December 1900 ) , in Ordered to China : Letters of Wilbur J. Chamberlin : Written from China While Under Commission from the New York Sun During the Boxer Uprising of 1900 and the International Complications Which Followed , ( New York : Frederick A. Stokes , 1903 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2009 ) , p. 194 - 197 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2009 ) , p. 207 - 208 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2009 ) , p. 204 - 214 . Jump up ^ Patricia Ebrey ; Anne Walthall ; James Palais ( 2008 ) . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Cengage Learning . p. 301 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 00534 - 2 . Jump up ^ Preston ( 2000 ) , p. 90 , 284 -- 285 . Jump up ^ Crossley 1990 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Rhoads 2000 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Hansen , M.H. ( 2011 ) . Lessons in Being Chinese : Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China . University of Washington Press . p. 80 . ISBN 9780295804125 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Shirokogorov 1924 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Chang 1956 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Diana Preston ( 2000 ) . The Boxer Rebellion : The Dramatic Story of China 's War on Foreigners that Shook the World in the Summer of 1900 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 312 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1361 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hsu , 481 Jump up ^ `` Archive.org '' . Archive.org. 10 March 2001 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Broomhall ( 1901 ) , several pages Jump up ^ Ann Heylen ( 2004 ) . Chronique du Toumet - Ortos : Looking through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost , Missionary in Inner Mongolia ( 1915 -- 1921 ) . Leuven , Belgium : Leuven University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 90 - 5867 - 418 - 5 . Jump up ^ Patrick Taveirne ( 2004 ) . Han - Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors : A History of Scheut in Ordos ( Hetao ) 1874 -- 1911 . Leuven , Belgium : Leuven University Press . p. 539 . ISBN 90 - 5867 - 365 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman ( 2004 ) . Familiar Strangers : A History of Muslims in Northwest China . Seattle : University of Washington Press . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97644 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 董福祥 与 西北 马 家 军阀 的 的 故事 '' . ^ Jump up to : James Hastings ; John Alexander Selbie ; Louis Herbert Gray ( 1916 ) . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. 8 . T. & T. Clark . p. 894 . Jump up ^ Paine , S.C.M. ( 1996 ) . Imperial Rivals : China , Russia , and Their Disputed Frontier . M.E. Sharpe . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 724 - 8 . Jump up ^ Benedict , Carol Ann ( 1996 ) . Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth - Century China . Stanford University Press . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2661 - 0 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas ( 7 July 2005 ) Presidential War Powers , LewRockwell.com Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur . The Imperial Presidency ( Popular Library 1974 ) , pg. 96 . Jump up ^ LEI , Wan ( February 2010 ) . `` The Chinese Islamic `` Goodwill Mission to the Middle East '' During the Anti-Japanese War `` . DÎvÂn Disiplinlerarasi Çalismalar Dergisi . cilt 15 ( sayı 29 ) : 133 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Esherick ( 1987 ) , p. xiv . Jump up ^ 顾 则 徐 : 清末 民 初 思想 领袖 评价 义和团 总览 Jump up ^ Han , Xiaorong ( February 2005 ) . Chinese discourses on the peasant , 1900 -- 1949 . State University of New York Press . pp. 20 , 21 . ISBN 0791463192 . Jump up ^ Sun Yat - sen , A Letter to the Governor of Hong Kong `` , quoted in Li Weichao , `` Modern Chinese Nationalism and the Boxer Movement '' , Douglas Kerr ( 2009 ) . Critical Zone 3 : A Forum of Chinese and Western Knowledge . Hong Kong University Press . pp. 149 , 151 . ISBN 962 - 209 - 857 - 6 . Jump up ^ Han , Xiaorong ( February 2005 ) . Chinese discourses on the peasant , 1900 -- 1949 . State University of New York Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0791463192 . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 7 November 2007 ) . Mark Twain Speeches . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4346 - 7879 - 9 . Jump up ^ William Henry Chamberlin ( 1960 ) . The Russian review , Volume 19 . Blackwell . p. 115 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin , `` The War in China '' , Iskra , No. 1 ( December 1900 ) , in Lenin Collected Works ( Moscow : Progress Publishers , 1964 ) , Volume 4 , pages 372 -- 377 , online Marxists Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Robert A. Bickers ( 2007 ) . The Boxers , China , and the World . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 149 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , Ananth ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` The forgotten history of Indian troops in China '' . The Hindu . BEIJING . Jump up ^ `` America Not A Christian Nation , Says Dr. Pentecost '' . The New York Times . 11 February 1912 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ George Alexander Lensen ; Fang - chih Chʻen ( 1982 ) . The Russo - Chinese War :. p. 103 . Jump up ^ Robert Bickers , Britain in China : Community , Culture , and Colonialism , 1900 -- 1949 ( Manchester ; New York : Manchester University Press , distributed in the US by St. Martin 's Press , 1999 ISBN 0719046971 ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Pt Three , `` The Boxers As Myth '' , Cohen , History in Three Keys , pp. 211 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Wang Yi , `` The Cultural Origins of the Boxer Movement 's Obscurantism and Its Influence on the Cultural Revolution '' , in Douglas Kerr , ed. , Critical Zone Three . ( Hong Kong University Press ) , 155 . Jump up ^ `` History Textbooks in China '' . Eastsouthwestnorth . Retrieved 23 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Pan , Philip P. ( 25 January 2006 ) . `` Leading Publication Shut Down In China '' . Washington Post Foreign Service . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ 网友 评论 : 评 中山 大学 袁时伟 的 汉奸 言论 和 混蛋 逻辑 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2009 ) , p. 223 . Jump up ^ China in Convulsion Vol I , pp. 154 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Jane Elliot , Some Did It for Civilisation `` , p. 9 , 1 . Jump up ^ Xiang , The Origins of the Boxer War p. vii -- viii . Jump up ^ Esherick p. xiv . Esherick notes that many textbooks and secondary accounts followed Victor Purcell , The Boxer Uprising : A Background Study ( 1963 ) in seeing a shift from an early anti-dynastic movement to pro-dynastic , but that the `` flood of publications '' from Taiwan and the People 's Republic ( including both documents from the time and oral histories conducted in the 1950s ) has shown this not to be the case . xv -- xvi . Jump up ^ Klein ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Perdue , `` Visualizing the Boxer Uprising '' MIT Visualizing Cultures Illustrated Slide Lecture Jump up ^ Frederic A. Sharf and Peter Harrington . China 1900 : The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 409 - 5 . Jump up ^ met ( 2007 - 08 - 26 ) ( 26 August 2007 ) . `` Chińcyki trzymają się mocno ! ? '' . Broszka.pl . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ translated by Harold Shaddick as The Travels of Lao Ts'an ( Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1952 ) , also available in an abridged version which omits some scenes of the Boxers : The travels of Lao Can , translated by Yang Xianyi , Gladys Yang ( Beijing : Panda Books , 1983 ; 176p . ) , Jump up ^ Hugh Trevor - Roper : A Hidden Life -- The Enigma of Sir Edmund Backhouse ( Published in the USA as Hermit of Peking , The Hidden Life of Sir Edmund Backhouse ) ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ 55 Days at Peking on IMDb Jump up ^ `` HKflix '' . HKflix . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandalwood Death ( Translated by Howard Goldblatt . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2013 . ISBN 9780806143392 ) . Jump up ^ Boxers and Saints ( First Second Books , 2013 ISBN 1596439246 ) WorldCat References ( edit ) Cohen , Paul A. ( 1997 ) . History in three keys : the boxers as event , experience , and myth . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10651 - 3 . Elliott , Jane E. ( 2002 ) . Some Did It for Civilisation , Some Did It for Their Country : A Revised View of the Boxer War . Hong Kong : Chinese University Press . ISBN 9622019730 . David D. Buck , `` Review '' , The China Quarterly 173 ( 2003 ) : 234 -- 237 . calls this a strong `` revisionist '' account . Edgerton , Robert B. ( 1997 ) . Warriors of the rising sun : a history of the Japanese military ( illustrated ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393040852 . Esherick , Joseph W. ( 1987 ) . The Origins of the Boxer Uprising . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06459 - 3 . Harrington , Peter ( 2001 ) . Peking 1900 : The Boxer Rebellion . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 181 - 8 . Klein , Thoralf ( 2008 ) . `` The Boxer War - the Boxer Uprising '' . Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence . Leonhard , Robert R . `` The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900 '' ( PDF ) . The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Preston , Diana ( 2000 ) . The Boxer Rebellion : The Dramatic Story of China 's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0802713610 ... Questia pay edition ; British title : Besieged in Peking : The Story of the 1900 Boxer Rising ( London : Constable , 1999 ) Thompson , Larry Clinton ( 2009 ) . William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion : Heroism , Hubris , and the `` Ideal Missionary '' . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 78645 - 338 - 9 . Xiang , Lanxin ( 2003 ) . The Origins of the Boxer War : A Multinational Study . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1563 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) General accounts and analysis ( edit ) In addition to the books listed under References , general accounts can be found in such textbooks as Jonathan Spence , In Search of Modern China , pp. 230 -- 235 ; Keith Schoppa , Revolution and Its Past , pp. 118 -- 123 ; and Immanuel Hsu , Ch 16 , `` The Boxer Uprising '' , in The Rise of Modern China ( 1990 ) . Robert A. Bickers and R.G. Tiedemann , eds. , The Boxers , China , and the World . Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5394 - 1 . Robert A. Bickers , The Scramble for China : Foreign Devils in the Qing Empire , 1800 -- 1914 ( London : Allen Lane , 2011 ) . David D. Buck , `` Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement '' , Chinese Studies in History 20 ( 1987 ) . Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People 's Republic . Purcell , Victor ( 1963 ) . The Boxer Uprising : A background study . online edition David Silbey . The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China . New York : Hill and Wang , 2012 . 273p . ISBN 9780809094776 . `` In Our Time -- discussion show on The Boxer Rebellion '' . BBC Radio4 . Missionary experience and personal accounts ( edit ) Brandt , Nat ( 1994 ) . Massacre in Shansi . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0282 - 0 . The story of the Oberlin missionaries at Taigu , Shanxi . Clark , Anthony E. ( 2015 ) . Heaven in Conflict : Franciscans and the Boxer Uprising in Shanxi . Seattle and London : University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 99400 - 0 Price , Eva Jane . China Journal , 1889 -- 1900 : An American Missionary Family During the Boxer Rebellion , ( 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 684 - 18951 - 8 . Review : Susanna Ashton , `` Compound Walls : Eva Jane Price 's Letters from a Chinese Mission , 1890 -- 1900 . '' Frontiers 1996 17 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 94 . ISSN 0160 - 9009 . The journal of the events leading up to the deaths of the Price family . Sharf , Frederic A. , and Peter Harrington ( 2000 ) . China 1900 : The Eyewitnesses Speak . London : Greenhill . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 410 - 9 . Excerpts from German , British , Japanese , and American soldiers , diplomats and journalists . Sharf , Frederic A. , and Peter Harrington ( 2000 ) . China 1900 : The Artists ' Perspective . London : Greenhill . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 409 - 5 Bell , P , and Clements , R , ( 2014 ) . Lives from a Black Tin Box ISBN 978 - 1 - 86024 - 931 - 0 The story of the Xinzhou martyrs , Shanxi Province . Allied Intervention , the Boxer War , and the aftermath ( edit ) Bodin , Lynn E. and Christopher Warner . The Boxer Rebellion . London : Osprey , Men - at - Arms Series 95 , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 335 - 6 ( pbk . ) Illustrated history of the military campaign . Fleming , Peter ( 1959 ) . The Siege at Peking . New York : Harper . ISBN 0 - 88029 - 462 - 0 . Hevia , James L. `` Leaving a Brand on China : Missionary Discourse in the Wake of the Boxer Movement '' , Modern China 18.3 ( 1992 ) : 304 -- 332 . Hevia , James L. `` A Reign of Terror : Punishment and Retribution in Beijing and its Environs '' , Chapter 6 , in English Lessons : The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth Century China ( Durham , NC : Duke University Press , 2003 ) , pp. 195 -- 240 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3151 - 9 Hunt , Michael H. `` The American Remission of the Boxer Indemnity : A Reappraisal '' , Journal of Asian Studies 31 ( Spring 1972 ) : 539 -- 559 . Hunt , Michael H. `` The Forgotten Occupation : Peking , 1900 -- 1901 '' , Pacific Historical Review 48.4 ( November 1979 ) : 501 -- 529 . Langer , William . The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890 -- 1902 ( 2nd ed. 1950 ) pp 677 -- 709 Contemporary accounts and sources ( edit ) Broomhall , Marshall ( 1901 ) . Martyred Missionaries of The China Inland Mission ; With a Record of The Perils and Sufferings of Some Who Escaped . London : Morgan and Scott ... A contemporary account . Conger , Sarah Pike ( 1909 ) , Letters from China with Particular Reference to the Empress Dowager and the Women of China ( 2nd ed . ) , Chicago : A.C. McClurg E.H. Edwards , Fire and Sword in Shansi : The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians ( New York : Revell , 1903 ) Isaac Taylor Headland , Chinese Heroes ; Being a Record of Persecutions Endured by Native Christians in the Boxer Uprising ( New York , Cincinnati : Eaton & Mains ; Jennings & Pye , 1902 ) . Arnold Henry Savage Landor , China and the Allies ( New York : Scribner 's , 1901 ) . 01008198 Google Book : ( 1 ) Pierre Loti , The Last Days of Pekin ( Boston : Little , Brown and Co. , 1902 ) : tr. of Les Derniers Jours De Pékin ( Paris : Lévy , 1900 ) . W.A.P. Martin , The Siege in Peking , China against the World ( New York : F.H. Revell company , 1900 ) . Putnam Weale , Bertram Lenox , ( 1907 ) . Indiscreet Letters from Peking : Being the Notes of an Eyewitness , Which Set Forth in Some Detail , From Day to Day , The Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900 -- The Year of Great Tribulation . Dodd , Mead . Free ebook . Project Gutenberg . Arthur H. Smith , China in Convulsion ( New York : F.H. Revell Co. , 1901 ) . Vol . I An account of the Boxers and the siege by a missionary who had lived in a North China village . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boxer Rebellion . Lost in the Gobi Desert : Hart retraces great - grandfather 's footsteps , William & Mary News Story , 3 January 2005 . September 1900 San Francisco Newspaper 200 Photographs in Library of Congress online Collection 55 Days at Peking on IMDb Pa kuo lien chun on IMDb University of Washington Library 's Digital Collections -- Robert Henry Chandless Photographs Proceedings of the Tenth Universal Peace Congress , 1901 Pictures from the Siege of Peking , from the Caldwell Kvaran archives Eyewitness account : When the Allies Entered Peking , 1900 , an excerpt of Pierre Loti 's Les Derniers Jours de Pékin ( 1902 ) . Documents of the Boxer Rebellion ( China Relief Expedition ) , 1900 -- 1901 National Museum of the U.S. Navy ( Selected Naval Documents ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the boxers in china and what was their goal | [
"The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty. It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan), known in English as the \"Boxers\", for many of their members had been practitioners of the martial arts, such as boxing. They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to Western colonialism and associated Christian missionary activity."
] | [
"Militia United in Righteousness (Yihetuan)"
] |
-8464915571535251869 | Earth Angel | Earth Angel - wikipedia Earth Angel Jump to : navigation , search `` Earth Angel '' Single by The Penguins A-side `` Hey Señorita '' Released October 1954 Format 7 '' single 10 '' shellac Recorded c . August -- September 1954 Genre Doo - wop rhythm and blues Length 2 : 57 Label Dootone Songwriter ( s ) Curtis Williams Jesse Belvin Gaynel Hodge Producer ( s ) Dootsie Williams The Penguins singles chronology `` Earth Angel '' ( 1954 ) `` No There Ai n't No News Today / When I Am Gone '' ( 1954 ) `` Hey Señorita / Earth Angel '' ( 1954 ) `` No There Ai n't No News Today / When I Am Gone '' ( 1954 ) `` Earth Angel '' ( occasionally referred to as `` Earth Angel ( Will You Be Mine ) '' ) is a song by American doo - wop group the Penguins . Produced by Dootsie Williams , it was released as their debut single in October 1954 on Dootone Records . The Penguins had formed the year prior and recorded the song as a demo in a garage in South Los Angeles . The song 's origins lie in multiple different sources , among them songs by Jesse Belvin , Patti Page , and the Hollywood Flames . Its authorship was the subject of a bitter legal dispute with Williams in the years following its release . Although the song was going to be overdubbed with additional instrumentation , the original demo version became an unexpected hit , quickly outstripping its A-side . The song grew out of Southern California and spread across the United States over the winter of 1954 -- 55 . `` Earth Angel '' became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard 's national pop charts , where it peaked within the top 10 . It was a big hit on the magazine 's R&B charts , where it remained number one for several weeks . A cover version by white vocal group the Crew - Cuts peaked higher on the pop charts , reaching number three . The song made an appearance in the movie `` Back to the Future '' with the band Marvin Berry & The Starlighters . More cover versions followed , including recordings by Gloria Mann , Tiny Tim , Johnny Tillotson , and Elvis Presley . The Penguins ' only hit , it eventually sold in excess of 10 million copies . The original recording of the song remained an enduring hit single for much of the 1950s , and it is now considered to be one of the definitive doo - wop songs . In 2005 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , deeming it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Commercial performance 3 Legal issues 4 Cover versions and in popular culture 5 Legacy 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Background ( edit ) `` Earth Angel '' `` Earth Angel '' is largely composed of elements from earlier doo - wop songs , among them `` Blue Moon '' and `` Dream Girl '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Penguins -- composed of lead vocalist Cleveland Duncan , bass Curtis Williams , tenor Dexter Tisby , and baritone Bruce Tate -- formed at Fremont High School in Los Angeles , California in 1953 . The group named themselves after the Kool cigarette advertising mascot . Williams and Gaynel Hodge were previously members of The Hollywood Flames , where they began writing `` Earth Angel '' with mentor Jesse Belvin , also a Fremont High graduate . Belvin had previously had a hit single in `` Dream Girl '' , a 1952 ballad credited to Jesse & Marvin ( saxophonist Marvin Phillips ) . The song echoes `` Earth Angel '' in its melodic refrain : `` Dream girl , dream girl ... '' Its `` why - oh '' hook was adapted as a background chant within `` Earth Angel '' . The `` Will you be mine ? '' hook was borrowed from the R&B hit of the same name by the Swallows . The Hollywood Flames were hired that year by Jessie Mae Robinson to record a demo of `` I Went to Your Wedding '' , later recorded by Patti Page . Hodge later noted that the group lifted the bridge from that song for `` Earth Angel '' . The song also contains elements of the Flames ' 1953 recording of `` I Know '' in its piano introduction and chord progressions , which were closely based on the Rodgers & Hart standard `` Blue Moon '' . Williams reportedly wrote the song for his wife , Marlene , and Duncan re-wrote the melody , as he disliked the original . `` Earth Angel '' was recorded as a literal garage demo -- it was recorded in a home garage at the Los Angeles home of Ted Brinson ( a relative of Williams who had previously played bass for the Jimmie Lunceford and Andy Kirk bands ) . The home was located at 2190 West 30th Street in South Los Angeles . The garage was used as the primary recording space of Dootsie Williams for all of his Dootone artists , and had also been used to record demos for Jessie Mae Robinson . It was recorded on a single - track Ampex tape recorder , owned by big band veteran Ted Brinson , who performs bass guitar on the track . The drums were muffled with pillows so as to not overwhelm the vocals . A neighbor 's pet dog stopped many takes by barking . `` Everytime the dog barked next door , I 'd have to go out and shut him up , and then we 'd do another take , '' remembered Williams . Williams performs piano on the track , with Preston Epps on bongos ( though this unconfirmed ) , as well as an unknown drummer . The song is composed in the key of A-flat major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 76 beats per minute . Duncan 's vocal range spans from F to G . The first five seconds of the intro are cut off of the recording by accident . Commercial performance ( edit ) John Dolphin broadcasting from Dolphin 's of Hollywood , where the song first found airplay . Although it was an unfinished demo , `` Earth Angel '' began to see immediate success . Williams carried a rough acetate dub with him to Dolphin 's of Hollywood All Night Record Shop , a local record store , to gauge shop owner John Dolphin 's opinion . Dolphin broadcast a late - night rhythm and blues broadcast from his store , and KGFJ disc jockey Dick Hugg was sitting in . Hugg played both sides of the single , and by the next morning , requests began coming in for the song . As a result , Williams abandoned an idea to overdub additional instrumentation and began immediate manufacturing of the 7 '' single to issue it as soon as possible . Still convinced `` Hey Señorita '' would be the hit , it was pressed to the A-side ; disc jockeys soon began flipping the record in favor of `` Earth Angel '' . The demand for `` Earth Angel '' nearly bankrupted Dootone ; producer Walter Williams ran out of label paper , leading the single to be pressed on multiple colored labels . It made its first appearance in Billboard as a territorial hit for Los Angeles , becoming the second best - selling R&B single in Los Angeles for the second week of October 1954 . It climbed to number one for the city by November 13 , after which it began to grow in popularity in New York , Philadelphia , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Buffalo , Pittsburgh , and Nashville . `` Earth Angel '' became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard 's national pop charts . Billboard called the record a `` Best Buy '' for the R&B charts , and Cashbox in Canada gave it its `` Award o ' the Week '' . It hit number one in New York on November 27 , and by Christmas Day the song was placing on the `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart for both R&B and pop , where it debuted at number 25 . By January 15 , 1955 , the single had advanced to the top 20 of the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart , resulting in its addition to the `` Honor Roll of Hits '' chart . It also reached number one on the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' R&B chart . After seven weeks on the chart , it peaked at number eight on the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart , and by February 19 had hit number one on all the major R&B charts . It remained a number one R&B hit for three weeks , before being dethroned by Johnny Ace 's `` Pledging My Love '' . At the time , it was a rare achievement for an R&B song to chart within the top echelons of the pop chart . The Penguins were the first West Coast R&B group to dent the pop top ten . In May 1955 , Dootsie Williams was presented with a gold record to celebrate the record selling one million copies ( it was reported that nearly 200,000 copies of `` Earth Angel '' were sold in Southern California alone ) . With the popularity of the song `` The Flying Saucer '' , the single saw revived sales in summer 1956 . When the Penguins switched to Mercury Records , the label reissued `` Earth Angel '' in September 1956 with string accompaniment . The following July , Billboard reported that the single was again breaking out in certain markets , remarking , `` This wax breaks out every summer . '' It made another appearance at # 101 in late December 1959 . Indeed , Billboard confirmed the single 's enduring popularity in 1960 : `` The original version of ' Earth Angel , ' for example , is still known to be a heavy traffic item in many areas . '' By 1963 , Williams had told Billboard the single had passed the 2,000,000 mark , and it was reported to be the top - selling single of Dootone Records ( at this period renamed Dooto ) . The same year , it was reported that thousands of bogus copies of `` Earth Angel '' were attempted to be sold by an unidentified counterfeiter . The song has continued to sell multiple decades after its release ; in 1983 , for example , it was still selling thousands of copies per week around the world . According to The New York Times , the Penguins ' recording of `` Earth Angel '' has sold over ten million copies . Its exact figures are uncertain ; the Honolulu Star - Bulletin wrote that the single has sold `` perhaps as many as 20 million records , remaining one of the most popular records of all time . '' Legal issues ( edit ) Group members later engaged in a dispute with Dootsie Williams regarding royalties . By mid-January 1955 , the Penguins reportedly did not receive advances from Dootone , and problems began to arise . They hired Buck Ram , a white big band - era veteran , to manage the group ; he would later take partial credit for the song 's success , despite the fact that he only began managing the group after its release . On April 9 , 1955 , the Penguins signed with Mercury Records . Ram had directed the group to Mercury , slyly using his power as a representative to get another L.A. - based vocal group , the Platters , signed as well . Dootone had previously confirmed to trades that their recording contract with the Penguins spanned three years . A court decision found this contract was invalid as three of the four members of the group were minors at the time of their signing . Curtis Williams sued Dootone for $100,000 , claiming damages as a result of his underage signing . Dootone countersued , claiming Mercury induced the group to break their Dootone contract and for taking the publishing rights of `` Earth Angel '' . Jesse Belvin and supposed co-writer Johnny Green sued the group the same week for not receiving credit for writing the song . Dootsie Williams sued and was awarded the rights to the song in 1957 by the Los Angeles Superior Court `` on the ground that Belvin and Hodge had written most of it . '' Cover versions and in Popular culture ( edit ) `` Earth Angel '' has been repeatedly covered in popular culture . As was a common occurrence at the time , there were a number of cover versions released upon the record 's immediate success . Many white artists covered the song , including Gloria Mann , Pat O'Day , and Les Baxter . The most notable of these was performed by a vocal group from Canada named the Crew - Cuts , signed to Mercury Records . Their version peaked at number three on the pop charts , higher than the original . Their version also reached British charts , a feat the original was unable to achieve . Elvis Presley recorded an informal cover during an army stint in Germany . `` The Flying Saucer '' ( 1956 ) , widely considered one of the first mashup songs , sampled the song without permission . Other cover versions include Johnny Tillotson , The Cleftones , The Vogues , New Edition , The Temptations , Joan Baez , Bella Morte , and Johnny Preston . In addition to cover versions , the song has also been employed in various film and television soundtracks . The 1991 film Earth Angel was named after the song . The song has been used in the television series Happy Days . It was featured prominently in the film Back to the Future ( performed by Harry Waters Jr. as Marvin Berry & The Starlighters ) , as well as Superman III and The Karate Kid Part II . It is also used in the jukebox musical Jersey Boys , a musical about the rock band The Four Seasons . Australian group Human Nature covered the song on their 2014 album Jukebox . Legacy ( edit ) Although the Penguins never matched the success of their debut single , the song has continued to see popularity and acclaim . Cleveland Duncan , the song 's lead vocalist , remarked , `` I never get tired of singing it , as long as people never get tired of hearing it . '' The song became a staple of oldies radio in the late 20th century . An appraisal in the book Singles dubs the song `` a simple but elegant recording now judged by many to be one of the finest examples of what would become doo - wop '' . Despite the higher success of the cover by the Crew - Cuts , the original amateur recording by the Penguins is now considered definitive . Steve Sullivan , author of the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , writes that the track `` possesses virtually all of the qualities cherished by doo - wop lovers : melodic beauty , a shimmering earnest lead vocal , stripped - to - the - bone simplicity , and a pristine romantic innocence . '' The New York Times wrote that `` For many the song evokes a glittering , timeless vision of proms , sock hops and impossibly young love '' , and the Los Angeles Times concurred , calling it a `` nostalgic evocation of post-World War II youth culture . '' Steve Propes , an author and music historian , remarked that `` It was the first of the ultra-romantic ballads that hit the nerve of teens at the time ... It stood out because of the sincerity of the delivery . '' Rolling Stone placed it at number 152 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and called it `` a pivotal record in the early development of rock & roll . The artless , unaffected vocals of the Penguins , four black high schoolers from L.A. , defined the street - corner elegance of doo - wop . '' A 1997 listener poll by New York radio station WCBS placed `` Earth Angel '' just behind the Five Satins ' `` In the Still of the Night '' in a list of most enduring doo - wop songs . In 1973 , Billboard reported that many considered `` Earth Angel '' among the first rock and roll hits , and The New York Times stated that `` its rhythmic , wailing plea to an idealized young woman captured the spirit of the just - emerging rock generation . '' In 2005 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , deeming it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important '' . In July 2016 , British rock band Coldplay played the song in concert in New Jersey with Michael J. Fox , star of Back to the Future , on guitar , in a tribute to the film . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) All versions Chart ( 1954 -- 55 ) Peak position US Honor Roll of Hits ( Billboard ) 5 The Penguins version Chart ( 1954 -- 55 ) Peak position US Best Sellers in Stores ( Billboard ) 8 US Best Sellers in Stores ( R&B ) ( Billboard ) US Most Played in Jukeboxes ( R&B ) ( Billboard ) US Most Played by Jockeys ( R&B ) ( Billboard ) Chart ( 1959 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under the Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 6 The Crew - Cuts Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Best Sellers in Stores ( Billboard ) 8 US Most Played in Jukeboxes ( Billboard ) 8 US Most Played by Jockeys ( Billboard ) Gloria Mann version Chart ( 1955 ) Peak position US Best Sellers in Stores ( Billboard ) 24 US Most Played in Jukeboxes ( Billboard ) 19 Johnny Tillotson version Chart ( 1960 ) Peak position US Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 57 The Vogues version Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position US Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 42 New Edition version Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position US Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 21 Preceded by `` Hearts of Stone '' by The Charms Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number - one single January 15 , 1955 -- February 5 , 1955 Succeeded by `` Pledging My Love '' by Johnny Ace See also ( edit ) `` Blue Moon '' List of best - selling singles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard 's Honor Roll of Hits measured a song 's popularity versus a particular artist 's rendition . It combined all cover versions of a song into one consolidated listing . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Black , Johnnie ( 2006 ) . Singles : Six Decades of Hot Hits and Classic Cuts . New York : Thunder Bay Press , p. 11 . First edition , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings . New York : Scarecrow Press , pp. 382 -- 84 . First edition , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Jim , & Steve Propes ( 1992 ) . What Was the First Rock ' N ' Roll Record ? . New York : Faber & Faber , pp. 158 -- 64 . First edition , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Larry ( 2013 ) . Before Elvis : The Prehistory of Rock ' n ' Roll . New York : Scarecrow Press , pp. 316 -- 18 . First edition , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Tim ( September 14 , 2001 ) . `` ' Earth Angel ' still flying high '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Warner , Jay ( 1992 ) . American Singing Groups : A History from 1940s to Today . New York : Hal Leonard , pp. 272 -- 75 . First edition , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` The Penguins `` Earth Angel '' Sheet Music `` . Music Notes . EMI Music Publishing . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Cleve Duncan , the Voice of ' Earth Angel ' , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R&B Territorial Best - Sellers '' . The Billboard : 51 . November 6 , 1954 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Best Buys : `` Earth Angel '' `` . Billboard : 98 . November 13 , 1954 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Checklist '' . Billboard : 24 . January 1 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R&B Territorial Best - Sellers '' . Billboard : 44 . November 27 , 1954 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers in Stores '' . Billboard : 30 . December 25 , 1954 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm and Blues Records : Best Sellers in Stores '' . Billboard : 30 . December 25 , 1954 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honor Roll of Hits '' . Billboard : 46 . January 15 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honor Roll of Hits '' . Billboard : 60 . January 15 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' . Billboard : 32 . February 5 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rhythm and Blues Records '' . Billboard : 52 . February 19 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Earth Angel ' Flies Again '' . Billboard : 39 . August 18 , 1956 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bubbling Under the Hot 100 '' . Billboard : 25 . December 28 , 1959 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Col. Sets Literary Section '' . Billboard. 75 ( 34 ) : 6 . January 4 , 1960 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dooto Plans Move to New Quarters Outside Hollywood '' . Billboard. 74 ( 26 ) : 52 . June 30 , 1962 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dooto Reward for 45 Counterfeiters '' . Billboard : 10 . August 24 , 1963 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Anton ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Cleve Duncan dies at 78 ; one of the Penguins on ' Earth Angel ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Buck Ram interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Plasketes , George ( 2010 ) . Play it Again : Cover Songs in Popular Music . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing , p. 210 . First edition , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Recombinant DNA of the Mash - Up '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Tracks of the Fifties '' . NME . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirsch , Bob ( May 12 , 1973 ) . `` Trip Releasing 10 Two - Pocket Diskthologies '' . Billboard. 85 ( 19 ) : 10 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Grunge , Rap Music Added to U.S. Recording Registry '' . NPR. April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` See Coldplay , Michael J. Fox Play ' Back to the Future ' Songs Onstage '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Honor Roll of Hits '' . Billboard : 24 . March 5 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers in Stores '' . Billboard : 48 . February 26 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' . Billboard : 34 . March 19 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Played by Jockeys '' . Billboard : 36 . March 12 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers in Stores '' . Billboard : 24 . February 26 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' . Billboard : 34 . March 19 , 1955 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Tillotson Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vogues Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Edition Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag The Karate Kid Films The Karate Kid ( 1984 ) The Karate Kid Part II ( 1986 ) The Karate Kid Part III ( 1989 ) The Next Karate Kid ( 1994 ) The Karate Kid ( 2010 ) Television series The Karate Kid ( animated series ) ( 1989 ) Cobra Kai ( 2018 ) Characters Mr. Miyagi Original songs `` You 're the Best '' `` Glory of Love '' `` Never Say Never '' Other Video game `` Sweep the Leg '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_Angel&oldid=842752583 '' Categories : 1954 songs 1955 singles 1956 singles 1959 singles 1960 singles 1986 singles The Crew - Cuts songs Bobby Vinton songs Johnny Tillotson songs The Vogues songs Elvis Presley songs New Edition songs Aaron Neville songs Death Cab for Cutie songs Johnny Preston songs The Fleetwoods songs Tiny Tim ( musician ) songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles United States National Recording Registry recordings Doo - wop songs Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the original version of earth angel | [
"\"Earth Angel\" (occasionally referred to as \"Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)\") is a song by American doo-wop group the Penguins. Produced by Dootsie Williams, it was released as their debut single in October 1954 on Dootone Records. The Penguins had formed the year prior and recorded the song as a demo in a garage in South Los Angeles. The song's origins lie in multiple different sources, among them songs by Jesse Belvin, Patti Page, and the Hollywood Flames. Its authorship was the subject of a bitter legal dispute with Williams in the years following its release."
] | [
"the Penguins"
] |
-5696410377225722427 | Houston Astros | Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . Houston Astros 2017 Houston Astros season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 Colors Navy blue , orange , white Name Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Other nicknames ' Stros Ballpark Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2017 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2017 NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1980 1986 1997 1998 1999 2001 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers 1.16 2017 : World Series champions 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1970s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out , the team electing to keep a five - stripe `` rainbow '' design on the sleeves . From 1987 to 1993 , the Astros wore the same uniform for both home and away games ; the only team in Major League Baseball to do so during that period . Its favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990.1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 -- 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hoped would generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World Series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 -- 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 -- 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 -- 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 -- 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 -- 75 and 74 -- 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 -- 2014 : 100 - loss seasons , move to the AL West and rebuilding ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 -- 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 -- 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 -- 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the American League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 -- 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 -- 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 -- 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 -- 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 -- 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency , missing the playoffs and struggles against the Texas Rangers ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 -- 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : World Series Champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series Many buildings in the skyline of Downtown Houston participated in cheering for the Astros during the 2017 World Series . In 2014 , Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process . As of June 9 , the Astros were 41 -- 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . This was the best start in the Astros ' 55 - year history . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with an American League best 60 -- 29 record and a 16 game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' three - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 -- 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( home of the Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Astros greatly improved against the Rangers in 2017 , going 12 -- 7 against them and winning the season series . At the August 31 waiver - trade deadline GM Jeff Luhnow acquired veteran starting pitcher and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander to bolster the starting rotation . Verlander won each of his 5 regular season starts with the Astros , yielding only 4 runs over this stretch . He carried his success into the playoffs , posting a record of 4 - 1 in his 6 starts , and throwing a complete game shutout in Game 2 of the ALCS . Verlander was named the 2017 ALCS MVP . The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division , and first division title overall since 2001 . They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions : National League West in 1980 and 1986 , National League Central from 1997 -- 1999 and 2001 , and American League West in 2017 . On September 29 , the Astros won their 100th game of the season , the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins , the first being in 1998 . They finished 101 -- 61 , with a 21 - game lead in the division , and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs . The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one , and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The Astros won the ALCS four games to three , and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series , winning the first championship in franchise history . The city of Houston celebrated the team 's accomplishment with a parade on the afternoon of November 3 , 2017 . Houston 's Independent School District gave the students and teachers the day off to watch the parade . On November 16 , 2017 Jose Altuve was named the American League Most Valuable Player , capping off a historic season in which he accumulated 200 hits for the fourth consecutive season , led the majors with a . 346 BA , and was the unquestioned clubhouse leader of the World Series Champions . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 season Team name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 810 392 418 -- . 484 Overall total 8948 4391 4552 5 . 491 Playoff record 80 35 45 -- . 438 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach Retired August 26 , 2007 Craig Biggio C , OF , 2B Retired August 17 , 2008 Jimmy Wynn OF Retired June 25 , 2005 José Cruz OF Coach Retired October 3 , 1992 Jim Umbricht Retired April 12 , 1965 Mike Scott Retired October 3 , 1992 Nolan Ryan Retired September 29 , 1996 Don Wilson Retired April 13 , 1975 Larry Dierker Manager Retired May 19 , 2002 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Houston Astros Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) Houston Astros 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Dean Deetz 47 Chris Devenski 45 Michael Feliz 53 Ken Giles -- Anthony Gose 64 Reymin Guduan 61 Jandel Gustave 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 60 Dallas Keuchel 58 Francis Martes 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 59 Joe Musgrove 63 David Paulino 41 Brad Peacock -- Cionel Pérez 62 Brady Rodgers 56 Héctor Rondón 29 Tony Sipp 38 Joe Smith 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 10 Yulieski Gurriel † -- Colin Moran 23 A.J. Reed 13 Tyler White Outfielders 21 Derek Fisher 9 Marwin González 18 Tony Kemp 6 Jake Marisnick 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Catchers -- Tim Federowicz Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( assistant hitting ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 37 Alex Cintrón ( first base ) -- Joe Espada ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) -- Doug White ( bullpen ) 96 Carlos Munoz ( bullpen catcher ) 40 active , 0 inactive , 1 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 15 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations Jump up ^ `` Astros officially launch new identity '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sale of Astros to Jim Crane , move to American League in 2013 approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media LP . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Headed to American League as New Team Owner Approved '' . Businessweek . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Astros . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elston , Gene . `` George Kirksey Papers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Colt . 45s '' . AstrosDaily . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Drops Plans to Buy Buff Franchise '' . Bonham Daily Favorite . January 24 , 1960 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New York - Houston Get National Franchises '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . October 11 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Baseball Muddled for ' 61 '' . The Victoria Advocate. 1960 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Will Get Emphasis , Paul Declares '' . Observer -- Reporter. 1961 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herskowitz , Mickey ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Astros out to make history their history '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ian , Fleming ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` April 10 , 1962 Chicago Cubs at Houston Colt . 45 's Play by Play and Box Score '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Coons , Ron ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Richard `` Turk '' Farrell `` . find a grave . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht , Colts pitcher , dies of cancer '' . Morning Record . Meriden , Connecticut . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht Incredible-people.com '' . Profiles.incredible-people.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Colts become Astros '' . Florence Times . Alabama . Associated Press . December 2 , 1964 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colts now ' Astros ' '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . December 2 , 1964 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome Houston-Astros.com '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Astrodome - history , photos and more Ballparks of Baseball . ^ Jump up to : Jimmy Wynn Statistics Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Baseball-Reference.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Cesar Cedeno '' . BaseballLibrary.com. 1985 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astros History '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Cedeno Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Treder , Steve . `` Offseason blockbusters : November ( Part two : 1966 -- 1981 ) '' . Hardball Times . Jump up ^ `` Lee May Baseball Stats , facts , biography , images and video '' . The Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hofheinz , Roy Mark tshonline.org '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Tal Smith -- Pres . Baseball Ops -- Astros '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2005 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Enos Cabell '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Joe Niekro '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Encyclopedia -- Michael Eisenbath -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 1999 - 05 - 14 . ISBN 9781566397032 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Houston Astros Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` John J. McMullen Dies at 87 ; Ex-Owner of Devils and Astros '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 18 , 1980 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One - game playoff history -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Doran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Lanier Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Ball '' . Hardballtimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2013/4/11/4213250/houston-astros-uniforms-craig-biggio-jeff-bagwell-jimmy-winn-cesar-cedeno Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history -- 1987 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated has very , very , very high hopes for the 2017 Astros '' . Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Astros ' Justin Verlander trade came together at the last second '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Astros win 1st World Series crown , top Dodgers 5 - 1 in Game 7 '' . statesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Numbers : Houston Astros - Baseball Essential '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League Champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2016 American League Champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Houston Astros Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Houston Astros managers Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. Hinch ( 2015 -- ) Houston Astros retired numbers 5 Jeff Bagwell 7 Craig Biggio 24 Jimmy Wynn 25 José Cruz 32 Jim Umbricht 33 Mike Scott 34 Nolan Ryan 40 Don Wilson 49 Larry Dierker Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . 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"\n\nHouston Astros\n\n\n 2017 Houston Astros season\n\n\nEstablished in 1962\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam logo\nCap insignia\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league affiliations\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican League (2013–present)\n\nWest Division (2013–present)\n\n\n\nNational League (1962–2012)\n\nCentral Division (1994–2012)\nWest Division (1969–1993)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRetired numbers\n\n\n\n5\n7\n24\n25\n32\n33\n34\n40\n49\n42\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\n\n\n\n\nNavy blue, orange, white[1]\n\n \n\n\n\nName\n\n\n\n\n\nHouston Astros (1965–present)\nHouston Colt .45s (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nOther nicknames\n\n\n\n\n\n'Stros\n\n\n\n\n\nBallpark\n\n\n\n\n\nMinute Maid Park (2000–present)\nAstrodome (1965–1999)\nColt Stadium (1962–1964)\n\n\n\n\n\nMajor league titles\n\n\nWorld Series titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nAL Pennants (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL Pennants (1)\n2005\n\n\nAL West Division titles (1)\n2017\n\n\nNL West/Central Division titles (6)\n\n\n\n1980\n1986\n1997\n\n\n\n\n1998\n1999\n2001\n\n\n\n\n\nWild card berths (3)\n\n\n\n2004\n2005\n2015\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike-split 1981 season, losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS.\n\n\n\nFront office\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJim Crane\n\n\nManager\nA. J. Hinch\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nJeff Luhnow\n\n\nPresident of Baseball Operations\nReid Ryan\n\n"
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"1"
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-8124830424468967408 | Lady Jane (song) | Lady Jane ( song ) - wikipedia Lady Jane ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lady Jane ( disambiguation ) `` Lady Jane '' Single by The Rolling Stones from the album Aftermath A-side `` Mother 's Little Helper '' Released June 1966 ( US ) Recorded 3 -- 6 March 1966 Genre Baroque pop , baroque rock Length 3 : 08 Label London Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Andrew Loog Oldham The Rolling Stones singles chronology `` Paint It Black '' ( 1966 ) `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' ( 1966 ) `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( 1966 ) `` Paint It Black '' ( 1966 ) `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' ( 1966 ) `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( 1966 ) Aftermath track listing 14 tracks ( show ) Side one `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Stupid Girl '' `` Lady Jane '' `` Under My Thumb '' `` Doncha Bother Me '' `` Goin ' Home '' Side two `` Flight 505 '' `` High and Dry '' `` Out of Time '' `` It 's Not Easy '' `` I Am Waiting '' `` Take It or Leave It '' `` Think '' `` What to Do '' `` Lady Jane '' is a song by the English rock band , The Rolling Stones , penned by the group 's songwriting duo of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards , and initially included on their album , Aftermath , which was released on 12 April 1966 . It showcased Brian Jones 's instrumental incorporation of baroque rock as it was beginning to be introduced , and became influential in originating the musical style later known as world music . The song was released as the B - side to `` Mother 's Little Helper '' single on 2 July 1966 , and managed to chart in the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 24 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 References History ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) The song was written at a milestone in The Rolling Stones recording career that saw the musical collaboration of Mick Jagger , and Keith Richards emerge as the group 's chief songwriters . On the band 's previous album , Out of Our Heads , the duo shared writing credits on just three tracks . On Aftermath , however , the two were credited together on every track , making it the first album to be composed solely of original band material . It was also during this period Brian Jones , despite losing control of the band 's output , was integrating different instruments into the group 's repertoire . Joe S. Harrington has noted that The Beatles ' harpsichord arrangement featured on the song `` In My Life '' , in 1965 , opened considerations for Jones to include baroque rock instrumentals . `` Lady Jane '' was written and composed by Jagger in early 1966 after reading the then controversial book Lady Chatterley 's Lover , which uses the term `` Lady Jane '' to mean female genitalia . According to Jagger , `` the names ( in the song ) are historical , but it was really unconscious that they should fit together from the same period . '' At the time , it was widely thought that an inspiration for the song was Jane Ormsby - Gore , daughter of David Ormsby - Gore , former British ambassador in Washington , who later married Michael Rainey , founder of the Hung on You boutique in Chelsea that was frequented by the Stones . Its most impactful development was by Jones , no longer the principal musical force for the band , searching for methods to improve upon The Rolling Stones ' musical textures . He expressed an intrigue in incorporating culturally diverse instruments into the band 's music , investigating the sitar , koto , marimba , and testing electronics . In the press Jones talked about applying the Appalachian dulcimer into compositions , although he seemed uncertain of the instrument , saying `` It 's an old English instrument used at the beginning of the century '' . The dulcimer was first brought to his attention in March 1966 when Jones began listening to recordings of Richard Fariña . The influence of these recordings would manifest itself in Aftermath , where Jones performed with the dulcimer on two tracks , `` I Am Waiting '' and , more distinctively , `` Lady Jane '' . This later contributed to Jones 's status as an early pioneer in world music , and effectively shifted the band from blues rock to a versatile pop group . Recording ( edit ) The master recording of `` Lady Jane '' was recorded from 6 to 9 March 1966 , at RCA Studios in Los Angeles , with sound engineer Dave Hassinger guiding the band through the process ( despite Andrew Loog Oldham being credited as producer ) . Mark Brend has indicated that the influence of Fariña 's dulcimer playing can be clearly heard - most noticeably in Jones 's recurring counter-melody to a call and response with Jagger 's vocals . Jones plays the instrument in the traditional style , with it placed on his knees fretted with a biter and plucked with a quill . In addition to the striking dulcimer motif , `` Lady Jane '' is also highlighted by Jack Nitzche 's harpsichord accompaniment halfway through the song . `` Lady Jane '' also exhibits influences of author Geoffry Chaucer , particularly in Jagger 's comic vocal delivery and diction . To Richards , `` Lady Jane is very Elizabethan . There are a few places in England where people still speak that way , Chaucer English '' . The vocal melody is set in the subtonic range , rather than the conventional major seventh scale degree , which presents a Renaissance - style modal . Although stylistically the two songs have little in common , the modality connects the Eastern - melody and harmonies of `` Lady Jane '' to `` Paint It Black '' . Release ( edit ) In the U.S. , `` Lady Jane '' was the B - side to `` Mother 's Little Helper '' , but `` Lady Jane '' reached number 24 on Billboard 's Hot 100 singles chart . `` Mother 's Little Helper '' reached number eight , making the release one of the few singles with both songs becoming hits in the US . Personnel ( edit ) Mick Jagger -- lead vocals Keith Richards -- acoustic guitar Brian Jones -- dulcimer Jack Nitzsche -- harpsichord Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 91 US Billboard Hot 100 24 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brend , Mark ( 2005 ) . Strange Sounds : Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith : Wyman and Taylor join the Rolling Stones onstage ; Coldplay takes a break '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Pasadena Star - News . 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2002 ) . Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Rolling Stones . `` The Rolling Stones : Best of ABKCO Years : Authentic Guitar TAB Sheet Music ... '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Joe S. `` Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Murry R . `` The Rolling Stones : A Musical Biography '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aftermath ( UK ) '' . rollingstones.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanford , Christopher . `` The Rolling Stones : Fifty Years '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hebst , Peter . `` Rolling Stone Interview '' . google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Obituary of Michael Rainey , The Times , 7 February 2017 Jump up ^ Brian Wawzenek . `` Top 10 Brian Jones Multi-Instrumentalist Songs '' . ultimateckassicrock.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brend , Mark . `` Strange Sounds : Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim ; Kot , Greg . `` The Beatles vs. The Rolling Stones : Sound Opinions On the Great Rock ' N ' Rivalry '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Jane '' . timeisonourside.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Jeff ; Heatley , Michael . `` Rolling Stones - Uncensored On the Record '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perone , James E. `` The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations '' . Google.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones - Billboard Charts '' . billboard.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Rolling Stones -- Lady Jane '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5792 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Rolling Stones . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Avory Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang Tour 50 & Counting ... Tour 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Collaborators Gene Barge Ollie E. Brown Blondie Chaplin Lisa Fischer Bernard Fowler Nicky Hopkins Darryl Jones Bobby Keys Chuck Leavell Ian McLagan Billy Preston Jim Price Ernie Watts Associated places Olympic Studios Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Category Portal The Rolling Stones singles discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) Book Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Jane_(song)&oldid=798581533 '' Categories : 1966 songs Songs written by Jagger / Richards The Rolling Stones songs Baroque pop songs London Records singles Song recordings produced by Andrew Loog Oldham Jane Seymour Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano ქართული Norsk nynorsk Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the rolling stones song lady jane about | [
"\"Lady Jane\" was written and composed by Jagger in early 1966 after reading the then controversial book Lady Chatterley's Lover, which uses the term \"Lady Jane\" to mean female genitalia.[8] According to Jagger, \"the names [in the song] are historical, but it was really unconscious that they should fit together from the same period.\"[9] At the time, it was widely thought that an inspiration for the song was Jane Ormsby-Gore, daughter of David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador in Washington, who later married Michael Rainey, founder of the Hung on You boutique in Chelsea that was frequented by the Stones.[10] Its most impactful development was by Jones, no longer the principal musical force for the band, searching for methods to improve upon The Rolling Stones' musical textures.[11] He expressed an intrigue in incorporating culturally diverse instruments into the band's music, investigating the sitar, koto, marimba, and testing electronics. In the press Jones talked about applying the Appalachian dulcimer into compositions, although he seemed uncertain of the instrument, saying \"It's an old English instrument used at the beginning of the century\". The dulcimer was first brought to his attention in March 1966 when Jones began listening to recordings of Richard Fariña. The influence of these recordings would manifest itself in Aftermath, where Jones performed with the dulcimer on two tracks, \"I Am Waiting\" and, more distinctively, \"Lady Jane\". This later contributed to Jones's status as an early pioneer in world music, and effectively shifted the band from blues rock to a versatile pop group.[12][13]"
] | [
"Jane Ormsby-Gore"
] |
6082661436341148616 | Muhammad Iqbal | Muhammad Iqbal - wikipedia Muhammad Iqbal Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Muhammad Iqbal , see Muhammad Iqbal ( disambiguation ) . Allama Muhammad Iqbal محمد اِقبال Allama Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Iqbal ( 1877 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1877 Sialkot , Punjab Province , British India , ( now in Punjab , Pakistan ) 21 April 1938 ( 1938 - 04 - 21 ) ( aged 60 ) Lahore , Punjab , British India ( now in Punjab , Pakistan ) Other names Poet of the East شاعر مشرق Alma mater Scotch Mission College ( F.A. ) Government College ( B.A. , M.A. ) University of Cambridge ( B.A. ) University of Munich ( Ph. D . ) Notable work The Secrets of the Self , The Secrets of Selflessness , Message from the East , Persian Psalms , Javid Nama ( more works ) Era 20th - century philosophy Region British India Main interests Urdu poetry , Persian poetry , Law Notable ideas Two - nation theory , Allahabad Address Influences ( show ) Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani , Syed Mir Hassan , Rumi , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Nietzsche , Henri Bergson , Thomas Walker Arnold Influenced ( show ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Pakistan Movement , Islamic Republic of Pakistan , Ale Ahmed Suroor , Ali Shariati , Fateh Muhammad Malik Allama Iqbal ( Urdu : علامہ اِقبال ) ( November 9 , 1877 -- April 21 , 1938 ) , widely known as Muhammad Iqbal , was a poet , philosopher , and politician , as well as an academic , barrister and scholar in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement . He is called the `` Spiritual Father of Pakistan '' He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature , with literary work in both Urdu and Persian . Iqbal is admired as a prominent poet by Pakistanis , Iranians and other international scholars of literature . Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet , he is also a highly acclaimed `` Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times '' . His first poetry book , The Secrets of the Self , appeared in the Persian language in 1915 , and other books of poetry include The Secrets of Selflessness , Message from the East and Persian Psalms . Amongst these , his best known Urdu works are The Call of the Marching Bell , Gabriel 's Wing , The Rod of Moses and a part of Gift from Hijaz . Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry , his Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural , social , religious and political disputes . In 1922 , he was knighted by King George V , granting him the title `` Sir '' . While studying law and philosophy in England , Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All - India Muslim League . Later , during the League 's December 1930 session , he delivered his most famous presidential speech known as the Allahabad Address in which he pushed for the creation of a Muslim state in northwest India . In much of South Asia and the Urdu speaking world , Iqbal is regarded as the Shair - e-Mashriq ( Urdu : شاعر مشرق , `` Poet of the East '' ) . He is also called Mufakkir - e-Pakistan ( Urdu : مفکر پاکستان , `` The Thinker of Pakistan '' ) , Musawar - e-Pakistan ( Urdu : مصور پاکستان , `` Artist of Pakistan '' ) and Hakeem - ul - Ummat ( Urdu : حکیم الامت , `` The Sage of the Ummah '' ) . The Pakistan government officially named him `` National Poet of Pakistan '' . His birthday Yōm - e Welādat - e Muḥammad Iqbāl ( Urdu : یوم ولادت محمد اقبال ) , or Iqbal Day , is a public holiday in Pakistan . Sir Muhammad Iqbal 's house is still located in Sialkot and is recognized as Iqbal 's Manzil and is open for visitors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 1.1 Background 1.2 Higher education in Europe 1.3 Academic career 1.4 Final years and death 2 Efforts and influences 2.1 Political 2.2 Iqbal , Jinnah and concept of Pakistan 3 Revival of Islamic polity 3.1 Patron of the Journal Tolu - e-Islam 4 Literary work 4.1 Persian 4.2 Urdu 4.3 English 5 Iqbal known in subcontinent 5.1 As Poet of the East 6 Iqbal in Iran 7 International influence 7.1 Iqbal and the West 8 Bibliography 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Personal life ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in Sialkot within the Punjab Province of British India ( now in Pakistan ) . His grandparents were Kashmiri Pandits , Brahmins of the Sapru clan from Kashmir who converted to Islam . In the 19th century , when the Sikh Empire was conquering Kashmir , his grandfather 's family migrated to Punjab . Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings . Allama Iqbal with his son Javed Iqbal in 1930 Iqbal 's mother , who died on 9 November 1914 . Iqbal expressed his feeling of pathos in a poetic form after her death . Iqbal 's father , Sheikh Noor Muhammad ( died 1930 ) , was a tailor , not formally educated but a religious man . Iqbal 's mother Imam Bibi was evidently a Sialkoti Punjabi . Iqbal 's mother Imam Bibi , a local Punjabi Muslim , was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems . She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot . Iqbal loved his mother , and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in a poetic form elegy . Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place ? Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive ? I will visit thy grave with this complaint : Who will now think of me in midnight prayers ? All thy life thy love served me with devotion -- When I became fit to serve thee , thou hast departed . Iqbal was four years old when he was admitted to the mosque to learn the Qur'an . He learned the Arabic language from his teacher , Syed Mir Hassan , the head of the madrasa and professor of Arabic at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot , where he matriculated in 1893 . He received Intermediate with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895 . The same year he enrolled at Government College University , where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy , English literature and Arabic in 1897 , and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal as he performed well in Arabic . In 1899 , he received his Master of Arts degree from the same college and had the first place in University of the Punjab . Iqbal married three times , in 1895 while studying Bachelor of Arts he had his first marriage with Karim Bibi , the daughter of physician Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan ( the maternal grandfather of director and music composer Khwaja Khurshid Anwar ) , through an arranged marriage . They had daughter Miraj Begum and son Aftab Iqbal . Later Iqbal 's second marriage was with Sardar Begum mother of Javed Iqbal , and his third marriage was with Mukhtar Begum in December 1914 . Higher education in Europe ( edit ) Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold , his philosophy teacher at Government college Lahore . Arnold 's teachings determined Iqbal to pursue higher education in the West , and in 1905 , he travelled to England for that purpose . Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College , University of Cambridge and obtained Bachelor of Arts in 1906 , and in the same year he was called to the bar as a barrister from Lincoln 's Inn . In 1907 , Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies , and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1908 . Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel , Iqbal 's doctoral thesis entitled The Development of Metaphysics in Persia was published . During Iqbal 's stay in Heidelberg in 1907 his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about Goethe 's Faust , Heine and Nietzsche . During his study in Europe , Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian . He prioritised it because he believed he had found an easy way to express his thoughts . He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life . Academic career ( edit ) Photograph taken during Allama Iqbal 's youth in 1899 Iqbal , after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899 , began his career as a reader of Arabic at Oriental College and shortly afterwards was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore , where he had also been a student in the past . He worked there until he left for England in 1905 . In 1908 , he returned from England and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature . In the same period Iqbal began practising law at Chief Court Lahore , but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself in literary works , becoming an active member of Anjuman - e-Himayat - e-Islam . In 1919 , he became the general secretary of the same organisation . Iqbal 's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society , centred around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East . He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche , Henri Bergson and Goethe . The poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbal 's mind . Deeply grounded in religion since childhood , Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam , the culture and history of Islamic civilisation and its political future , while embracing Rumi as `` his guide '' . Iqbal would feature Rumi in the role of guide in many of his poems . Iqbal 's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilisation , and delivering the message of a pure , spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio - political liberation and greatness . Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations , and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the Ummah . Iqbal 's poetry has been translated into many European languages , at the time when his work was famous during the early part of the 20th century . Iqbal 's Asrar - i - Khudi and Javed Nama were translated into English by R.A. Nicholson and A.J. Arberry respectively . Final years and death ( edit ) The tomb of Muhammad Iqbal at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore In 1933 , after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan , Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness . He spent his final years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Dar ul Islam Trust Institute at Jamalpur estate near Pathankot , where there were plans to subsidise studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science . He also advocated for an independent Muslim state . Iqbal as a Barrister - at - Law Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal . In his final years , he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual guidance . After suffering for months from his illness , Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938 . His tomb is located in Hazuri Bagh , the enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort , and official guards are provided by the Government of Pakistan . A night view of the tomb Iqbal is commemorated widely in Pakistan , where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state . His Tarana - e-Hind is a song that is widely used in India as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony . His birthday is annually commemorated in Pakistan as Iqbal Day . Iqbal is the namesake of many public institutions , including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore , the Allama Iqbal Medical College in Lahore , Iqbal Stadium in Faisalabad , Allama Iqbal Open University in Pakistan , the Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore , Iqbal Hostel in Government College University , Lahore , the Allama Iqbal hall in Nishtar Medical College in Multan , Gulshan - e-Iqbal Town in Karachi , Allama Iqbal Town in Lahore , and Allama Iqbal Hall at Aligarh Muslim University . The government and public organisations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions , colleges and schools dedicated to Iqbal , and have established the Iqbal Academy Pakistan to research , teach and preserve his works , literature and philosophy . Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbaliyat in philately and in other hobbies . His son Javid Iqbal has served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Pakistan . Javaid Manzil was Iqbal 's last residence . Efforts and influences ( edit ) Political ( edit ) Further information : Pakistan Movement As Iqbal was interested in the national affairs since his youth and he had got considerable recognition after his return in 1908 from England by Punjabi elite , he was closely associated with Mian Muhammad Shafi . So when All - India Muslim League was expanded to provincial level and Mian Mohammad Shafi got major role to play in the structural organization of Provincial League , Iqbal was made one of the three first joint secretaries of Punjab Muslim League with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam . While dividing his time between law practice and poetry , Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League . He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress , which he regarded as dominated by Hindus , and was disappointed with the League when during the 1920s , it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah . Iqbal with Muslim politicians . ( L to R ) : M. Iqbal ( third ) , Syed Zafarul Hasan ( sixth ) at Aligarh Muslim University In November 1926 , with the encouragement of friends and supporters , Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore , and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes . He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah with the aim of guaranteeing Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress , and worked with the Aga Khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League . While in Lahore he was a friend of Abdul Sattar Ranjoor . Iqbal , Jinnah and concept of Pakistan ( edit ) Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders , Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s . Discontent with factional leaders like Muhammad Shafi and Fazl - ur - Rahman , Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League 's objectives of Muslim political empowerment . Building a strong , personal correspondence with Jinnah , Iqbal was an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self - imposed exile in London , return to India and take charge of the League . Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress : I know you are a busy man but I do hope you wo n't mind my writing to you often , as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has right to look up for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North - West India and , perhaps , to the whole of India . While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim - majority provinces in 1930 , Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940 . Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India . Iqbal 's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah 's embrace of the idea of Pakistan . Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937 : Allama Iqbal in Allahabad with other Muslim leaders A separate federation of Muslim Provinces , reformed on the lines I have suggested above , is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims . Why should not the Muslims of North - West India and Bengal be considered as nations entitled to self - determination just as other nations in India and outside India are . Iqbal , serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League , criticised Jinnah 's political actions , including a political agreement with Punjabi leader Sir Sikandar Hyat Khan , whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy . Nevertheless , Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League . Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India , Iqbal said : There is only one way out . Muslims should strengthen Jinnah 's hands . They should join the Muslim League . Indian question , as is now being solved , can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English . Without it , our demands are not going to be accepted . People say our demands smack of communalism . This is sheer propaganda . These demands relate to the defense of our national existence ... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League . And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah . Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims . Revival of Islamic polity ( edit ) Iqbal with Choudhary Rahmat Ali and other Muslim leaders Iqbal 's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930 , and then by the Oxford University Press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam . The lectures had been delivered at Madras , Hyderabad and Aligarh . These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age . In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians , whom he saw as morally misguided , attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses . Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society , but that India 's Hindu - majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage , culture and political influence . In his travels to Egypt , Afghanistan , Iran and Turkey , he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity , calling for the shedding of nationalist differences . He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power ; in a dialogue with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government . He envisaged autonomous Muslim provinces in India . Under a single Indian union he feared for Muslims , who would suffer in many respects especially with regard to their existentially separate entity as Muslims . Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad in the United Provinces , as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932 . In his presidential address on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim - majority provinces in northwestern India : I would like to see the Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state . Self - government within the British Empire , or without the British Empire , the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims , at least of Northwest India . In his speech , Iqbal emphasised that unlike Christianity , Islam came with `` legal concepts '' with `` civic significance , '' with its `` religious ideals '' considered as inseparable from social order : `` therefore , the construction of a policy on national lines , if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity , is simply unthinkable to a Muslim . '' Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles . He thus became the first politician to articulate what would become known as the Two - nation theory -- that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India . Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would construe a theocracy , and criticized the `` intellectual attitudes '' of Islamic scholars ( Ulema ) as having `` reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility '' . The latter part of Iqbal 's life was concentrated on political activity . He traveled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League , he reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address , and , during the Third round - Table Conference , he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for Muslim provinces . He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League , and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity . Iqbal consistently criticised feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians averse to the League . Many unnoticed accounts of Iqbal 's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two nation theory . Patron of the journal Tolu - e-Islam ( edit ) Copy of the first journal of Tolu - e-Islam . Iqbal was the first patron of Tolu - e-Islam , a historical , political , religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India . In 1935 , according to his instructions , Syed Nazeer Niazi initiated and edited the journal , named after the famous poem of Iqbal , Tulu'i Islam . Niazi also dedicated the first edition of this journal to Iqbal . For a long time , Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the All India Muslim League . The journal played an important role in the Pakistan movement . Later , the journal was continued by Ghulam Ahmed Pervez , who had already contributed many articles in its early editions . Literary work ( edit ) Main article : Works of Muhammad Iqbal Persian ( edit ) Iqbal 's poetic works are written primarily in Persian rather than Urdu . Among his 12,000 verses of poetry , about 7,000 verses are in Persian . In 1915 , he published his first collection of poetry , the Asrar - i - Khudi ( Secrets of the Self ) in Persian . The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious , spiritual perspective . Many critics have called this Iqbal 's finest poetic work In Asrar - e-Khudi , Iqbal explains his philosophy of `` Khudi , '' or `` Self . '' Iqbal 's use of the term `` Khudi '' is synonymous with the word `` Rooh '' mentioned in the Quran . `` Rooh '' is that divine spark which is present in every human being , and was present in Adam , for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam . One has to make a great journey of transformation to realise that divine spirit . The same concept was used by Farid ud Din Attar in his `` Mantaq - ul - Tair '' . He proves by various means that the whole universe obeys the will of the `` Self . '' Iqbal condemns self - destruction . For him , the aim of life is self - realization and self - knowledge . He charts the stages through which the `` Self '' has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection , enabling the knower of the `` Self '' to become a vice-regent of God . In his Rumuz - i - Bekhudi ( Hints of Selflessness ) , Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation 's viability . A person must keep his individual characteristics intact , but once this is achieved he should sacrifice his personal ambitions for the needs of the nation . Man can not realise the `` Self '' outside of society . Also in Persian and published in 1917 , this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community , Islamic ethical and social principles , and the relationship between the individual and society . Although he is true throughout to Islam , Iqbal also recognises the positive analogous aspects of other religions . The Rumuz - i - Bekhudi complements the emphasis on the self in the Asrar - e-Khudi and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title Asrar - i - Rumuz ( Hinting Secrets ) . It is addressed to the world 's Muslims . Iqbal 's 1924 publication , the Payam - e-Mashriq ( The Message of the East ) is closely connected to the West - östlicher Diwan by the German poet Goethe . Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook , and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values . Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality , religion and civilisation by underlining the need for cultivating feeling , ardour and dynamism . He explains that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality . In his first visit to Afghanistan , he presented his book `` Payam - e Mashreq '' to King Amanullah Khan in which he admired the liberal movements of Afghanistan against the British Empire . In 1933 , he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of Kabul University . The Zabur - e-Ajam ( Persian Psalms ) , published in 1927 , includes the poems Gulshan - e-Raz - e-Jadeed ( Garden of New Secrets ) and Bandagi Nama ( Book of Slavery ) . In Gulshan - e-Raz - e-Jadeed , Iqbal first poses questions , then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight , showing how it affects and concerns the world of action . Bandagi Nama denounces slavery by attempting to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies . Here as in other books , Iqbal insists on remembering the past , doing well in the present and preparing for the future , while emphasising love , enthusiasm and energy to fulfil the ideal life . Iqbal 's 1932 work , the Javed Nama ( Book of Javed ) is named after and in a manner addressed to his son , who is featured in the poems . It follows the examples of the works of Ibn Arabi and Dante 's The Divine Comedy , through mystical and exaggerated depictions across time . Iqbal depicts himself as Zinda Rud ( `` A stream full of life '' ) guided by Rumi , `` the master , '' through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations . In a passage re-living a historical period , Iqbal condemns the Muslim who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj - ud - Daula of Bengal and Tipu Sultan of Mysore respectively by betraying them for the benefit of the British colonists , and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery . At the end , by addressing his son Javid , he speaks to the young people at large , and provides guidance to the `` new generation . '' His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry . He says in one of his poems : گرچہ ہندی در عذوبت شکر است garchi Hindi dar uzūbat shakkar ast طرز گفتار دري شيرين تر است tarz - i guftar - i Dari shirin tar ast Translation : Even though in sweetness Hindi * is sugar -- ( but ) speech method in Dari ( Persian dialect ) is sweeter * Urdu ( edit ) Iqbal 's Bang - e-Dara ( The Call of the Marching Bell ) , his first collection of Urdu poetry , was published in 1924 . It was written in three distinct phases of his life . The poems he wrote up to 1905 -- the year he left for England -- reflect patriotism and imagery of nature , including the Tarana - e-Hind ( The song of India ) , and Tarana - e-Milli ( The song of the Community ) . The second set of poems date from 1905 -- 1908 , when Iqbal studied in Europe , and dwell upon the nature of European society , which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values . This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community , with a global perspective . Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community , addressed as the Ummah , to define personal , social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam . Iqbal 's works were in Persian for most of his career , but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu . His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India , with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening . Published in 1935 , the Bal - e-Jibril ( Wings of Gabriel ) is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry , and was inspired by his visit to Spain , where he visited the monuments and legacy of the kingdom of the Moors . It consists of ghazals , poems , quatrains , epigrams and carries a strong sense of religious passion . The Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam - e-Sharq ( What are we to do , O Nations of the East ? ) includes the poem Musafir ( Traveler ) . Again , Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions is given . Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations . Musafir is an account of one of Iqbal 's journeys to Afghanistan , in which the Pashtun people are counselled to learn the `` secret of Islam '' and to `` build up the self '' within themselves . Iqbal 's final work was the Armughan - e-Hijaz ( The Gift of Hijaz ) , published posthumously in 1938 . The first part contains quatrains in Persian , and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu . The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination . Profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems . Iqbal wearing a bow tie . Iqbal 's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals , which was written in London during his days of studying there . Some verses of that ghazal are : At last the silent tongue of Hijaz has announced to the ardent ear the tiding That the covenant which had been given to the desert - ( dwellers ) is going to be renewed vigorously : The lion who had emerged from the desert and had toppled the Roman Empire is As I am told by the angels , about to get up again ( from his slumbers . ) You the ( dwellers ) of the West , should know that the world of God is not a shop ( of yours ) . Your imagined pure gold is about to lose it standard value ( as fixed by you ) . Your civilization will commit suicide with its own daggers . For a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting English ( edit ) Iqbal also wrote two books on the topic of The Development of Metaphysics in Persia and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam and many letters in the English language . In these , he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism -- in particular , his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life . He also discussed philosophy , God and the meaning of prayer , human spirit and Muslim culture , as well as other political , social and religious problems . Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931 , where he expressed his views , including that on Separation of church and state to participants which included the students of that university : I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the youngmen who are at present studying at Cambridge ... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism . The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State . This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to the atheistic materialism . I had twenty - five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and therefore , had made some prophecies . They had been delivered by my tongue although I did not quite understand them . This happened in 1907 ... After six or seven years , my prophecies came true , word by word . The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the aforesaid mistakes made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State . Iqbal known in subcontinent ( edit ) As poet of the East ( edit ) Allama Iqbal ( In the Doctorate of Literature ) after the conferment of this Degree by the University of the Punjab in 1933 Iqbal has been recognised and quoted as `` Poet of the East '' by academics and institutions and media . The Vice-Chancellor , Quaid - e-Azam University , Dr Masoom Yasinzai described in a seminar as chief guest addressing to a distinguished gathering of educationists and intellectuals , that Iqbal is not a poet of the East only , actually he is a universal poet . Moreover , Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community but he is for the entire humanity . Yet it should also be born in mind that whilst dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe , the cultural icon par excellence , Iqbal 's Payam - i - Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe . For by stylising himself as the representative of the East , Iqbal 's endeavour was to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West . '' Iqbal 's revolutionary works through his poetry awakened the Muslims of the subcontinent . Iqbal was confident that the Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West . In this concept Iqbal is recognised as the `` Poet of the East '' . So to conclude , let me cite Annemarie Schimmel in Gabriel 's Wing who lauds Iqbal 's ' unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns ' ( p. xv ) , a creative activity which , to cite my own volume Revisioning Iqbal , endows Muhammad Iqbal with the stature of a `` universalist poet '' and thinker whose principal aim was to explore mitigating alternative discourses with a view to constructing a bridge between the ' East ' and the ' West ' . Urdu world is very familiar Iqbal as the `` Poet of the East '' . Iqbal is also called Muffakir - e-Pakistan , `` The Thinker of Pakistan '' ) and Hakeem - ul - Ummat `` The Sage of the Ummah '' ) . The Pakistan government officially named him a `` national poet '' . Iqbal in Iran ( edit ) In Iran , he is famous as Iqbāl - e Lāhorī . ( Iqbal of Lahore ) Iqbal 's `` Asrare - i - Khudi '' and `` Bal - i - Jibreel '' are known in Iran , while many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal 's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the Iranian Revolution of 1979 . During the early phases of the revolutionary movement , it was a common thing to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal 's blood - warming Persian poetry , that is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry , notably `` Az - zabur - e-Ajam '' . After the death of Iqbal in 1938 , by the early 1950s , Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of the academic circles of Iran . Iran poet laureate Muhammad Taqi Bahar universalize Iqbal in Iran . He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian . In 1952 , the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq , the national hero because of his oil nationalisation policy broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism . At the end of the 1950s , Iranians published the complete works of Persian . In the 1960s , Iqbal thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian . Ali Shariati , a Sorbonne - educated sociologist , supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi . It is the best example of admiration and appreciation of Iran that they gave him the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers . In 1970 , Iran realised Iqbal . Iqbal verses appeared on the banners and poetry recited at meetings of the intellectuals . Iqbal inspired many intellectuals , including famous names , Ali Shariati , Mehdi Bazargan , Sayyed Ali Khamenei and Dr Abdulkarim Soroush . Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal 's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Ayatollah Ali Khamenei , Ali Shariati , and Abdolkarim Soroush ; although much of the revolutionary guard was intimately familiar with numerous verses of Iqbal 's body of poetry . In fact , at the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran ( 1986 ) , The Supreme Leader of the Iranian Revolution , Ayatollah Khamenei stated that in its ' conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements ' , Iran was ' exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal ' . Ali Shariati , who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution , described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of `` rejuvenation '' , `` awakening '' and `` power '' to the Muslim World . International influence ( edit ) Iqbal and the West ( edit ) Name plate of a street Iqbal - Ufer , Heidelberg , Germany , honoured in the name of Iqbal . Iqbal 's views on the Western world were applauded by men including United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas , who said that Iqbal 's beliefs had `` universal appeal '' . In his Soviet biography N.P. Anikoy wrote : ( Iqbal is ) great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness , his angry protest against inequality , discrimination and oppression in all forms i.e. , economic , social , political , national , racial , religious , etc. , his preaching of optimism , an active attitude towards life and man 's high purpose in the world , in a word , he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals and principles of humanism , democracy , peace and friendship among peoples . Others , including Wilfred Cantwell Smith , stated that with Iqbal 's anti-capitalist holdings he was ' anti-intellect ' , because `` capitalism fosters intellect '' . Professor Freeland Abbot objected to Iqbal 's views saying that Iqbal 's view of the West was based on the role of imperialism and Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies , economic practices and science . Critics of Abbot 's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life , and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilisation . Bibliography ( edit ) Main article : Muhammad Iqbal bibliography Prose book Ilm ul Iqtisad ( 1903 ) Poetic books in Persian Asrar - i - Khudi ( 1915 ) Rumuz - i - Bekhudi ( 1917 ) Payam - i - Mashriq ( 1923 ) Zabur - i - Ajam ( 1927 ) Javid Nama ( 1932 ) Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam - e-Sharq ( 1936 ) Armughan - e-Hijaz ( 1938 ) ( in Persian and Urdu ) Poetic books in Urdu Bang - i - Dara ( 1924 ) Bal - i - Jibril ( 1935 ) Zarb - i Kalim ( 1936 ) Books in English The Development of Metaphysics in Persia ( 1908 ) The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( 1930 ) Gallery ( edit ) Father of Allama Iqbal ( Shaikh Noor Muhammad ) Iqbal in London in 1931 At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931 A view of the conference in West Jerusalem . Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row ( 1931 ) Allama Iqbal reception given by the National League , London in 1932 Allama Muhammad Iqbal in 1933 Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933 Iqbal in 1934 Allama in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Sir Ross Masood See also ( edit ) Urdu portal Iblees Ki Majlis - e-Shura , a poem by Iqbal List of Pakistani poets List of Urdu language poets List of Muslim philosophers Iqbal Academy Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rehman , Javaid ( 2005 ) . Islamic State Practices , International Law and the Threat from Terrorism : A Critique of the ' Clash of Civilizations ' in the New World Order . Bloomsbury Publishingr . p. 15 . ISBN 9781841135014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher , poet , and Political leader '' . Aml.Org.pk . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ al . ) , Albert M. Craig ... ( et ( 2011 ) . The heritage of world civilizations . ( 9th ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education . p. 800 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 80347 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Anil Bhatti . `` Iqbal and Goethe '' ( PDF ) . Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India . Archived from the original on 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Love letter to Persia '' . The Friday Times . 25 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leading News Resource of Pakistan '' . Daily Times . 28 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2005 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Allama Iqbal Site '' . ^ Jump up to : 1 in author list , Iqbal Academy ( 26 May 2006 ) . `` Allama Iqbal -- Biography '' ( PHP ) . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 32782 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 29 December 1922 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Iqbal 's pro Kashmir approach '' . GroundReport.com. 19 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Samiuddin , Abida ( 2007 ) . Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature ( 2 Vols . Set ) . Global Vision Publishing House . p. 304 . ISBN 81 - 8220 - 191 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Sharif , Imran ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Allama Iqbal 's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence '' . Pakistan Today . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cam Diary : Oxford remembers the Cam man '' . Daily Times . 28 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 May 2005 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National holiday November 9 '' . Brecorder.com. 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Iqbal Manzil '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Jai Narain ( 2008 ) . Encyclopædia of eminent thinkers , volume 17 . Concept Publishing Company . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 684 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sevea , Iqbal Singh ( 2012 ) . The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal : Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India . Cambridge University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 53639 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Schimmel , Annemarie ( 1962 ) . Gabriel 's wing : a study into the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal . Brill Archive . pp. 34 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Mir , Mustansir ( 2006 ) . Iqbal . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 094 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iqbal in years '' ( PHP ) . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Taneja , V.R ; Taneja , S. ( 2004 ) . Educational thinkers . Atlantic Publisher . p. 151 . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 112 - 8 . Jump up ^ Muḥammad Saʻīd , Lahore : A Memoir , Vanguard Books ( 1989 ) , p. 175 Jump up ^ Harjap Singh Aujla , Khurshid Anwar , a prince among the music directors of the sub-continent and his exploits in British and Independent India , Khurshid Anwar Biography , Academy of the Punjab in North America website , Retrieved 29 September 2015 Jump up ^ Lansing , East ; H - Bahai , Mi. ( 2001 ) ( 1908 ) . `` The development of metaphysics in persia '' ( PDF ) . London Luzac and Company . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mir , Mustansir ( 1990 ) . Tulip in the desert : A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal . c. Hurts and Company , Publishers Ltd . London . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5 - 06267 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jackso , Roy ( 2006 ) . Fifty key figures in Islam . Routledge . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35467 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Popp , Stephan ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` Muhammad Iqbal '' . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Schimmel , Annemarie ( 1963 ) . Gabriel 's wing . Brill Archive . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Schimmel , Annemarie ( 1962 ) . Gabriel 's Wing . Brill Archive . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Azam , K.M. , Hayat - e-Sadeed : Bani - e-Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali ( A Righteous Life : Founder of Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan ) , Lahore : Nashriyat , 2010 ( 583 pp. , Urdu ) ISBN 978 - 969 - 8983 - 58 - 1 Jump up ^ Allama Iqbal 's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence . Pakistan Today . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Javaid Manzil last residence of Allama Iqbal looking for visitors By : M Abid Ayub . Ilmkidunya.com . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Afzal , Rafique M. ( 2013 ) . A History of the All - India Muslim League ( 1906 -- 1947 ) . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 906735 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allama Iqbal -- The Great Poet And Philosopher : '' . Bright PK.com. 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ New Age Weekly . In Memory of Com Ranjoor ^ Jump up to : `` Iqbal and Pakistan Movement '' . Allamaiqbal.com . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Jalal , The Sole Spokesman , pp. 14 Jump up ^ Naipaul , V.S. Beyond Belief : Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples . pp. 250 -- 52 . Jump up ^ The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam ( reprint ed . ) . Lahore : Sang - e-Meel Publications . 2004 ( 1934 ) . p. 131 . Jump up ^ `` Tolu - e-Islam - Under editorship of Syed Nazeer Niazi '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Urdu Articles and Books '' . Tolueislam.com . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Official website , Allama Iqbal Academy . `` Asrar - e-Khudi '' . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Kuliyat Iqbal , Iqbal Academy Publications , 1990 , Lahore , Pakistan Jump up ^ `` 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Nation observes Allama Iqbal 's 74th death anniversary '' . The Newstribe newspaper . 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 13 Nov 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Feature : Allama Iqbal -- the spiritual father of Pakistan '' . Daily Dawn. 8 November 2003 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Taus - Bolstad , Stacy ( 2008 ) . Pakistan in Pictures . Lerner . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58013 - 452 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sheikh , Naveed Shahzad ( 2007 ) . The New Politics of Islam : Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States . Routledge . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44453 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jalal , Ayesha ( 2000 ) . Self and Sovereignty : Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 . Routledge . p. 565 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22078 - 1 . Jump up ^ Yahya , MD ( 2013 ) . `` Traditions of Patriotism in Urdu Poetry : A Critical Study with Special Reference to the Poet of the East Allama Iqbal and His Poetry '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Contemporary Research . 1 ( 2 ) . ISSN 2319 - 5789 . Jump up ^ `` Seminar on Allama Iqbal held at Preston University '' . Preston.Edu.PK . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : This document contains both interventions from Prof. Dharampal - Frick and Mrs. Al Sanyoura Baasiri - Gita Dharampal - Frick -- ( South Asia Institute , University of Heidelberg ) ( PDF ) . Orient Institut.Org . pp. 5 -- 12 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Democracy in Islam : The Views of Several Modern Muslim Scholars . Amu - In Academia.Edu . p. 143 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : How to Read Iqbal ( PDF ) . Urdu Studies.com . p. 2 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal '' . Osama Sajid. 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iqbal and the Iranians Iqbal '' . Nasir Riaz. 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal '' . Iqbal Singh Sevea. 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iqbal : Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit '' . Iqbal Singh Sevea. 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury edition of works by poet Muhammad Iqbal '' . University of Heidelberg. 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Review , Iqbal ( 1985 ) . `` American , West European and Soviet Attitudes to Iqbal '' ( PHP ) . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Kaifee , Zeenat . ' Allāma Iqbāl as depicted in the works of Dr. Annemarie Schimmel , Quarterly Naqd - O - Taḥqīq , ISSN 2454 - 2563 , Editor : S. Naqi Abbas ( Kaify ) , Volume 1 , Issue I , pp. 58 -- 67 , Jan - Feb - Mar. 2015 , New Delhi ( in Persian ) Shafique , Khurram Ali ( 2014 ) . Iqbal : His Life and Our Times . ECO Cultural Institute & Iqbal Academy Pakistan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9571416 - 6 - 7 . Ram Nath , Kak ( 1995 ) . Autumn Leaves : Kashmiri Reminiscences . India : Vitasta . ISBN 81 - 86588 - 00 - 0 . Mustansir , Mir ( 2006 ) , Iqbal , I.B. Tauris , ISBN 1 - 84511 - 094 - 3 Muhammad , Munawwar . Iqbal - Poet Philosopher of Islam . ISBN 969 - 416 - 061 - 8 . Sailen , Debnath . Secularism : Western and Indian . New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1366 - 4 . V.S. , Naipaul ( 1998 ) . Beyond Belief : Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples . USA : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50118 - 5 . Annemarie , Schimmel ( 1963 ) , Gabriel 's Wing : a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal , Leiden , Netherlands : E.J. Brill External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Iqbal . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Muhammad Iqbal International Iqbal Society ( Formerly DISNA ) Iqbal Cyber Library The collection of Urdu poems : Columbia University Encyclopedia Britannica . Allama Iqbal Urdu Poetry Collection Works by or about Allama Iqbal at Internet Archive Muhammad Iqbal Family Javed Iqbal ( son ) Yousuf Salahuddin ( grandson ) Waleed Iqbal ( grandson ) Prose The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam The Development of Metaphysics in Persia Ilm Al - Iqtisad Poetry Asrar - i - Khudi ( `` The Secrets of the Self '' ) Rumuz - i - Bekhudi ( `` The Secrets of Selflessness '' ) Payam - i - Mashriq ( `` Message from the East '' ) Bang - i - Dara ( `` The Call Of The Marching Bell '' ) Zabur - i - Ajam ( `` Persian Psalms '' ) Javid Nama Bal - i - Jibril ( `` Gabriel 's Wing '' ) Zarb - i - Kalim ( `` The Rod of the Moses '' ) Pas Chih Bayad Kard ( `` What should then be done O people of the East '' ) Armaghan - i - Hijaz ( `` Gift from Hijaz '' ) Scholars Annemarie Schimmel Arthur J. Arberry R.A. Nicholson Javid Iqbal Muhammad Munawwar Suheyl Umar more Related topics Bibliography Iqbal Academy Pakistan Iqbal Academy , UK Iqbal Cyber Library Iqbal Day Iqbal Review Pakistan Movement ( Allahabad Address ) Tomb Islamic philosophy Fields Alchemy Aqidah ( theology ) ' Aql ( intellect ) Cosmology astrology medieval astronomy Eschatology Ethics Kalam ( dialectic ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Logic Metaphysics Natural philosophy ( physics ) Peace Madrasah ( education ) Medieval science Medieval psychology Sufism ( mysticism ) Schools Early Farabism Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Sufi cosmology metaphysics Transcendent theosophy Traditionalist Contemporary Concepts ʻAṣabīya Ḥāl Iʻjaz ʼIjtihād ʻlm ʻIrfān Ijmāʿ Maslaha Nafs Qadar Qalb Qiyās Shūrā Tawḥīd Ummah Philosophers by century ( CE ) 9th -- 10th Al - Kindi Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari Abu al - Abbas Iranshahri Zakariya Razi Apharabius Abu Hatim al - Razi Al Amiri Ikhwan al - Safa Abu Sulayman Sijistani Ibn Masarrah Abu Yaqub al - Sijistani 11th Al - Ghazali Ibn Miskawayh Avicenna Ibn Hazm Bahmanyār Mu'ayyad fi'l - Din al - Shirazi Nasir Khusraw 12th Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Afdal al - Din Kashani Ahi Evren Ahmad Yasavi Ayn - al - Quzat Averroes Ibn Tufail Omar Khayyám Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi 13th Hajji Bektash Wali Jalal ad - Din Muhammad Rumi Ibn Sab'in Ibn Arabi al - Abharī Nasir al - Din Tusi Fakhr ad - Din ar - Razi Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Sadr al - Din al - Qunawi 14th -- 16th Ibn Khaldun Yunus Emre Hajji Bayram Jalaladdin Davani Sadr ad - Din Dashtaki Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Qadi Mir Husayn al - Maybudi Mahmud Shabistari Sayyid Haydar Amuli Dawūd al - Qayṣarī Jami 17th -- 19th Mir Damad Mir Fendereski Mulla Sadra Mohsen Fayz Kashani Abd al - Razzaq Lahiji Mujaddid Alf - i - Sani Rajab Ali Tabrizi Qazi Sa'id Qumi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Hādī Sabzavārī 20th -- present Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Muhammad Iqbal Gohar Shahi Mohammad Baqir al - Sadr René Guénon Frithjof Schuon Martin Lings Hossein Nasr Naquib al - Attas Abdolkarim Soroush Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani Taha Abdurrahman Mohammed Abed al - Jabri Mohammed Arkoun Fouad Zakariyya Reza Davari Ardakani Ahmad Fardid Mostafa Malekian Hasanzadeh Amoli Javadi Amoli Partawi Shah Pakistan Movement History of Pakistan ( timeline : 1947 -- present ) History East India Company Indian Rebellion of 1857 Aligarh Movement Urdu movement Partition of Bengal Lucknow Pact Khilafat Movement Shuddhi Movement Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Allahabad Address Now or Never pamphlet World War II Two nation theory Round Table Conferences Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Muslim nationalism in South Asia Cabinet Mission Indian Independence Act Partition of India Radcliffe Line Durand Line Pakistan Osmanistan Enlightened Moderation Objectives Resolution Independence Republic Day Kashmir conflict National symbols Constitution of Pakistan British heritage Organisations Muslim League Punjab Muslim League Unionist Muslim League All India Muslim Students Federation Khaksars East Pakistan Renaissance Society Leaders Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Allama Muhammad Iqbal Aga Khan III Nawab Salimullah Mian Muhammad Shafi Syed Ameer Ali Muhammad Ali Jinnah Fatima Jinnah Liaquat Ali Khan Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Bahadur Yar Jung Nawab Waqar - ul - Mulk Kamboh Mohsin - ul - Mulk Hasrat Mohani Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Baba - e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq G.M. Syed Abdur Rab Nishtar Qazi Muhammad Essa Choudhary Rahmat Ali Muhammad Ali Jouhar Maulana Shaukat Ali A.K. Fazlul Huq K.H. Khurshid Sikandar Hayat Khan Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan Maulana Zafar Ali Khan Khawaja Nazimuddin Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Ghulam Bhik Nairang Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Jogendra Nath Mandal more Activists Z.A. Suleri Hameed Nizami Abdullah Haroon Yusuf Haroon Altaf Husain Adamjee Haji Dawood Yusuf Khattak Mian Iftikharuddin Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot Shaukat Hayat Khan Muhammad Asad Ziauddin Ahmad A.B.A. Haleem Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr Hakim Said Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Fida Mohammad Khan more Literature Idea of Pakistan Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan A Short History of Pakistan Pakistan : A Personal History The Myth of Independence Pakistan : A Hard Country Now or Never ; Are We to Live or Perish Forever ? Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857 Architecture Minar - e-Pakistan Bab - e-Pakistan The Monument Mazar - e-Quaid Ziarat Residency Iqbal 's Tomb Wazir Mansion National Library Deena Public Hall Bab - e-Khyber Jinnah Terminal In Memory Youm - e-Pakistan ( 23 March ) Youm - e-Dastur ( 10 April ) Youm - e-Takbir ( 28 May ) Youm - e-Azadi ( 14 August ) Youm - e-Difah ( 6 September ) Youm - e-Tasees ( 24 October ) Youm - e-Iqbal ( 9 November ) Youm - e-Viladat ( 25 December ) National symbols of Pakistan Main symbols Qaumi Taranah ( national anthem ) State emblem of Pakistan Flag of Pakistan Iman , Ittihad , Nazm ( motto ) Lahore Resolution ( national document ) Urdu ( national language ) People Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( Father of the Nation ) Muhammad Iqbal ( National poet ) Fatima Jinnah ( Mother of the Nation ) Other symbols Cedrus deodara ( national tree ) Chukar partridge ( national bird ) Jasminum officinale ( national flower ) Markhor ( national animal ) Structures Bab - e-Khyber ( monument ) Faisal Mosque Mazar - 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Hossein Sa'edi Bahram Sadeghi Goli Taraqqi Plays Reza Abdoh Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh Hamid Amjad Bahram Beyzai Mohammad Charmshir Alireza Koushk Jalali Hadi Marzban Bijan Mofid Hengameh Mofid Abbas Nalbandian Akbar Radi Pari Saberi Mohammad Yaghoubi Screenplays Saeed Aghighi Rakhshan Bani - E'temad Bahram Beyzai Hajir Darioush Pouran Derakhshandeh Asghar Farhadi Bahman Farmanara Farrokh Ghaffari Behrouz Gharibpour Bahman Ghobadi Fereydun Gole Ebrahim Golestan Ali Hatami Abolfazl Jalili Ebrahim Hatamikia Abdolreza Kahani Varuzh Karim - Masihi Samuel Khachikian Abbas Kiarostami David Mahmoudieh Majid Majidi Mohsen Makhmalbaf Dariush Mehrjui Reza Mirkarimi Rasoul Mollagholipour Amir Naderi Jafar Panahi Kambuzia Partovi Rasul Sadr Ameli Mohammad Sadri Parviz Shahbazi Sohrab Shahid - Saless Translators Amrollah Abjadian Jaleh Amouzgar Najaf Daryabandari Behzad Ghaderi Sohi Mohammad Ghazi Lili Golestan Sadegh Hedayat Saleh Hosseini Ahmad Kamyabi Mask Mohammad Moin Ebrahim Pourdavoud Hamid Samandarian Jalal Sattari Jafar Shahidi Ahmad Shamlou Ahmad Tafazzoli Abbas Zaryab Essayists Aydin Aghdashloo Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi Ehsan Yarshater Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language , but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary . At one time , Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world . Today it is the official language of Iran , Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan . VIAF : 100267743 LCCN : n79110521 ISNI : 0000 0001 2145 2813 GND : 11855574X SELIBR : 63575 SUDOC : 026931109 BNF : cb11908261j ( data ) BIBSYS : 90911117 NLA : 35236285 NDL : 01224622 NKC : jx20080730003 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ PUVV \ 144690 BNE : XX1207093 IATH : w6h784tb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Iqbal&oldid=806785952 '' Categories : Muhammad Iqbal Leaders of the Pakistan Movement Pakistani revolutionaries Urdu poets Anti-nationalists Indian male poets Knights Bachelor Indian knights 20th - century Muslim scholars of Islam Government College University , Lahore alumni Heidelberg University alumni Persian - language poets Persian - language writers Islamic philosophers Contemporary Indian philosophers Kashmiri people Alumni of Trinity College , Cambridge Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law Members of Lincoln 's Inn Muhammad Iqbal family 20th - century philosophers 1877 births 1938 deaths People from Sialkot Punjabi people Writers from Lahore Urdu theologians Urdu children 's writers Urdu letter writers Urdu writers from British India Urdu religious writers 20th - century Urdu writers Pakistan Movement Government College University , Lahore faculty Oriental College alumni Murray College alumni Indian Islamists Nondenominational Muslims Pakistani male poets 20th - century Indian poets 20th - century Pakistani poets Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y EngvarB from November 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with Internet Archive links AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kurdî Latviešu Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي کوردی Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 04 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which book of allama iqbal published after his death | [
"The Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (What are we to do, O Nations of the East?) includes the poem Musafir (Traveler). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions is given. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. Musafir is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun people are counselled to learn the \"secret of Islam\" and to \"build up the self\" within themselves.[8] Iqbal's final work was the Armughan-e-Hijaz (The Gift of Hijaz), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination. Profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems.[8]"
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"Armughan-e-Hijaz (The Gift of Hijaz)"
] |
1310034123396487548 | National Football League Cheerleading | National football League cheerleading - wikipedia National football League cheerleading Jump to : navigation , search National Football League Cheerleading , or simply NFL Cheerleading , is a professional cheerleading organization in the United States . 26 of the 32 NFL teams include a cheerleading squad in their franchise . Cheerleaders are a popular attraction that can give a team more coverage / airtime , popular local support , and increased media image . In 1954 , the Baltimore Colts became the first NFL team to have cheerleaders . They were part of the Baltimore Colts Marching Band . Most NFL cheerleading squads are a part - time job . Often , cheerleaders have completed or are attending a university , and continue on to other careers after cheering for one to four seasons . The members participate in practice , training camp , games , appearances , photo shoots , and charity events . Apart from their main duties of cheering during the football games , the cheerleaders have many other responsibilities . Nearly every team member is available for appearances at schools , events , conferences , etc. , for a set fee . An anticipated annual event is the release of each squad 's calendar , featuring members for each month in swimsuits , lingerie , or uniforms . As well as being a mainstay of American football culture , the cheerleaders are one of the biggest entertainment groups to regularly perform for the United States Armed Forces overseas with performances and tours being enlisted by the USO . Teams send their variety show , an elite group of their best members , to perform combination shows of dance , music , baton twirling , acrobatics , gymnastics , and more . In February 2007 , the Buffalo Bills even sent a squad of eight along with their choreographer into the war zone of Iraq . In 1996 , the San Francisco 49ers Cheerleaders and their director helicoptered into the war inflicted country of Bosnia with the USO and the U.S. Army . The U.S. troops in Korea have been entertained during the holiday season with the USO 's Bob Hope Tour . Over the years , the tour has featured NFL cheerleaders from the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cheerleader competitions 2 Teams 2.1 Teams without cheerleaders 3 Pro Bowl 4 See also 5 References Cheerleader competitions ( edit ) The first `` Battle of the NFL Cheerleaders '' was held in 1979 in Hollywood , Florida . Two cheerleaders from each cheerleading team compete against other mini-teams in various athletic events . The events include kayaking , 100 yard dash , obstacle courses , and other events . The Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders took home the title in 1979 . In 1980 , it was held in Atlantic City , New Jersey and the Washington Redskinettes were the champions . The winners were Shiona Baum and Jeannie Fritz , and each received a car as the grand prize . The competition was resurrected in 2006 by the NFL Network , and was called NFL Cheerleader Playoffs . The playoffs were taped between July 17 and July 21 , 2006 at Six Flags New England in Agawam , Massachusetts . Two - person teams of cheerleaders from 25 of the NFL 's 32 teams participated in a four - event series of competitions . The first two events tested the cheerleaders ' athletic abilities in events like the 100 - yard dash , kayaking , tandem cycling , and the obstacle course . The third event was a trivia challenge called `` Know Your NFL . '' The final competition was a one - minute dance routine , similar to what they normally perform on NFL sidelines . The San Diego Chargers team ( Casie and Shantel ) defeated the Atlanta Falcons and St. Louis Rams squads to win the overall championship . The 3 teams finished in a three - way tie , with 210 points . The Chargers were declared the winners based on winning the dance competition . Teams ( edit ) Listed by name , with corresponding NFL football team . Current or Last Name Year Established and Former Names NFL Team Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders 1964 -- 1987 St. Louis Cardinals Cheerleaders 1988 -- 1993 Phoenix Cardinals Cheerleaders 1994 -- present Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders Arizona Cardinals Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders 1969 -- 1976 The Falconettes 1976 -- present Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders Atlanta Falcons Baltimore Ravens Cheerleaders 1998 -- present Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Jills 1960 -- 1965 Buffalo Bills Cheerleaders 1966 -- 2013 Buffalo Jills Buffalo Bills Carolina Topcats 1995 -- present Carolina Panthers Chicago Honey Bears 1976 -- 1985 Chicago Bears Cincinnati Ben -- Gals 1976 -- present Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders 1962 -- 1971 CowBelles & Beaux 1972 -- present Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos Cheerleaders 1971 -- 1976 Bronco Belles 1977 -- 1980 Pony Express 1993 -- present Denver Broncos Cheerleaders Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Cheerleaders 1963 - 1972 2016 -- present Detroit Lions Cheerleaders Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Cheerleaders 1957 -- 1961 Packerettes 1961 -- 1972 Golden Girls 1973 -- 1977 Packerettes 1977 -- 1986 Sideliners 1987 -- 2006 University of Wisconsin -- Green Bay cheerleaders 2007 -- present UWGB and St. Norbert College cheerleaders Green Bay Packers Houston Texans Cheerleaders 2002 -- present Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders 1954 -- 1983 Baltimore Colts Cheerleaders 1984 -- present Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville ROAR 1995 -- present Jacksonville Jaguars Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders 1964 Chiefs Cheerleaders 1971 - 85 Chiefettes 1986 -- present Chiefs Cheerleaders Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Charger Girls 1960s -- 70s Chargettes 1990 -- 2016 San Diego Charger Girls 2017 -- present Los Angeles Charger Girls Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders 1974 -- 1994 Embraceable Ewes 1995 -- 2015 St. Louis Rams Cheerleaders 2016 -- present Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders Los Angeles Rams Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders 1966 -- 1977 Dolphin Dolls 1978 -- 1983 Dolphins Starbrites 1984 -- present Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders 1961 -- 1963 Vi - Queens 1964 -- 1983 The Parkettes ( St. Louis Park High School ) 1984 -- present Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders Minnesota Vikings New England Patriots Cheerleaders 1977 -- present New England Patriots New Orleans Saintsations 1967 Louisiannes / Saints Dancers 1968 Mademoiselles 1971 Mam'selles 1975 -- 78 Bonnies Amies 1978 Angels 1987 -- present Saintsations New Orleans Saints New York Jets Flight Crew 2006 Jets Flag Crew 2007 -- present Jets Flight Crew New York Jets Oakland Raiderettes 1961 -- present Oakland Raiders Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders 1948 -- 1970s Eaglettes 1970s Liberty Belles 1980s -- present The Eagles Cheerleaders Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelerettes 1960 -- 1969 Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco Gold Rush 1979 -- present San Francisco 49ers Seattle Sea Gals 1976 -- present Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders 1976 -- 1998 SwashBucklers 1999 -- present Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders 1975 -- 1997 The Derrick Dolls 1998 -- present Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders Tennessee Titans Washington Redskins Cheerleaders 1962 Redskinettes 1963 -- present Washington Redskins Cheerleaders Washington Redskins Teams Without cheerleaders ( edit ) The Packers collegiate squad in 2009 As of 2016 , six teams do not have cheerleading squads : Buffalo Bills , Chicago Bears , Cleveland Browns , Green Bay Packers , New York Giants , and the Pittsburgh Steelers . The Packers do , however , use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games . Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders . The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders , while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past . The Buffalo Bills endorsed the officially independent Buffalo Jills from 1966 to 2013 ; when several cheerleaders sued both the Jills and the Bills organizations , the Jills suspended operations . Teams of `` unofficial '' cheerleaders began emerging in 2010 for NFL teams that do n't have their own dance squad . These unofficial cheerleaders are n't sanctioned by the NFL or any franchise in the NFL and therefore are not allowed to perform at games , represent the football team at any outside functions , or use any of the team 's branding or trademarked colors on their uniforms . The teams are sponsored by local businesses , and the cheerleaders perform prior to the game , at tailgate parties , and other local events . Some also attend the local NFL games in uniform , and sit together in their block of season ticket seats . Their audition process , costuming , and choreography are very similar to official NFL cheer teams . Some also produce an annual swimsuit calendar , just like the legitimate cheerleaders . All of the independent teams hope at some point to be embraced by the NFL as `` official '' cheerleaders of their local teams . The Detroit Pride Cheerleaders were the first independent professional team , put together in August 2010 to support the Lions . However , as the squad was not officially recognized by the Lions , it could not use the Lions ' logos nor colors . In 2016 , the Lions started an official cheerleading squad . The Gotham City Cheerleaders were organized in August 2011 to support all New York sports , but are most closely associated with the Giants . The team has also been known as the New York Unofficials , the Unofficial Dancers of the New York Giants , and the Gotham 's Team Blue Army Dancers . The Cleveland Spirit Cheerleaders were created in September 2012 to support the Browns as a test team to attract fan interest . This cheer team was created by the same people responsible for the Detroit Pride . Pro Bowl ( edit ) A top honor for an NFL Cheerleader is to be selected as a Pro Bowl Cheerleader . The group is composed of an all - star cheerleader ( one from each NFL cheer team ) that represents her NFL team at the Pro Bowl in Hawaii . The Pro Bowl Cheerleaders were founded in 1992 and directed by Jay Howarth and Angela King - Twitero . Each year , one squad member from every NFL team is chosen to participate in the collective Pro Bowl cheerleading squad . See also ( edit ) List of cheerleaders National Basketball Association Cheerleading References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chicago Honey Bears.net '' . Chicago Honey Bears.net . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Cincinnati Ben - Gals Jump up ^ Dallas Cheerleaders History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived February 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Meet one of the first Detroit Lions cheerleaders '' . Click on Detroit . June 20 , 2016 . Accessed June 21 2016 Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions to add cheerleaders '' . Official Site of the Detroit Lions . Detroit Lions , Ltd . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Bay Packerettes , Green Bay Press - Gazette , Retrieved September 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Ex-Packers cheerleader writes winning slogan for fence , September 9 , 2007 , Retrieved September 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Legends on Parade to highlight Packers ' Glory Years , Green Bay Press - Gazette , August 24 , 2007 , Retrieved September 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived February 6 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charger Girls History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived February 2 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders History ( 2010 ) Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oakland Raiderettes History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived September 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Steelerettes History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gold Rush History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sea Gals History ( 2007 ) Retrieved February 8 , 2007 . Archived January 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ www.buccaneers.com Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheerleader History Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 26 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) . `` No Super Bowl cheerleaders ? He says rah ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://bigstory.ap.org/article/buffalo-bills-cheerleaders-halt-season-after-suit Jump up ^ Pumerantz , Zack ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Detroit Lions Cheerleaders : The Hottest Pics of the Detroit Pride '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 6 NFL Teams Without Cheerleaders '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Benton , Dan ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Meet the Gotham City Cheerleaders , Unofficial Dancers for All New York Sports '' . Giants 101 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bonchak , Jean ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Cleveland Spirit cheerleaders coming to Browns Town '' . The News - Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Bowl Cheerleaders '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . National Football League Cheerleaders American Football Conference AFC East None former Buffalo Jills ( Buffalo Bills ) Miami Dolphins Cheerleaders ( Miami Dolphins ) New England Patriots Cheerleaders ( New England Patriots ) Jets Flight Crew ( New York Jets ) AFC North Baltimore Ravens Cheerleaders ( Baltimore Ravens ) Cincinnati Ben -- Gals ( Cincinnati Bengals ) None ( Cleveland Browns ) None former Pittsburgh Steelerettes ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) AFC South Houston Texans Cheerleaders ( Houston Texans ) Indianapolis Colts Cheerleaders ( Indianapolis Colts ) Jacksonville Roar ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Tennessee Titans Cheerleaders ( Tennessee Titans ) AFC West Denver Broncos Cheerleaders ( Denver Broncos ) Kansas City Chiefs Cheerleaders ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Los Angeles Charger Girls ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Oakland Raiderettes ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders ( Dallas Cowboys ) None ( New York Giants ) Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Washington Redskins Cheerleaders ( Washington Redskins ) NFC North None former Chicago Honey Bears ( Chicago Bears ) Detroit Lions Cheerleaders ( Detroit Lions ) Green Bay Packers cheerleaders ( Green Bay Packers ) Minnesota Vikings Cheerleaders ( Minnesota Vikings ) NFC South Atlanta Falcons Cheerleaders ( Atlanta Falcons ) Carolina Topcats ( Carolina Panthers ) Saintsations ( New Orleans Saints ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cheerleaders ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) NFC West Arizona Cardinals Cheerleaders ( Arizona Cardinals ) Los Angeles Rams Cheerleaders ( Los Angeles Rams ) San Francisco Gold Rush ( San Francisco 49ers ) Sea Gals ( Seattle Seahawks ) National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_Cheerleading&oldid=803364530 '' Categories : National Football League cheerleaders National Football League cheerleading squads Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what teams in the nfl don't have cheerleaders | [
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past.",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past.",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past.",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past.",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past.",
"As of 2016, six teams do not have cheerleading squads: Buffalo Bills, Chicago Bears, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Packers do, however, use a collegiate squad to cheer at home games.[19] Super Bowl XLV between the Steelers and the Packers in February 2011 was the first time a Super Bowl featured no cheerleaders. The Browns and the Giants are the only NFL teams that have never had cheerleaders, while the other aforementioned teams have had cheer squads in the past."
] | [
"Buffalo Bills",
"Chicago Bears",
"Cleveland Browns",
"Green Bay Packers",
"New York Giants",
"Pittsburgh Steelers"
] |
7136282033502959509 | Neck pain | Neck pain - wikipedia Neck pain Jump to : navigation , search `` Pain in the neck '' redirects here . For the idiomatic expression , see wikt : pain in the neck . Neck pain A person with neck pain Classification and external resources Specialty Neurosurgery ICD - 10 M54. 2 ICD - 9 - CM 723.1 DiseasesDB 23260 MedlinePlus 003025 Patient UK Neck pain MeSH D019547 ( edit on Wikidata ) Neck pain ( or cervicalgia ) is a common problem , with two - thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives . Neck pain , although felt in the neck , can be caused by numerous other spinal problems . Neck pain may arise due to muscular tightness in both the neck and upper back , or pinching of the nerves emanating from the cervical vertebrae . Joint disruption in the neck creates pain , as does joint disruption in the upper back . The head is supported by the lower neck and upper back , and it is these areas that commonly cause neck pain . The top three joints in the neck allow for most movement of the neck and head . The lower joints in the neck and those of the upper back create a supportive structure for the head to sit on . If this support system is affected adversely , then the muscles in the area will tighten , leading to neck pain . Neck pain affects about 5 % of the global population as of 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Differential diagnosis 2 Treatment 2.1 Conservative treatment 2.2 Medication 2.3 Surgery 3 Epidemiology 4 Prognosis 5 References Differential diagnosis ( edit ) Neck pain may come from any of the structures in the neck including : vascular , nerve , airway , digestive , and musculature / skeletal , or be referred from other areas of the body . Major and severe causes of neck pain ( roughly in order of severity ) include : Carotid artery dissection Referred pain from acute coronary syndrome Head and neck cancer Infections : retropharyngeal abscess , epiglottitis , etc . Spinal disc herniation -- protruding or bulging discs , or if severe prolapse . Spondylosis - degenerative arthritis and osteophytes Spinal stenosis -- a narrowing of the spinal canal More common and lesser neck pain causes include : Stress -- physical and emotional stresses Prolonged postures -- many people fall asleep on sofas and chairs and wake up with sore necks . Minor injuries and falls -- car accidents , sporting events and day to day injuries that are really minor . Referred pain -- mostly from upper back problems Over-use -- muscular strain is one of the most common causes Whiplash Herniated disc Pinched nerve Although the causes are numerous , most are easily rectified by either professional help or using self help advice and techniques . More causes can include : poor sleeping posture , torticollis , head injury , rheumatoid arthritis , Carotidynia , congenital cervical rib , mononucleosis , rubella , certain cancers , ankylosing spondylitis , cervical spine fracture , esophageal trauma , subarachnoid hemorrhage , lymphadenitis , thyroid trauma , and tracheal trauma . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment of neck pain depends on the cause . For the vast majority of people , neck pain can be treated conservatively . Recommendations in which it helps alleviate symptoms include applying heat or cold . Other common treatments could include medication , body mechanics training , ergonomic reform , and physical therapy . Conservative treatment ( edit ) Exercise plus joint mobilization and / or joint manipulation ( spinal adjustment ) has been found to be beneficial in both acute and chronic mechanical neck disorders . Both cervical manipulation and cervical mobilization produce similar immediate - , and short - term changes . Multiple cervical manipulation sessions may provide better pain relief and functional improvement than certain medications at immediate to long - term follow - up . Thoracic manipulation may also improve pain and function . Low level laser therapy has been shown to reduce pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after completion of treatment in patients that experience chronic neck pain . Medication ( edit ) Analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs are recommended for pain . Muscle relaxants are often prescribed and are known to be effective . However , one study showed that one muscle relaxant called cyclobenzaprine was not effective for treatment of acute cervical strain ( as opposed to neck pain from other etiologies or chronic neck pain ) . Over the counter topical creams and patches may be effective for some patients . Surgery ( edit ) Surgery is usually not indicated for mechanical causes of neck pain . If neck pain is the result of instability , cancer , or other disease process surgery may be necessary . Surgery is usually not indicated for `` pinched nerves '' or herniated discs unless there is spinal cord compression or pain and disability have been protracted for many months and refractory to conservative treatment such as physical therapy . Epidemiology ( edit ) Neck pain affects about 330 million people globally as of 2010 ( 4.9 % of the population ) . It is more common in women ( 5.7 % ) than men ( 3.9 % ) . It is less common than low back pain . Prognosis ( edit ) About one - half of episodes resolve within one year . About 10 % of cases become chronic . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Binder AI ( 2007 ) . `` Cervical spondylosis and neck pain '' . BMJ. 334 ( 7592 ) : 527 -- 31 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 39127.608299. 80 . PMC 1819511 . PMID 17347239 . Jump up ^ March , L ; Smith , EU ; Hoy , DG ; Cross , MJ ; Sanchez - Riera , L ; Blyth , F ; Buchbinder , R ; Vos , T ; Woolf , AD ( June 2014 ) . `` Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal ( MSK ) disorders '' . Best practice & research . Clinical rheumatology. 28 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / j. berh. 2014.08. 002 . PMID 25481420 . Jump up ^ Amal Mattu ; Deepi Goyal ; Barrett , Jeffrey W. ; Joshua Broder ; DeAngelis , Michael ; Peter Deblieux ; Gus M. Garmel ; Richard Harrigan ; David Karras ; Anita L'Italien ; David Manthey ( 2007 ) . Emergency medicine : avoiding the pitfalls and improving the outcomes . Malden , Mass : Blackwell Pub. / BMJ Books . p. 46 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4166 - 2 . Jump up ^ Amal Mattu ; Deepi Goyal ; Barrett , Jeffrey W. ; Joshua Broder ; DeAngelis , Michael ; Peter Deblieux ; Gus M. Garmel ; Richard Harrigan ; David Karras ; Anita L'Italien ; David Manthey ( 2007 ) . Emergency medicine : avoiding the pitfalls and improving the outcomes . Malden , Mass : Blackwell Pub. / BMJ Books . p. 47 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4166 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kevin Yip ( 2009 ) . A Guide to Common Orthopaedic Problems . Singapore , Mass : Singapore Sports and Orthopaedic Clinic . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 4166 - 2 . Jump up ^ Garra , Gregory ; Singer , Adam J. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Heat or Cold Packs for Neck and Back Strain : A Randomized Controlled Trial of Efficacy '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 17 ( 5 ) : 484 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.2010. 00735. x . PMID 20536800 . Jump up ^ `` BestBets : Manipulation and / or exercise for neck pain ? '' . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Anita ; Langevin , Pierre ; Burnie , Stephen J. ; Bédard - Brochu , Marie - Sophie ; Empey , Brian ; Dugas , Estelle ; Faber - Dobrescu , Michael ; Andres , Cristy ; Graham , Nadine ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 9 ) : CD004249 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD004249. pub4 . PMID 26397370 . Jump up ^ Huisman PA , Speksnijder CM , de Wijer A ( January 2013 ) . `` The effect of thoracic spine manipulation on pain and disability in patients with non-specific neck pain : a systematic review '' . Disabil Rehabil. 35 : 1677 -- 1685 . doi : 10.3109 / 09638288.2012. 750689 . PMID 23339721 . Jump up ^ Chow RT , Johnson MI , Lopes - Martins RA , Bjordal JM ( 2009 ) . `` Efficacy of low - level laser therapy in the management of neck pain : a systematic review and meta - analysis of randomised placebo or active - treatment controlled trials '' . Lancet . 374 ( 9705 ) : 1897 -- 1908 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 09 ) 61522 - 1 . PMID 19913903 . Jump up ^ Machado , Gustavo C ; Maher , Chris G ; Ferreira , Paulo H ; Day , Richard O ; Pinheiro , Marina B ; Ferreira , Manuela L ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for spinal pain : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases : annrheumdis -- 2016 -- 210597 . doi : 10.1136 / annrheumdis - 2016 - 210597 . Jump up ^ `` UpToDate Inc '' . Jump up ^ Khwaja SM , Minnerop M , Singer AJ ( January 2010 ) . `` Comparison of ibuprofen , cyclobenzaprine or both in patients with acute cervical strain : a randomized controlled trial '' . CJEM. 12 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 44 . PMID 20078917 . ^ Jump up to : Vos , T ( Dec 15 , 2012 ) . `` Years lived with disability ( YLDs ) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990 - 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2163 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61729 - 2 . PMID 23245607 . Jump up ^ Deen , Hanifa ; Bartleson , J.D. ( 2009 ) . Spine disorders medical and surgical management . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 88941 - 3 . Pain and nociception By region / system HEENT Headache Neck Odynophagia ( swallowing ) Toothache Respiratory system Sore throat Pleurodynia Musculoskeletal Arthralgia ( joint ) Bone pain Myalgia ( muscle ) Muscle soreness : Acute / Delayed onset Neurologic Congenital insensitivity to pain HSAN Type I II congenital sensory neuropathy III familial dysautonomia IV congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis V congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis Neuralgia Pain asymbolia Pain disorder Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder Allodynia Chronic pain Hyperalgesia Hypoalgesia Hyperpathia Phantom pain Referred pain Other Pelvic pain Proctalgia Back Low back pain ( LBP ) Tests Cold pressor test Dolorimeter Grimace scale ( animals ) Hot plate test Tail flick test Related concepts Anterolateral system Pain management Anesthesia Cordotomy Pain scale Pain threshold Pain tolerance Posteromarginal nucleus Substance P Suffering OPQRST Philosophy of pain Cancer pain Drug - seeking behavior Spinal disease ( M40 -- M54 , 720 -- 724 , 737 ) Deforming Spinal curvature Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis Other Scheuermann 's disease Torticollis Spondylopathy inflammatory Spondylitis Ankylosing spondylitis Sacroiliitis Discitis Spondylodiscitis Pott disease non inflammatory Spondylosis Spondylolysis Spondylolisthesis Retrolisthesis Spinal stenosis Facet syndrome Back pain Neck pain Upper back pain Low back pain Coccydynia Sciatica Radiculopathy Intervertebral disc disorder Schmorl 's nodes Degenerative disc disease Spinal disc herniation Facet joint arthrosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neck_pain&oldid=830650896 '' Categories : Human head and neck Pain Hidden categories : Infobox medical condition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français 日本 語 Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 03 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the medical term for neck pain | [
"Neck pain (or cervicalgia) is a common problem, with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives.[1]"
] | [
"cervicalgia"
] |
1514785873779887611 | End of Roman rule in Britain | End of Roman rule in Britain - wikipedia End of Roman rule in Britain Part of a series on the History of the British Isles Overview ( show ) United Kingdom England Isle of Wight Isles of Scilly Scotland Shetland Orkney Inner Hebrides Outer Hebrides Wales Anglesey Northern Ireland Ireland Isle of Man ( Mann ) Channel Islands Jersey Guernsey Prehistoric period ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Prehistoric England Prehistoric Scotland Prehistoric Shetland Prehistoric Orkney Prehistoric Wales Prehistoric Ireland Prehistoric Mann Classical period ( show ) Roman Britain Roman Scotland Roman Wales Protohistoric Ireland , Roman Ireland Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period ( show ) Medieval England Early medieval England High medieval England Late medieval England Medieval Scotland Early medieval Scotland High medieval Scotland Late medieval Scotland Medieval Wales Early medieval Wales High medieval Wales Late medieval Wales Medieval Ireland Early medieval Ireland High medieval Ireland Late medieval Ireland Medieval Mann Early modern period ( show ) Early modern Britain Early modern England Early modern Scotland Early modern Wales Early modern Ireland Early modern Mann Late modern period ( show ) United Kingdom ( since 1707 ) Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Post-war period ( social history ) Late modern Ireland Late modern Mann The end of Roman rule in Britain was the transition from Roman Britain to post-Roman Britain . Roman rule ended in different parts of Britain at different times , and under different circumstances . In 383 , the usurper Magnus Maximus withdrew troops from northern and western Britain , probably leaving local warlords in charge . Around 410 , the Romano - British expelled the magistrates of the usurper Constantine III , ostensibly in response to his failures to use the Roman garrison he had stripped from Britain to protect the island . Roman Emperor Honorius replied to a request for assistance with the Rescript of Honorius , telling the Roman cities to see to their own defence , a tacit acceptance of temporary British self - government . Honorius was fighting a large - scale war in Italy against the Visigoths under their leader Alaric , with Rome itself under siege . No forces could be spared to protect distant Britain . Though it is likely that Honorius expected to regain control over the provinces soon , by the mid-6th century Procopius recognised that Roman control of Britannia was entirely lost . Contents 1 Background 2 Chronology 2.1 383 -- 388 2.2 389 -- 406 2.3 407 -- 410 3 Interpretative variations 4 Factual disputes 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Background ( edit ) The Eastern and Western Roman Empire of Theodosius I in 395 By the early 5th century , the Roman Empire could no longer defend itself against either internal rebellion or the external threat posed by expanding Germanic tribes in Northern Europe . This situation and its consequences governed the eventual permanence of Britain 's detachment from the rest of the Empire . In the late 4th century , the empire was controlled by members of a dynasty that included the Emperor Theodosius I . This family retained political power within itself and formed alliances by intermarriage with other dynasties , at the same time engaging in internecine power struggles and fighting off outside contenders ( called `` usurpers '' ) attempting to replace the ruling dynasty with one of their own . These internal machinations drained the Empire of both military and civilian resources . Many thousands of soldiers were lost in battling attempted coups by figures such as Firmus , Magnus Maximus and Eugenius . The Empire 's historical relationship with Germanic tribes was sometimes hostile , at other times cooperative , but ultimately fatal , as it was unable to prevent those tribes from assuming a dominant role in the relationship . By the early 5th century , as a result of severe losses and depleted tax income , the Western Roman Empire 's military forces were dominated by Germanic troops , and Romanised Germans played a significant role in the empire 's internal politics . Various Germanic and other tribes beyond the frontiers were able to take advantage of the Empire 's weakened state , both to expand into Roman territory and , in some cases , to move their entire populations into lands once considered exclusively Roman , culminating in various successful migrations from 406 onwards . The crossing of the Rhine caused intense fear in Britannia , prone as it was to being cut off from the Empire by raids on the primary communications route from Italy , to Trier to the Channel Coast . In the event , this was much more than just another raid . Chronology ( edit ) 383 -- 388 ( edit ) In 383 , the Roman general then assigned to Britain , Magnus Maximus , launched his successful bid for imperial power , crossing to Gaul with his troops . He killed the Western Roman Emperor Gratian and ruled Gaul and Britain as Caesar ( i.e. , as a `` sub-emperor '' under Theodosius I ) . 383 is the last date for any evidence of a Roman presence in the north and west of Britain , perhaps excepting troop assignments at the tower on Holyhead Mountain in Anglesey and at western coastal posts such as Lancaster . These outposts may have lasted into the 390s , but they were a very minor presence , intended primarily to stop attacks and settlement by groups from Ireland . Coins dated later than 383 have been excavated along Hadrian 's Wall , suggesting that troops were not stripped from it , as once thought or , if they were , they were quickly returned as soon as Maximus had won his victory in Gaul . In the De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , written c. 540 , Gildas attributed an exodus of troops and senior administrators from Britain to Maximus , saying that he left not only with all of its troops , but also with all of its armed bands , governors , and the flower of its youth , never to return . Raids by Saxons , Picts , and the Scoti of Ireland had been ongoing in the late 4th century , but these increased in the years after 383 . There were also large - scale permanent Irish settlements made along the coasts of Wales under circumstances that remain unclear . Maximus campaigned in Britain against both the Picts and Scoti , with historians differing on whether this was in the year 382 or 384 ( i.e. , whether the campaign was before or after he became Caesar ) . Welsh legend relates that before launching his usurpation , Maximus made preparations for an altered governmental and defence framework for the beleaguered provinces . Figures such as Coel Hen were said to be placed into key positions to protect the island in Maximus ' absence . As such claims were designed to buttress Welsh genealogy and land claims , they should be viewed with some scepticism . In 388 , Maximus led his army across the Alps into Italy in an attempt to claim the purple . The effort failed when he was defeated in Pannonia at the Battle of the Save ( in modern Croatia ) and at the Battle of Poetovio ( at Ptuj in modern Slovenia ) . He was then executed by Theodosius . 389 -- 406 ( edit ) With Maximus ' death , Britain came back under the rule of Emperor Theodosius I until 392 , when the usurper Eugenius would successfully bid for imperial power in the Western Roman Empire , surviving until 394 when he was defeated and killed by Theodosius . When Theodosius died in 395 , his 10 - year - old son Honorius succeeded him as Western Roman Emperor . The real power behind the throne , however , was Stilicho , the son - in - law of Theodosius ' brother and the father - in - law of Honorius . Britain was suffering raids by the Scoti , Saxons , and Picts and , sometime between 396 and 398 , Stilicho allegedly ordered a campaign against the Picts , likely a naval campaign intended to end their seaborne raids on the east coast of Britain . He may also have ordered campaigns against the Scoti and Saxons at the same time , but either way this would be the last Roman campaign in Britain of which there is any record . In 401 or 402 Stilicho faced wars with the Visigothic king Alaric and the Ostrogothic king Radagaisus . Needing military manpower , he stripped Hadrian 's Wall of troops for the final time . 402 is the last date of any Roman coinage found in large numbers in Britain , suggesting either that Stilicho also stripped the remaining troops from Britain , or that the Empire could no longer afford to pay the troops who were still there . Meanwhile , the Picts , Saxons and Scoti continued their raids , which may have increased in scope . In 405 , for example , Niall of the Nine Hostages is described as having raided along the southern coast of Britain . 407 -- 410 ( edit ) On the last day of December 406 ( or , perhaps , 405 ) , the Alans , Vandals , and Suebi living east of Gaul crossed the Rhine , possibly when it was frozen over , and began widespread devastation . As there was no effective Roman response , the remaining Roman military in Britain feared that a Germanic crossing of the Channel into Britain was next , and dispensed with imperial authority -- an action perhaps made easier by the high probability that the troops had not been paid for some time . Their intent was to choose a commander who would lead them in securing their future but their first two choices , Marcus and Gratian , did not meet their expectations and were killed . Their third choice was the soldier Constantine III . Coin of Constantine III . In 407 Constantine took charge of the remaining troops in Britain , led them across the Channel into Gaul , rallied support there , and attempted to set himself up as Western Roman Emperor . Honorius ' loyalist forces south of the Alps were preoccupied with fending off the Visigoths and were unable to put down the rebellion swiftly , giving Constantine the opportunity to extend his new empire to include Spain . In 409 Constantine 's control of his empire fell apart . Part of his military forces were in Spain , making them unavailable for action in Gaul , and some of those in Gaul were swayed against him by loyalist Roman generals . The Germans living west of the Rhine River rose against him , perhaps encouraged by Roman loyalists , and those living east of the river crossed into Gaul . Britain , now without any troops for protection and having suffered particularly severe Saxon raids in 408 and 409 , viewed the situation in Gaul with renewed alarm . Perhaps feeling they had no hope of relief under Constantine , both the Romano - Britons and some of the Gauls expelled Constantine 's magistrates in 409 or 410 . The Byzantine historian Zosimus ( fl. 490 's -- 510 's ) directly blamed Constantine for the expulsion , saying that he had allowed the Saxons to raid , and that the Britons and Gauls were reduced to such straits that they revolted from the Roman Empire , ' rejected Roman law , reverted to their native customs , and armed themselves to ensure their own safety ' . It has been suggested that when Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration in 409 he might have been referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how , in the aftermath of the revolt , all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai . A later appeal for help by the British communities was , according to Zosimus , rejected by the Emperor Honorius in 410 AD . In the text called the Rescript of Honorius of 411 , the Western Emperor Honorius tells the British civitates to look to their own defence as his regime was still fighting usurpers in the south of Gaul and trying to deal with the Visigoths who were in the very south of Italy . The first reference to this rescript is written by the sixth - century Byzantine scholar Zosimus and is located randomly in the middle of a discussion of southern Italy ; no further mention of Britain is made , which has led some , though not all , modern academics to suggest that the rescript does not apply to Britain , but to Bruttium in Italy . Historian Christopher Snyder wrote that protocol dictated that Honorius address his correspondences to imperial officials , and the fact that he did not implies that the cities of Britain were now the highest Roman authority remaining on the island . The idea that there may have been larger - scale political formations still intact on the island has not been completely discredited however . At the time that the Rescript was sent , Honorius was holed up in Ravenna by the Visigoths and was unable to prevent their Sack of Rome ( 410 ) . He was certainly in no position to offer any relief to anyone . As for Constantine III , he was not equal to the intrigues of imperial Rome and by 411 his cause was spent . His son was killed along with those major supporters who had not turned against him , and he himself was assassinated . Interpretative variations ( edit ) There are various interpretations that characterise the events in a way that supports a particular thesis without taking issue with the basic chronology . The historian Theodor Mommsen ( Britain , 1885 ) said that `` It was not Britain that gave up Rome , but Rome that gave up Britain ... '' , arguing that Roman needs and priorities lay elsewhere . His position has retained scholarly support over the passage of time . Michael Jones ( The End of Roman Britain , 1998 ) took the opposite view , saying that it was Britain that left Rome , arguing that numerous usurpers based in Britain combined with poor administration caused the Romano - Britons to revolt . Factual disputes ( edit ) Romano - British or Anglo - Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo - Saxon cemetery , early 5th century , using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo - Saxon clients Regarding the events of 409 and 410 when the Romano - Britons expelled Roman officials and sent a request for aid to Honorius , Michael Jones ( The End of Roman Britain , 1998 ) offered a different chronology to the same end result : he suggested that the Britons first appealed to Rome and when no help was forthcoming , they expelled the Roman officials and took charge of their own affairs . One theory that occurs in some modern histories concerns the Rescript of Honorius , holding that it refers to the cities of the Bruttii ( who lived at the `` toe '' of Italy in modern Calabria ) , rather than to the cities of the Britons . The suggestion is based on the assumption that the source ( Zosimus ) or a copyist made an error and actually meant Brettia when Brettania was written , and noting that the passage that contains the Rescript is otherwise concerned with events in northern Italy . Criticisms of the suggestion range from treating the passage in the way it was written by Zosimus and ignoring the suggestion , to simply noting its speculative nature , to a discussion of problems with the suggestion ( e.g. , ' why would Honorius write to the cities of the Bruttii rather than to his own provincial governor for that region ? ' , and ' why does far - off southern Italy belong in a passage about northern Italy any more than far - off Britain ? ' ) . The theory also contradicts the account of Gildas , who provides independent support that the reference is to Britain by repeating the essence of Zosimus ' account and clearly applying it to Britain . E.A. Thompson ( `` Britain , A.D. 406 -- 410 '' , in Britannia , 8 ( 1977 ) , pp. 303 -- 318 ) offered a more provocative theory to explain the expulsion of officials and appeal for Roman aid . He suggested that a revolt consisting of dissident peasants , not unlike the Bagaudae of Gaul , also existing in Britain , and when they revolted and expelled the Roman officials , the landowning class then made an appeal for Roman aid . There is no textual proof that that was so , though it might be plausible if the definition of ' bagaudae ' is changed to fit the circumstances . There is no need to do this , as any number of rational scenarios already fit the circumstances . There is the possibility that some form of bagaudae existed in Britain , but were not necessarily relevant to the events of 409 and 410 . The alleged ubiquity of Pelagianism amongst the British population may have contributed to such a movement if it had existed , not to mention large - scale purges amongst the British elite over previous decades . Among the works that mention but skirt the issue is Koch 's Celtic Culture ( 2005 ) , which cites Thompson 's translation of Zosimus and goes on to say `` The revolt in Britain may have involved bacaudae or peasant rebels as was the case in Armorica , but this is not certain . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 13 , An Age of Tyrants . Snyder cites Zosimus 4.35. 2 - 6 and 37.1 - 3 , and Orosius ( 7.34. 9 - 10 ) , with the latter saying that Maximus was an unwilling usurper . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 354 , Britannia , The End of Roman Britain . Specifically , Frere refers to Wales , the western Pennines , and the fortress at Deva ; he then goes on to suggest that the same was true north of Hadrian 's Wall , referring to the lands of the Damnonii , Votadini , and the Novantae . ^ Jump up to : Higham 1992 : 75 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 354 , Britannia , The End of Roman Britain . Frere notes that excavation of coins dated after 383 suggests that Maximus did not strip the Wall of troops . Jump up ^ Giles 1841 : 13 , The Works of Gildas , The History , ch. 14 Jump up ^ Laing 1975 : 93 , Early Celtic Britain and Ireland , Wales and the Isle of Man . Jump up ^ Miller , Mollie ( 1977 ) , `` Date - Guessing and Dyfed '' , Studia Celtica , 12 , Cardiff : University of Wales , pp. 33 -- 61 Jump up ^ Coplestone - Crow , Bruce ( 1981 ) , `` The Dual Nature of Irish Colonization of Dyfed in the Dark Ages '' , Studia Celtica , 16 , Cardiff : University of Wales , pp. 1 -- 24 Jump up ^ Meyer , Kuno ( 1896 ) , `` Early Relations Between Gael and Brython '' , in Evans , E. Vincent , Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , Session 1895 -- 1896 , I , London : Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion , pp. 55 -- 86 Jump up ^ Mattingly 2006 : 232 , An Imperial Possession . The Gallic Chronicle of 452 is cited as giving the year 382 / 383 . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 354 , In `` Britannia , The End of Roman Britain , '' Frere suggests that Maximus would return to Britain in 384 , after he became Augustus , to campaign against the Scoti and Picts . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 13 , Age of Tyrants . Snyder cites Sozomen 7.13 , and Orosius 7.35. 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 62 , The Britons . The date is given as 398 . Stilicho himself was suppressing revolts in Africa at the time . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 355 , Britannia , `` The End of Roman Britain '' . ^ Jump up to : Jones & Mattingly 1990 : 307 , An Atlas of Roman Britain . Jump up ^ Mattingly 2006 : 238 , An Imperial Possession . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 62 -- 63 , The Britons . Stilicho had ordered measures for new fortifications in Britain prior to removing the troops . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , An Age of Tyrants . Snyder notes that the sometimes confused effort of Gildas to relate history may contain references to Stilicho 's actions in Britain . In De Excidio , ch. 16 - 18 , he talks of campaigns against the Scoti , Saxons and Picts , and then mistakenly says that that is when Hadrian 's Wall was built , followed by the removal of troops . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , An Age of Tyrants . ^ Jump up to : Frere 1987 : 357 , Britannia . Jump up ^ Michael Kulikowski , `` Barbarians in Gaul , Usurpers in Britain '' Britannia 31 ( 2000 : 325 - 345 ) . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 19 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 358 , Britannia . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 19 -- 20 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 2003 : 79 , The Britons . Jump up ^ Higham 1992 : 72 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 20 -- 21 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 358 -- 359 , Britannia . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 20 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Higham 1992 : 71 -- 72 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 22 , An Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Birley , Anthony Richard The Roman Government of Britain OUP Oxford ( 29 Sep 2005 ) ISBN 978 - 0199252374 pp. 461 - 463 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Halsall , Guy Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West , 376 - 568 Cambridge University Press ; illustrated edition ( 20 Dec 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0521434911 , pp. 217 - 18 Jump up ^ Discussion in Martin Millett , The Romanization of Britain , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) and in Philip Bartholomew ' Fifth - Century Facts ' Britannia vol. 13 , 1982 , p. 260 ^ Jump up to : Snyder 1998 : 21 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 21 -- 22 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Mommsen , Theodor ( 1885 ) , `` Britain '' , in Dickson , William P. ( translator ) , The Provinces of the Roman Empire , I , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons ( published 1887 ) , p. 211 Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 25 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Birley , Anthony ( 2005 ) The Roman Government of Britain . Oxford : Oxford University Press ISBN 0 - 19 - 925237 - 8 , pp. 461 -- 463 Jump up ^ Halsall , Guy Barbarian migrations and the Roman West , 376 - 568 Cambridge University Press ; illustrated edition ( 20 Dec 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43491 - 1 pp. 217 - 218 Jump up ^ Discussion in Martin Millett , The Romanization of Britain , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1990 ) and in Philip Bartholomew ' Fifth - Century Facts ' Britannia vol. 13 , 1982 p. 260 Jump up ^ Frere 1987 : 359 , Britannia , `` The End of Roman Britain '' . Jump up ^ Higham 1992 : 73 , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , `` Britain Without Rome '' . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 24 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Woolf , Alex ( 2003 ) , `` The Britons : from Romans to Barbarians '' , in Goetz , Hans Werner ; Jarnut , Jörg ; Pohl , Walter , Regna and Gentes , Brill , pp. 346 -- 347 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 12524 - 8 . Woolf cites the argument of E.A. Thompson but does not choose sides , saying that the issue is neither provable nor disprovable . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 18 , Age of Tyrants . Gildas ( De Excidio , 18.1 ) is quoted as saying `` The Romans therefore informed our country that they could not go on being bothered with such troublesome expeditions ... Rather , the British should stand alone , get used to arms , fight bravely , and defend with all their powers their land . '' Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 22 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Snyder 1998 : 23 -- 24 , Age of Tyrants . Jump up ^ Koch , John T. , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` Civitas '' , Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , ABL - CLIO ( published 2006 ) , pp. 450 -- 451 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 440 - 0 References ( edit ) Frere , Sheppard Sunderland ( 1987 ) , Britannia : A History of Roman Britain ( 3rd , revised ed . ) , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0 - 7102 - 1215 - 1 Giles , John Allen , ed. ( 1841 ) , `` The Works of Gildas '' , The Works of Gildas and Nennius , London : James Bohn Higham , Nicholas ( 1992 ) , Rome , Britain and the Anglo - Saxons , London : B.A. Seaby , ISBN 1 - 85264 - 022 - 7 Jones , Barri ; Mattingly , David ( 1990 ) , An Atlas of Roman Britain , Cambridge : Blackwell Publishers ( published 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 067 - 0 Laing , Lloyd ( 1975 ) , The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland , c. 400 -- 1200 AD , Frome : Book Club Associates ( published 1977 ) Mattingly , David ( 2006 ) , An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire , London : Penguin Books ( published 2007 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014822 - 0 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 1998 ) , An Age of Tyrants : Britain and the Britons A.D. 400 -- 600 , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , ISBN 0 - 271 - 01780 - 5 Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) , The Britons , Malden : Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Gerrard , James ( 2013 ) . The Ruin of Roman Britain An Archaeological Perspective . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107038639 . Halsall , Guy ( 2013 ) . Worlds of Arthur Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199658176 . Speed , Gavin ( 2014 ) . Towns in the dark ? : urban transformations from late Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England . Oxford , UK : Archaeopress Archaeology . ISBN 9781784910044 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain&oldid=842155412 '' Categories : Roman Britain Migration Period Sub-Roman Britain 4th century in England 5th century in England 4th century in Wales 5th century in Wales 380s in the Roman Empire 390s in the Roman Empire 400s in the Roman Empire 410s in the Roman Empire Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Galego Hrvatski Italiano Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Lingua Franca Nova Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when the romans left britain who took over the land | [
"Regarding the events of 409 and 410 when the Romano-Britons expelled Roman officials and sent a request for aid to Honorius, Michael Jones (The End of Roman Britain, 1998) offered a different chronology to the same end result: he suggested that the Britons first appealed to Rome and when no help was forthcoming, they expelled the Roman officials and took charge of their own affairs.[39]\n"
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-3338525098345514077 | Driven by You | Driven by You - Wikipedia Driven by You `` Driven by You '' Single by Brian May from the album Back to the Light Released 6 November 1991 Format CD single , 7 '' single Recorded 1991 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 11 Label Parlophone ( Europe ) Hollywood ( North America ) Songwriter ( s ) Brian May Producer ( s ) Brian May , David Richards , Justin Shirley - Smith Brian May singles chronology `` Star Fleet '' ( 1983 ) `` Driven by You '' ( 1991 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1992 ) `` Star Fleet '' ( 1983 ) `` Driven by You '' ( 1991 ) `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' ( 1992 ) `` Driven by You '' is a song by Queen 's lead guitarist Brian May . It was written as part of his 1992 solo album , Back to the Light . It was released as a single in late 1991 , peaking at # 6 on the UK Singles Chart and # 9 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart . Besides the original album / single version , there are three other known studio versions of the song . One was used in a Ford commercial . The second is an instrumental remix of the song , called Driven by You Two . The other known version of this song has a new drum track from Cozy Powell as a bonus track on the US release of Back to the Light . Shortly before releasing it as single , May played it on the Guitar Legends concert in October 1991 , having a super-group backing him : Cozy Powell on drums , Neil Murray on bass , Steve Vai on rhythm guitar , Rick Wakeman and Mike Moran on keyboards , Maggie Ryder , Miriam Stockley and Chris Thompson on backing vocals . Many fans think this song is dedicated to Freddie Mercury because of the lyrics and the song title Driven by You . It was released on 6 November 1991 , just 18 days before the death of May 's bandmate Freddie Mercury . It was used by the Ford Motor Company in advertisements for the Ford Probe and for the Ford Escort RS Cosworth , in which Miki Biasion ( a Ford rally driver at the time ) compared his rally car to the road - going version . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Credits 4 Appearances 5 References 6 External links Track listing ( edit ) A. `` Driven by You '' ( Producer -- Brian May , David Richards ) -- 4 : 11 B. `` Just One Life '' ( Dedicated To The Memory Of Philip Sayer ) ( Engineer -- David Richards , Justin Shirley - Smith , Producer -- Brian May ) -- 3 : 43 Personnel ( edit ) Brian May - lead and backing vocals , guitar , bass guitar , keyboards , drum programming Credits ( edit ) Design by Richard Gray Photography by Brian May , Simon Fowler Written by Brian May Appearances ( edit ) Single Driven by You / Just One Life ( Guitar Version , Instrumental ) ( November 1991 ) On the album Back to the Light ( September 1992 ) Used as an advertising slogan by Ford : `` Better Ideas . Driven by You . '' and `` Everything we do is driven by you '' ( 1991 ) The Brian May Band -- Live at the Brixton Academy ( live album , 1994 ) Queen -- Greatest Hits III ( compilation , 1999 ) A 35sec orchestral ( unattributed ) clip used in a Ford promotional video for Mondeo -- 1993 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Back to the Light > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) Jump up ^ `` Brian May -- Driven by You '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics at Queen official website ( from Greatest Hits III ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Brian May Discography Studio albums Back to the Light Another World Golden Days ( with Kerry Ellis ) EPs Star Fleet Project Red Special Live albums Live at the Brixton Academy Acoustic by Candlelight ( with Kerry Ellis ) Soundtrack albums Furia Singles `` Star Fleet '' `` Driven by You '' `` Too Much Love Will Kill You '' `` Last Horizon '' `` Save the Badger Badger Badger '' Bands Queen Queen + Paul Rodgers Queen + Adam Lambert Smile The Brian May Band Related articles Red Special Deacy Amp 52665 Brianmay This 1990s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driven_by_You&oldid=813690090 '' Categories : 1991 singles Parlophone singles Songs written by Brian May Brian May songs Hollywood Records singles 1991 songs 1990s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | everything we do is driven by you is used by what large car manufacturing company | [
"Besides the original album/single version, there are three other known studio versions of the song. One was used in a Ford commercial. The second is an instrumental remix of the song, called Driven by You Two. The other known version of this song has a new drum track from Cozy Powell as a bonus track on the US release of Back to the Light.\n"
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"Ford"
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2469864544061075092 | Montgomery bus boycott | Montgomery bus boycott - wikipedia Montgomery bus boycott Jump to : navigation , search Montgomery bus boycott Part of the Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks on a Montgomery bus on December 21 , 1956 , the day Montgomery 's public transportation system was legally integrated . Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss , a UPI reporter covering the event . Date December 5 , 1955 -- December 20 , 1956 ( 7002381000000000000 ♠ 1 year and 15 days ) Location Montgomery , Alabama Caused by Racial segregation on public transportation Successful 6 - day Baton Rouge bus boycott Claudette Colvin arrested Rosa Parks arrested Resulted in Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) Emergence of Martin Luther King Jr . Inspired Tallahassee bus boycott Formation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Parties to the civil conflict Women 's Political Council ( WPC ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) City Commission of Montgomery National City Lines Montgomery City Lines Montgomery Citizens Council Lead figures WPC member Jo Ann Robinson MIA members Martin Luther King Jr . E.D. Nixon Rosa Parks Fred Gray City Commission W.A. Gayle , President of the Commission ( mayor ) Frank Parks , Commissioner Clyde Sellers , Police Commissioner National City Lines Kenneth E. Totten , vice president Montgomery City Lines J.H. Bagley , manager Jack Crenshaw , attorney James F. Blake , bus driver Civil Rights Movement in Alabama Montgomery bus boycott Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Birmingham campaign Birmingham riot of 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing Bloody Tuesday Selma to Montgomery marches The Montgomery bus boycott , a seminal event in the Civil Rights Movement , was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery , Alabama . The campaign lasted from December 5 , 1955 -- the Monday after Rosa Parks , an African American woman , was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person -- to December 20 , 1956 , when a federal ruling , Browder v. Gayle , took effect , and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional . Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott , including Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events leading up to the bus boycott 1.1 Morgan v. Virginia decision 1.2 Baton Rouge bus boycott 1.3 Arrest of Claudette Colvin 1.4 Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. decision 2 History 2.1 Rosa Parks 2.2 E.D. Nixon 2.3 Boycott 2.4 Victory 3 Aftermath 4 Participants 4.1 People 4.2 Organizations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Events leading up to the bus boycott ( edit ) Prior to the bus boycott , Jim Crow laws enabled the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line . As a result of this segregation African Americans were not hired as drivers , were forced to ride in the back of the bus , and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75 % of the bus system 's riders . African - American passengers were also attacked by bus drivers and shortchanged and left stranded after paying their fares . A number of reasons have been given for why bus drivers acted in this manner , including racism , frustrations over labor disputes and labor conditions , and increased animosity towards blacks in reaction to the 1954 Brown decision , with many of the drivers joining the White Citizens Councils as a result of the decision . The boycott also took place within a larger statewide and national movement for civil rights , including court cases such as Morgan v. Virginia , the earlier Baton Rouge bus boycott , and the arrest of Claudette Colvin . Morgan v. Virginia decision ( edit ) Main article : Morgan v. Virginia The NAACP had accepted and litigated other cases , including that of Irene Morgan in 1946 , which resulted in a victory in the U.S. Supreme Court on the grounds that segregated interstate bus lines violated the Commerce Clause . That victory , however , overturned state segregation laws only insofar as they applied to travel in interstate commerce , such as interstate bus travel , and Southern bus companies immediately circumvented the Morgan ruling by instituting their own Jim Crow regulations . Further incidents continued to take place in Montgomery , including the arrest for disorderly conduct in May 1951 of Lillie Mae Bradford , who refused to leave the white folks ' section until the bus driver corrected an incorrect charge on her transfer ticket . Baton Rouge bus boycott ( edit ) Main article : Baton Rouge bus boycott On February 25 , 1953 , the Baton Rouge , Louisiana city - parish council passed Ordinance 222 , after the city saw protesting from African - Americans when the council raised the city 's bus fares . The ordinance abolished race - based reserved seating requirements and allowed the admission of African - Americans in the front sections of city buses if there were no white passengers present , but still required African - Americans to enter from the rear , rather than the front of the buses . However , the ordinance was largely unenforced by the city bus drivers . The drivers later went on strike after city authorities refused to arrest Rev. T.J. Jemison for sitting in a front row . Four days after the strike began , Louisiana Attorney General and former Baton Rouge mayor Fred S. LeBlanc declared the ordinance unconstitutional under Louisiana state law . This led Rev. Jemison to organize what historians believe to be the first bus boycott of the civil rights movement . The boycott ended after eight days when an agreement was reached to only retain the first two front and back rows as racially reserved seating areas . Arrest of Claudette Colvin ( edit ) Main article : Claudette Colvin Black activists had begun to build a case to challenge state bus segregation laws around the arrest of a 15 - year - old girl , Claudette Colvin , a student at Booker T. Washington High School in Montgomery . On March 2 , 1955 , Colvin was handcuffed , arrested and forcibly removed from a public bus when she refused to give up her seat to a white man . At the time , Colvin was an active member in the NAACP Youth Council ; Rosa Parks was an advisor . Colvin 's legal case formed the core of Browder v. Gayle , which ended the Montgomery bus boycott when the Supreme Court ruled on it in December 1956 . Keys v. Carolina Coach Co. decision ( edit ) Main article : Keys v. Carolina Coach Co . In November 1955 , just three weeks before Parks ' defiance of Jim Crow laws in Montgomery , the Interstate Commerce Commission , in response to a complaint filed by Women 's Army Corps private Sarah Keys , closed the legal loophole left by the Morgan ruling in a landmark case known as Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company . The ICC prohibited individual carriers from imposing their own segregation rules on interstate travelers , declaring that to do so was a violation of the anti-discrimination provision of the Interstate Commerce Act . But neither the Supreme Court 's Morgan ruling nor the ICC 's Keys ruling addressed the matter of Jim Crow travel within the individual states . History ( edit ) Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses , the ten front seats were reserved for whites at all times . The ten back seats were supposed to be reserved for blacks at all times . The middle section of the bus consisted of sixteen unreserved seats for whites and blacks on a segregated basis . Whites filled the middle seats from the front to back , and blacks filled seats from the back to front until the bus was full . If other black people boarded the bus , they were required to stand . If another white person boarded the bus , then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to get up and stand , so that a new row for white people could be created ; it was illegal for whites and blacks to sit next to each other . When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white person , she was sitting in the first row of the middle section . Often when boarding the buses , black people were required to pay at the front , get off , and reenter the bus through a separate door at the back . Occasionally , bus drivers would drive away before black passengers were able to reboard . National City Lines owned the Montgomery Bus Line at the time of the Montgomery bus boycott . Rosa Parks ( edit ) Main article : Rosa Parks Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after her arrest for boycotting public transportation Rosa Parks ( February 4 , 1913 -- October 24 , 2005 ) was a seamstress by profession ; she was also the secretary for the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP . Twelve years before her history - making arrest , Parks was stopped from boarding a city bus by driver James F. Blake , who ordered her to board at the back door and then drove off without her . Parks vowed never again to ride a bus driven by Blake . As a member of the NAACP , Parks was an investigator assigned to cases of sexual assault . In 1945 , she was sent to Abbeville , Alabama , to investigate the gang rape of Recy Taylor . The protest that arose around the Taylor case was the first instance of a nationwide civil rights protest , and it laid the groundwork for the Montgomery bus boycott . A diagram showing the location where Rosa Parks sat which was in the unreserved section at the time of her arrest In 1955 , Parks completed a course in `` Race Relations '' at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , where nonviolent civil disobedience had been discussed as a tactic . On December 1 , 1955 , Parks was sitting in the front row black people could sit in ( the middle section ) . When a white man boarded the bus , the bus driver told everyone in her row to move back . At that moment , Parks realized that she was again on a bus driven by Blake . While all of the other black people in her row complied , Parks refused , and she was arrested for failing to obey the driver 's seat assignments , as city ordinances did not explicitly mandate segregation but did give the bus driver authority to assign seats . Found guilty on December 5 , Parks was fined $10 plus a court cost of $4 , but she appealed . Ed. Nixon ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some action against segregation had been in the works for some time before Parks ' arrest , under the leadership of E.D. Nixon , president of the local NAACP chapter and a member of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . Nixon intended that her arrest be a test case to allow Montgomery 's black citizens to challenge segregation on the city 's public buses . With this goal , community leaders had been waiting for the right person to be arrested , a person who would anger the black community into action , who would agree to test the segregation laws in court , and who , most importantly , was `` above reproach '' . When Colvin was arrested in March 1955 , Nixon thought he had found the perfect person , but the teenager turned out to be pregnant . Nixon later explained , `` I had to be sure that I had somebody I could win with . '' Parks was a good candidate because of her employment and marital status , along with her good standing in the community . Between Parks ' arrest and trial , Nixon organized a meeting of local ministers at Martin Luther King Jr. 's church . Though Nixon could not attend the meeting because of his work schedule , he arranged that no election of a leader for the proposed boycott would take place until his return . When he returned , he caucused with Ralph Abernathy and Rev. E.N. French to name the association to lead the boycott to the city ( they selected the `` Montgomery Improvement Association '' , `` MIA '' ) , and they selected King ( Nixon 's choice ) to lead the boycott . Nixon wanted King to lead the boycott because the young minister was new to Montgomery and the city fathers had not had time to intimidate him . At a subsequent , larger meeting of ministers , Nixon 's agenda was threatened by the clergymen 's reluctance to support the campaign . Nixon was indignant , pointing out that their poor congregations worked to put money into the collection plates so these ministers could live well , and when those congregations needed the clergy to stand up for them , those comfortable ministers refused to do so . Nixon threatened to reveal the ministers ' cowardice to the black community , and King spoke up , denying he was afraid to support the boycott . King agreed to lead the MIA , and Nixon was elected its treasurer . Boycott ( edit ) The National City Lines bus , No. 2857 , on which Rosa Parks was riding before she was arrested ( a GM `` old - look '' transit bus , serial number 1132 ) , is now on exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum . On the night of Rosa Parks ' arrest , the Women 's Political Council , led by Jo Ann Robinson , printed and circulated a flyer throughout Montgomery 's black community that read as follows : Another woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down . It is the second time since the Claudette Colvin case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing . This has to be stopped . Negroes have rights too , for if Negroes did not ride the buses , they could not operate . Three - fourths of the riders are Negro , yet we are arrested , or have to stand over empty seats . If we do not do something to stop these arrests , they will continue . The next time it may be you , or your daughter , or mother . This woman 's case will come up on Monday . We are , therefore , asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial . Do n't ride the buses to work , to town , to school , or anywhere on Monday . You can afford to stay out of school for one day if you have no other way to go except by bus . You can also afford to stay out of town for one day . If you work , take a cab , or walk . But please , children and grown - ups , do n't ride the bus at all on Monday . Please stay off all buses Monday . The next morning there was a meeting led by the new MIA head , King , where a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt . Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies . At that time Rosa Parks was introduced but not asked to speak , despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak ; when she asked if she should say something , the reply was , `` Why , you 've said enough . '' A citywide boycott of public transit was proposed to demand a fixed dividing line for the segregated sections of the buses . Such a line would have meant that if the white section of the bus was oversubscribed , whites would have to stand ; blacks would not be forced to give up their seats to whites . This demand was a compromise for the leaders of the boycott , who believed that the city of Montgomery would be more likely to accept it rather than a demand for a full integration of the buses . In this respect , the MIA leaders followed the pattern of 1950s boycott campaigns in the Deep South , including the successful boycott a few years earlier of service stations in Mississippi for refusing to provide restrooms for blacks . The organizer of that campaign , T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership , had spoken on the brutal slaying of Emmett Till as King 's guest at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church only four days before Parks 's arrest . Parks was in the audience and later said that Emmett Till was on her mind when she refused to give up her seat . The MIA 's demand for a fixed dividing line was to be supplemented by a requirement that all bus passengers receive courteous treatment by bus operators , be seated on a first - come , first - served basis , and that blacks be employed as bus drivers . The proposal was passed , and the boycott was to commence the following Monday . To publicize the impending boycott it was advertised at black churches throughout Montgomery the following Sunday . On Saturday , December 3 , it was evident that the black community would support the boycott , and very few blacks rode the buses that day . On December 5 , a mass meeting was held at the Holt Street Baptist Church to determine if the protest would continue . Given twenty minutes notice , King gave a speech asking for a bus boycott and attendees enthusiastically agreed . Starting December 7 , Hoover 's FBI noted the `` agitation among negroes '' and tried to find `` derogatory information '' about King . The boycott proved extremely effective , with enough riders lost to the city transit system to cause serious economic distress . Martin Luther King later wrote `` ( a ) miracle had taken place . '' Instead of riding buses , boycotters organized a system of carpools , with car owners volunteering their vehicles or themselves driving people to various destinations . Some white housewives also drove their black domestic servants to work . When the city pressured local insurance companies to stop insuring cars used in the carpools , the boycott leaders arranged policies at Lloyd 's of London . Black taxi drivers charged ten cents per ride , a fare equal to the cost to ride the bus , in support of the boycott . When word of this reached city officials on December 8 , the order went out to fine any cab driver who charged a rider less than 45 cents . In addition to using private motor vehicles , some people used non-motorized means to get around , such as cycling , walking , or even riding mules or driving horse - drawn buggies . Some people also hitchhiked . During rush hours , sidewalks were often crowded . As the buses received few , if any , passengers , their officials asked the City Commission to allow stopping service to black communities . Across the nation , black churches raised money to support the boycott and collected new and slightly used shoes to replace the tattered footwear of Montgomery 's black citizens , many of whom walked everywhere rather than ride the buses and submit to Jim Crow laws . In response , opposing whites swelled the ranks of the White Citizens ' Council , the membership of which doubled during the course of the boycott . The councils sometimes resorted to violence : King 's and Abernathy 's houses were firebombed , as were four black Baptist churches . Boycotters were often physically attacked . After the attack at King 's house , he gave a speech to the 300 angry African Americans who had gathered outside . He said : If you have weapons , take them home ; if you do not have them , please do not seek to get them . We can not solve this problem through retaliatory violence . We must meet violence with nonviolence . Remember the words of Jesus : `` He who lives by the sword will perish by the sword '' . We must love our white brothers , no matter what they do to us . We must make them know that we love them . Jesus still cries out in words that echo across the centuries : `` Love your enemies ; bless them that curse you ; pray for them that despitefully use you '' . This is what we must live by . We must meet hate with love . Remember , if I am stopped , this movement will not stop , because God is with the movement . Go home with this glowing faith and this radiant assurance . King and 89 other boycott leaders and carpool drivers were indicted for conspiring to interfere with a business under a 1921 ordinance . Rather than wait to be arrested , they boldly turned themselves in as an act of defiance . King was ordered to pay a $500 fine or serve 386 days in jail . He ended up spending two weeks in jail . The move backfired by bringing national attention to the protest . King commented on the arrest by saying : `` I was proud of my crime . It was the crime of joining my people in a nonviolent protest against injustice . '' Also important during the bus boycott were grass - roots activist groups that helped to catalyze both fund - raising and morale . Groups such as the Club from Nowhere helped to sustain the boycott by finding new ways of raising money and offering support to boycott participants . Many members of these organizations were women and their contributions to the effort have been described by some as essential to the success of the bus boycott . Victory ( edit ) Smithsonian Institution traveling exhibition `` 381 Days : The Montgomery Bus Boycott '' at the Washington State History Museum . Pressure increased across the country . The related civil suit was heard in federal district court and , on June 4 , 1956 , the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle ( 1956 ) that Alabama 's racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional . As the state appealed the decision , the boycott continued . The case moved on to the United States Supreme Court . On November 13 , 1956 , the Supreme Court upheld the district court 's ruling , ruling that segregation on public buses and transportation was against the law . The boycott officially ended December 20 , 1956 , after 381 days . The city passed an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they chose on buses . The Montgomery bus boycott resounded far beyond the desegregation of public buses . It stimulated activism and participation from the South in the national Civil Rights Movement and gave King national attention as a rising leader . Aftermath ( edit ) White backlash against the court victory was quick , brutal , and , in the short - term , effective . Two days after the inauguration of desegregated seating , someone fired a shotgun through the front door of Martin Luther King 's home . A day later , on Christmas Eve , white men attacked a black teenager as she exited a bus . Four days after that , two buses were fired upon by snipers . In one sniper incident , a pregnant woman was shot in both legs . On January 10 , 1957 , bombs destroyed five black churches and the home of Reverend Robert S. Graetz , one of the few white Montgomerians who had publicly sided with the MIA . The City suspended bus service for several weeks on account of the violence . According to legal historian Randall Kennedy , `` When the violence subsided and service was restored , many black Montgomerians enjoyed their newly recognized right only abstractly ... In practically every other setting , Montgomery remained overwhelmingly segregated ... '' On January 23 , a group of Klansmen ( who would later be charged for the bombings ) lynched a black man , Willie Edwards , on the pretext that he was dating a white woman . The City 's elite moved to strengthen segregation in other areas , and in March 1957 passed an ordinance making it `` unlawful for white and colored persons to play together , or , in company with each other ... in any game of cards , dice , dominoes , checkers , pool , billiards , softball , basketball , baseball , football , golf , track , and at swimming pools , beaches , lakes or ponds or any other game or games or athletic contests , either indoors or outdoors . '' Later in the year , Montgomery police charged seven Klansmen with the bombings , but all of the defendants were acquitted . About the same time , the Alabama Supreme Court ruled against Martin Luther King 's appeal of his `` illegal boycott '' conviction . Rosa Parks left Montgomery due to death threats and employment blacklisting . According to Charles Silberman , `` by 1963 , most Negroes in Montgomery had returned to the old custom of riding in the back of the bus . '' Participants ( edit ) People ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Hugo Black James F. Blake Aurelia Browder Mary Fair Burks Johnnie Carr Claudette Colvin Clifford Durr Mildred Fahrni Georgia Gilmore Robert Graetz Fred Gray Grover C. Hall , Jr . Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Theodora Lacey Edgar Nixon Rosa Parks Mother Pollard Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Nate Singleton Glenn Smiley Mary Louise Smith Organizations ( edit ) Committee for Nonviolent Integration Fellowship of Reconciliation Georgia Gilmore Men of Montgomery Montgomery Improvement Association National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Women 's Political Council See also ( edit ) 1957 Alexandra Bus Boycott Boycott ( 2001 film ) Bristol Bus Boycott , 1963 Jim Crow laws The Long Walk Home ( 1990 film ) Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story Rosa Parks Act 1950s portal Discrimination portal Alabama portal African - Americans portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Race and Racism in the United States : An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic edited by Charles A. Gallagher , Cameron D. Lippard , ABC - CLIO , 2014 , page 807 . Jump up ^ How Racism Takes Place by George Lipsitz , Temple University Press , 2011 , page 68 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History , Volume 1 , edited by Bonnie G. Smith , Oxford University Press , 2008 , page 396 . Jump up ^ `` The Social - Psychological Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott : Social Interaction and Humiliation in the Emergence of Social Movements '' . Mobilization : An International Journal . 18 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Road to Civil Rights : Journey of Reconciliation '' . dot.gov . Jump up ^ Public Broadcasting Service ( 2002 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow : MORGAN v. Virginia ( 1946 ) '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Katie McCabe , Dovey Johnson Roundtree ; University Press of Mississippi ( 2009 ) . Justice Older Than the Law : The Life of Dovey Johnson Roundtree . books.google.com . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1617031212 . Jump up ^ Borger , Julian ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` Civil rights heroes may get pardons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Mary Price ; Louisiana State University ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Baton Rouge Bus Boycott '' . lsu.edu . ^ Jump up to : Julio Alicea ; Swarthmore College ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` African American passengers boycott segregated buses in Baton Rouge , 1953 '' . swarthmore.edu . Jump up ^ Nikki L.M. Brown , Barry M. Stentiford ( 2008 ) . The Jim Crow Encyclopedia : Greenwood Milestones in African American History . books.google.com . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0313341816 . Jump up ^ Debbie Elliott ; National Public Radio ( June 19 , 2003 ) . `` The First Civil Rights Bus Boycott '' . npr.org . Jump up ^ Garrow , David J. ( 1985 ) . `` The Origins of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' . Journal of the Southern Regional Council . Emory University . 7 ( 5 ) : 24 . Jump up ^ Alison Shay ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering Sarah Keys '' . unc.edu . Jump up ^ Browder v. Gayle , 142 F. Supp. 707 ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Garrow ( 1986 ) p. 13 . David Garrow wrote , `` Mrs. ( Rosa ) Parks once told ... how she had been physically thrown off a bus some ten years earlier when , after paying her fare at the front of the bus , she had refused to get off and reenter by the back door -- a custom often inflicted on black riders . '' Jump up ^ William J. Cooper , Jr. , Thomas E. Terrill , The American South : A History , Volume II , 4 ed. , Rowman and Littlefield , 2009 , p. 730 . Jump up ^ The company was sold to the City of Montgomery in 1974 and become the Montgomery Area Transit System Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle L. ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Street : Black Women , Rape , and Resistance - A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power . Random House . p. 8 and 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Rosa Park 's arrest report '' ( PDF ) . December 1 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Parks , Rosa Louise . '' Encyclopedia Americana . Grolier Online ( accessed May 8 , 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosa Parks , civil rights icon , dead at 92 - The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com. 2005 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Leaflet , `` Do n't Ride the Bus '' , Come to a Mass Meeting on 5 December `` . Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights History from the Ground Up : Local Struggles , a National Movement - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Beito , David T. ; Beito , Linda Royster ( 2009 ) . Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . Jump up ^ Jakoubek , Robert ( 1989 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Civil Rights Leader . Philadelphia : Chelsea House Publishers . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Phibbs , Cheryl Fisher ( 2009 ) . The Montgomery Bus Boycott : A History and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King . `` Address to the first Montgomery Improvement Association ( MIA ) Mass Meeting '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` To J. Edgar Hoover from Special Agent in Charge '' . Stanford University . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Bus Boycott : The story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Montgomeryboycott.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Darby , Jean ( 1990 ) . Martin Luther King , Jr . Minneapolis : Lerner Publishing Group . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4902 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery , Ala. , Bus Boycott '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama V.M.L. King , Jr. ( 1956 and 1960 ) '' . Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Life and Words of Martin Luther King , Jr . ( Part 1 of 2 ) Scholastic.com '' . Teacher.scholastic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Stree . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blackside , Inc . `` Interview with Georgia Gilmore , conducted by Blackside , Inc. on February 17 , 1986 , for Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years ( 1954 - 1965 ) '' . Washington University Libraries , Film and Media Archive , Henry Hampton Collection . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ McGuire , Danielle ( 2010 ) . At the Dark End of the Street . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26906 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wright , H. R : The Birth of the Montgomery Bus Boycott , page 123 . Charro Book Co. , Inc. , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 9629468 - 0 - X Jump up ^ `` 381 Days : The Montgomery Bus Boycott Story '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( December 1983 ) . `` Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency '' . American Sociological Review . 48 ( 6 ) : 735 -- 54 . JSTOR 2095322 . doi : 10.2307 / 2095322 . Jump up ^ Thornton , J. Mills ( 2006 ) . Dividing Lines : Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery , Birmingham , and Selma . University of Alabama Press . pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' The Montgomery Bus Boycott ( The Montgomery Advertiser - Gannett website ) ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randall ( April 1989 ) . `` Martin Luther King 's Constitution : A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' . The Yale Law Journal . 98 ( 6 ) : 999 -- 1067 . JSTOR 796572 . Jump up ^ Thornton , J. Mills ( 2006 ) . Dividing Lines : Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery , Birmingham , and Selma . University of Alabama Press . p. 94 . Jump up ^ Branch , Taylor ( 1988 ) . Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 - 1963 . Simon and Schuster . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Theoharis , Jeanne ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Things You Do n't Know About Rosa Parks '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Silberman , Charles E. ( 1964 ) . Crisis in Black and White . Random House . pp. 141 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Pitsula , James M. ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Reviewed Work : No Plaster Saint : The Life of Mildred Osterhout Fahrni by Nancy Knickerbocker '' . Labour / Le Travail . Vancouver , Canada : Canadian Committee on Labour History and Athabasca University Press . 51 : 282 -- 284 . JSTOR 25149348 . doi : 10.2307 / 25149348 . Further reading ( edit ) Berg , Allison , `` Trauma and Testimony in Black Women 's Civil Rights Memoirs : The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It , Warriors Do n't Cry , and From the Mississippi Delta '' , Journal of Women 's History , 21 ( Fall 2009 ) , 84 -- 107 . Branch , Taylor . Parting The Waters : America In The King Years , 1954 - 63 ( 1988 ; New York : Simon & Schuster / Touchstone , 1989 ) . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68742 - 5 Carson , Clayborne , et al. , editors , Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader : documents , speeches , and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle ( New York : Penguin Books , 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 015403 - 5 Freedman , Russell , `` Freedom Walkers : The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference . ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Garrow , David J. , editor , The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It : The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson ( Knoxville : The University of Tennessee Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 527 - 5 King , Martin Luther , Jr. , Stride Toward Freedom . ISBN 0 - 06 - 250490 - 8 Morris , Aldon D. , The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing For Change ( New York : The Free Press , 1984 ) . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Parks , Rosa ( 1992 ) . My Story . New York : Dial Books . Raines , Howell , My Soul Is Rested : The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006753 - 1 Walsh , Frank , Landmark Events in American History : The Montgomery Bus Boycott . Williams , Juan , Eyes on The Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 - 1965 ( New York : Penguin Books , 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Bus Boycott . Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists , at Penn State University , includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott Montgomery Bus Boycott article , Encyclopedia of Alabama Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Includes cross-referenced text , historical documents and streaming audio , presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African - American History Montgomery Bus Boycott ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Learning From Rosa Parks , The Indypendent Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser Civil Rights Era Mug Shots , Montgomery County Sheriff 's Office , Alabama Department of Archives & History Martin Luther King and the `` Montgomery Story '' Comic Book - 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents Online collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Montgomery Bus Boycott , Civil Rights Digital Library . The Boycott , The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks . ( hide ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_bus_boycott&oldid=800602868 '' Categories : Montgomery bus boycott Civil rights protests in the United States Boycotts of organizations Conflicts in 1955 History of African - American civil rights 1955 in the United States History of Montgomery , Alabama Martin Luther King Jr . African - American history of Alabama 1955 in Alabama 1956 in Alabama Transportation in Montgomery , Alabama Protests in Alabama 1955 in transport 1956 in transport Bus transportation in Alabama Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 15 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the supreme court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional | [
"Pressure increased across the country. The related civil suit was heard in federal district court and, on June 4, 1956, the court ruled in Browder v. Gayle (1956) that Alabama's racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional. As the state appealed the decision, the boycott continued. The case moved on to the United States Supreme Court. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the district court's ruling, ruling that segregation on public buses and transportation was against the law."
] | [
"November 13, 1956"
] |
2817600261001713563 | Straight to Hell (song) | Straight to Hell ( song ) - wikipedia Straight to Hell ( song ) `` Straight to Hell '' Single by The Clash from the album Combat Rock B - side `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' Released 17 September 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 17 ) Format 7 - inch and 12 - inch single , cassette tape Genre Post-punk , new wave Length 5 : 30 6 : 56 ( Unedited version ) 3 : 57 ( Edited version ) Label CBS CBS A 13 - 2646 Songwriter ( s ) Joe Strummer , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , Topper Headon Producer ( s ) The Clash The Clash singles chronology `` Rock the Casbah '' ( 1982 ) `` Straight to Hell '' / `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' ( 1982 ) `` This Is England '' ( 1985 ) `` Rock the Casbah '' ( 1982 ) `` Straight to Hell '' / `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' ( 1982 ) `` This Is England '' ( 1985 ) `` Straight to Hell '' is a song by The Clash , from their album Combat Rock . It was released as a double A-side single with `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' on 17 September 1982 in 12 '' and 7 '' vinyl format ( the 7 '' vinyl is also available in picture disc ) format . Contents 1 Writing and recording 2 Lyrical themes 3 Musical style 4 Alternative version 5 Personnel 6 Uses in media 7 Covers and samples 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Writing and recording ( edit ) `` Straight to Hell '' was written and recorded towards the very end of The Clash 's New York recording sessions for the Combat Rock album . Mick Jones ' guitar technician Digby Cleaver describes the sessions as `` a mad , creative rush '' that occurred on 30 December 1981 , the day before The Clash was due to fly out of New York on New Year 's Eve 1981 . Joe Strummer reflected on this creative process in a 1991 piece about the track : I 'd written the lyric staying up all night at the Iroquois Hotel . I went down to Electric Lady and I just put the vocal down on tape , we finished about twenty to midnight . We took the E train from the Village up to Times Square . I 'll never forget coming out of the subway exit , just before midnight , into a hundred billion people , and I knew we had just done something really great . Lyrical themes ( edit ) `` Straight to Hell '' has been described by writer Pat Gilbert as being saturated by a `` colonial melancholia and sadness '' . Like many songs by the Clash , the lyrics of `` Straight to Hell '' decry injustice . The first verse refers to the shutting down of steel mills in Northern England and unemployment spanning generations , it also considers the alienation of non-English speaking immigrants in British society . The second verse concerns the abandonment of children in Vietnam who were fathered by American soldiers during the Vietnam War . The third verse contrasts the American Dream as seen through the eyes of an Amerasian child with a dystopian vision of American reality . The final verse broadly considers the life of immigrants throughout the world . The reference to `` Amerasian Blues '' describes the abandonment of children fathered by American soldiers stationed in Vietnam during the Vietnam War : an Amerasian child is portrayed as presenting an absent American father , `` papa - san , '' with a photograph of his parents , pleading with his father to take him home to America . The child 's plea is rejected . `` - San '' is a Japanese rather than Vietnamese honorific , but it was used by US troops in Vietnam who referred to Vietnamese men and women , especially older men and women , as `` mama - san '' or `` papa - san '' . When Strummer sings of a `` Volatile Molotov '' thrown at Puerto Rican immigrants in Alphabet City as a message to encourage them to leave , he is referring to the arson that claimed buildings occupied by immigrant communities -- notably Puerto Rican -- before the area was subject to gentrification . Musical style ( edit ) The song has a distinctive drum beat . `` You could n't play rock ' n ' roll to it . Basically it 's a Bossa Nova . '' said Topper Headon . Joe Strummer has said `` Just before the take , Topper said to me `` I want you to play this '' and he handed me an R Whites lemonade bottle in a towel . He said `` I want you to beat the bass drum with it . '' Alternative version ( edit ) The Combat Rock version of the song had a duration of 5 : 30 minutes . This version was edited down from the original track , which lasted almost 7 minutes . The original track featured extra lyrics and a more prominent violin part . The decision to edit the song down from 7 : 00 down to 5 : 30 was part of the early 1982 mixing sessions whereby The Clash and Glyn Johns edited Combat Rock down from a 77 - minute double album down to a 46 - minute single album . The full , unedited version of `` Straight to Hell '' can be found on the Clash on Broadway and Sound System box sets . Personnel ( edit ) Joe Strummer - vocal Mick Jones - guitars , keyboards , sound effects Paul Simonon - bass guitar Topper Headon - drums Uses in media ( edit ) This song was featured in the 2000 comedy film , Kevin & Perry Go Large and in `` Complicity '' from that same year . Covers and samples ( edit ) `` Straight to Hell '' has been covered or sampled by many artists . Heather Nova and Moby covered the song in 1999 for the Clash tribute album Burning London . In 2007 , British singer M.I.A. sampled `` Straight to Hell '' in her song `` Paper Planes '' ( which , like `` Straight to Hell '' , deals with the topic of immigration ) and as a result the songwriters of `` Straight To Hell '' were credited with writing T.I. 's 2008 song `` Swagga Like Us '' . Philadelphia punk rock band The Menzingers later covered the song on their album A Lesson in the Abuse of Information Technology . Several folk artists have covered the song , including Josh Rouse , Emm Gryner , and Will Kimbrough . French DJ Martin Solveig also used samples from Straight to Hell to create his 2011 mega-hit `` Hello '' ft . Dragonette . The song 's opening melody has also been sampled by Fall Out Boy for their song Wilson ( Expensive Mistakes ) , off their 2018 album , Mania . The song has been refashioned by Mick Jones , featuring Lily Allen , for the War Child : Heroes album , released in the UK on 16 February 2009 , and in the U.S. on 24 February 2009 by Astralwerks . Jakob Dylan and Elvis Costello performed a cover of the song on season 1 , episode 12 of Costello 's show Spectacle : Elvis Costello with ... , entitled `` She & Him , Jenny Lewis and Jakob Dylan '' and aired on Channel 4 in the UK , CTV in Canada and the Sundance Channel in the United States in 2008 -- 2009 . See also ( edit ) Bụi đời References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Pat ( 2004 ) . Passion Is A Fashion : The Real Story Of The Clash . Aurum Press Ltd. p. 308 . ISBN 1845130170 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Pat ( 2004 ) . Passion Is A Fashion : The Real Story Of The Clash . Aurum Press Ltd. p. 320 . ISBN 1845130170 . Jump up ^ Songfacts - Straight To Hell by The Clash Jump up ^ Gilbert , Pat ( 2004 ) . Passion Is A Fashion : The Real Story Of The Clash . Aurum Press Ltd . pp. 312 -- 14 . ISBN 1845130170 . Jump up ^ Cover Lay Down - Covers of The Clash classic `` Straight to Hell '' Archived 10 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Spectacle : Elvis Costello with ... - Series 1 - Episode 12 - She & Him , Jenny Lewis and Jakob Dylan . Channel 4 . Jump up ^ SPECTACLE - She & Him , Jenny Lewis , Jakob Dylan ( Episode 11 , Season 1 ) . Film . Sundance Channel . Jump up ^ Spectacle : Elvis Costello with She & Him , Jenny Lewis , and Jakob Dylan ( Episode 11 ) . PopMatters . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Clash Joe Strummer Mick Jones Paul Simonon Topper Headon Terry Chimes Rob Harper Keith Levene Pete Howard Nick Sheppard Vince White Studio albums The Clash Give ' Em Enough Rope London Calling Sandinista ! Combat Rock Cut the Crap Live albums From Here to Eternity : Live Live at Shea Stadium Compilations Black Market Clash The Story of the Clash , Volume 1 1977 Revisited Clash on Broadway The Singles ( 1991 ) Super Black Market Clash The Essential Clash Singles Box The Singles ( 2007 ) Sound System The Clash Hits Back 5 Album Studio Set Extended plays Capital Radio The Cost of Living Singles `` White Riot '' `` Remote Control '' `` Complete Control '' `` Clash City Rockers '' `` ( White Man ) In Hammersmith Palais '' `` Tommy Gun '' `` English Civil War '' `` I Fought the Law '' `` Groovy Times '' `` London Calling '' `` Clampdown '' `` Train in Vain '' `` Bankrobber '' `` The Call Up '' `` Hitsville U.K. '' `` The Magnificent Seven '' `` This Is Radio Clash '' `` Know Your Rights '' `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' `` Rock the Casbah '' `` Straight to Hell '' `` This Is England '' `` Return to Brixton '' Films Rude Boy The Clash : Westway to the World Joe Strummer : The Future Is Unwritten London Town Related Lists Discography Songs The Clash on film Members Musical acts The 101ers London SS Public Image Ltd Big Audio Dynamite Havana 3am The Latino Rockabilly War The Pogues The Mescaleros Carbon / Silicon The Good , the Bad & the Queen Gorillaz Persons Gary Barnacle Caroline Coon Tymon Dogg Mikey Dread Ellen Foley Futura 2000 Mickey Gallagher Don Letts Ray Lowry Sandy Pearlman Bill Price Bernard Rhodes Pennie Smith Ray Staff Guy Stevens Kosmo Vinyl Norman Watt - Roy Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straight_to_Hell_(song)&oldid=835478122 '' Categories : 1982 singles Anti-war songs The Clash songs Protest songs Songs of the Vietnam War Songs against racism and xenophobia 1982 songs Songs written by Joe Strummer Songs written by Mick Jones ( The Clash ) Songs written by Paul Simonon Songs written by Topper Headon CBS Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 23 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song going straight to hell | [
"\"Straight to Hell\"\nSingle by The Clashfrom the album Combat RockB-side\n\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"Released\n17 September 1982 (1982-09-17)Format\n7-inch and 12-inch single, cassette tapeGenre\nPost-punk, new waveLength\n5:306:56 (Unedited version)3:57 (Edited version)Label\nCBS CBS A 13-2646Songwriter(s)\nJoe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper HeadonProducer(s)\nThe ClashThe Clash singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\" (1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" (1982)\n\n\"This Is England\" (1985)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\"(1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"(1982)\n\n\"This Is England\"(1985)\n",
"\"Straight to Hell\"\nSingle by The Clashfrom the album Combat RockB-side\n\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"Released\n17 September 1982 (1982-09-17)Format\n7-inch and 12-inch single, cassette tapeGenre\nPost-punk, new waveLength\n5:306:56 (Unedited version)3:57 (Edited version)Label\nCBS CBS A 13-2646Songwriter(s)\nJoe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper HeadonProducer(s)\nThe ClashThe Clash singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\" (1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" (1982)\n\n\"This Is England\" (1985)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\"(1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"(1982)\n\n\"This Is England\"(1985)\n",
"\"Straight to Hell\"\nSingle by The Clashfrom the album Combat RockB-side\n\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"Released\n17 September 1982 (1982-09-17)Format\n7-inch and 12-inch single, cassette tapeGenre\nPost-punk, new waveLength\n5:306:56 (Unedited version)3:57 (Edited version)Label\nCBS CBS A 13-2646Songwriter(s)\nJoe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper HeadonProducer(s)\nThe ClashThe Clash singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\" (1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" (1982)\n\n\"This Is England\" (1985)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\"(1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"(1982)\n\n\"This Is England\"(1985)\n",
"\"Straight to Hell\"\nSingle by The Clashfrom the album Combat RockB-side\n\"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"Released\n17 September 1982 (1982-09-17)Format\n7-inch and 12-inch single, cassette tapeGenre\nPost-punk, new waveLength\n5:306:56 (Unedited version)3:57 (Edited version)Label\nCBS CBS A 13-2646Songwriter(s)\nJoe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, Topper HeadonProducer(s)\nThe ClashThe Clash singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\" (1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\" (1982)\n\n\"This Is England\" (1985)\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Rock the Casbah\"(1982)\n\n\"Straight to Hell\" / \"Should I Stay or Should I Go\"(1982)\n\n\"This Is England\"(1985)\n"
] | [
"Joe Strummer",
"Mick Jones",
"Paul Simonon",
"Topper Headon"
] |
-4289879227537219223 | Kentucky Derby top four finishers | Kentucky Derby top four finishers - wikipedia Kentucky Derby top four finishers Jump to : navigation , search This is a listing of first - place , second - place , third - place and fourth - place finishers , and the number of starters in the Kentucky Derby , a Grade I American Thoroughbred race run at 1 ⁄ miles on dirt for three - year - olds . It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown , run at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky . Year Winner Second Third Fourth Starters 2018 Justify Good Magic Audible Instilled Regard 20 2017 Always Dreaming Lookin At Lee Battle of Midway Classic Empire 20 2016 Nyquist Exaggerator Gun Runner Mohaymen 20 2015 American Pharoah † Firing Line Dortmund Frosted 18 2014 California Chrome Commanding Curve Danza Wicked Strong 19 2013 Orb Golden Soul Revolutionary Normandy Invasion 19 2012 I 'll Have Another Bodemeister Dullahan Went The Day Well 20 2011 Animal Kingdom Nehro Mucho Macho Man Shackleford 19 Super Saver Ice Box Paddy O'Prado Make Music for Me 20 2009 Mine That Bird Pioneerof the Nile Musket Man Papa Clem 19 2008 Big Brown Eight Belles Denis of Cork Tale of Ekati 20 2007 Street Sense Hard Spun Curlin Imawildandcrazyguy 20 2006 Barbaro Bluegrass Cat Steppenwolfer Jazil 20 2005 Giacomo Closing Argument Afleet Alex Do n't Get Mad 20 Smarty Jones Lion Heart Imperialism Limehouse 18 2003 Funny Cide Empire Maker Peace Rules Atswhatimtalkinbout 16 2002 War Emblem Proud Citizen Perfect Drift Medaglia d'Oro 18 2001 Monarchos Invisible Ink Congaree Thunder Blitz 17 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus Aptitude Impeachment More Than Ready 19 1999 Charismatic Menifee Cat Thief Prime Timber 19 1998 Real Quiet Victory Gallop Indian Charlie Halory Hunter 15 1997 Silver Charm Captain Bodgit Free House Pulpit 13 Grindstone Cavonnier Prince of Thieves Halo Sunshine 19 1995 Thunder Gulch Tejano Run Timber Country Jumron 19 1994 Go for Gin Strodes Creek Blumin Affair Brocco 14 1993 Sea Hero Prairie Bayou Wild Gale Personal Hope 19 1992 Lil E. Tee Casual Lies Dance Floor Conte Di Savoya 18 1991 Strike the Gold Best Pal Mane Minister Green Alligator 16 1990 Unbridled Summer Squall Pleasant Tap Video Ranger 15 1989 Sunday Silence Easy Goer Awe Inspiring Dansil 15 1988 Winning Colors Forty Niner Risen Star Proper Reality 17 Alysheba Bet Twice Avies Copy Cryptoclearance 17 1986 Ferdinand Bold Arrangement Broad Brush Rampage 16 1985 Spend A Buck Stephan 's Odyssey Chief 's Crown Fast Account 13 1984 * Swale Coax Me Chad At The Threshold Fali Time 20 Sunny 's Halo Desert Wine Caveat Slew o ' Gold 20 1982 Gato Del Sol Laser Light Reinvested Water Bank 19 1981 Pleasant Colony Woodchopper Partez Classic Go Go 21 1980 Genuine Risk Rumbo Jaklin Klugman Super Moment 13 1979 Spectacular Bid General Assembly Golden Act King Celebrity 10 1978 Affirmed † Alydar Believe It Darby Creek Road 11 1977 Seattle Slew † Run Dusty Run Sanhedrin Get the Axe 15 1976 Bold Forbes Honest Pleasure Elocutionist Amano 9 Foolish Pleasure Avatar Diabolo Master Derby 15 Cannonade Hudson County Agitate J.R. 's Pet 23 1973 Secretariat † Sham Our Native Forego 13 1972 Riva Ridge No Le Hace Hold Your Peace Introductivo 16 1971 Canonero II Jim French Bold Reason Eastern Fleet 20 1970 Dust Commander My Dad George High Echelon Naskra 17 1969 Majestic Prince Arts and Letters Dike Traffic Mark 8 1968 * Forward Pass Francie 's Hat T.V. Commercial Kentucky Sherry 14 1967 Proud Clarion Barbs Delight Damascus Reason to Hail 14 1966 Kauai King Advocator Blue Skyer Stupendous 15 1965 Lucky Debonair Dapper Dan Tom Rolfe Native Charger 11 1964 Northern Dancer Hill Rise The Scoundrel Roman Brother 12 1963 Chateaugay Never Bend Candy Spots On My Honor 9 1962 Decidedly Roman Line Ridan Sir Ribot 15 1961 Carry Back Crozier Bass Clef Dr. Miller 15 1960 Venetian Way Bally Ache Victoria Park Tompion 13 1959 Tomy Lee Sword Dancer First Landing Royal Orbit 17 1958 Tim Tam Lincoln Road Noureddin Jewel 's Reward 14 1957 Iron Liege Gallant Man Round Table Bold Ruler 9 1956 Needles Fabius Come On Red Count Chic 17 1955 Swaps Nashua Summer Tan Racing Fool 10 1954 Determine Hasty Road Hasseyampa Goyamo 17 1953 Dark Star Native Dancer Invigorator Royal Bay Gem 11 1952 Hill Gail Sub Fleet Blue Man Master Fiddle 16 1951 Count Turf Royal Mustang Ruhe Phil D 20 1950 Middleground Hill Prince Mr. Trouble Sunglow 14 1949 Ponder Capot Palestinian Old Rockport 14 1948 Citation † Coaltown My Request Billings 6 1947 Jet Pilot Phalanx Faultless On Trust 13 1946 Assault † Spy Song Hampden Lord Boswell 17 1945 Hoop Jr . Pot o ' Luck Darby Dieppe Air Sailor 16 1944 Pensive Broadcloth Stir Up Shut Up 16 1943 Count Fleet † Blue Swords Slide Rule Amber Light 10 1942 Shut Out Alsab Valdina Orphan With Regards 15 1941 Whirlaway † Staretor Market Wise Porter 's Cap 11 1940 Gallahadion Bimelech Dit Mioland 8 1939 Johnstown Challedon Heather Broom Viscountyb 8 1938 Lawrin Dauber Ca n't Wait Menow 10 1937 War Admiral † Pompoon Reaping Reward Melodist 20 1936 Bold Venture Brevity Indian Broom Coldstream 14 1935 Omaha † Roman Soldier Whiskolo Nellie Flag 18 1934 Cavalcade Discovery Agrarian Mata Hari 13 1933 Brokers Tip Head Play Charley O . Ladysman 13 1932 Burgoo King Economic Stepenfetchit Brandon Mint 20 1931 Twenty Grand Sweep All Mate Spanish Play 12 1930 Gallant Fox † Gallant Knight Ned O . Gone Away 15 1929 Clyde Van Dusen Naishapur Panchio Blue Larkspur 21 1928 Reigh Count Misstep Toro Jack Higgins 22 1927 Whiskery Osmand Jock Hydromel 15 1926 Bubbling Over Bagenbaggage Rock Man Rhinock 13 1925 Flying Ebony Captain Hal Son of John Single Foot 20 1924 Black Gold Chilhowee Beau Butler Altawood 19 1923 Zev Martingale Vigil Nassau 21 1922 Morvich Bet Mosie John Finn Deadlock 10 1921 Behave Yourself Black Servant Prudery Tryster 12 1920 Paul Jones Upset On Watch Damask 17 1919 Sir Barton † Billy Kelly Under Fire Valcanite 12 1918 Exterminator Escoba Viva America War Cloud 8 1917 Omar Khayyam Ticket Midway Rickety 15 1916 George Smith Star Hawk Franklin Dodge 9 1915 Regret Pebbles I Sharpshooter Royal II 16 1914 Old Rosebud Hodge Bronzewing John Gund 7 1913 Donerail Ten Point Gowell Foundation 8 1912 Worth Duval Flamma Free Lance 7 1911 Meridian Governor Gray Colston Mud Sill 7 1910 Donau Joe Morris Fighting Bob Boola Boola 7 1909 Wintergreen Miami Dr. Barkley Sir Catesby 10 1908 Stone Street Sir Cleges Dunvegan Synchronized 8 1907 Pink Star Zal Ovelando Red Gauntlet 6 1906 Sir Huon Lady Navarre James Reddick Hyperion II 6 1905 Agile Ram 's Horn Layson none 1904 Elwood Ed Tierney Brancas Prince Silverwings 5 1903 Judge Himes Early Bourbon Bad News 6 1902 Alan - a-Dale Inventor The Rival Abe Frank 1901 His Eminence Sannazarro Driscoll Amur 5 1900 Lieut . Gibson Florizar Thrive Highland Lad 7 1899 Manuel Corsini Mazo His Lordship 5 1898 Plaudit Lieber Karl Isabey Han d'Or 1897 Typhoon II Ornament Dr. Catlett Dr. Shepard 6 1896 Ben Brush Ben Eder Semper Ego First Mate 8 1895 Halma Basso Laureate Curator 1894 Chant Pearl Song Sigurd Al Boyer 5 1893 Lookout Plutus Boundless Buck McCann 6 1892 Azra Huron Phil Dwyer none 1891 Kingman Balgowan High Tariff Hart Wallace 1890 Riley Bill Letcher Robespierre Palisade 6 1889 Spokane Proctor Knott Once Again Hindoocraft 8 1888 Macbeth II Gallifet White Alexandria 7 1887 Montrose Jim Gore Jacobin Banburg 7 1886 Ben Ali Blue Wing Free Knight Lijero 10 1885 Joe Cotton Bersan Ten Booker Favor 10 1884 Buchanan Loftin Audrain Bob Miles 9 1883 Leonatus Drake Carter Lord Raglan Ascender 7 1882 Apollo Runnymede Bengal Harry Gilmore 14 1881 Hindoo Lelex Alfambra Sligo 6 1880 Fonso Kimball Bancroft Boulevard 5 1879 Lord Murphy Falsetto Strathmore Trinadad 9 1878 Day Star Himyar Leveler Solicitor 9 1877 Baden - Baden Leonard King William Vera Cruz 11 1876 Vagrant Creedmore Harry Hill Parole 11 1875 Aristides Volcano Verdigris Bob Wooley 15 A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . Note : D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses . In 1968 , Dancer 's Image finished first , but was disqualified after a post-race urine sample revealed traces of a banned drug in the horse . The drug in question - phenylbutazone - illegal at the time , is now legal for use on racehorses in many states , including Kentucky . Forward Pass is now the 1968 winner of the Kentucky Derby . In 1984 , Gate Dancer finished fourth , but was disqualified for fouling Fali Time , who was then moved up from 5th to 4th place . See also ( edit ) Kentucky Oaks top three finishers List of graded stakes at Churchill Downs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Kentucky Derby Media Guide , 135th Kentucky Derby , page 103 - 236 on May 2 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Kentucky Derby website Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby Pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Louisville , Kentucky ( metro area ) History Timeline George Rogers Clark -- founder Civil War Historic places Geography Downtown Cityscape Climate Local landmarks Neighborhoods Parks Preservation districts ( Old Louisville ) Government Mayor ( Greg Fischer ) Metro Council ( President : David James ) Transportation Bowman Field Louisville International Airport McAlpine Locks and Dam Roads TARC Other subject areas Attractions and events Cuisine Economy Education Media People Performing arts Religion Sports Top subjects Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali Center Cave Hill Cemetery Falls of the Ohio Farmington Kentucky Derby ( Festival ) KFC History Colonel Sanders L&N Louisville Slugger Speed Art Museum University of Louisville ( Cardinals ) National Historic Landmarks Belle of Louisville Churchill Downs Historic Locust Grove Mayor Andrew Broaddus Old Bank Zachary Taylor House United States Marine Hospital Water Tower Prominent suburbs ( over 10K pop . ) Clarksville Jeffersontown Jeffersonville Lyndon New Albany St. Matthews Shelbyville Shepherdsville Shively Category ( city ) Category ( metro area ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Derby_top_four_finishers&oldid=842074726 '' Categories : Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Flat horse races for three - year - olds Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Churchill Downs Kentucky Derby Louisville , Kentucky - related lists Horse racing - related lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 01 : 57 . About Wikipedia | who came in third in the kentucky derby | [
"\n\nYear\nWinner\nSecond\nThird\nFourth\nStarters\n\n\n2018\nJustify\nGood Magic\nAudible\nInstilled Regard\n20\n\n\n2017\nAlways Dreaming\nLookin At Lee\nBattle of Midway\nClassic Empire\n20\n\n\n2016\nNyquist\nExaggerator\nGun Runner\nMohaymen\n20\n\n\n2015\nAmerican Pharoah †\nFiring Line\nDortmund\nFrosted\n18\n\n\n2014\nCalifornia Chrome\nCommanding Curve\nDanza\nWicked Strong\n19\n\n\n2013\nOrb\nGolden Soul\nRevolutionary\nNormandy Invasion\n19\n\n\n2012\nI'll Have Another\nBodemeister\nDullahan\nWent The Day Well\n20\n\n\n2011\nAnimal Kingdom\nNehro\nMucho Macho Man\nShackleford\n19\n\n\n2010\nSuper Saver\nIce Box\nPaddy O'Prado\nMake Music for Me\n20\n\n\n2009\nMine That Bird\nPioneerof the Nile\nMusket Man\nPapa Clem\n19\n\n\n2008\nBig Brown\nEight Belles\nDenis of Cork\nTale of Ekati\n20\n\n\n2007\nStreet Sense\nHard Spun\nCurlin\nImawildandcrazyguy\n20\n\n\n2006\nBarbaro\nBluegrass Cat\nSteppenwolfer\nJazil\n20\n\n\n2005\nGiacomo\nClosing Argument\nAfleet Alex\nDon't Get Mad\n20\n\n\n2004\nSmarty Jones\nLion Heart\nImperialism\nLimehouse\n18\n\n\n2003\nFunny Cide\nEmpire Maker\nPeace Rules\nAtswhatimtalkinbout\n16\n\n\n2002\nWar Emblem\nProud Citizen\nPerfect Drift\nMedaglia d'Oro\n18\n\n\n2001\nMonarchos\nInvisible Ink\nCongaree\nThunder Blitz\n17\n\n\n2000\nFusaichi Pegasus\nAptitude\nImpeachment\nMore Than Ready\n19\n\n\n1999\nCharismatic\nMenifee\nCat Thief\nPrime Timber\n19\n\n\n1998\nReal Quiet\nVictory Gallop\nIndian Charlie\nHalory Hunter\n15\n\n\n1997\nSilver Charm\nCaptain Bodgit\nFree House\nPulpit\n13\n\n\n1996\nGrindstone\nCavonnier\nPrince of Thieves\nHalo Sunshine\n19\n\n\n1995\nThunder Gulch\nTejano Run\nTimber Country\nJumron\n19\n\n\n1994\nGo for Gin\nStrodes Creek\nBlumin Affair\nBrocco\n14\n\n\n1993\nSea Hero\nPrairie Bayou\nWild Gale\nPersonal Hope\n19\n\n\n1992\nLil E. Tee\nCasual Lies\nDance Floor\nConte Di Savoya\n18\n\n\n1991\nStrike the Gold\nBest Pal\nMane Minister\nGreen Alligator\n16\n\n\n1990\nUnbridled\nSummer Squall\nPleasant Tap\nVideo Ranger\n15\n\n\n1989\nSunday Silence\nEasy Goer\nAwe Inspiring\nDansil\n15\n\n\n1988\nWinning Colors\nForty Niner\nRisen Star\nProper Reality\n17\n\n\n1987\nAlysheba\nBet Twice\nAvies Copy\nCryptoclearance\n17\n\n\n1986\nFerdinand\nBold Arrangement\nBroad Brush\nRampage\n16\n\n\n1985\nSpend A Buck\nStephan's Odyssey\nChief's Crown\nFast Account\n13\n\n\n1984 *\nSwale\nCoax Me Chad\nAt The Threshold\nFali Time\n20\n\n\n1983\nSunny's Halo\nDesert Wine\nCaveat\nSlew o' Gold\n20\n\n\n1982\nGato Del Sol\nLaser Light\nReinvested\nWater Bank\n19\n\n\n1981\nPleasant Colony\nWoodchopper\nPartez\nClassic Go Go\n21\n\n\n1980\nGenuine Risk\nRumbo\nJaklin Klugman\nSuper Moment\n13\n\n\n1979\nSpectacular Bid\nGeneral Assembly\nGolden Act\nKing Celebrity\n10\n\n\n1978\nAffirmed †\nAlydar\nBelieve It\nDarby Creek Road\n11\n\n\n1977\nSeattle Slew †\nRun Dusty Run\nSanhedrin\nGet the Axe\n15\n\n\n1976\nBold Forbes\nHonest Pleasure\nElocutionist\nAmano\n9\n\n\n1975\nFoolish Pleasure\nAvatar\nDiabolo\nMaster Derby\n15\n\n\n1974\nCannonade\nHudson County\nAgitate\nJ. R.'s Pet\n23\n\n\n1973\nSecretariat †\nSham\nOur Native\nForego\n13\n\n\n1972\nRiva Ridge\nNo Le Hace\nHold Your Peace\nIntroductivo\n16\n\n\n1971\nCanonero II\nJim French\nBold Reason\nEastern Fleet\n20\n\n\n1970\nDust Commander\nMy Dad George\nHigh Echelon\nNaskra\n17\n\n\n1969\nMajestic Prince\nArts and Letters\nDike\nTraffic Mark\n8\n\n\n1968 *\nForward Pass\nFrancie's Hat\nT.V. Commercial\nKentucky Sherry\n14\n\n\n1967\nProud Clarion\nBarbs Delight\nDamascus\nReason to Hail\n14\n\n\n1966\nKauai King\nAdvocator\nBlue Skyer\nStupendous\n15\n\n\n1965\nLucky Debonair\nDapper Dan\nTom Rolfe\nNative Charger\n11\n\n\n1964\nNorthern Dancer\nHill Rise\nThe Scoundrel\nRoman Brother\n12\n\n\n1963\nChateaugay\nNever Bend\nCandy Spots\nOn My Honor\n9\n\n\n1962\nDecidedly\nRoman Line\nRidan\nSir Ribot\n15\n\n\n1961\nCarry Back\nCrozier\nBass Clef\nDr. Miller\n15\n\n\n1960\nVenetian Way\nBally Ache\nVictoria Park\nTompion\n13\n\n\n1959\nTomy Lee\nSword Dancer\nFirst Landing\nRoyal Orbit\n17\n\n\n1958\nTim Tam\nLincoln Road\nNoureddin\nJewel's Reward\n14\n\n\n1957\nIron Liege\nGallant Man\nRound Table\nBold Ruler\n9\n\n\n1956\nNeedles\nFabius\nCome On Red\nCount Chic\n17\n\n\n1955\nSwaps\nNashua\nSummer Tan\nRacing Fool\n10\n\n\n1954\nDetermine\nHasty Road\nHasseyampa\nGoyamo\n17\n\n\n1953\nDark Star\nNative Dancer\nInvigorator\nRoyal Bay Gem\n11\n\n\n1952\nHill Gail\nSub Fleet\nBlue Man\nMaster Fiddle\n16\n\n\n1951\nCount Turf\nRoyal Mustang\nRuhe\nPhil D\n20\n\n\n1950\nMiddleground\nHill Prince\nMr. Trouble\nSunglow\n14\n\n\n1949\nPonder\nCapot\nPalestinian\nOld Rockport\n14\n\n\n1948\nCitation †\nCoaltown\nMy Request\nBillings\n6\n\n\n1947\nJet Pilot\nPhalanx\nFaultless\nOn Trust\n13\n\n\n1946\nAssault †\nSpy Song\nHampden\nLord Boswell\n17\n\n\n1945\nHoop Jr.\nPot o' Luck\nDarby Dieppe\nAir Sailor\n16\n\n\n1944\nPensive\nBroadcloth\nStir Up\nShut Up\n16\n\n\n1943\nCount Fleet †\nBlue Swords\nSlide Rule\nAmber Light\n10\n\n\n1942\nShut Out\nAlsab\nValdina Orphan\nWith Regards\n15\n\n\n1941\nWhirlaway †\nStaretor\nMarket Wise\nPorter's Cap\n11\n\n\n1940\nGallahadion\nBimelech\nDit\nMioland\n8\n\n\n1939\nJohnstown\nChalledon\nHeather Broom\nViscountyb\n8\n\n\n1938\nLawrin\nDauber\nCan't Wait\nMenow\n10\n\n\n1937\nWar Admiral †\nPompoon\nReaping Reward\nMelodist\n20\n\n\n1936\nBold Venture\nBrevity\nIndian Broom\nColdstream\n14\n\n\n1935\nOmaha †\nRoman Soldier\nWhiskolo\nNellie Flag\n18\n\n\n1934\nCavalcade\nDiscovery\nAgrarian\nMata Hari\n13\n\n\n1933\nBrokers Tip\nHead Play\nCharley O.\nLadysman\n13\n\n\n1932\nBurgoo King\nEconomic\nStepenfetchit\nBrandon Mint\n20\n\n\n1931\nTwenty Grand\nSweep All\nMate\nSpanish Play\n12\n\n\n1930\nGallant Fox †\nGallant Knight\nNed O.\nGone Away\n15\n\n\n1929\nClyde Van Dusen\nNaishapur\nPanchio\nBlue Larkspur\n21\n\n\n1928\nReigh Count\nMisstep\nToro\nJack Higgins\n22\n\n\n1927\nWhiskery\nOsmand\nJock\nHydromel\n15\n\n\n1926\nBubbling Over\nBagenbaggage\nRock Man\nRhinock\n13\n\n\n1925\nFlying Ebony\nCaptain Hal\nSon of John\nSingle Foot\n20\n\n\n1924\nBlack Gold\nChilhowee\nBeau Butler\nAltawood\n19\n\n\n1923\nZev\nMartingale\nVigil\nNassau\n21\n\n\n1922\nMorvich\nBet Mosie\nJohn Finn\nDeadlock\n10\n\n\n1921\nBehave Yourself\nBlack Servant\nPrudery\nTryster\n12\n\n\n1920\nPaul Jones\nUpset\nOn Watch\nDamask\n17\n\n\n1919\nSir Barton †\nBilly Kelly\nUnder Fire\nValcanite\n12\n\n\n1918\nExterminator\nEscoba\nViva America\nWar Cloud\n8\n\n\n1917\nOmar Khayyam\nTicket\nMidway\nRickety\n15\n\n\n1916\nGeorge Smith\nStar Hawk\nFranklin\nDodge\n9\n\n\n1915\nRegret\nPebbles I\nSharpshooter\nRoyal II\n16\n\n\n1914\nOld Rosebud\nHodge\nBronzewing\nJohn Gund\n7\n\n\n1913\nDonerail\nTen Point\nGowell\nFoundation\n8\n\n\n1912\nWorth\nDuval\nFlamma\nFree Lance\n7\n\n\n1911\nMeridian\nGovernor Gray\nColston\nMud Sill\n7\n\n\n1910\nDonau\nJoe Morris\nFighting Bob\nBoola Boola\n7\n\n\n1909\nWintergreen\nMiami\nDr. Barkley\nSir Catesby\n10\n\n\n1908\nStone Street\nSir Cleges\nDunvegan\nSynchronized\n8\n\n\n1907\nPink Star\nZal\nOvelando\nRed Gauntlet\n6\n\n\n1906\nSir Huon\nLady Navarre\nJames Reddick\nHyperion II\n6\n\n\n1905\nAgile\nRam's Horn\nLayson\nnone\n3\n\n\n1904\nElwood\nEd Tierney\nBrancas\nPrince Silverwings\n5\n\n\n1903\nJudge Himes\nEarly\nBourbon\nBad News\n6\n\n\n1902\nAlan-a-Dale\nInventor\nThe Rival\nAbe Frank\n4\n\n\n1901\nHis Eminence\nSannazarro\nDriscoll\nAmur\n5\n\n\n1900\nLieut. Gibson\nFlorizar\nThrive\nHighland Lad\n7\n\n\n1899\nManuel\nCorsini\nMazo\nHis Lordship\n5\n\n\n1898\nPlaudit\nLieber Karl\nIsabey\nHan d'Or\n4\n\n\n1897\nTyphoon II\nOrnament\nDr. Catlett\nDr. Shepard\n6\n\n\n1896\nBen Brush\nBen Eder\nSemper Ego\nFirst Mate\n8\n\n\n1895\nHalma\nBasso\nLaureate\nCurator\n4\n\n\n1894\nChant\nPearl Song\nSigurd\nAl Boyer\n5\n\n\n1893\nLookout\nPlutus\nBoundless\nBuck McCann\n6\n\n\n1892\nAzra\nHuron\nPhil Dwyer\nnone\n3\n\n\n1891\nKingman\nBalgowan\nHigh Tariff\nHart Wallace\n4\n\n\n1890\nRiley\nBill Letcher\nRobespierre\nPalisade\n6\n\n\n1889\nSpokane\nProctor Knott\nOnce Again\nHindoocraft\n8\n\n\n1888\nMacbeth II\nGallifet\nWhite\nAlexandria\n7\n\n\n1887\nMontrose\nJim Gore\nJacobin\nBanburg\n7\n\n\n1886\nBen Ali\nBlue Wing\nFree Knight\nLijero\n10\n\n\n1885\nJoe Cotton\nBersan\nTen Booker\nFavor\n10\n\n\n1884\nBuchanan\nLoftin\nAudrain\nBob Miles\n9\n\n\n1883\nLeonatus\nDrake Carter\nLord Raglan\nAscender\n7\n\n\n1882\nApollo\nRunnymede\nBengal\nHarry Gilmore\n14\n\n\n1881\nHindoo\nLelex\nAlfambra\nSligo\n6\n\n\n1880\nFonso\nKimball\nBancroft\nBoulevard\n5\n\n\n1879\nLord Murphy\nFalsetto\nStrathmore\nTrinadad\n9\n\n\n1878\nDay Star\nHimyar\nLeveler\nSolicitor\n9\n\n\n1877\nBaden-Baden\nLeonard\nKing William\nVera Cruz\n11\n\n\n1876\nVagrant\nCreedmore\nHarry Hill\nParole\n11\n\n\n1875\nAristides\nVolcano\nVerdigris\nBob Wooley\n15\n\n"
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991657860801768969 | Tracheotomy | Tracheotomy - wikipedia Tracheotomy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surgical procedure called a tracheotomy . For a similar procedure , see Cricothyrotomy . Tracheotomy Completed tracheotomy : 1 -- Vocal folds 2 -- Thyroid cartilage 3 -- Cricoid cartilage 4 -- Tracheal rings 5 -- Balloon cuff ICD - 10 - PCS 0B110F4 ICD - 9 - CM 31.1 MeSH D014140 MedlinePlus 002955 ( edit on Wikidata ) Tracheotomy ( US : / ˌtreɪkiˈɒtəmi / tray - kee - AW - tə - mee ) or tracheostomy , is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea ( windpipe ) . The resulting stoma ( hole ) , can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheal tube or tracheostomy tube to be inserted ; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of the nose or mouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and terminology 2 Indications 2.1 Long term ventilation 2.2 Bypassing upper airway blockages 3 Parts 4 Surgical procedure 4.1 Instruments 4.2 Percutaneous tracheotomy 4.3 The translaryngeal tracheostomy TLT Fantoni method 5 Complications 6 Alternatives 7 Routine care 7.1 Suctioning 8 History 8.1 Prior to 16th century 8.2 16th -- 18th centuries 8.3 19th century 8.4 20th century 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology and terminology ( edit ) The etymology of the word tracheotomy comes from two Greek words : the root tom - ( from Greek τομή tomḗ ) meaning `` to cut '' , and the word trachea ( from Greek τραχεία tracheía ) . The word tracheostomy , including the root stom - ( from Greek στόμα stóma ) meaning `` mouth , '' refers to the making of a semi-permanent or permanent opening , and to the opening itself . Some sources offer different definitions of the above terms . Part of the ambiguity is due to the uncertainty of the intended permanence of the stoma at the time it is created . Indications ( edit ) Long term ventilation ( edit ) Main article : Mechanical ventilation Tracheotomy tubes and endotracheal tubes are often attached to ventilators to assist in breathing . An endotracheal tube ( above ) used in acute settings requires sedation . For longer term settings a tracheostomy tube is used instead . In the chronic ( long term ) setting , indications for tracheotomy include the need for long - term mechanical ventilation and tracheal toilet ( e.g. comatose patients , or extensive surgery involving the head and neck ) . Tracheotomy may result in a significant reduction in the administration of sedatives and vasopressors , as well as the duration of stay in the intensive care unit . In extreme cases , the procedure may be indicated as a treatment for severe obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA ) seen in patients intolerant of continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP ) therapy . The reason tracheostomy works well for OSA is because it is the only surgical procedure that completely bypasses the upper airway . This procedure was commonly performed for obstructive sleep apnea until the 1980s , when other procedures such as the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty , genioglossus advancement , and maxillomandibular advancement surgeries were described as alternative surgical modalities for OSA . Bypassing upper airway blockages ( edit ) In the acute ( short term ) setting , indications for tracheotomy include such conditions as severe facial trauma , tumors of the head and neck ( e.g. , cancers , branchial cleft cysts ) , and acute angioedema and inflammation of the head and neck . In the context of failed orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation , either tracheotomy or cricothyrotomy may be performed . Parts ( edit ) An outer cannula ( top item ) with inflatable cuff ( top right ) , an inner cannula ( center item ) and an obturator ( bottom item ) A tracheostomy tube consists of an outer cannula or main shaft , an inner cannula , and an obturator . The obturator is used when inserting the tracheostomy tube to guide the placement of the outer cannula and is removed once the outer cannula is in place . The outer cannula remains in place but , because of the buildup of secretions , there is an inner cannula that may be removed for cleaning or replaced . Tracheostomy tubes may have cuffs , inflatable balloons at the end of the tube to secure it in place . A tracheostomy tube may be fenestrated with one or several holes to let air through the larynx , allowing speech . Surgical procedure ( edit ) Instruments ( edit ) As with most other surgical procedures , some cases are more difficult than others . Surgery on children is more difficult because of their smaller size . Difficulties such as a short neck and bigger thyroid glands make the trachea hard to open . There are other difficulties with patients with irregular necks , the obese , and those with a large goitre . The many possible complications include hemorrhage , loss of airway , subcutaneous emphysema , wound infections , stomal cellulites , fracture of tracheal rings , poor placement of the tracheostomy tube , and bronchospasm `` . By the late 19th century , some surgeons had become proficient in performing the tracheotomy procedure . The main instruments used were : `` Two small scalpels , one short grooved director , a tenaculum , two aneurysm needles which may be used as retractors , one pair of artery forceps , haemostatic forceps , two pairs of dissecting forceps , a pair of scissors , a sharp - pointed tenotome , a pair of tracheal forceps , a tracheal dilator , tracheotomy tubes , ligatures , sponges , a flexible catheter , and feathers '' . Haemostatic forceps were used to control bleeding from separated vessels that were not ligatured because of the urgency of the operation . Generally , they were used to expose the trachea by clamping the isthmus thyroid gland on both sides . To open the trachea physically , a sharp - pointed tentome allowed the surgeon easily to place the ends into the opening of the trachea . The thin points permitted the doctor a better view of his incision . Tracheal dilators , such as the `` Golding Bird '' , were placed through the opening and then expanded by `` turning the screw to which they are attached . '' Tracheal forceps , as displayed on the right , were commonly used to extract foreign bodies from the larynx . The optimum tracheal tube at the time caused very little damage to the trachea and `` mucus membrane '' . The best position for a tracheotomy was and still is one that forces the neck into the biggest prominence . Usually , the patient was laid on his back on a table with a cushion placed under his shoulders to prop him up . The arms were restrained to ensure they would not get in the way later . The tools and techniques used today in tracheotomies have come a long way . The tracheotomy tube placed into the incision through the windpipe comes in various sizes , thus allowing a more comfortable fit and the ability to remove the tube in and out of the throat without disrupting support from a breathing machine . In today 's world general anesthesia is used when performing these surgeries , which makes it much more tolerable for the patient . Special tracheostomy tube valves ( such as the Passy - Muir valve ) have been created to assist people in their speech . The patient can inhale through the unidirectional tube . Upon expiration , pressure causes the valve to close , redirecting air around the tube , past the vocal folds , producing sound . Significant improvements to surgical instruments for tracheotomy include the direct suction tracheotomy tube invented by Josephine G. Fountain ( RN ) ; she was awarded patent no . 3039469 in 1962 for the direct suction tracheotomy tube , which improved the ways mucus could be cleared from the trachea and increased patient breathing and comfort . Percutaneous tracheotomy ( edit ) While there were some earlier false starts , the first widely accepted percutaneous tracheotomy technique was described by Pat Ciaglia , a New York surgeon , in 1985 . This technique involves a series of sequential dilatations using a set of seven dilators of progressively larger size . The next widely used technique was developed in 1989 by Bill Griggs , an Australian intensive care specialist . This technique involves the use of a specially modified pair of forceps with a central hole enabling them to pass over a guidewire enabling the performance of the main dilation in a single step . Since then a number of other techniques have been described . In 1995 , Fantoni developed a translaryngeal approach of percutaneous tracheostomy which involves passing a guidewire through the larynx and over it railroading a tracheostomy tube with a cone shaped structure . It is also known as the In - and - out procedure . A variant of the original Ciaglia technique , using a single tapered dilator known as a `` blue rhino '' , is the most commonly used of these newer techniques and has largely taken over from the early multiple dilator technique . Ambesh SP ( 2005 ) introduced a T - Trach kit ( T - Dagger ) which contains a T - shaped dilator with an elliptical shaft . The shaft of the dilator is marked in its length according to the sizes of tracheostomy tube to be introduced and has a number of holes . This T - shaped dilator provides better grip during its introduction and its elliptical shaft forms a calibrated tracheal stoma between two tracheal rings and minimizes tracheal ring fracture . The Griggs and Ciaglia Blue Rhino techniques are the two main techniques in current use . A number of comparison studies have been undertaken between these two techniques with no clear differences emerging The translaryngeal tracheostomy tlt fantoni method ( edit ) The translaryngeal tracheostomy is a percutaneous technique characterized by the exclusive procedure to carry out the stoma . A cone of soft plastic material , welded to a flexible cannula , is passed into trachea through the glottis , and then extracted outside of the neck through the pretracheal layers . The direction of this dilational manoeuvre is from the inside of the tracheal lumen to the outside of the neck ( In / Out ) and therefore completely opposite to the Out / In of other traditional percutaneous tracheostomies . The cone is then separated from the cannula , which results in it being positioned in the trachea . This method ensures considerable advantages , two of which are of particular importance : the abolition of the risk of perforation of the posterior wall and the reduction of local trauma to a level that is unlikely to be further lowered . The use of a ventilation catheter during the time of the procedure allows full control of the airway and to extend the indications of the technique to patients with severe respiratory failure . Complications ( edit ) A 2000 Spanish study of bedside percutaneous tracheostomy reported overall complication rates of 10 -- 15 % and a procedural mortality of 0 % , which is comparable to those of other series reported in the literature from the Netherlands and the United States . A 2003 American cadaveric study identified multiple tracheal ring fractures with the Ciaglia Blue Rhino technique as a complication occurring in 100 % of their small series of cases . The comparative study above also identified ring fractures in 9 of 30 live patients while another small series identified ring fractures in 5 of their 20 patients . The long term significance of tracheal ring fractures is unknown . But the main complication of this procedure is obstruction of the hole due to accumulation of mucus produced by respiratory normal flora , which in turn will lead to hypoxia and further complications due to reduced level of oxygen received by lungs . Alternatives ( edit ) Biphasic cuirass ventilation is a form of non-invasive mechanical ventilation that can in many cases allow patients an alternative mode of respiratory support , allowing patients to avoid an invasive tracheostomy and its many complications . While this method has not been proven to help in every case , it has been shown to be an effective alternative for many . Routine care ( edit ) Suctioning ( edit ) Caring for a tracheotomy mostly includes suctioning to prevent occlusions and replacing supplies . Because of the lack of filtering and humidifying by the nose and the ineffective cough mechanism , there is a buildup of secretions . Suctioning is only performed when clinically necessary because there are many potential risks . Risks include hypoxia and so suctioning is limited to 10 to 20 seconds at a time and the patient is hyperoxygenated just before and after suctioning . Risks also include atelectasis , or collapsing lung tissue from high suction pressure , and so pressure is limited to 80 -- 120 mm Hg . Risks also include tissue damage . The suction catheter is inserted no more than 1 cm past the length of the tube to avoid contact with trachea tissue . Suctioning is only done during withdrawing the catheter at least 1 / 2 inch . Risks also include infection . History ( edit ) A tracheostomy from prior to the 20th century Prior to 16th century ( edit ) Tracheotomy was first depicted on Egyptian artifacts in 3600 BC . Hippocrates condemned the practice of tracheotomy as incurring an unacceptable risk of damage to the carotid artery . Warning against the possibility of death from inadvertent laceration of the carotid artery during tracheotomy , he instead advocated the practice of tracheal intubation . Despite the concerns of Hippocrates , it is believed that an early tracheotomy was performed by Asclepiades of Bithynia , who lived in Rome around 100 BC . Galen and Aretaeus , both of whom lived in Rome in the 2nd century AD , credit Asclepiades as being the first physician to perform a non-emergency tracheotomy . Antyllus , another Roman physician of the 2nd century AD , supported tracheotomy when treating oral diseases . He refined the technique to be more similar to that used in modern times , recommending that a transverse incision be made between the third and fourth tracheal rings for the treatment of life - threatening airway obstruction . In 1000 , Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi ( 936 -- 1013 ) , an Arab who lived in Arabic Spain , published the 30 - volume Kitab al - Tasrif , the first illustrated work on surgery . He never performed a tracheotomy , but he did treat a slave girl who had cut her own throat in a suicide attempt . Al - Zahrawi ( known to Europeans as Albucasis ) sewed up the wound and the girl recovered , thereby proving that an incision in the larynx could heal . Circa AD 1020 , Avicenna ( 980 -- 1037 ) described tracheal intubation in The Canon of Medicine in order to facilitate breathing . The first correct description of the tracheotomy operation for treatment of asphyxiation was described by Ibn Zuhr ( 1091 -- 1161 ) in the 12th century . According to Mostafa Shehata , Ibn Zuhr ( also known as Avenzoar ) successfully practiced the tracheotomy procedure on a goat , justifying Galen 's approval of the operation . 16th -- 18th centuries ( edit ) The European Renaissance brought with it significant advances in all scientific fields , particularly surgery . Increased knowledge of anatomy was a major factor in these developments . Surgeons became increasingly open to experimental surgery on the trachea . During this period , many surgeons attempted to perform tracheotomies , for various reasons and with various methods . Many suggestions were put forward , but little actual progress was made toward making the procedure more successful . The tracheotomy remained a dangerous operation with a very low success rate , and many surgeons still considered the tracheotomy to be a useless and dangerous procedure . The high mortality rate for this operation , which had not improved , supported their position . From the period 1500 to 1832 there are only 28 known reports of tracheotomy . In 1543 , Andreas Vesalius ( 1514 -- 1564 ) wrote that tracheal intubation and subsequent artificial respiration could be life - saving . Antonio Musa Brassavola ( 1490 -- 1554 ) of Ferrara treated a patient suffering from peritonsillar abscess by tracheotomy after the patient had been refused by barber surgeons . The patient apparently made a complete recovery , and Brassavola published his account in 1546 . This operation has been identified as the first recorded successful tracheostomy , despite many ancient references to the trachea and possibly to its opening . Ambroise Paré ( 1510 -- 1590 ) described suture of tracheal lacerations in the mid-16th century . One patient survived despite a concomitant injury to the internal jugular vein . Another sustained wounds to the trachea and esophagus and died . Hieronymus Fabricius Towards the end of the 16th century , anatomist and surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius ( 1533 -- 1619 ) described a useful technique for tracheotomy in his writings , although he had never actually performed the operation himself . He advised using a vertical incision and was the first to introduce the idea of a tracheostomy tube . This was a straight , short cannula that incorporated wings to prevent the tube from advancing too far into the trachea . He recommended the operation only as a last resort , to be used in cases of airway obstruction by foreign bodies or secretions . Fabricius ' description of the tracheotomy procedure is similar to that used today . Julius Casserius ( 1561 -- 1616 ) succeeded Fabricius as professor of anatomy at the University of Padua and published his own writings regarding technique and equipment for tracheotomy . Casserius recommended using a curved silver tube with several holes in it . Marco Aurelio Severino ( 1580 -- 1656 ) , a skillful surgeon and anatomist , performed multiple successful tracheotomies during a diphtheria epidemic in Naples in 1610 , using the vertical incision technique recommended by Fabricius . He also developed his own version of a trocar . In 1620 the French surgeon Nicholas Habicot ( 1550 -- 1624 ) , surgeon of the Duke of Nemours and anatomist , published a report of four successful `` bronchotomies '' which he had performed . One of these is the first recorded case of a tracheotomy for the removal of a foreign body , in this instance a blood clot in the larynx of a stabbing victim . He also described the first tracheotomy to be performed on a pediatric patient . A 14 - year - old boy swallowed a bag containing 9 gold coins in an attempt to prevent its theft by a highwayman . The object became lodged in his esophagus , obstructing his trachea . Habicot suggested that the operation might also be effective for patients suffering from inflammation of the larynx . He developed equipment for this surgical procedure which displayed similarities to modern designs ( except for his use of a single - tube cannula ) . Sanctorius ( 1561 -- 1636 ) is believed to be the first to use a trocar in the operation , and he recommended leaving the cannula in place for a few days following the operation . Early tracheostomy devices are illustrated in Habicot 's Question Chirurgicale and Julius Casserius ' posthumous Tabulae anatomicae in 1627 . Thomas Fienus ( 1567 -- 1631 ) , Professor of Medicine at the University of Louvain , was the first to use the word `` tracheotomy '' in 1649 , but this term was not commonly used until a century later . Georg Detharding ( 1671 -- 1747 ) , professor of anatomy at the University of Rostock , treated a drowning victim with tracheostomy in 1714 . 19th century ( edit ) In the 1820s , the tracheotomy began to be recognized as a legitimate means of treating severe airway obstruction . In 1832 , French physician Pierre Bretonneau employed it as a last resort to treat a case of diphtheria . In 1852 , Bretonneau 's student Armand Trousseau reported a series of 169 tracheotomies ( 158 of which were for croup , and 11 for `` chronic maladies of the larynx '' ) In 1858 , John Snow was the first to report tracheotomy and cannulation of the trachea for the administration of chloroform anesthesia in an animal model . In 1871 , the German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg ( 1844 -- 1924 ) published a paper describing the first successful elective human tracheotomy to be performed for the purpose of administration of general anesthesia . In 1880 , the Scottish surgeon William Macewen ( 1848 -- 1924 ) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe , as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with chloroform . At last , in 1880 Morrell Mackenzie 's book discussed the symptoms indicating a tracheotomy and when the operation is absolutely necessary . 20th century ( edit ) In the early 20th century , physicians began to use the tracheotomy in the treatment of patients afflicted with paralytic poliomyelitis who required mechanical ventilation . However , surgeons continued to debate various aspects of the tracheotomy well into the 20th century . Many techniques were described and employed , along with many different surgical instruments and tracheal tubes . Surgeons could not seem to reach a consensus on where or how the tracheal incision should be made , arguing whether the `` high tracheotomy '' or the `` low tracheotomy '' was more beneficial . The currently used surgical tracheotomy technique was described in 1909 by Chevalier Jackson of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Jackson emphasised the importance of postoperative care , which dramatically reduced the death rate . By 1965 , the surgical anatomy was thoroughly and widely understood , antibiotics were widely available and useful for treating postoperative infections , and other major complications had also become more manageable . See also ( edit ) Cricothyrotomy Laryngotomy List of surgeries by type References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molnar , Heather . `` Types of Tracheostomy Tubes '' . Jump up ^ Romaine F. Johnson ( 6 March 2003 ) . `` Adult Tracheostomy '' . Houston , Texas : Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , Baylor College of Medicine . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jonathan P Lindman ; Charles E Morgan ( 7 June 2010 ) . `` Tracheostomy '' . emedicine from WebMD . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eberhardt , Lars Karl ( 2008 ) . `` Dilatational Tracheostomy on an Intensive Care Unit '' . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , C.R. , Lillis , C. , LeMone , P. , Lynn , P. ( 2011 ) Fundamentals of nursing : The art and science of nursing care . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , page 1382 - 1383 , 1404 . ^ Jump up to : Wharton , Henry R. ( January 1897 ) . `` Minor Surgery and Bandaging '' . American Journal of the Medical Sciences . 113 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 106 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000441 - 189701000 - 00008 . ^ Jump up to : Alfio Ferlito ; Alessandra Rinaldo ; Ashok R. Shaha ; Patrick J. Bradley ( December 2003 ) . `` Percutaneous Tracheotomy '' . Acta Otolaryngologica. 123 ( 9 ) : 1008 -- 1012 . doi : 10.1080 / 00016480310000485 . PMID 14710900 . Jump up ^ Passy , Victor ; Baydur , A. ; Prentice , W. ; Darnell - Neal , R. ( June 1993 ) . `` Passy - muir ® tracheostomy speaking valve on ventilator - dependent patients '' . Laryngoscope. 103 ( 6 ) : 653 -- 658 . doi : 10.1288 / 00005537 - 199306000 - 00013 . PMID 8502098 . Jump up ^ James H. Cullen ( 1 June 1963 ) . `` An Evaluation of Tracheostomy in Pulmonary Emphysema '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 58 ( 6 ) : 953 -- 960 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 58 - 6 - 953 . PMID 14024192 . Jump up ^ US patent 3039469 Jump up ^ Ciaglia P , Firsching R , Syniec C ( June 1985 ) . `` Elective percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy . A new simple bedside procedure ; preliminary report '' . Chest. 87 ( 6 ) : 715 -- 9 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 87.6. 715 . PMID 3996056 . Jump up ^ Griggs WM , Worthley LI , Gilligan JE , Thomas PD , Myburg JA ( June 1990 ) . `` A simple percutaneous tracheostomy technique '' . Surgery , Gynecology & Obstetrics. 170 ( 6 ) : 543 -- 5 . PMID 2343371 . Jump up ^ Ambesh SP , Tripathi M , Pandey CK , Pant KC , Singh PK ( July 2005 ) . `` Clinical evaluation of the ' T - Dagger ' : a new bedside percutaneous dilational tracheostomy device '' . Anaesthesia. 60 ( 7 ) : 708 -- 11 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2044.2005. 04236. x . PMID 15960723 . ^ Jump up to : Ambesh SP , Pandey CK , Srivastava S , Agarwal A , Singh DK ( December 2002 ) . `` Percutaneous tracheostomy with single dilatation technique : a prospective , randomized comparison of Ciaglia blue rhino versus Griggs ' guidewire dilating forceps '' . Anesthesia and Analgesia. 95 ( 6 ) : 1739 -- 45 , table of contents . doi : 10.1097 / 00000539 - 200212000 - 00050 . PMID 12456450 . Jump up ^ Añón JM , Gómez V , Escuela MP , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Percutaneous tracheostomy : comparison of Ciaglia and Griggs techniques '' . Critical Care . 4 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 8 . doi : 10.1186 / cc667 . PMC 29040 . PMID 11056749 . Jump up ^ van Heurn LW , van Geffen GJ , Brink PR ( July 1996 ) . `` Clinical experience with percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy : report of 150 cases '' . The European Journal of Surgery . 162 ( 7 ) : 531 -- 5 . PMID 8874159 . Jump up ^ Polderman KH , Spijkstra JJ , de Bree R , et al. ( May 2003 ) . `` Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the ICU : optimal organization , low complication rates , and description of a new complication '' . Chest. 123 ( 5 ) : 1595 -- 602 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 123.5. 1595 . PMID 12740279 . Jump up ^ Hill BB , Zweng TN , Maley RH , Charash WE , Toursarkissian B , Kearney PA ( August 1996 ) . `` Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy : report of 356 cases '' . The Journal of Trauma . 41 ( 2 ) : 238 -- 43 ; discussion 243 -- 4 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005373 - 199608000 - 00007 . PMID 8760530 . Jump up ^ Powell DM , Price PD , Forrest LA ( February 1998 ) . `` Review of percutaneous tracheostomy '' . The Laryngoscope. 108 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 7 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005537 - 199802000 - 00004 . PMID 9473064 . Jump up ^ Hotchkiss KS , McCaffrey JC ( January 2003 ) . `` Laryngotracheal injury after percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in cadaver specimens '' . The Laryngoscope. 113 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 20 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005537 - 200301000 - 00003 . PMID 12514375 . Jump up ^ Byhahn C , Lischke V , Halbig S , Scheifler G , Westphal K ( March 2000 ) . `` Ciaglia Blue Rhino : Ein weiterentwickeltes Verfahren der perkutanen Dilatationstracheotomie '' ( Ciaglia blue rhino : a modified technique for percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy . Technique and early clinical results ) . Der Anaesthesist ( in German ) . 49 ( 3 ) : 202 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s001010050815 . PMID 10788989 . Jump up ^ university of Jordan . Faculty of medicine , department of anesthesia . Jump up ^ Steven E. Sittig ; James E. Pringnitz ( February 2001 ) . `` Tracheostomy : evolution of an airway '' ( PDF ) . AARC Times : 48 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Patricia Skinner ( 2008 ) . `` Unani - tibbi '' . In Laurie J. Fundukian . The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Farmington Hills , Michigan : Gale Cengage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4144 - 4872 - 5 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mostafa Shehata ( April 2003 ) . `` The Ear , Nose and Throat in Islamic Medicine '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 2 ( 3 ) : 2 -- 5 . ISSN 1303 - 667X . ^ Jump up to : Goodall , E.W. ( 1934 ) . `` The story of tracheostomy '' . British Journal of Children 's Diseases . 31 : 167 -- 76 , 253 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Armytage WHG ( 1960 ) . `` Nova et Vetera '' . British Medical Journal . 1 ( 5179 ) : 1129 -- 1130 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5179. 1129 . PMC 1966956 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Habicot ( 1620 ) . Question chirurgicale par laquelle il est démonstré que le Chirurgien doit assurément practiquer l'operation de la Bronchotomie , vulgairement dicte Laryngotomie , ou perforation de la fluste ou du polmon ( in French ) . Paris : Corrozet . p. 108 . Jump up ^ Sanctorii Sanctorii ( 1646 ) . Sanctorii Sanctorii Commentaria in primum fen , primi libri canonis Avicennæ ( in Latin ) . Venetiis : Apud Marcum Antonium Brogiollum . p. 1120 . OL 15197097M . Jump up ^ Julius Casserius ( Giulio Casserio ) and Daniel Bucretius ( 1632 ) . Tabulae anatomicae LXXIIX ... Daniel Bucretius ... XX . que deerant supplevit & omnium explicationes addidit ( in Latin ) . Francofurti : Impensis & coelo Matthaei Meriani . Jump up ^ Cawthorne T , Hewlett AB , Ranger D ( 1959 ) . `` Discussion : Tracheostomy To - Day '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine . 52 ( 6 ) : 403 -- 405 . PMC 1871130 . PMID 13667911 . Jump up ^ Georges Detharding ( 1745 ) . `` De methodo subveniendi submersis per laryngotomiam ( 1714 ) '' . In Von Ernst Ludwig Rathlef ; Gabriel Wilhelm Goetten ; Johann Christoph Strodtmann . Geschichte jetzlebender Gelehrten , als eine Fortsetzung des Jetzlebenden . Zelle : Berlegts Joachim Undreas Deek . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Price JL ( 1962 ) . `` THE EVOLUTION OF BREATHING MACHINES '' . Medical History . 6 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 72 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300026867 . PMC 1034674 . PMID 14488739 . Jump up ^ Wischhusen HG , Schumacher GH ( 1977 ) . `` Curriculum vitae des Rostocker Professors für Anatomie , Botanik und der höheren Mathematik '' ( Curriculum vitae of the professor of anatomy , botany and higher mathematics Georg Detharding ( 1671 -- 1747 ) at the University of Rostock ) . Anatomischer Anzeiger ( in German ) . 142 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 133 -- 40 . PMID 339777 . Jump up ^ Armand Trousseau ( 1833 ) . `` Mémoire sur un cas de tracheotomie pratiquée dans la période extrème de croup '' . Journal des connaissances médico - chirurgicales. 1 ( 5 ) : 41 . Jump up ^ Armand Trousseau ( 1852 ) . `` Nouvelles recherches sur la trachéotomie pratiquée dans la période extrême du croup '' . In Jean Lequime and J. de Biefve . Annales de médecine belge et étrangère . Brussels : Imprimerie et Librairie Société Encyclographiques des Sciences Médicales . pp. 279 -- 288 . Jump up ^ Snow , J ( 1858 ) . `` Fatal cases of inhalation of chloroform , Treatment of suspended animation from chloroform '' . In Richardson , BW . On chloroform and other anaesthetics : their action and administration . London : John Churchill . pp. 120 -- 200 , 251 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Trendelenburg , F ( 1871 ) . `` Beiträge zu den Operationen an den Luftwegen '' ( Contributions to airways surgery ) . Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie ( in German ) . 12 : 112 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Macewen , W ( 1880 ) . `` General Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth , Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 1021 ) : 122 -- 4 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.1021. 122 . PMC 2241154 . PMID 20749630 . Jump up ^ Macewen , W ( 1880 ) . `` Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth , Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy '' . British Medical Journal . 2 ( 1022 ) : 163 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.1022. 163 . PMC 2241109 . PMID 20749636 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tracheotomy . Look up tracheotomy , pharyngotomy , laryngotomy , or tracheostomy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Plotnikow GA , Roux N , Feld V , et al. ( October 2013 ) . `` Evaluation of tracheal cuff pressure variation in spontaneously breathing patients '' . International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science . 3 ( 4 ) : 262 -- 8 . doi : 10.4103 / 2229 - 5151.124148 . PMC 3891193 . PMID 24459624 . Tracheotomy Info ( A Community For Tracheotomy - wearers and the people who love them ) at tracheotomy.info Tracheostomy Products and Support ( Online resource for tracheostomy products , supplies and support ) at trachs.com Aaron 's tracheostomy page ( Caring for a tracheostomy ) at tracheostomy.com ( Pictures with video clipping ) at drtbalu.com ( 1 ) ( 2 ) `` Tracheotomy '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Smiths Medical Tracheostomy Training Videos A Video of Rescue Breathing for Laryngectomees and Neck Breathers `` Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet '' , is a manuscript from 1497 that discusses tracheotomies Site and blog with information about tracheostomies Global Tracheostomy Collaborative . International collaborative with resources for hospitals , caregivers , and patients about tracheostomies , including international research ( 3 ) Dilatational Tracheostomy On An Intensive Care Unit ( hide ) Tests , surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 21 -- 22 , 30 -- 34 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0B ) Upper RT nose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry Acoustic rhinometry sinus Sinusotomy larynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RT trachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomy bronchus Bronchoscopy lung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart - lung transplant Chest wall , pleura , mediastinum , and diaphragm pleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tube mediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High - resolution computed tomography Spiral CT Ventilation / perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB - 65 Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracheotomy&oldid=817280702 '' Categories : Emergency medical procedures Otorhinolaryngology Trachea surgery Sleep surgery Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 10 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is a stoma in the throat for | [
"Tracheotomy (US: /ˌtreɪkiˈɒtəmi/ tray-kee-AW-tə-mee) or tracheostomy, is a surgical procedure which consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe). The resulting stoma (hole), can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheal tube or tracheostomy tube[1] to be inserted; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of the nose or mouth."
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"allows a person to breathe without the use of the nose or mouth"
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-7458391821227402288 | List of Counting On episodes | List of Counting on episodes - wikipedia List of Counting on episodes Jump to : navigation , search Counting On ( formerly Jill & Jessa : Counting On ) is an American reality television show that has aired on the cable channel TLC since 2015 . A spin - off show of 19 Kids and Counting , it features the Duggar family : Jill Dillard , Jessa Seewald , sixteen of their seventeen siblings , and parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar . The show was created in the wake of the Josh Duggar molestation controversy and subsequent cancellation of 19 Kids and Counting . As of July 24 , 2017 , 39 episodes of Counting On have aired , concluding the fifth season . Season 6 premiered on September 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) 8 March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 13 August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 7 January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 5 8 June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 6 TBA September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` A New Chapter '' December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) It was the happiest time in Jill & Jessa 's lives : a new baby , a new marriage , a new chapter of life . Then devastating news about older brother Josh was revealed & their worlds were shattered . Jill & Jessa share how their lives have changed forever . `` Baby Shower & A New Home '' December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) Over the last few months Jill and Jessa grew even closer as sisters as they walked through this difficult time together . Now , just a couple of weeks away from Jessa 's due date , Jill and Derick leave for their new lives in Central America . `` Counting One More '' December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) Jill and Derick adjust to the challenges of their new life in Central America . Then it 's finally time to meet Baby Seewald and find out if it 's a boy or girl ! When labor complications arise , Jessa is rushed to the hospital . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` At Home & Away '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) Jessa & Ben navigate life as a family of 3 with new baby , Spurgeon . Jill & Derick settle into their home in Central America as Israel starts to hit new milestones . Later , Jessa enlists her sisters to help prepare a fall feast for the whole family . 5 `` Date Nights & Bright Lights '' March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) Jana and Jessa embark on a large DIY lighting project while the rest of the family travels to Central America . Then Jessa and Ben go on their first date since Spurgeon was born , will his presence wreck the romance ? 6 `` Jinger Flips '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) Jessa goes out for coffee with Jana and Anna , leaving Ben in charge of Spurgeon . Jinger buys a car at auction with the intention of flipping while Jana starts a new project with her brothers . Jill and Derick introduce Israel to their love of pickles . 7 `` Surprise ! '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) The siblings continue construction on their treehouse , which gets bigger and bigger . Joy and Sierra plan a secret baby shower , but worry about pulling off the surprise . Jill and Derick have surprise guests in Central America . 8 5 `` Ben Drops Beats '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) The siblings continue work on the family treehouse , but the cold weather hinders their efforts . Later , Ben & Jessa travel to St. Louis to meet with Christian hip - hop artist , Flame & learn about his work . Inspired , Ben steps into the recording booth . 9 6 `` Girls Hit the Road '' April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) After weeks of work the treehouse is ready for a big reveal ! The girls hit the road for a weekend away , but a surprise on the way leads to an unexpected detour . Once at their destination , the girls enjoy quality time together and lots of girl talk . 10 7 `` Family Reunion '' April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) Jessa , Ben & Spurgeon travel to Central America to visit Jill , Derick & Israel . As they prepare for the trip , they travel down memory lane , revisiting Jessa 's milestone moments , from engagement to motherhood , that have led to this emotional reunion . 11 8 `` Israel Meets Spurgeon '' May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) Jessa & Ben experience what life is like for Jill & Derick while living in a foreign country with a young son . Jill and Derick remember their beginnings together in Nepal and the adventures that have led them to the mission field in Central America . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 12 `` A Courtship Begins '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) On the season premiere of Counting On , Jessa and Ben discuss future additions to their growing family as Jill and Derick face hardships while continuing mission work in Central America . Jinger gets ready to take a big step with a special someone ! 13 `` It 's Official ! '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) Jinger brings Jeremy over for his first meal with the family . The couple makes a call to Jill & Derick for some courtship advice . Ben & Jessa discuss his plan for youth outreach . Later , the older siblings participate in wilderness survival training . 14 `` Duggars in the Wild '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) After a scary encounter with a nighttime visitor , the Duggar siblings continue their wilderness training . Jill & Derick celebrate their second anniversary with some creature comforts , and Jessa and Ben marvel at how quickly their baby is growing up ! 15 `` Meet the Parents '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Jinger , accompanied by Jim Bob and Michelle , heads to Laredo , TX to meet Jeremy 's parents for the first time . Will she meet with their approval ? Meanwhile , back home , Joy gets her first flying lesson and Jana plans a graduation party for 3 siblings . 16 5 `` A Big Surprise '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) Jeremy makes a secret trip to Arkansas , but before surprising Jinger , he and Ben do some browsing for engagement rings . Then , Jessa and Ben give their rapper friend , Flame , a taste of Duggar family life . 17 6 `` The Big Event '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) Ben hosts a youth football camp with a group of former NFL players . Meanwhile , Jana hatches a plan to redecorate the guesthouse Jill and Derick will be staying in when they return from Central America . Jinger and Jeremy plan a special trip to NYC . 18 7 `` Guys ' Guide to Courting '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) Jinger , Jeremy , and chaperones go on a whirlwind trip to see his family and friends . Will delayed flights ruin a big surprise Jeremy has planned ? And we take a look back at past Duggar courtships and hear the guys ' tips for a successful relationship . 19 8 `` Proposal in the City '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) Jinger , Michelle , Jessa , Ben and Spurgeon are all in the northeast meeting some of Jeremy 's family & friends and visiting his old stomping grounds . Little does Jinger know , Jeremy has an important question he plans to ask before the trip is over ! 20 9 `` Jessa 's Announcement '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) Jinger & Jeremy celebrate their engagement in NYC . Meanwhile , Jill & Derick wrap up their mission work in Central America and are greeted with a big surprise party in Arkansas , but in the end , Jessa & Ben have an even bigger surprise of their own . 21 10 `` The After Show '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) The family comes together to relive some of the most memorable moments from season 2 . Plus , before the reunion is over , there is a surprise guest in store for the cast . 22 11 `` Duggars at the Altar '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) Take a look back at the Duggar daughter marriages ! In two super-sized weddings , Jill and Jessa walked down the aisle just months apart , Jill with Derick and Jessa with Ben . Relive each ceremony and first kiss ! 23 12 `` Courting Jinger '' November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) The big day is almost here ! Count down to Jinger 's wedding with a look back at the special place she 's held in the Duggar household . 24 13 `` Jinger 's Wedding '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) After months of anticipation , Jinger and Jeremy 's wedding day has finally arrived ! Take a first look at this special day as Jinger walks down the aisle to become Mrs. Jeremy Vuolo . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 25 `` The Jinger Gown '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) Jinger said yes to marrying Jeremy and now it 's time to start planning for the big day , which is just 3 months away ! The family takes a trip to DC to find Jinger 's perfect dress . But with more options than imagined , will she find her dream dress ? 26 `` Could it be Twins ? '' January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) Jessa and Ben listen to the heartbeat of Baby # 2 , which makes them wonder if it 's twins . They travel to see friend Flame in concert , and Ben takes center stage . Jinger continues with wedding planning and finalizes important details . 27 `` Bachelor Pad Makeover '' January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) Jinger and some of her siblings travel to Laredo to give Jeremy 's bachelor pad a makeover . When opinions clash , will they be able to come to a decorating decision ? Derick , Jill and Israel get some surprising news at their family wellness check - up . 28 `` The Bachelor Party '' February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) After weeks of wedding planning , it 's time to celebrate Jinger and Jeremy with a Bachelor and Bachelorette weekend full of friends and family . Jessa and Ben find out the gender of Baby # 2 . Derick returns to OSU to reprise his role as Pistol Pete . 29 5 `` All About Jinger '' February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) Jinger packs for her move to Texas , which includes a surprise gift from her family . She , Jeremy & Jed drive to her future home in Laredo . As they anticipate her big move , the siblings take a trip down memory lane remembering Jinger through the years . 30 6 `` The Big Day '' February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) After months of planning , Jinger 's wedding day is here ! The final details from dress fittings to surprise decorations are put into place and family and friends come together to celebrate Jinger and Jeremy as they become Mr. and Mrs. Vuolo . 31 7 `` A Honeymoon & a Courtship '' February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) Jinger and Jeremy have said `` I do , '' and now the newlyweds finally get to enjoy some alone time . Mr. and Mrs. Vuolo head down under for their honeymoon in Australia . Meanwhile , back in Arkansas , another Duggar enters a courtship . Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 32 `` Joy 's Wedding '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) In the season premiere , Joy and Austin 's wedding day finally arrives ; and another Duggar reveals a surprise that leaves the guests in shock . 33 `` Spurgeon 's First Birthday '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) Spurgeon 's first birthday brings the family together for a celebration . Meanwhile , Joy and Austin work on a house - flipping project ; and in Laredo , things heat up in the kitchen with Jinger and Jeremy . 34 `` Triple Date Night '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) Ben , Derick and Austin enjoy an afternoon at a trampoline park while Jessa , Jill and Joy shop for the perfect date night outfit . Jill and Derick share some big news with Israel . Meanwhile in Laredo , Jinger and Jeremy settle into married life . 35 `` A New Baby '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) Jessa 's due date is near , so family and friends help the Seewalds prepare for the new baby . Meanwhile , Joy and Austin 's house - flipping project continues ; and Austin asks Jim Bob an important question . 36 5 `` A Boy or Girl for Jill ? '' July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) The Seewalds are adjusting to being a family of four . In Laredo , Jinger and Jeremy learn Spanish and test their skills at a local restaurant . Meanwhile , Joy enjoys dinner with Austin 's family . Then the Dillards reveal the gender of baby number two ! 37 6 `` Joy Gets Engaged '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) The Dillards prepare for their return to Central America ; Jinger puts together a care package for her family back in Arkansas ; Austin asks Joy a very important question ; Joe asks for permission to enter courtship with Kendra Caldwell . 38 7 `` The After Show Part 1 '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) In part one of the two - part After Show special , host Daphne Oz digs a little deeper into some of last season 's biggest moments ; including courtships , weddings , babies , and some insight on what is going on behind the scenes . 39 8 `` The After Show Part 2 '' July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) In part two of the two - part After Show special , host Daphne Oz gets the Duggars ' reaction to some of the biggest moments of last season , and the happy couples square off in a round of `` The Couples Showdown '' . Stay tuned for a special guest or two ! Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 40 `` A New Courtship '' September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) The Seewalds and Vuolos meet up in San Antonio and take a stroll down memory lane . Joy begins her wedding planning with a walk through of the venue . The Dillards get settled in Central America and Joe asks Kendra an important question . 41 `` Let Them Eat Cake '' September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) Wedding planning continues , as Joy tastes cake with Austin and shops for bridesmaid dresses . Joe and Kendra enjoy a rollerblading date . The Vuolos take a cooking class together in Laredo , and renovations begin on Joy and Austin 's house . 42 `` Finding Joy 's Dress '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 43 `` Joy and Austin 's Camping Trip '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 44 5 `` Tomboy Joy '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 45 6 * `` Joy and Austin Tie the Knot '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 46 7 `` Joseph 's Wedding '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) Notes ( edit ) * Two hour special . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Counting On Facebook Page '' . Counting On TLC. 2017 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Counting_On_episodes&oldid=805532257 '' Categories : Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 00 : 39 . About Wikipedia | when is season 6 of counting on coming out | [
"As of July 24, 2017,[update] 39 episodes of Counting On have aired, concluding the fifth season. Season 6 premiered on September 11, 2017.[1]"
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"September 11, 2017"
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3636146590873494813 | InterContinental Hotels Group | InterContinental Hotels Group - wikipedia InterContinental Hotels Group Jump to : navigation , search InterContinental Hotels Group plc Type Public limited company Traded as LSE : IHG NYSE : IHG FTSE 100 Component Industry Conglomerate ( Hotels ) Founded 2003 April 15 ( origins trace back to 1777 ) Headquarters Denham , Buckinghamshire , United Kingdom Key people Christopher Marshall ( Chairman ) Keith Barr ( CEO ) Services Hospitality Revenue $1,784 million ( 2017 ) Operating income $759 million ( 2017 ) Net income $593 million ( 2017 ) Number of employees More than 375,000 people work across IHG 's hotels and corporate offices globally Divisions Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Hotel Indigo IHG Army Hotels InterContinental Staybridge Suites Website www.ihgplc.com InterContinental Hotels Group plc , informally InterContinental Hotels or IHG , is a British multinational hotels company headquartered in Denham , Buckinghamshire . IHG has nearly 800,000 guest rooms and more than 5,300 hotels across nearly 100 countries . IHG has a broad portfolio of brands , including Candlewood Suites , Crowne Plaza , Even Hotels , Holiday Inn , Holiday Inn Express , Hotel Indigo , Hualuxe , InterContinental , Kimpton Hotels and Resorts and Staybridge Suites . Additionally , in March 2018 , IHG announced that it has agreed to buy a 51 % majority stake in Regent Hotels for $39 million and hopes to expand the brand 's footprints to 40 hotels from the current six hotels . IHG also manages IHG ® Rewards Club , its global loyalty programme . As of 2012 , of IHG 's more than 5,300 hotels , 4,433 operated under franchise agreements , 907 were managed by the company but separately owned , and eight were directly owned . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Bass Hotels 1.2 InterContinental 2 Operations 3 Criticism 3.1 International boycott 3.2 Price fixing 3.3 Data breach 3.4 VAT rules 3.5 Living wage 4 Brands 5 Notable properties 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Bass Hotels ( edit ) The origins of InterContinental Hotels Group can be traced back to 1777 , when William Bass established the Bass Brewery in Burton - upon - Trent . In 1876 , its red triangle logo was the first ever trademark registered in the United Kingdom . In 1969 , Bass Charrington as it was at the time launched the Crest Hotel chain , marking its first entry into the lodging sector as it made steps to diversify its portfolio . In 1989 , the British Government limited the number of pubs which brewers could directly own , resulting in Bass 's further investing in the expansion of its hotel business , this lef to it purchasing Holiday Inn International from shareholders and expanded into North America . InterContinental ( edit ) Pan American Airways founder Juan Trippe established the Intercontinental Hotels chain as a division of PanAm and opened the first hotel in Belém , Brazil in 1946 . On August 19 , 1981 , PanAm sold the holding company Inter-Continental Hotels Corporation ( IHC ) to UK - based Grand Metropolitan for $500 million . As GrandMet focused its core business and expanded into fast food through the purchase of Burger King , it sold IHC to the Japanese - based Saison Group in 1988 . In March 1998 , Saison Group sold IHC to the British brewery Bass . In 2000 , Bass sold its brewing assets ( and the rights to the Bass name ) to the major Belgian brewer Interbrew for £ 2.3 billion and changed its name to Six Continents . In 2003 , the independent corporation InterContinental Hotels Group ( IHG ) was created after Six Continents split into two companies : Mitchells & Butlers took control of the restaurant assets , while IHG focused on hotels and soft drinks . IHG retained Britvic , the soft drinks division , until December 2005 when it sold its interest in the company by an initial public offering . In April / May 2014 , the company reportedly rejected a $10 billion takeover bid from an unknown suitor , believed to be Starwood . In April 2017 , the company announced that it been the subject of a malware attack and hackers had stolen credit card details . Operations ( edit ) Atrium interior at the Holiday Inn Sarasota Airport in Sarasota , Florida ; 3 or 4 star upmarket hotel An Uptown Houston Hotel Indigo InterContinental Foshan InterContinental Mark Hopkins San Francisco The company worldwide headquarters and Europe offices are in Denham , Buckinghamshire in England . The Americas office is in Dunwoody , Georgia in Greater Atlanta . The Asia , Middle East , and Africa offices are in Singapore . The Greater China offices are in Pudong , Shanghai . In 2006 , IHG and Lend Lease Group ( Lend Lease US Public Partnerships ) , joined forces in the Privatization of Army Lodging program . IHG Army Hotels is a division of IHG that manages on - post hotels and lodgings in 39 different locations in the U.S. , including Puerto Rico . Criticism ( edit ) International boycott ( edit ) The InterContinental Hotels Group became the target of an international boycott campaign in May 2013 , over their plan to operate an Intercontinental - brand luxury hotel in Lhasa , Tibet . According to campaigners from the Free Tibet campaign , the hotel was a `` PR coup for the Chinese government '' . Price fixing ( edit ) In July 2012 , the Office of Fair Trading alleged that IHG had broken competition law by preventing online travel agents from discounting the price of room - only hotel accommodation . In February 2014 , IHG agreed to end the practice of price fixing . Data breach ( edit ) In February 2017 , the hotel chain admitted to a data breach . They asserted that the compromise was rather minor , having only impacted 12 properties . However , in April 2017 it raised the number to 1200 hotels . The attackers had installed malware designed to access payment card data , which could be used to clone cards and make fraudulent payments . VAT rules ( edit ) In May 2012 , the UK Advertising Standards Authority ( ASA ) warned IHG that it must not use adverts showing prices for hotel rooms excluding VAT . Because the ASA thought the adverts were likely to be viewed by consumers who must pay VAT , it had decided the adverts were misleading . It ordered IHG that the ads must not appear in their current form again . However , in August 2012 , a report by Which ? magazine showed that the hotel chain was still breaching VAT rules . Living wage ( edit ) In November 2017 , the Mayor of London , Sadiq Khan , accused the hotel chain of reneging on a commitment to pay the living wage . Brands ( edit ) IHG Group has several brands : Avid Hotels Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts , the number two hotel brand in the world by number of rooms Holiday Inn Club Vacations Holiday Inn Express ( formerly known as Express by Holiday Inn in Europe , Middle East , Africa , Asia Pacific and South America ) Holiday Inn Garden Court Holiday Inn Resort Hotel Indigo Hualuxe Hotels & Resorts IHG Army Hotels InterContinental Kimpton Hotels & Restaurants Staybridge Suites Additionally , in March 2018 , the IHG announced that it has agreed to buy a 51 % majority stake in Regent Hotels for $39 million and hopes to expand the brand 's footprints to 40 hotels from the current six hotels . Notable properties ( edit ) The Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport is the former terminal building of Liverpool Speke Airport , constructed in the 1930s and used until 1986 . Its notable art deco features led to its listing as a heritage building , and subsequent adaption as a hotel . The hotel in the Wilshire Grand Tower in downtown Los Angeles is the largest InterContinental in the Americas and the tallest building in Los Angeles . The InterContinental Davos is well known for its modern architecture . Other notable properties include the historical InterContinental Paris Le Grand Hotel , the InterContinental Bordeaux Le Grand Hotel in France , and the InterContinental Amstel Amsterdam in the Netherlands . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2017 '' ( PDF ) . InterContinental Hotels Group PLC . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels Group PLC ADS '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IHG overview '' . InterContinental Hotels Group . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : InterContinental Hotels Group PLC ( IHG ) '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels buys majority stake in Regent Hotels '' . Reuters. 2018 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2012 '' ( PDF ) . IHG . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our History '' . Intercontinental Hotels Group . ihgplc.com . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pan Am Unit Sale '' . The New York Times . 11 September 1981 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Group to Buy Hotel Chain for $2.27 Billion : British Owner Accepts Seibu Saison 's Cash Offer for Inter-Continental '' . LA Times . 1 October 1988 . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Mitchells & Butlers . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Nick Golding ( 12 January 2005 ) . `` Britvic IPO sees staff get £ 750 shares each '' . Employee Benefits Group . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` InterContinental refuses a takeover bid worth $10 bn , claims report '' . International Travel News . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Inn hotel chain reveals malware attack that stole credit card info '' . USA Today . 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Us '' . InterContinental Hotels Group . Archived from the original on 17 August 2014 . Global headquarters and Europe office InterContinental Hotels Group PLC Broadwater Park Denham Buckinghamshire UB9 5HR UK Jump up ^ `` Denham Location Map '' ( PDF ) . InterContinental Hotels Group . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . IHG , Broadwater Park North Orbital Road , Denham , Buckinghamshire UB9 5HR Jump up ^ `` Map of Dunwoody '' . City of Dunwoody . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Privatized Army Lodging '' . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IHG Army Hotels portfolio to reach 39 U.S. military installations '' . Hotel Management . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania ( 23 May 2013 ) . `` Tibetan activists launch boycott of InterContinental over hotel plans '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ George , Sara ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Investigation into the hotel online booking sector '' . webarchive.NationalArchives.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Charlie . `` InterContinental data breach expands from 12 to 1,200 hotels '' . ZDNet.com . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hotels chains ' breaching VAT rules ' '' . The Telegraph . 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Inman , Phillip ( 10 November 2017 ) . `` Sadiq Khan : Holiday Inn owner has broken vow to pay living wage '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels Group PLC : Our brands -- Holiday Inn Hotels & Resorts '' . Ihgplc.com. 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 43 Hotel Brands Ranked by Number of Rooms '' . Hotel - Online . 3 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IHG PLC -- Holiday Inn Club Vacations fact sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels Group PLC : Our brands -- Holiday Inn Express '' . Ihgplc.com. 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` InterContinental Hotels buys majority stake in Regent Hotels '' . Reuters. 2018 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Recent History and Current Developments '' . Fola.org.uk . Friends of Liverpool Airport . Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Roger ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` Hotel under construction in downtown L.A. will be an InterContinental '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` The building they said they could n't build '' . Phaidon. 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to InterContinental hotels . A history of the Intercontinental Hotels Group by cosmopolis.ch Information of Public Interest - Holiday Inn Express Leigh InterContinental Hotels Group Brands Current Avid Hotels Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Holiday Inn Garden Court Hotel Indigo HUALUXE Hotels & Resorts IHG Army Hotels InterContinental Kimpton Hotels & Restaurants Staybridge Suites Former Holiday Inn Sunspree Resorts Notable hotels Crowne Plaza Crowne Plaza Beirut Crowne Plaza Belgrade Crowne Plaza Billings Crowne Plaza Christchurch ( former ) Crowne Plaza Christchurch ( current ) Crowne Plaza İzmir Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Crowne Plaza Niagara Falls -- Fallsview Crowne Plaza San Antonio Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf Crowne Plaza Times Square New York InterContinental InterContinental Amstel Amsterdam InterContinental Bali InterContinental Boston InterContinental Bucharest InterContinental Carlton Cannes InterContinental Davos InterContinental Dhaka InterContinental Dublin InterContinental Geneva InterContinental Hanoi Landmark 72 InterContinental Hong Kong InterContinental Kabul ( former ) InterContinental Kuwait Downtown InterContinental Kyiv InterContinental London Park Lane InterContinental Marseille Hotel Dieu InterContinental Miami InterContinental New York Barclay InterContinental Nha Trang InterContinental Paris Le Grand InterContinental Phnom Penh Hotel Ponce Intercontinental InterContinental San Francisco InterContinental Mark Hopkins San Francisco Shimao Wonderland Intercontinental InterContinental Toronto Centre InterContinental Warsaw Willard InterContinental Washington People Patrick Cescau Andy Cosslett Ian Prosser Richard Solomons Juan Trippe Kemmons Wilson Other Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Challenge Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial Category Commons FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom → FTSE 250 3i Admiral Group Anglo American Antofagasta Ashtead Group Associated British Foods AstraZeneca Aviva BAE Systems BHP BP Barclays Barratt Developments Berkeley Group Holdings British American Tobacco British Land BT Group Bunzl Burberry Carnival Centrica Coca - Cola HBC Compass Group CRH Croda International DCC Diageo Direct Line Group easyJet Evraz Experian Ferguson Fresnillo G4S GKN GlaxoSmithKline Glencore Halma Hammerson Hargreaves Lansdown HSBC Imperial Brands Informa InterContinental Hotels Group International Airlines Group Intertek ITV Johnson Matthey Just Eat Kingfisher Land Securities Legal & General Lloyds Banking Group London Stock Exchange Group Marks & Spencer Mediclinic International Micro Focus International Mondi Morrisons National Grid Next NMC Health Old Mutual Paddy Power Betfair Pearson Persimmon Prudential Randgold Resources Royal Bank of Scotland Reckitt Benckiser RELX Group Rentokil Initial Rio Tinto Group Rolls - Royce Royal Dutch Shell RSA Insurance Group Sage Group J Sainsbury Schroders Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Segro Severn Trent Shire Sky Smith , D.S. Smith & Nephew Smiths Group Smurfit Kappa SSE Standard Chartered Standard Life Aberdeen St. James 's Place Taylor Wimpey Tesco TUI Unilever United Utilities Vodafone Whitbread WPP Hotel chains Accor Adagio Fairmont Hotels Formule 1 / F1 / Formula 1 Ibis Budget Styles Mama Shelter Mercure / Grand Mercure MGallery Novotel Suite Novotel Pullman Raffles The Sebel Sofitel Swissotel Thalassa sea & spa BTG Homeinns Fairyland Hotel Home Inn Jianguo Jinglun Motel 168 Nanyuan Yitel Choice Hotels Ascend Collection Cambria Hotels & Suites Clarion Comfort Inn Comfort Suites Econo Lodge MainStay Suites Quality Inn Rodeway Inn Sleep Inn Suburban Extended Stay Hotel Hilton Canopy by Hilton Conrad Hotels Curio collection DoubleTree Embassy Suites Hampton by Hilton Hilton Garden Inn Hilton Grand Vacations Hilton Hotels & Resorts Home2 Suites Homewood Suites Tapestry Collection by Hilton Tru by Hilton Waldorf Astoria Hospitality International Downtowner Inns Master Host Inns Passport Inns Red Carpet Inn Scottish Inns Hyatt Andaz Grand Hyatt Hyatt Hyatt Centric Hyatt House Hyatt Place Hyatt Regency Hyatt Zilara / Hyatt Ziva Park Hyatt InterContinental Avid Hotels Candlewood Suites Crowne Plaza Even Hotels Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express Hotel Indigo InterContinental Kimpton Hotels Staybridge Suites Jinjiang 7 Days Inn Bestay Goldmet Inn Jin Jiang Hotels Jinjiang Inn Louvre Hotels Metropolo Vienna Marriott AC Hotels Aloft Hotels Autograph Collection Bulgari Hotels & Resorts Courtyard Delta Hotels Design Hotels EDITION Hotels Element by Westin ExecuStay Fairfield Inn Four Points Gaylord Hotels Grand Residences JW Marriott Le Méridien The Luxury Collection Marriott Conference Centers Marriott Executive Apartments Marriott Golf Marriott Hotels & Resorts Marriott Vacation Club Moxy Hotels Protea Hotels Renaissance Hotels Residence Inn Ritz - Carlton Ritz - Carlton Destination Club St. Regis Sheraton SpringHill Suites TownePlace Suites Tribute Portfolio W Hotels Westin Okura Nikko Hotel JAL Nikko Okura Pan Pacific Pan Pacific Parkroyal Radisson Country Inns & Suites Park Inn Park Plaza Quorvus Collection Radisson Radisson Blu Radisson Red Red Lion 3 Palms Hotels & Resorts America 's Best Inns Americas Best Value Inns Canadas Best Value Inns Country Hearth Inns & Suites GuestHouse Hotel RL Jameson Inn Lexington Hotels & Inns Red Lion Hotels Red Lion Inn & Suites Settle Inn Shangri - La Hotels Hotel Jen Kerry Hotels Shangri - La Traders Hotels Taj Hotels Gateway Ginger Taj Vivanta Two Roads Alila Hotels & Resorts Destination Hotels Joie de Vivre Hotels Thompson Hotels tommie Wyndham AmericInn Baymont Inn & Suites Days Inn Dolce Hotels and Resorts Hawthorn Suites Howard Johnson Knights Inn Microtel Inn And Suites Ramada Super 8 Travelodge TRYP by Wyndham Wingate by Wyndham Wyndham Grand Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Other Ace Aerowisata Aman Resorts Apex Aqua Archipelago Best Western Boscolo Budget Host Canad Inns Canalta Center Parcs Club Med Club Quarters Coast Cobblestone Dan Drury Hotels Easy Hotel Extended Stay America Fiesta Inn Four Seasons Hoshino Huazhu Hotels Iberostar InTown Suites Isrotel ITC Hotels Jumeirah Kempinski La Quinta Leading Hotels of the World Loews Lotte Magnuson Mandarin Oriental Marco Polo Masters Inn Meliá MGM Resorts Millennium & Copthorne Morgans Motel 6 Motel One Mövenpick My Place Hotels NH Oberoi Omni Outrigger Paradores Peninsula Pestana Pousadas de Portugal Premier Inn Prince Pueblo Bonito Red Roof Inn RIU Sandman Santika Indonesia Scandic Standard Steigenberger Swiss - Belhotel The Leela Thistle Toyoko Inn Trident Trump Value Place Virgin Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Defunct Adam 's Mark Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts AmeriHost Inn AmeriSuites Crest Hotels Cross Country Inn Denizen Hotels Esso Motor Hotel Exel Inn Forte Fred Harvey Friendship Inn Hiway House Imperial 400 Jack Tar Hotels Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott The Real Hotel Company Roundtowner Inn Shoney 's Inn Statler Hotels Summerfield Suites Susse Chalet Tage Inn United Hotels Company of America Vantage Hospitality Wilson World Hotels Lists Hotels chained - brand largest United States Motels Category Commons Buckinghamshire portal Companies portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=InterContinental_Hotels_Group&oldid=835566560 '' Categories : Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange Hotel and leisure companies of the United Kingdom Drink companies of the United Kingdom Companies based in Buckinghamshire Hospitality companies established in 2003 InterContinental Hotels Group Multinational companies headquartered in the United Kingdom Hospitality companies of Hong Kong Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | holiday inn express is part of what chain | [
"InterContinental Hotels Group plc, informally InterContinental Hotels or IHG, is a British multinational hotels company headquartered in Denham, Buckinghamshire.[2] IHG has nearly 800,000 guest rooms and more than 5,300 hotels across nearly 100 countries.[3] IHG has a broad portfolio of brands, including Candlewood Suites, Crowne Plaza, Even Hotels, Holiday Inn, Holiday Inn Express, Hotel Indigo, Hualuxe, InterContinental, Kimpton Hotels and Resorts and Staybridge Suites.[4] Additionally, in March 2018, IHG announced that it has agreed to buy a 51% majority stake in Regent Hotels for $39 million and hopes to expand the brand's footprints to 40 hotels from the current six hotels.[5]"
] | [
"InterContinental Hotels Group plc"
] |
1440529010375547529 | List of Manchester United F.C. managers | List of Manchester United F.C. Managers - wikipedia List of Manchester United F.C. Managers Jump to : navigation , search Sir Alex Ferguson , the most decorated manager in the history of Manchester United Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester . The club was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . The club was renamed Manchester United F.C. in 1902 , and moved to Old Trafford in 1910 . From the beginning of the club 's official managerial records in 1892 to the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Manchester United have had 22 full - time managers . The current manager is José Mourinho who took over from Louis van Gaal on 27 May 2016 . The longest - serving and most successful person to manage Manchester United is Sir Alex Ferguson , who won 13 Premier League titles , five FA Cups , four League Cups , 10 Community Shields , two UEFA Champions League titles , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup in his managerial reign of more than 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Managerial history 2 Statistics 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Managerial History ( edit ) From 1878 to 1914 , the team was selected by a committee whose secretary had the same powers and role as a manager has today . There were four secretaries during this period , A.H. Albut , James West , Ernest Mangnall and John Bentley . Ernest Mangnall was the first man to bring any major silverware to the club , winning the club 's first ever Football League title in 1908 . This was followed by the FA Cup the following season , and another league title in 1911 . Despite this success , though , he left the club a year later to join local rivals Manchester City . Coincidentally , Mangnall 's last match in charge of United was the Old Trafford derby of 7 September 1912 . John Bentley took over as club secretary , but was replaced two years later by Jack Robson , who became the club 's first full - time manager . He remained in the post for seven years , but resigned in December 1921 after succumbing to a bout of pneumonia . Robson was followed soon after by John Chapman . However , in Chapman 's first season at the club , they were relegated to the Second Division for the first time since 1906 . Three years in the Second Division followed , before promotion back to the First Division . After guiding the club to 9th place in the league and the FA Cup semi-finals in 1925 -- 26 , Chapman received a telegram from the Football Association on 8 October 1926 informing him of his suspension from management for the rest of the season ; no reason was given . Half - back Lal Hilditch took over for the remainder of the season , before Herbert Bamlett took permanent control . Bamlett was manager for four years , but was unable to muster any success , the club 's highest position during his reign being 12th . The club was relegated to the Second Division again in 1931 , and Bamlett was replaced by club secretary Walter Crickmer . This was Crickmer 's first of two spells as manager of the club , retaining his position as secretary all the while . It lasted only a season , though , as he failed to return the club to the First Division . In June 1932 , Scott Duncan was appointed as manager , but in his second season in charge he led the club to what remains a club record lowest League position ; 20th in the Second Division . The club held faith in Duncan though , and he managed to get the club back into the First Division by 1936 . However , the club was relegated again the following year , and Walter Crickmer resumed control until the end of the Second World War . Before the end of the war , the club approached Matt Busby , who had just turned down the opportunity to join the coaching staff at Liverpool , on the grounds that he wanted more responsibility over the playing side of the club than merely the selection of the team . United allowed Busby the responsibilities he requested , and in his first five seasons in charge he guided the team to four second - place finishes in the league , before finally winning his first title in 1952 . He soon set about replacing many of the more experienced players with a group of youths who came to be known as the `` Busby Babes '' . This team went on to win two league titles in 1955 -- 56 and 1956 -- 57 , as well as reaching two FA Cup finals . Unfortunately , the careers of many of the players were cut short by the Munich air disaster , which also left Busby fighting for his life . While Busby was in hospital recovering from the injuries he sustained in the air crash , his managerial duties were left to his assistant , Jimmy Murphy . After Busby recovered , he set about rebuilding his side , and within five years , in 1963 , he had won the FA Cup for the first time in 15 years . This was followed up by two league titles in three years , and then the greatest prize in European club football , the European Cup . He continued as manager for one more year after this success , leaving his managerial duties to club trainer Wilf McGuinness . McGuinness struggled in his new post , however , and Busby was convinced to return for the second half of the 1970 -- 71 season . However , he retired from football permanently that summer , and was succeeded that summer by Frank O'Farrell . O'Farrell's stay was short - lived , though , as his inability to control George Best 's extravagances forced the board to sack him with three years still to run on his contract . O'Farrell's replacement was to be Scotland coach , Tommy Docherty . Docherty left the Scotland job and his first task at United was to keep the club in the top flight . He managed it once , but he was unable to pull it off again and the club was relegated in 1973 -- 74 . They bounced straight back up the following season , though , and in their first season back in the top flight , the team cruised to a third - place finish and yet another FA Cup final . The next year , they went one better , beating Liverpool in the final to claim his first and only trophy at Old Trafford . It was soon discovered , however , that Docherty was having an affair with the wife of the club 's physiotherapist , and he was immediately fired , replaced by Queens Park Rangers ' manager Dave Sexton . Sexton remained in the United job for four years , but was unable to produce any silverware , and was replaced in 1981 by Ron Atkinson . Atkinson was able to rekindle the club 's cup success , leading his side to two FA Cups in his five - year tenure . He also oversaw a series of respectable finishes in the league , but after his disastrous start to the 1986 -- 87 season , he was sacked . His replacement , Alex Ferguson , had , in recent years , become the first manager to break the dominance of Rangers and Celtic in the Scottish league for over 15 years , winning the Scottish Premier Division title with Aberdeen three times in six years , as well as finishing as runner - up twice and winning the European Cup - Winners Cup . During his tenure , Ferguson was credited with the distinction of making some of the most shrewd purchases in the club 's history , including the signings of Peter Schmeichel and Eric Cantona , each for less than £ 1.5 million . With these signings , combined with the club 's many experienced players , Ferguson brought the league title back to Old Trafford for the first time in 26 years . In the following decade , he won the Premier League title another six times , including a hat - trick of titles from 1999 to 2001 , a feat that no other manager has yet achieved with the same club . In 1999 , he also led the club to an unprecedented Treble of Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League . Subsequently , he added another three league titles to his trophy haul , despite a number of promises of retirement . Ferguson won his 10th Premier League title in the 2007 -- 08 season , and followed this up with his second Champions League title 10 days later . In 2008 -- 09 , Ferguson guided United to another Premier League title , making Manchester United the only club and him the only manager to have won the English league title three times in a row twice . His 12th title , in the 2010 -- 11 season , was United 's 19th overall , overtaking Liverpool 's record of 18 . Ferguson won his 13th and final league title in the 2012 -- 13 season , making 20 titles overall for United . At the end of the season , Ferguson announced his retirement , and he was replaced by Everton manager David Moyes . In his first match , Moyes gave United their 20th Community Shield and his first trophy as United manager ; however , after failing to lead the club to Champions League qualification , he was sacked before the end of his first season , with Ryan Giggs taking temporary charge for the final four games of the 2013 -- 14 season where the club finished seventh , their lowest league finish since the establishment of the Premier League . Netherlands manager Louis van Gaal was appointed as Moyes ' permanent replacement on 19 May 2014 , taking charge after the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In his inaugural season , United signed many prominent players and returned to the Champions League with a 4th - place finish . In his second season , United finished in 5th place behind Manchester City , out of Champions League position , but won the 2016 FA Cup , the club 's first in a dozen years . The board , however , decided that not enough progress had been made from the previous season and Van Gaal was sacked on 23 May 2016 , just days after lifting the cup . He was replaced by two - time European champion and former Chelsea boss José Mourinho on 27 May 2016 . Mourinho became United 's fourth manager ( including Giggs ) in as many years since Ferguson 's retirement . Statistics ( edit ) Information correct as of 31 October 2017 . Only competitive matches are counted . Table headers Nationality -- If the manager played international football as a player , the country / countries he played for are shown . Otherwise , the manager 's nationality is given as their country of birth . From -- The year of the manager 's first game for Manchester United . To -- The year of the manager 's last game for Manchester United . P -- The number of games managed for Manchester United . W -- The number of games won as a manager . D -- The number of games draw as a manager . L -- The number of games lost as a manager . GF -- The number of goals scored under his management . GA -- The number of goals conceded under his management . Win % -- The total winning percentage under his management . Honours -- The trophies won while managing Manchester United . Key ( n / a ) = Information not available = Player - manager List of Manchester United F.C. managers Name Nationality From To GF GA Win % Honours Notes Albut , A.H. A.H. Albut England 000000001892 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1892 000000001900 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1900 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) 5000000000000000000 ♠ ( n / a ) West , James James West England 000000001900 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1900 000000001903 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1903 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7002159000000000000 ♠ 159 7002147000000000000 ♠ 147 07001407100000000000 ♠ 40.71 Mangnall , Ernest Ernest Mangnall England 000000001903 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1903 000000001912 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 1912 7002373000000000000 ♠ 373 7002202000000000000 ♠ 202 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7002700000000000000 ♠ 700 7002476000000000000 ♠ 476 07001541600000099999 ♠ 54.16 9997 2 First Division titles 1 FA Cup 2 Charity Shields Wallworth , T.J. T.J. Wallworth 0 ( n / a ) 000000001912 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 1912 000000001912 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 1912 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Bentley , John John Bentley England 000000001912 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 1912 000000001914 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1914 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 7002110000000000000 ♠ 110 07001439000000000000 ♠ 43.90 Robson , Jack Jack Robson England 000000001914 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1914 000000001921 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1921 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 7002207000000000000 ♠ 207 07001295000000000000 ♠ 29.50 Chapman , John John Chapman Scotland 000000001921 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1921 000000001926 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1926 7002221000000000000 ♠ 221 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7002287000000000000 ♠ 287 7002274000000000000 ♠ 274 07001389109999999999 ♠ 38.91 Hilditch , Lal Lal Hilditch England 000000001926 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1926 000000001927 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 1927 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 07001303000000000000 ♠ 30.30 Bamlett , Herbert Herbert Bamlett England 000000001927 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 1927 000000001931 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1931 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002374000000000000 ♠ 374 07001311500000000000 ♠ 31.15 Crickmer , Walter Walter Crickmer England 000000001931 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1931 000000001932 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 1932 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 07001395300000000000 ♠ 39.53 Duncan , Scott Scott Duncan Scotland 000000001932 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 1932 000000001937 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1937 7002235000000000000 ♠ 235 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 7002362000000000000 ♠ 362 07001391500000000000 ♠ 39.15 9995 1 Second Division title Crickmer , Walter Walter Crickmer England 000000001937 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 1937 000000001945 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1945 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7002131000000000000 ♠ 131 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 07001394700000000000 ♠ 39.47 Busby , Matt Matt Busby Scotland 000000001945 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1945 000000001969 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1969 7003112000000000000 ♠ 1,120 7002565000000000000 ♠ 565 7002263000000000000 ♠ 263 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 7003228600000000000 ♠ 2,286 7003153600000000000 ♠ 1,536 07001504500000000000 ♠ 50.45 9998 5 First Division titles 2 FA Cups 5 Charity Shields ( inc. 2 shared ) 1 European Cup Murphy , Jimmy Jimmy Murphy ( caretaker ) Wales 000000001958 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1958 000000001958 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1958 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 07001227300000000000 ♠ 22.73 McGuinness , Wilf Wilf McGuinness England 000000001969 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 1969 000000001970 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 1970 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 07001367800000000000 ♠ 36.78 Busby , Matt Matt Busby Scotland 000000001970 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 1970 000000001971 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1971 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 07001523800000000000 ♠ 52.38 OFarrell , Frank Frank O'Farrell Ireland 000000001971 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1971 000000001972 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1972 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7002115000000000000 ♠ 115 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 07001370400000000000 ♠ 37.04 Docherty , Tommy Tommy Docherty Scotland 000000001972 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 1972 000000001977 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 1977 7002228000000000000 ♠ 228 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 7002333000000000000 ♠ 333 7002252000000000000 ♠ 252 07001469300000000000 ♠ 46.93 9995 1 FA Cup 1 Second Division title Sexton , Dave Dave Sexton England 000000001977 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 1977 000000001981 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 1981 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7002290000000000000 ♠ 290 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 07001403009999900000 ♠ 40.30 9994 1 Charity Shield ( shared ) Atkinson , Ron Ron Atkinson England 000000001981 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1981 000000001986 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1986 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 7002461000000000000 ♠ 461 7002266000000000000 ♠ 266 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 9996 2 FA Cups 1 Charity Shield Ferguson , Alex Alex Ferguson Scotland 000000001986 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1986 000000002013 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2013 7003150000000000000 ♠ 1,500 7002895000000000000 ♠ 895 7002338000000000000 ♠ 338 7002267000000000000 ♠ 267 7003276900000000000 ♠ 2,769 7003136500000000000 ♠ 1,365 07001596700000000000 ♠ 59.67 9999 13 Premier League titles 5 FA Cups 4 League Cups 10 Community Shields ( inc. 1 shared ) 2 UEFA Champions Leagues 1 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1 UEFA Super Cup 1 Intercontinental Cup 1 FIFA Club World Cup Moyes , David David Moyes Scotland 000000002013 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2013 000000002014 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2014 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 07001529400000000000 ♠ 52.94 1 Community Shield Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs ( caretaker ) Wales 000000002014 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2014 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 Gaal , Louis van Louis van Gaal Netherlands 000000002014 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2014 000000002016 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2016 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 07001524300000000000 ♠ 52.43 1 FA Cup Mourinho , José José Mourinho Portugal 000000002016 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2016 Present 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 07001617300000000000 ♠ 61.73 1 Europa League 1 League Cup 1 Community Shield Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Win % is rounded to two decimal places ^ Jump up to : Secretary of the committee that chose the team Jump up ^ Information regarding A.H. Albut 's managerial record is unavailable due to his exact date of appointment being unknown . Jump up ^ Wallworth was only the club 's acting secretary , and , as such , he is not included in any official lists of the club 's managers . Jump up ^ Murphy was installed as the club 's caretaker manager while Busby was in hospital recovering from the Munich air disaster . Jump up ^ Five of Ferguson 's Community Shields were won while the competition was still known as the FA Charity Shield . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cawley , Steve ; James , Gary ( 1991 ) . The Pride of Manchester . ACL & Polar . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 9514862 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Down memory lane 1889 -- 1928 '' . This is The North East . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE & Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Matt Busby '' . ManUtdZone.com . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Football -- Docherty Sacked for Love Affair '' . 1977 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Atkinson , Ron : 1981 -- 1986 '' . ManUtdZone.com . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson : 21 best signings '' . Manchester United . Manchester Evening News . 7 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson celebrates title triumph '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ferguson to quit Man Utd in 2002 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 May 2001 . Retrieved 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United appoint Moyes '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United manager sacked by club '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal confirmed as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under James WEST '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Ernest MANGNALL '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under JJ BENTLEY '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under John ROBSON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under John CHAPMAN '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Clarence HILDITCH '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Herbert BAMLETT '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED under Walter CRICKMER '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Scott DUNCAN '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED under Sir Matt BUSBY '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Jimmy MURPHY '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Wilf McGUINNESS '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Frank O'FARRELL '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Tommy DOCHERTY '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Dave SEXTON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Ron ATKINSON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Sir Alex FERGUSON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under David MOYES '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Ryan GIGGS '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under Louis van GAAL '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED under José MOURINHO '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Murphy , Alex . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . `` Manchester United Managerial History '' . MUFCInfo.com . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . External links ( edit ) Managers at ManUtd.com Managers at StretfordEnd.co.uk Manchester United Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Current season History 1878 -- 1945 1945 -- 1969 1969 -- 1986 1986 -- 2013 Seasons Europe Munich air disaster Munich air disaster Busby Babes United Home stadium North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 ) Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 ) Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present ) Stretford End Sir Matt Busby Way Training ground The Cliff Trafford Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester derby Liverpool rivalry Leeds United rivalry Arsenal rivalry Supporters Independent Manchester United Supporters Association Manchester United Supporters ' Trust Red Army Media MUTV MU Radio Inside United Red Issue Red News United We Stand Related articles Fergie 's Fledglings United Trinity F.C. United of Manchester Glazer ownership Mascots 1915 British football betting scandal Railway station The Class of ' 92 Book : Manchester United F.C. Category : Manchester United F.C. Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC Manchester United F.C. -- managers Albut ( 1892 -- 1900 ) West ( 1900 -- 03 ) Mangnall ( 1903 -- 12 ) Bentley ( 1912 -- 14 ) Robson ( 1914 -- 21 ) Chapman ( 1921 -- 26 ) Hilditch ( 1926 -- 27 ) Bamlett ( 1927 -- 31 ) Crickmer ( 1931 -- 32 ) Duncan ( 1932 -- 37 ) Crickmer ( 1937 -- 45 ) Busby ( 1945 -- 69 ) Murphy ( 1958 ) McGuinness ( 1969 -- 70 ) Busby ( 1970 -- 71 ) O'Farrell ( 1971 -- 72 ) Docherty ( 1972 -- 77 ) Sexton ( 1977 -- 81 ) Atkinson ( 1981 -- 86 ) Ferguson ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Moyes ( 2013 -- 14 ) Giggs ( 2014 ) Van Gaal ( 2014 -- 16 ) Mourinho ( 2016 -- ) ( s ) = secretary ; ( p ) = player - manager ; ( c ) = caretaker Lists of English football managers by club Premier League Arsenal Bournemouth Burnley Brighton & Hove Albion Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Championship Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Bolton Wanderers Brentford Bristol City Burton Albion Cardiff City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Nottingham Forest Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers League One AFC Wimbledon Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bradford City Bristol Rovers Bury Charlton Athletic Doncaster Rovers Fleetwood Town Gillingham Milton Keynes Dons Northampton Town Oldham Athletic Oxford United Peterborough United Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Rochdale Rotherham United Scunthorpe United Shrewsbury Town Southend United Walsall Wigan Athletic League Two Accrington Stanley Barnet Cambridge United Carlisle United Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Colchester United Coventry City Crawley Town Crewe Alexandra Exeter City Forest Green Rovers Grimsby Town Lincoln City Luton Town Mansfield Town Morecambe Newport County Notts County Port Vale Stevenage Swindon Town Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town Non-League Hartlepool United Maidstone United Margate Tamworth Torquay United Tranmere Rovers York City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Manchester_United_F.C._managers&oldid=808101980 '' Categories : Manchester United F.C. managers Manchester United F.C. - related lists Lists of association football managers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Dts templates with deprecated parameters Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Español فارسی 한국어 Nederlands Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 22 : 05 . 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"The longest-serving and most successful person to manage Manchester United is Sir Alex Ferguson, who won 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, four League Cups, 10 Community Shields, two UEFA Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup in his managerial reign of more than 26 years."
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3109861403757016032 | 3rd Rock from the Sun (season 3) | 3rd Rock from the Sun ( season 3 ) - wikipedia 3rd Rock from the Sun ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search 3rd Rock from the Sun ( season 3 ) DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 27 Release Original network NBC Original release September 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 The third season of 3rd Rock from the Sun , an American television series , began September 24 , 1997 , and ended on May 20 , 1998 . It aired on NBC . The region 1 DVD was released on February 21 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Episodes 3 References 4 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) John Lithgow as Dick Solomon Kristen Johnston as Sally Solomon French Stewart as Harry Solomon Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Tommy Solomon Jane Curtin as Dr. Mary Albright Simbi Khali as Nina Campbell Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Mamie Dubcek Wayne Knight as Officer Don Leslie Orville Recurring cast ( edit ) David DeLuise as Bug Pollone Ian Lithgow as Leon Danielle Nicolet as Caryn Chris Hogan as Aubrey Pitman Ileen Getz as Dr. Judith Draper Shay Astar as August Leffler Jan Hooks as Vicki Dubcek Ron West as Dr. Vincent Strudwick John Cleese as Dr. Liam Neesam Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of 3rd Rock from the Sun episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 47 `` Fun with Dick and Janet ( Part 1 ) '' ( Part 3 ) Terry Hughes Bob Kushell & Mark Brazill September 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 24 ) 301 Harry , Sally and Tommy return to Earth , but are forced to bring along the Big Giant Head 's niece ( Roseanne Barr ) , who is assigned to act as Dick 's wife in order to keep his focus on the mission and off Mary . To make matters worse , the police suspect that aliens might have landed in Rutherford and have sent Officer Don to investigate . 48 `` Fun with Dick and Janet ( Part 2 ) '' ( Part 4 ) Terry Hughes John Lithgow September 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 24 ) 302 Dick comes up with a plan to get his new wife to leave him - by turning himself into the worst possible husband anyone could have . This does n't work , and despite all his attempts to keep his wife secret , Mary soon finds out and breaks up with him , furious . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 49 `` Tricky Dick '' Terry Hughes Bob Kushell & Christine Zander October 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 08 ) 305 Still bitter after their break - up , Dick and Mary begin a childish prank war against each other to try to prove , ironically , who is the biggest adult in the office . Sally attends yoga classes with Mary , where she begins to take a liking to her instructor ( Leigh McCloskey ) . At home , Tommy and his friends have formed a garage band and are practicing in the garage , while Harry wants desperately to be their roadie . 50 `` Dick - in - Law '' Terry Hughes Michael Glouberman & Andrew Orenstein October 15 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 15 ) 304 Mary is unable to tell her bitter , condescending parents ( Elaine Stritch and George Grizzard ) that another relationship has fallen through , and so invites Dick to meet her parents under the pretense that they are still to be married . Dick is quick to accompany her , thinking that if he can win her parents ' hearts , he might win back Mary 's . Back in Rutherford , Sally , Harry , and Tommy help Nina move out of her apartment , before Sally decides that she 'd like to move in . 51 5 `` Scaredy Dick '' Terry Hughes Bill Martin & Mike Schiff October 29 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 29 ) 306 Dick goes for a medical checkup but becomes scared and leaves before his appointment . Mary asks Sally and Tommy to house sit for her on Halloween in order to stop trick - or - treaters ( including Emile Hirsch ) egging her home while she is out . Harry , however , chooses to stay at home , where he encounters some very strange noises and starts to believe that there is a ghost in the house . 52 6 `` Moby Dick '' Terry Hughes Joe Fisch November 5 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 05 ) 303 When Dick discovers that he has put on a large amount of weight , Nina tells him that it 's because he 's sad about his breakup with Mary . Dick tries to slim by eating healthily and attending exercise classes , but nothing works and he ends up joining a weight loss group , where he runs into Mary . At home , Sally begins to grow attached to her new tomato plant and names it Jeremy , leading Don to fear the worst when he hears that Sally is spending lots of time with `` him . '' Meanwhile , Tommy is worried that August is cheating on him and sends Harry to investigate . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 53 7 `` Eleven Angry Men and One Dick '' Terry Hughes Christine Zander November 12 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 12 ) 307 Dick is called up for jury duty for the first time and struggles to deliver a guilty verdict on a clearly guilty man . Meanwhile , Sally , much to Officer Don 's distress , falls for a cockney ' artist ' called Seth , and makes herself over to look and sound just like him . Elsewhere , Harry and Tommy volunteer themselves for Mary 's class project - they must communicate without words for five days . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 54 8 `` A Friend in Dick '' Terry Hughes David Goetsch & Jason Venokur November 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 19 ) 308 Dick has two theater tickets for Peter Connolly 's ' King of the Jig ' left over from when he and Mary were dating , but upon realizing that he does n't have any friends to accompany him , he forges a friendship with Don and becomes jealous when Don wants to spend time with his other friends . Meanwhile , Sally 's ' artist ' boyfriend Seth voices his dislike of Connolly and Sally decides to lure him to Johnny Foam 's , while Tommy forces Harry to go to night school to earn a diploma , so that he can have the things that his friends do . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 55 9 `` Seven Deadly Clips '' Terry Hughes Mark Brazill December 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 03 ) 327 Clip show in which the Solomons review how some of their past experiences on Earth have involved the Seven Deadly Sins . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 56 10 `` Tom , Dick , and Mary '' Terry Hughes Bob Kushell & Mark Brazill December 10 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 10 ) 309 Tommy decides that he needs to find a woman who is closer to his real age , and pursues Mary , kicking up a fierce rivalry between himself and Dick . Sally finally gets a proper job , but her boss begins to sexually harass her , and she is fired . Harry is under orders not to watch any TV for a week , since Dick thinks he is watching too much of it . 57 11 `` Jailhouse Dick '' Terry Hughes Joe Fisch December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) 310 Dick takes care of a former radio tacky boss - turned felon Eddie , who comes back and because he feels he can make an honest man out of him , however things just end up going wrong . Dr. Albright is fed up with her dog Pepper and enlists Sally 's help in finding a new home for him . Back at home , Harry struggles to complete a book report on Little Women for night school . 58 12 `` Dick on a Roll '' Terry Hughes Andrew Orenstein & Michael Glouberman January 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 07 ) 311 After falling down the stairs while wheeling around in a wheelchair , Dick ends up in one , and leads a campaign to have a second ramp added to his building at Pendleton . Harry is delighted when Vicki Dubcek returns , but less than happy when she announces her newly established celibacy . Tommy , however , is annoyed because he is n't old enough to get into a nightclub that Sally and the others are frequenting . 59 13 `` The Great Dickdater '' Terry Hughes David Goetsch & Jason Venokur January 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 21 ) 312 Dick finally announces that he is ready to start dating again but finds that the women of Rutherford do n't want him . Meanwhile , Tommy and Harry find somebody 's wallet and return it to him , but after Mrs. Dubcek asks them how much in reward they were given , they stalk the owner until he coughs up . 60 14 `` 36 ! 24 ! 36 ! Dick ( Part 1 ) '' Terry Hughes Katy Ballard January 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 25 ) 313 When Rutherford becomes swamped with beautiful women ( Cindy Crawford , Angie Everhart , Irina Pantaeva and Beverly Johnson ) who ca n't wait to date Average Joes like Dick , Harry , Tommy and Officer Don , Sally begins to suspect that something 's amiss and takes it upon herself to investigate . Meanwhile , one of Mary 's old students has sent her tickets to Super Bowl XXXII in San Diego and she and Nina attend . 61 15 `` 36 ! 24 ! 36 ! Dick ( Part 2 ) '' Terry Hughes Michael Glouberman & Andrew Orenstein January 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 25 ) 314 In order to successfully infiltrate the ranks of the Venusians , Sally has offered herself up as a soldier and been taken to San Diego . Dick , Harry and Tommy eventually catch on and follow the women down there to try to rescue her and save the world from their master plan - to steal Earth 's supply of ' good stuff ' . Back in Rutherford , Don , Rico , Mrs. Dubcek and Judith settle down to watch the Super Bowl on TV . 62 16 `` Pickles and Ice Cream '' Terry Hughes Bob Kushell January 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 28 ) 315 Harry runs into trouble when his dog - like pet ' Pickles ' ( Bill Irwin ) from the Solomon 's home planet somehow makes it to Rutherford - in human form . Meanwhile , Sally pretends to be pregnant to get in with a group of expecting women , but Officer Don finds out and panics . 63 17 `` Auto Eurodicka '' Terry Hughes Mark Brazill February 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 04 ) 316 Dick meets a woman in line at the cinema and ends up having casual sex with her in his car . However , he soon runs into trouble when he brags about it and discovers that she is the mother of one of his students , Bug . Sally is shopping for her own car and becomes enthralled by a Dodge Viper . However , she can not afford it and becomes increasingly exasperated with the salesman , who , she believes , is intent on spoiling her happiness . 64 18 `` Portrait of Tommy as an Old Man '' Terry Hughes Joe Fisch February 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 25 ) 317 Tommy is tired of being treated like a kid and decides to retire so that he can act the age he truly is ( being the oldest of the group in alien form ) . At work , Mary reveals to Dick that she 'd always dreamed of being a lounge singer , so he decides to try to help her realize this . Meanwhile , Don unwittingly ends up stealing one of Sally 's panties , and makes a series of attempts to return it without being caught . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 65 19 `` Stuck with Dick '' Terry Hughes Bob Kushell & Mark Brazill March 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 18 ) 318 Dick decides to try to win back Mary 's heart with a romantic champagne evening , and thinks it a lucky opportunity when the pair of them end up locked in the university library all weekend . Sally , Harry and Tommy , meanwhile , are determined to stop the pair getting back together and head to Mary 's house to intervene , where they get distracted and end up running up her Pay - Per - View bill and hosting a Tupperware party that she 'd planned . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 66 20 `` My Daddy 's Little Girl '' Terry Hughes Christine Zander & Mark Brazill April 1 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 01 ) 319 Mary 's father arrives in town , announcing that he and his wife are separated , but unfortunately for Mary , he soon begins dating Sally . Meanwhile , Harry and Tommy stumble upon Pendleton 's university radio station , where Harry takes the controls and begins a new - found career as a shock jock . ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 67 21 `` The Physics of Being Dick '' Terry Hughes Katy Ballard April 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 15 ) 323 Dick demands that Sally and Harry get jobs , so Harry gets work in a bar ( Happy Doug 's ) , and Sally as Mary 's research assistant . However , upon finding out that Sally has chosen Mary 's subject ( anthropology ) , he worries that physics is too boring and strives to spice it up for Tommy 's career day . After this goes badly wrong he decides that he wants to be a cop , like Don . 68 22 `` Just Your Average Dick '' ( Part 1 ) Terry Hughes Bill Martin & Mike Schiff April 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 28 ) 320 After Mary and August tell the Solomons that they can be a little weird sometimes , they strive to become a completely average family , going as far as to move to a new , average , apartment , make themselves over with new , average clothes and behave in the most average way they can . Unfortunately for Dick , Mary is soon turned off , missing his old weirdness . ( Absent : Wayne Knight as Officer Don ) 69 23 `` Dick and the Other Guy '' ( Part 2 ) Terry Hughes David Goetsch & Jason Venokur April 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 28 ) 321 An eccentric new professor ( John Cleese ) has arrived at Pendleton University and Dick is quick to befriend him ; he soon becomes annoyed when Dr. Neesam appears to be able to do everything better than he can , and becomes a rival for Mary 's affections . Sally becomes concerned that Officer Don has lost interest in her after hearing a woman tell him he was `` great last night '' , so Mrs. Dubcek convinces her to disguise herself and follow him around . ( Absent : French Stewart as Harry ) 70 24 `` Sally and Don 's First Kiss '' Terry Hughes David Sacks May 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 06 ) 322 Don is concerned because he and Sally have never kissed , so Sally turns to romance novels for inspiration , unwittingly building herself up to the moment so much that , when it finally happens , it does n't satisfy her expectations . At work , Dick is worried because he is the only person in the university who gets charged for crackers in the cafeteria . Meanwhile , Harry finally finishes night school and reminisces about his time there with his friends Larry and Mrs. Deguzman . 71 25 `` When Aliens Camp '' Terry Hughes David Goetsch & Jason Venokur May 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 13 ) 324 Dick becomes concerned that the Solomons are spending little time together and orders the family on a camping holiday , forbidding them to bring anyone else . Unfortunately , and much to the other Solomons ' annoyance , he invites Mary to join them and , as a result , everybody becomes angry with him . Outcast , he ventures into the woods and ends up becoming leader of a group of young Beaver Scouts , while the other Solomons and Mary attempt to find him . Guest appearances by Miles Marsico , Meredith Baxter and Robert Gentry ( Absent : Wayne Knight as Officer Don ) 72 26 `` The Tooth Harry '' Terry Hughes Katy Ballard & Joe Fisch May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 325 Harry drives Nina to the dentist and behaves so sweetly toward her that he ends up stirring her emotions and sparking a romance . At work , Mary has been awarded a place in a promotional video for Pendleton and a jealous Dick takes desperate measures to ensure that he also is granted a place in it . Unfortunately , neither Dick or Mary share the director 's vision and end up ruining the video . Meanwhile , Officer Don gives Sally a key to his apartment , hoping that the pair can spend more quality time together ; however , he regrets it when she begins to treat the place a little too much as if it is her own . Guest appearances by George Michael , Jerry Seinfeld , Ralph Macchio , Kirstie Alley , John Stamos and William Petersen ( Absent : Elmarie Wendel as Mrs. Dubcek ) 73 27 `` Eat , Drink , Dick , Mary '' ( Part 1 ) Terry Hughes Bob Kushell & Mark Brazill May 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 20 ) 326 Dick prepares to celebrate his second anniversary of his first real date with Mary , and Vicki Dubcek returns to rekindle her romance with Harry . Sally , however , wants to lose her virginity to Don , but has trouble when Dick , angry that Mary did n't know what the celebration was about , locks himself in his bedroom , as her bedroom is on the other side of his . There are more sinister things afoot , however , when Randy ( Phil Hartman ) , a disgruntled ex-lover of Vicki 's turns up and kidnaps Harry . 8 days after this episode aired , Phil Hartman was shot and killed by his wife . For this reason , he is only mentioned in passing during the next episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000CEXF6A/ External links ( edit ) List of 3rd Rock from the Sun episodes on IMDb List of 3rd Rock from the Sun season 3 episodes at TV.com 3rd Rock from the Sun at epguides.com ( hide ) 3rd Rock from the Sun Characters Dick Solomon Sally Solomon Harry Solomon Tommy Solomon Nina Campbell Mamie Dubcek Don Orville Mary Albright Big Giant Head Seasons `` Brains and Eggs '' 5 `` The Loud Solomon Family : A Dickumentary '' 6 `` The Thing That Would n't Die '' Other Awards and nominations Guest stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun_(season_3)&oldid=811855449 '' Categories : 3rd Rock from the Sun seasons 1997 American television seasons 1998 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 13 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played pickles on 3rd rock from the sun | [
"\nHarry runs into trouble when his dog-like pet 'Pickles' (Bill Irwin) from the Solomon's home planet somehow makes it to Rutherford - in human form. Meanwhile, Sally pretends to be pregnant to get in with a group of expecting women, but Officer Don finds out and panics.\n"
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"Bill Irwin"
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6508565173572457281 | Health facility | Health facility - wikipedia Health facility Hartford Hospital in Hartford , Connecticut . A hospital is one common type of health facility . An eye , ear , nose , and throat clinic in Durham , North Carolina , illustrating a common smaller facility . A health facility is , in general , any location where healthcare is provided . Health facilities range from small clinics and doctor 's offices to urgent care centers and large hospitals with elaborate emergency rooms and trauma centers . The number and quality of health facilities in a country or region is one common measure of that area 's prosperity and quality of life . In many countries , health facilities are regulated to some extent by law ; licensing by a regulatory agency is often required before a facility may open for business . Health facilities may be owned and operated by for - profit businesses , non-profit organizations , governments , and in some cases by individuals , with proportions varying by country . See also the recent review paper , which provides a comprehensive classification of health facilities from the location analysis perspective . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health facility workload 2 Types of health facility 2.1 Hospital 2.2 Healthcare center 2.3 Medical nursing home 2.4 Pharmacies and drug stores 2.5 Medical laboratory and research 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Notes Health facility workload ( edit ) The workload of a health facility is often used to indicate its size . Large health facilities are those with a greater patient load . In Australia the workload of a health facility is used to determine the level of government funding provided to that facility . The government measures a facility ( or health practice ) in terms of its standard whole patient equivalent ( SWPE ) . The SWPE calculation is determined by analysis of the patients that attend that facility . The calculation takes into account the proportion of health services ( in dollars ) rendered at that facility relative to others that each patient attends . It includes a weighting factor based on each patients demography to account for the varied levels of services required by patients depending on their gender and age . The premise of weighting is that patients require different levels of health services depending on their age and gender . For example , the average male patient requires fewer consultations than his older and infant counterparts . The table shows the weighting factors used in the standardization of workloads . Table : Age by Sex Weights for SWPE Standardisation Age ( years ) Male Female less than 1 0.960 0.962 1 - 4 1.189 1.112 less than 10 0.688 0.699 15 - 24 0.633 0.938 25 - 44 0.729 1.012 45 - 64 0.963 1.199 65 - 74 1.355 1.623 75 + 1.808 2.183 Types of health facility ( edit ) Hospital ( edit ) Main article : Hospital A hospital is an institution for healthcare typically providing specialized treatment for inpatient ( or overnight ) stays . Some hospitals primarily admit patients suffering from a specific disease or affliction , or are reserved for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting a specific age group . Others have a mandate that expands beyond offering dominantly curative and rehabilitative care services to include promotional , preventive and educational roles as part of a primary healthcare approach . Today , hospitals are usually funded by the state , health organizations ( for profit or non-profit ) , by health insurances or by charities and by donations . Historically , however , they were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders . Hospitals are nowadays staffed by professionally trained doctors , nurses , paramedical clinicians , etc. , whereas historically , this work was usually done by the founding religious orders or by volunteers . Healthcare center ( edit ) See also : Primary care Healthcare centres , including clinics , doctor 's offices , urgent care centers and ambulatory surgery centers , serve as first point of contact with a health professional and provide outpatient medical , nursing , dental , and other types of care services . Medical nursing home ( edit ) Medical nursing homes , including residential treatment centers and geriatric care facilities , are health care institutions which have accommodation facilities and which engage in providing short - term or long - term medical treatment of a general or specialized nature not performed by hospitals to inpatients with any of a wide variety of medical conditions . Pharmacies and drug stores ( edit ) Main article : Pharmacy Pharmacies and drug stores comprise establishments engaged in retailing prescription or nonprescription drugs and medicines , and other types of medical and orthopaedic goods . Regulated pharmacies may be based in a hospital or clinic or they may be privately operated , and are usually staffed by pharmacists , pharmacy technicians , and pharmacy aides . Medical laboratory and research ( edit ) Main articles : Medical laboratory and Biomedical research A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on biological specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient . Such laboratories may be divided into categorical departments such as microbiology , hematology , clinical biochemistry , immunology , serology , histology , cytology , cytogenetics , or virology . In many countries , there are two main types of labs that process the majority of medical specimens . Hospital laboratories are attached to a hospital , and perform tests on these patients . Private or community laboratories receive samples from general practitioners , insurance companies , and other health clinics for analysis . A biomedical research facility is where basic research or applied research is conducted to aid the body of knowledge in the field of medicine . Medical research can be divided into two general categories : the evaluation of new treatments for both safety and efficacy in what are termed clinical trials , and all other research that contributes to the development of new treatments . The latter is termed preclinical research if its goal is specifically to elaborate knowledge for the development of new therapeutic strategies . See also ( edit ) Health care industry Lists of hospitals Walk - in clinic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ahmadi - Javid , A. ; Seyedi , P. ; Syam , S. ( 2017 ) . `` A Survey of Healthcare Facility Location '' . Computers & Operations Research . 79 : 223 -- 263 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cor. 2016.05. 018 . Jump up ^ Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee , Australian Institute of Health and Welfare , 1996 `` AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL WORKFORCE BENCHMARKS '' p25 http://www.ahwo.gov.au/documents/Publications/1996/Australian%20medical%20workforce%20benchmarks.pdf Jump up ^ World Health Organization , 2010 . Definition of Terms . Manila http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/4FAEFE0B-0194-40FC-A1F7-7BA9CC96F0CD/0/44finalDefinitions2010.pdf ^ Jump up to : United Nations Statistics Division , International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities , Rev. 3.1 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=17 Notes ( edit ) hide Health care Economics Equipment Guidelines Industry Philosophy Policy Providers Ranking Reform System Professions Medicine Nursing Healthcare science Dentistry Allied health professions Pharmacy Health information management Settings Assisted living Clinic Hospital Nursing home Medical school ( Academic health science centre , Teaching hospital ) Care Acute Chronic End - of - life Hospice Overutilization Palliative Primary Self Total Skills / Training Bedside manner Cultural competence Diagnosis Education Universal precautions By country United States reform debate in the United States United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand ( Category Healthcare by country ) GND : 4166499 - 1 NARA : 10636506 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_facility&oldid=797640061 '' Categories : Types of healthcare facilities Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 11 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | two examples of short term health care facility | [
"Medical nursing homes, including residential treatment centers and geriatric care facilities, are health care institutions which have accommodation facilities and which engage in providing short-term or long-term medical treatment of a general or specialized nature not performed by hospitals to inpatients with any of a wide variety of medical conditions.[4]",
"Medical nursing homes, including residential treatment centers and geriatric care facilities, are health care institutions which have accommodation facilities and which engage in providing short-term or long-term medical treatment of a general or specialized nature not performed by hospitals to inpatients with any of a wide variety of medical conditions.[4]"
] | [
"residential treatment centers",
"geriatric care facilities"
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5565869013299389047 | Invasion of Normandy | Invasion of Normandy - Wikipedia Invasion of Normandy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first few weeks of the invasion of Normandy . The first day of the landings ( commonly known as D - Day ) is covered in more detail at Normandy landings . For earlier invasions of Normandy in other wars , see Invasions of Normandy ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that this article be merged with Operation Overlord . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . This article may contain inappropriate self - references to the Wikipedia project or to itself . Please address the problem by removing references to Wikipedia or to the article as a document . Invasion of Normandy Part of Operation Overlord ( World War II ) Into the Jaws of Death by Robert F. Sargent . Assault craft land one of the first waves at Omaha Beach . The U.S. Coast Guard caption identifies the unit as Company E , 16th Infantry , 1st Infantry Division . Date 6 June 1944 -- mid-July 1944 Location Normandy , France Coordinates : 49 ° 20 ′ N 0 ° 34 ′ W / 49.333 ° N 0.567 ° W / 49.333 ; - 0.567 Result Allied victory : German army retreats south towards Paris Belligerents Allies United Kingdom United States Canada Free France Polish armed forces in the West Australia Free Belgian Forces New Zealand Dutch government - in - exile Norwegian government - in - exile Free Czechoslovak Forces Free Luxembourgish Forces Greek government - in - exile Axis Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Allied Commander ) Arthur Tedder ( Deputy Supreme Allied Commander ) Bernard Montgomery ( 21st Army Group , Ground Forces Commander in Chief ) Trafford Leigh - Mallory ( Air Commander in Chief ) Bertram Ramsay ( Naval Commander in Chief ) Miles Dempsey ( British 2nd Army ) Omar Bradley ( U.S. 1st Army ) Gerd von Rundstedt ( Oberbefehlshaber West ) Erwin Rommel ( Heeresgruppe B) Friedrich Dollmann ( 7 Armeeoberkommando ) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ( Panzergruppe West ) Strength 1,332,000 ( by 24 July ) 380,000 ( by 23 July ) Casualties and losses by 24 July : ≈ 120,000 casualties by 24 July : 113,059 casualties Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial airborne assault British sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Hill 30 Saint - Lô Carentan Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy , located on the northern coast of France , on 6 June 1944 . The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful `` D - Day , '' the first day of the invasion . Allied land forces came from the United States , Britain , Canada , and Free French forces . In the weeks following the invasion , Polish forces and contingents from Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign ; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements of the Royal Australian Air Force , the Royal New Zealand Air Force , and the Royal Norwegian Navy . The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings , massive air attacks and naval bombardments . In the early morning , amphibious landings commenced on five beaches codenamed Sword , Juno , Gold , Omaha and Utah , with troops from the United States landing on Omaha and Utah , Great Britain landing on Gold and Sword and Canada landing on Juno . During the evening the remaining elements of the airborne divisions landed . Land forces used on D - Day sailed from bases along the south coast of England , the most important of these being Portsmouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 2 Codenames 3 Allied order of battle 3.1 D - Day 3.2 Subsequent days 3.3 Naval participants 4 German order of battle 4.1 Atlantic Wall 4.1. 1 Divisional areas 4.1. 2 Adjacent divisional areas 4.2 Armoured reserves 4.2. 1 Army Group B reserve 4.2. 2 OKW reserve 5 Leaders 6 Landings 7 Allied establishment in France 8 Assessment of the battle 8.1 German leadership 9 War memorials and tourism 10 Dramatisations 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Planning ( edit ) U.S. soldiers march through Weymouth , Dorset en route to board landing ships for the invasion of France . Allied forces rehearsed their D - Day roles for months before the invasion . On 28 April 1944 , in south Devon on the English coast , 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises , Exercise Tiger . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allied forces conducted a deception operation , Operation Fortitude , aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion . There were several leaks prior to or on D - Day . Through the Cicero affair , the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord , but these documents lacked all detail . Double Cross agents , such as the Spaniard Juan Pujol ( code - named Garbo ) , played an important role in convincing the German High Command that Normandy was at best a diversionary attack . U.S. Major General Henry Miller , chief supply officer of the US 9th Air Force , during a party at Claridge 's Hotel in London complained to guests of the supply problems he was having but that after the invasion , which he told them would be before 15 June , supply would be easier . After being told , Eisenhower reduced Miller to lieutenant colonel ( Associated Press , June 10 , 1944 ) and sent him back to the U.S. where he retired . Another such leak was General Charles de Gaulle 's radio message after D - Day . He , unlike all the other leaders , stated that this invasion was the real invasion . This had the potential to ruin the Allied deceptions Fortitude North and Fortitude South . In contrast , Gen. Eisenhower referred to the landings as the initial invasion . Only ten days each month were suitable for launching the operation : a day near the full moon was needed both for illumination during the hours of darkness and for the spring tide , the former to illuminate navigational landmarks for the crews of aircraft , gliders and landing craft , and the latter to expose defensive obstacles placed by the German forces in the surf on the seaward approaches to the beaches . A full moon occurred on 6 June . Allied Expeditionary Force Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault . The weather was fine during most of May , but deteriorated in early June . On 4 June , conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing ; wind and high seas would make it impossible to launch landing craft from larger ships at sea , low clouds would prevent aircraft finding their targets . The Allied troop convoys already at sea were forced to take shelter in bays and inlets on the south coast of Britain for the night . It seemed possible that everything would have to be cancelled and the troops returned to their embarkation camps ( which would be almost impossible , as the enormous movement of follow - up formations into them was already proceeding ) . The next full moon period would be nearly a month away . At a vital meeting on 5 June , Eisenhower 's chief meteorologist ( Group Captain J.M. Stagg ) forecast a brief improvement for 6 June . Commander of all land forces for the invasion General Bernard Montgomery and Eisenhower 's Chief of Staff General Walter Bedell Smith wished to proceed with the invasion . Commander of the Allied Air Forces Air Chief Marshal Leigh Mallory was doubtful , but Allied Naval Commander - in - Chief Admiral Bertram Ramsay believed that conditions would be marginally favorable . On the strength of Stagg 's forecast , Eisenhower ordered the invasion to proceed . As a result , prevailing overcast skies limited Allied air support , and no serious damage would be done to the beach defences on Omaha and Juno . The Germans meanwhile took comfort from the existing poor conditions , which were worse over Northern France than over the English Channel itself , and believed no invasion would be possible for several days . Some troops stood down and many senior officers were away for the weekend . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel took a few days ' leave to celebrate his wife 's birthday , while dozens of division , regimental and battalion commanders were away from their posts conducting war games just prior to the invasion . Codenames ( edit ) The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion . Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large - scale lodgement on the northern portion of the Continent . The first phase , the establishment of a secure foothold , was codenamed Neptune . According to the D - day museum : The armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations . Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe . The assault phase of Operation Overlord was known as Operation Neptune . ( ... ) Operation Neptune began on D - Day ( 6 June 1944 ) and ended on 30 June 1944 . By this time , the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy . Operation Overlord also began on D - Day , and continued until Allied forces crossed the River Seine on 19 August 1944 . Officers with knowledge of D - Day were not to be sent where there was the slightest danger of being captured . These officers were given the codename of `` Bigot '' , derived from the words `` To Gib '' ( To Gibraltar ) that was stamped on the papers of officers who took part in the North African invasion in 1942 . On the night of 27 April , during Exercise Tiger , a pre-invasion exercise off the coast of Slapton Sands beach , several American LSTs were attacked by German E boats and among the 638 Americans killed in the attack and a further 308 killed by friendly fire , ten `` Bigots '' were listed as missing . As the invasion would be cancelled if any were captured or unaccounted for , their fate was given the highest priority and eventually all ten bodies were recovered . Allied order of Battle ( edit ) D - day assault routes into Normandy . D - Day ( edit ) The following major units were landed on D - Day ( 6 June 1944 ) . A more detailed order of battle for D - Day itself can be found at Normandy landings and List of Allied forces in the Normandy Campaign . British 6th Airborne Division . British I Corps , 3rd British Infantry Division and the British 27th Armoured Brigade . 3rd Canadian Infantry Division , 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade British XXX Corps , British 50th Infantry Division and British 8th Armoured Brigade . British 79th Armoured Division U.S. V Corps , U.S. 1st Infantry Division and U.S. 29th Infantry Division . U.S. VII Corps , U.S. 4th Infantry Division , U.S. 101st Airborne Division , U.S. 82nd Airborne Division . The total number of troops landed on D - Day was around 130,000 -- 156,000 roughly half American and the other from the Commonwealth Realms . Subsequent days ( edit ) Main article : Mulberry harbour Off Omaha Beach , American Liberty ships -- ' Corn Cobs ' were scuttled to provide a makeshift breakwater during the early days of the invasion . The total troops , vehicles and supplies landed over the period of the invasion were : By the end of 11 June ( D + 5 ) , 326,547 troops , 54,186 vehicles and 104,428 tons of supplies . By 30 June ( D + 24 ) over 850,000 men , 148,000 vehicles , and 570,000 tons of supplies . By 4 July one million men had been landed . Naval participants ( edit ) Main article : Normandy landings Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on 6 June 1944 . The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies , comprising 6,939 vessels : 1,213 warships , 4,126 transport vessels ( landing ships and landing craft ) , and 736 ancillary craft and 864 merchant vessels . The overall commander of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force , providing close protection and bombardment at the beaches , was Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay . The Allied Naval Expeditionary Force was divided into two Naval Task Forces : Western ( Rear - Admiral Alan G Kirk ) and Eastern ( Rear - Admiral Sir Philip Vian ) . The warships provided cover for the transports against the enemy -- whether in the form of surface warships , submarines , or as an aerial attack -- and gave support to the landings through shore bombardment . These ships included the Allied Task Force `` O '' . German order of Battle ( edit ) The number of military forces at the disposal of Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944 . Tanks on the east front peaked at 5,202 in November 1944 , while total aircraft in the Luftwaffe inventory peaked at 5,041 in December 1944 . By D - Day 157 German divisions were stationed in the Soviet Union , 6 in Finland , 12 in Norway , 6 in Denmark , 9 in Germany , 21 in the Balkans , 26 in Italy and 59 in France , Belgium and the Netherlands . However , these statistics are somewhat misleading since a significant number of the divisions in the east were depleted ; German records indicate that the average personnel complement was at about 50 % in the spring of 1944 . A more detailed order of battle for D - Day itself can be found at Normandy landings . Atlantic wall ( edit ) Main articles : Atlantic Wall and English Channel § Second World War A map of the Atlantic Wall . German Cross-Channel gun of the Atlantic Wall . One of three 40.6 cm guns at Batterie `` Lindemann '' Standing in the way of the Allies was the English Channel , an obstacle that had frustrated the ambitions of the Spanish Armada and Napoleon Bonaparte 's Navy . Compounding the difficulty of invasion was the extensive Atlantic Wall , ordered by Hitler in his Directive 51 . Believing that any forthcoming landings would be timed for high tide ( this caused the landings to be timed for low tide ) , Hitler had the entire wall fortified with tank top turrets and extensive barbed wire , and laid a million mines to deter landing craft . The sector that was attacked was guarded by four divisions . Divisional areas ( edit ) German infantrymen scan the skies for Allied aircraft in Normandy , 1944 The following units were deployed in a static defensive mode in the areas of the actual landings : 716th Infantry Division ( Static ) consisted mainly of those ' unfit for active duty ' and released prisoners . 352nd Infantry Division , a well - trained unit containing combat veterans . 91st Air Landing Division ( Luftlande -- air transported ) , a regular infantry division , trained , and equipped to be transported by air . 709th Infantry Division ( Static ) . Like the 716th , this division included a number of `` Ost '' battalions led by German personnel . Adjacent divisional areas ( edit ) Other divisions occupied the areas around the landing zones , including : 243rd Infantry Division ( Static ) , ( Generalleutnant Heinz Hellmich ) . This coastal defense division protected the western coast of the Cotentin Peninsula . 920th Infantry Regiment ( two battalions ) 921st Infantry Regiment 922nd Infantry Regiment . 711th Infantry Division ( Static ) ( Generalleutnant Josef Reichert ) . This division defended the western part of the Pays de Caux . 731st Infantry Regiment 744th Infantry Regiment . 30th Mobile Brigade ( Oberstleutnant Freiherr von und zu Aufsess ) , comprising three bicycle battalions . Armoured reserves ( edit ) Rommel 's defensive measures were frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine . In addition to his two army groups , Rundstedt also commanded the headquarters of Panzer Group West under General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ( usually referred to as `` von Geyr '' ) . This formation was nominally an administrative HQ for Rundstedt 's armoured and mobile formations , but it was later to be brought into the line in Normandy and renamed Fifth Panzer Army . Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the deployment and use of the vital Panzer divisions . Rommel recognised that the Allies would possess air superiority and would be able to harass his movements from the air . He therefore proposed that the armoured formations be deployed close to the invasion beaches . In his words , it was better to have one Panzer division facing the invaders on the first day , than three Panzer divisions three days later when the Allies would already have established a firm beachhead . Geyr argued for the standard doctrine that the Panzer formations should be concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen , and deployed en masse against the main Allied beachhead when this had been identified . The argument was eventually brought before Hitler for arbitration . He characteristically imposed an unworkable compromise solution . Only three Panzer divisions were given to Rommel , too few to cover all the threatened sectors . The remainder , nominally under Geyr 's control , were actually designated as being in `` OKW Reserve '' . Only three of these were deployed close enough to intervene immediately against any invasion of Northern France ; the other four were dispersed in southern France and the Netherlands . Hitler reserved to himself the authority to move the divisions in OKW Reserve , or commit them to action . On 6 June many Panzer division commanders were unable to move because Hitler had not given the necessary authorisation , and his staff refused to wake him upon news of the invasion . Army Group B reserve ( edit ) 21st Panzer Division ( Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger ) , was deployed near Caen as a mobile striking force as part of the Army Group B reserve . However , Rommel placed it so close to the coastal defenses that , under standing orders in case of invasion , several of its infantry and anti-aircraft units would come under the orders of the fortress divisions on the coast , reducing the effective strength of the division . The other two armoured divisions over which Rommel had operational control , the 2nd Panzer Division and 116th Panzer Division , were deployed near the Pas de Calais in accordance with German views about the likely Allied landing sites . Neither was moved from the Pas de Calais for at least fourteen days after the invasion . OKW reserve ( edit ) The other mechanized divisions capable of intervening in Normandy were retained under the direct control of the German Armed Forces HQ ( OKW ) and were initially denied to Rommel : Four divisions were deployed to Normandy within seven days of the invasion : 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ( Brigadeführer Fritz Witt ) was stationed to the southeast . Its officers and NCOs ( this division had a very weak core of NCOs in Normandy with only slightly more than 50 % of its authorised strength ) were long - serving veterans , but the junior soldiers had all been recruited directly from the Hitler Youth movement at the age of seventeen in 1943 . It was to acquire a reputation for ferocity and war crimes in the coming battle . Panzer - Lehr - Division ( Generalmajor Fritz Bayerlein ) . Further to the southwest was an elite unit , originally formed by amalgamating the instructing staff at various training establishments . Not only were its personnel of high quality , but the division also had unusually high numbers of the latest and most capable armoured vehicles . 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler was refitting in Belgium on the Netherlands border after being decimated on the Eastern Front . 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen ( Oberführer Werner Ostendorff ) was based on Thouars , south of the Loire River , and although equipped with Assault guns instead of tanks and lacking in other transport ( such that one battalion each from the 37th and 38th Panzergrenadier Regiments moved by bicycle ) , it provided the first major counterattack against the American advance at Carentan on 13 June . Landing supplies at Normandy Three other divisions ( the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich , which had been refitting at Montauban in Southern France , and the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen and 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg which had been in transit from the Eastern Front on 6 June ) , were committed to battle in Normandy around twenty - one days after the first landings . One more armoured division ( the 9th Panzer Division ) saw action only after the American breakout from the beachhead . Two other armoured divisions which had been in the west on 6 June ( the 11th Panzer Division and 19th Panzer Division ) did not see action in Normandy . Leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of leaders in the Battle of Normandy . Battle of Normandy leaders Area Allied Powers Germany GHQ Dwight D. Eisenhower - SAC Sir Arthur Tedder - Deputy SAC Walter Bedell Smith - COSSAC Bernard Montgomery ( ground forces ) Trafford Leigh - Mallory ( air forces ) Bertram Ramsay ( naval forces ) Alfred Jodl Gerd von Rundstedt Günther Blumentritt Erwin Rommel Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg Günther von Kluge Hans Speidel Max Pemsel Erich Marcks Wolfgang Hager Hans von Salmuth Naval forces Alan G. Kirk ( US ) Utah Beach Omar Bradley Theodore Roosevelt Jr . Raymond O. Barton Robert Haines James M. Gavin ( airborne landings ) Omaha Beach Norman Cota Gold Beach Juno Beach Harry Crerar Guy Simonds Charles Foulkes Sword Beach Simon Fraser , 15th Lord Lovat Landings ( edit ) Main article : Normandy landings The build - up of Omaha Beach : reinforcements of men and equipment moving inland Allied establishment in France ( edit ) The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Saint - Lô , Caen , and Bayeux on the first day , with all the beaches linked except Utah , and Sword ( the last linked with paratroopers ) and a front line 10 to 16 kilometres ( 6 -- 10 mi ) from the beaches . However , practically none of these objectives had been achieved . It took six weeks for British and Canadian troops to capture Caen , as they faced seven Panzer divisions , while their American allies , although advancing more rapidly , faced only two of these divisions . Overall the casualties had not been as heavy as some had feared ( around 10,000 compared to the 20,000 Churchill had estimated ) and the bridgeheads had withstood the expected counterattacks . Once the beachhead was established , two artificial Mulberry harbours were towed across the English Channel in segments and made operational around D + 3 ( 9 June ) . One was constructed at Arromanches by British forces , the other at Omaha Beach by American forces . By 19 June , when severe storms interrupted the landing of supplies for several days and destroyed the Omaha harbour , the British had landed 314,547 men , 54,000 vehicles , and 102,000 tons of supplies , while the Americans put ashore 314,504 men , 41,000 vehicles , and 116,000 tons of supplies . Around 9,000 tons of materiel were landed daily at the Arromanches harbour until the end of August 1944 , by which time the port of Cherbourg had been secured by the Allies and had begun to return to service . In addition , with the installation of PLUTO in August 1944 the Allies had fuel piped over directly from England without having to rely on vulnerable tankers . Assessment of the Battle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) La Cambe German war cemetery The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in over eight centuries . They were costly in terms of men , but the defeat inflicted on the Germans was one of the largest of the war . Strategically , the campaign led to the loss of the German position in most of France and the secure establishment of a new major front . In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern Front , who were facing the bulk of the German forces and , to a certain extent , contributed to the shortening of the conflict there . Although there was a shortage of artillery ammunition , at no time were the Allies critically short of any necessity . This was a remarkable achievement considering they did not hold a port until Cherbourg fell . By the time of the breakout the Allies also enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers of troops ( approximately 7 : 2 ) and armoured vehicles ( approximately 4 : 1 ) which helped overcome the natural advantages the terrain gave to the German defenders . Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were successful beyond expectations . The Operation Fortitude deception before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas de Calais , and indeed high - quality German forces were kept in this area , away from Normandy , until July . Prior to the invasion , few German reconnaissance flights took place over Britain , and those that did saw only the dummy staging areas . Ultra decrypts of German communications had been helpful as well , exposing German dispositions and revealing their plans such as the Mortain counterattack . General Bernard Montgomery with British troops in Normandy , July 1944 Allied air operations also contributed significantly to the invasion , via close tactical support , interdiction of German lines of communication ( preventing timely movement of supplies and reinforcements -- particularly the critical Panzer units ) , and rendering the Luftwaffe ineffective in Normandy . Although the impact upon armoured vehicles was less than expected , air activity intimidated these units and cut their supplies . Despite initial heavy losses in the assault phase , Allied morale remained high . Casualty rates among all the armies were tremendous , and the Commonwealth forces had to use a recently created category -- Double Intense -- to be able to describe them . German leadership ( edit ) German commanders at all levels failed to react to the assault phase in a timely manner . Communications problems exacerbated the difficulties caused by Allied air and naval firepower . Local commanders also seemed incapable of the task of fighting an aggressive defense on the beach , as Rommel had envisioned . The German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area , and von Rundstedt was not permitted to commit the armoured reserve . When it was finally released late in the day , its chance of success was greatly reduced . Overall , despite considerable Allied material superiority , the Germans kept the Allies bottled up in a small beachhead for nearly two months , aided immeasurably by terrain factors . Although there were several known disputes among the Allied commanders , their tactics and strategy were essentially determined by agreement among the main commanders . By contrast , the German leaders were bullied and their decisions interfered with by OKW . Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more discretion but were refused . Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he bluntly told the Chief of Staff at Hitler 's Armed Forces HQ ( Field Marshal Keitel ) to `` Make peace , you idiots ! '' Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 17 July . Sixty thousand of the 850,000 in Rundstedt 's command were raised from the many prisoners of war taken on the Eastern Front . Many surrendered or deserted at the first available opportunity . War memorials and tourism ( edit ) The Bény - sur - Mer Canadian War Cemetery The beaches at Normandy are still referred to on maps and signposts by their invasion codenames . There are several vast cemeteries in the area . The American cemetery , in Colleville - sur - Mer , contains row upon row of identical white crosses and Stars of David , immaculately kept , commemorating the American dead . Commonwealth graves , maintained in many locations by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , uses white headstones engraved with the person 's religious or medal ( Victoria Cross or George Cross only ) symbol and their unit insignia . The Bayeux War Cemetery , with 4,648 burials , is the largest British cemetery of the war . The largest cemetery in Normandy is the La Cambe German war cemetery , with 21,222 burials , which features granite stones almost flush with the ground and groups of low - set crosses . There is also a Polish cemetery . Paratroop memorial in Sainte - Mère - Église At the Bayeux Memorial , a monument erected by Britain has a Latin inscription on the memorial reads `` Nos a gulielmo victi victoris patriam liberavimus '' -- freely translated , this reads `` We , once conquered by William , have now set free the Conqueror 's native land '' . Streets near the beaches are still named after the units that fought there , and occasional markers commemorate notable incidents . At significant points , such as Pointe du Hoc and Pegasus Bridge , there are plaques , memorials or small museums . The Mulberry harbour still sits in the sea at Arromanches . In Sainte - Mère - Église , a dummy paratrooper hangs from the church spire . On Juno Beach , the Canadian government has built the Juno Beach Information Centre , commemorating one of the most significant events in Canadian military history . In England the most significant memorial is the D - Day Museum in Southsea , Hampshire . The Museum was opened in 1984 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of D - Day . Its centrepiece is the Overlord embroidery commissioned by Lord Dulverton of Batsford ( 1915 -- 92 ) as a tribute to the sacrifice and heroism of those men and women who took part in Operation Overlord . On 5 June 1994 a drumhead service was held on Southsea Common adjacent the D - Day Museum . This service was attended by US President Bill Clinton , Queen Elizabeth II and over 100,000 members of the public . Dramatisations ( edit ) The Battle of Normandy has been the topic of many films , television shows , songs , computer games and books . Many dramatisations focus on the initial landings , and these are covered at Normandy Landings . Some examples that cover the wider battle include : Films Le Bataillon du ciel ( sky 's battalion ) , a 1947 French film directed by Alexandre Esway based on the book of Joseph Kessel : Free French SAS paratroopers ( Special Air Service ) in Brittany from 5 June to August 1944 . The Longest Day , a 1962 film based on the book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan The Americanization of Emily , a 1964 film written by Paddy Chayefsky , directed by Arthur Hiller and starring James Garner and Julie Andrews . Overlord , a 1975 black - and - white film written and directed by Stuart Cooper , set around the D - Day invasion . The Big Red One , a 1980 film directed by Samuel Fuller and starring Lee Marvin . Un jour avant l'aube ( One day before dawn ) , a 1994 French television film directed by Jacques Ertaud : Free French SAS in Brittany . Saving Private Ryan , a 1998 Academy Award - winning American film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks and Matt Damon . Band of Brothers , a 2001 American miniseries produced by Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks based on the book of the same name by Stephen Ambrose . Ike : Countdown to D - Day , a 2004 American television film directed by Robert Harmon and written by Lionel Chetwynd which emphasizes the difficult decisions General Dwight D. Eisenhower had to make , while dealing with the varied personalities of his direct subordinates , in order to lead Operation Overlord . My Way , a 2011 South Korean war film by Kang Je - gyu , starring Jang Dong - gun along with Japanese actor Joe Odagiri and Chinese actress Fan Bingbing . Notes ( edit ) See D - Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Defence against a mass U-boat attack relied on `` 19 Group of ( RAF ) Coastal Command ... ( it ) included one Czech , one Polish , one New Zealander , two Australian and three Canadian squadrons . Even the RAF 's own 224 Squadron was a mixed bag of nationalities with 137 Britons , forty - four Canadians , thirty - three Anzacs , two Americans , a Swiss , a Chilean , a South African and a Brazilian '' `` The D - Day air offensive was another ( RAF ) multinational operation . It included five New Zealander , seven Australian , twenty - eight Canadian , one Rhodesian , six French , fourteen Polish , three Czech , two Belgian , two Dutch and two Norwegian squadrons '' At 05 : 37 the Norwegian destroyer Sevenner , one of 37 destroyers in the Eastern Task Force , was sunk by a torpedo launched from a German E-boat . `` In addition to the Cruiser ORP Dragon , the Polish destroyers ORP Krakowiak and Slazak took part in beach support operations , while the destroyers OKP Blyskewica and Piorun were employed as part of the covering force '' Jump up ^ Following Normandy , a joke regarding their lack of air support became common and widely spread by Wehrmacht soldiers : `` If the plane in the sky is silver , it 's American , if it 's blue , it 's British , if it 's invisible , it 's ours ! '' Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Title : The Norwegian Navy in the Second World War '' . Resdal . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Luxembourg Army website . ^ Jump up to : Tamelander , M , Zetterling , N ( 2004 ) , Avgörandes Ögonblick : Invasionen i Normandie . Norstedts Förlag , p. 295 Jump up ^ Zetterling 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jeffery ( 1988 ) . The long left flank : the hard fought way to the Reich , 1944 -- 1945 . London : Cooper . p. . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 880 - 1 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1989 . Jump up ^ Small , Ken ; Rogerson , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Forgotten Dead -- Why 946 American Servicemen Died Off The Coast Of Devon In 1944 -- And The Man Who Discovered Their True Story . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 0309 - 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1989 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ F Pogue , The Supreme Command , Department of the Army , 1954 , pp. 163 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 225 Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Juno Beach from The Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` D - Day , People & Events : Erwin Rommel ( 1891 -- 1944 ) '' . American Experience , PBS . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ David White ; Daniel P. Murphy . `` The Normandy Invasion '' . netplaces . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D - Day and the Battle of Normandy : Your Questions Answered '' . D - Day Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Untold Stories of D - Day , National Geographic , June 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , John . `` Britannica guide to D - Day 1944 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John . `` Britannica guide to D - Day 1944 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Map 81 , M.R.D. Foot ; I.C.B. Dear , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press . p. 663 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280666 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John H. ( 2002 ) . The Second World War : Europe and the Mediterranean . Square One Publishers . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 7570 - 0162 - 9 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Patrick Elie -- Normandie -- France . `` D - Day : Normandy 1944 -- UTAH BEACH : U.S. Troops '' . 6juin1944.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : D - Day 6 June 1944 Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions for D - Day and the Battle of Normandy '' . Ddaymuseum.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The War in Western Europe : Part 1 ( June to December , 1944 ) ( Chapter 3 ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 . Jump up ^ Tippelskirch , Kurt von , Gechichte der Zweiten Weltkrieg. 1956 Jump up ^ Zetterling 2000 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . `` The Supreme Command , '' . United States Army in World War II : European Theater of Operations . Washington D.C. : CMH Publication 7 -- 1 , Office of the chief of military history , Department of the Army . Jump up ^ Keegan 1994 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Paul . `` Normandy War Cemeteries : Bayeux Memorial '' . Battlefields of WW2 website . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 82 footnotes . References ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2009 ) . D - Day : The Battle for Normandy ( First ed . ) . London : Viking an imprint of Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 88703 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 1994 ) ( 1982 ) . Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation of Paris . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023542 - 6 . Keegan , John ( 1989 ) . The Second World War . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 174011 - 8 ... Wilmot , Chester ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Struggle For Europe . Ware , Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 677 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ( 2000 ) . Normandy 1944 : German Military Organisation , Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness . Winnipeg : J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing . ISBN 0 - 921991 - 56 - 8 ... Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Ambrose . D - Day June 6 , 1944 : The Climactic Battle of World War II . New york : Simon & Schuster , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 88403 - 4 . Stephen Badsey , Normandy 1944 : Allied Landings and Breakout . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 1990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 921 - 0 . Carlo D'Este , Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign . London : William Collins Sons , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . M.R.D. Foot , SOE : An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940 -- 46 ... BBC Publications , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 20193 - 2 . Ken Ford , D - Day 1944 ( 3 ) : Sword Beach & the British Airborne Landings . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 366 - 8 . Ken Ford , D - Day 1944 ( 4 ) : Gold & Juno Beaches . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 368 - 2 . John Herington , Air Power Over Europe , 1944 -- 1945 , 1st edition ( Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume IV ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial 1963 . Holderfield , Randal J. , and Michael J. Varhola . D - Day : The Invasion of Normandy , June 6 , 1944 . Mason City , Iowa : Savas Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 45 - 7 , ISBN 1 - 882810 - 46 - 5 . Kershaw , Alex . The Bedford Boys : One American Town 's Ultimate D - Day Sacrifice . Cambridge , Mass. : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81355 - 6 . `` Morning : Normandy Invasion ( June -- August 1944 ) '' . The World at War episode 17 . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1974 . Neillands , Robin . The Battle of Normandy , 1944 . London : Cassell , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35837 - 1 . Rozhnov , Konstantin . Who won World War II ? . BBC News , 5 May 2005 . Stacey , C.P. Canada 's Battle in Normandy : The Canadian Army 's Share in the Operations , 6 June -- 1 September 1944 . Ottawa : King 's Printer , 1946 . Stacey , C.P. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War : Volume III . The Victory Campaign , The Operations in North - West Europe 1944 -- 1945 . Ottawa : Department of National Defence , 1960 . Tute , Warren , John Costello , Terry Hughes . D - Day . London : Pan Books Ltd , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 24418 - 3 . Whitlock , Flint . The Fighting First : The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D - Day . Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4218 - X . Zaloga , Steven J. D - Day 1944 ( 1 ) : Omaha Beach . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 367 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. D - Day 1944 ( 2 ) : Utah Beach & the US Airborne Landings . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 365 - 1 . Zaloga , Steven J. Operation Cobra 1944 : Breakout from Normandy . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 296 - 8 . Numerous volumes in the U.S. Army in World War II series , produced by the United States Army Center of Military History , Gordon A. Harrison , Cross-Channel - Attack ( 1951 ) , remains a basic source , but several other studies bear heavily upon the operation . They include : Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton , Global Logistics and Strategy ( 1968 ) ; Martin Blumenson , Breakout and Pursuit ( 1961 ) ; Forrest C. Pogue , The Supreme Command ( 1954 ) ; Roland G. Ruppenthal , Logistical Support of the Armies ( 1953 ) ; and Graham A. Cosmas and Albert E. Cowdrey , The Medical Department : Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations ( 1992 ) . The Historical Division of the War Department produced three volumes on the event . All have been reprinted by the Center of Military History . Classified as the American Forces in Action series , they are : OMAHA Beachhead ( 1989 ) ; UTAH Beach to Cherbourg ( 1990 ) ; and St. Lo ( 1984 ) . The British Government following the war also issued an official history of the British involvement in the war to be researched and published , the final result being the massive series known as History of the Second World War . The following cover the Normandy Campaign : Major L.F. Ellis , Victory in the West : The Battle of Normandy , Official Campaign History v. I ( History of the Second World War : United Kingdom Military ) , Naval & Military Press Ltd ; New Ed edition ( Sep 2004 ). , 1 - 84574 - 058 - 0 Michael Howard , British Intelligence in the Second World War : Volume 5 , Strategic Deception , Cambridge University Press ( 26 October 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40145 - 3 ( Series edited by F.H. Hinsley ) Grand Strategy , Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 , 1956 Numerous abbreviated histories have been written . Among the most useful are : Charles MacDonald , The Mighty Endeavor : American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II ( 1969 ) ; and Charles MacDonald and Martin Blumenson , `` Recovery of France '' , in Vincent J. Esposito , ed. , A Concise History of World War II ( 1965 ) . Memoirs by Allied commanders contain considerable information . Among the best are : Omar N. Bradley , A Soldier 's Story ( 1951 ) ; Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair , A General 's Life ( 1983 ) ; Dwight D. Eisenhower , Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) ; Sir Bernard Law Montgomery of Alamein , Normandy to the Baltic ( 1948 ) ; Sir Bernard Law Montgomery of Alamein , The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein , K.G. , Collins ( 1958 ) . and Sir Frederick Edgeworth Morgan , Overture to Overlord ( 1950 ) . Memoirs by Allied and German soldiers of various ranks also give a good insight into the campaign . Kurt Meyer , Grenadiers , Stackpole Books , U.S. , New Ed edition ( 15 May 2005 ). , ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3197 - 9 Stuart Hills , By Tank Into Normandy , Cassell military ; New Ed edition ( 11 September 2003 ). , 0 - 30436 - 640 - 4 Hans von Luck , Panzer Commander : The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck , Cassell military ; New Ed edition ( 9 March 2006 ). , ISBN 0 - 304 - 36401 - 0 Almost as useful are biographies of leading commanders . Among the most prominent are : Stephen E. Ambrose , The Supreme Commander : The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1970 ) , and Eisenhower , Soldier , General of the Army , President - Elect , 1890 -- 1952 ( 1983 ) ; Nigel Hamilton , Master of the Battlefield : Monty 's War Years , 1942 -- 1944 ( 1983 ) ; Richard Lamb , Montgomery in Europe , 1943 -- 1945 : Success or Failure ( 1984 ) ; Nigel Hamilton , `` Montgomery , Bernard Law '' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861411 - X , ISBN 0 - 19 - 861351 - 2 . Ronald Lewin , Rommel as Military Commander ( 1968 ) . B.H. Liddell Hart , The Rommel Papers ( section on Normandy written by Lt. Gen Fritz Bayerlein ) Hans Speidel , Invasion 1944 : Rommel and the Normandy Campaign . Chicago : Henry Regnery ( 1950 ) ( Speidel was Rommel 's chief of staff ) . Numerous general histories also exist , many centering on the controversies that continue to surround the campaign and its commanders : John Colby , War From the Ground Up : The 90th Division in World War II ( 1989 ) ; Carlo D'Este , Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign ( 1983 ) ; Max Hastings , Overlord , D - Day , June 6 , 1944 ( 1984 ) ; John Keegan , Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation of Paris ( 1982 ) ; Robin Neillands , The Battle of Normandy 1944 ( 2002 ) ; Stephen T. Powers , `` Battle of Normandy : The Lingering Controversy '' , Journal of Military History 56 ( 1992 ) : 455 -- 71 . Russell F. Weigley , Eisenhower 's Lieutenants : The Campaign of France and Germany , 1944 -- 45 ( 1981 ) ; Cornelius Ryan , The Longest Day ' , ( 1959 ) ; Stephen Ambrose , D - Day : June 6 , 1944 , The Battle for the Normandy Beaches , ( 1994 ) ; Milton Shulman , Defeat in the West , ( New Ed edition 2003 ) Richard Holmes , The D - Day Experience : From the Invasion to the Liberation of Paris with Other and Map and CD , ( 2004 ) ; Chester Wilmot , The Struggle for Europe , ( New Ed edition 1997 ) , and Stephen Ashley Hart , Colossal Cracks : Montgomery 's 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe , 1944 -- 45 , ( 2007 ) Journalists were among the foremost observers of the invasion : Barney Oldfield , Never a Shot in Anger ( 1956 ) ; and Richard Collier , Fighting Words : The Correspondents of World War II ( 1989 ) . CMH Pub 72 -- 18 External links ( edit ) DDay - Overlord : a fight for freedom The Normandy campaign : history , documents , testimonies , maps U.S. Army 's official interactive D - Day website The Normandy Invasion at the United States Army Center of Military History U.S. Navy Online Library of Selected Images : Normandy invasion Original Document : D - Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower D - Day Museum Portsmouth Omar Nelson Bradley , Lt. General FUSAG 12TH AG -- Omar Bradley 's D - Day June 6 , 1944 Maps restored , preserved and displayed at Historical Registry BBC Archive of personal recollections of D - Day Justin Museum of Military History , First Hand Accounts of D - Day Illustrated article about Omaha Beach at ' Battlefields Europe ' World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy , Western Front , World War II Operations Locations See also Operation Overlord ( The overall invasion plan ) Operation Neptune ( The assault plan ) American airborne landings in Normandy Operation Deadstick ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Tonga ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Merville Gun Battery ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Mallard ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Bréville ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Pluto ( Pipe - Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK , US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Portals Access related topics British Army portal Military of Germany portal Military of the United States portal Normandy portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Normandy&oldid=802793366 '' Categories : World War II invasions Operation Overlord World War II orders of battle Battles of World War II involving Australia Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Invasions by Canada Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving France Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland Battles and operations of World War II involving Belgium Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands Battles and operations of World War II involving Norway Battles and operations of World War II involving Czechoslovakia Battles and operations of World War II involving Greece Invasions of France 1944 in France 1944 in military history History of Normandy June 1944 events July 1944 events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from December 2016 All articles to be merged Articles containing self - 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"The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion."
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3489315266789287433 | John Barry (composer) | John Barry ( composer ) - wikipedia John Barry ( composer ) John Barry OBE John Barry at the Royal Albert Hall , London , September 2006 Background information Birth name John Barry Prendergast ( 1933 - 11 - 03 ) 3 November 1933 York , Yorkshire , England 30 January 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 30 ) ( aged 77 ) Oyster Bay , New York , U.S. Genres Film score Occupation ( s ) Composer , conductor Instruments Keyboards drums harmonica Years active 1959 -- 2006 John Barry Prendergast , OBE ( 3 November 1933 -- 30 January 2011 ) was an English composer and conductor of film music . He composed the scores for 11 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1987 , and also arranged and performed the `` James Bond Theme '' to the first film in the series , 1962 's Dr. No . He wrote the Grammy - and Academy Award - winning scores to the films Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa , as well as the theme for the British television cult series The Persuaders ! , in a career spanning over 50 years . In 1999 , he was appointed OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music . Born in York , Barry spent his early years working in cinemas owned by his father . During his national service with the British Army in Cyprus , Barry began performing as a musician after learning to play the trumpet . Upon completing his national service , he formed his own band in 1957 , The John Barry Seven . He later developed an interest in composing and arranging music , making his début for television in 1958 . He came to the notice of the makers of the first James Bond film Dr. No , who were dissatisfied with a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman . This started a successful association between Barry and Eon Productions that lasted for 25 years . He received many awards for his work , including five Academy Awards ; two for Born Free , and one each for The Lion in Winter ( for which he also won the first BAFTA Award for Best Film Music ) , Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa ( both of which also won him Grammy Awards ) . He also received ten Golden Globe Award nominations , winning once for Best Original Score for Out of Africa in 1986 . Barry completed his last film score , Enigma , in 2001 and recorded the successful album Eternal Echoes the same year . He then concentrated chiefly on live performances and co-wrote the music to the musical Brighton Rock in 2004 alongside Don Black . In 2001 , Barry became a Fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors , and , in 2005 , he was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Barry was married four times and had four children . He moved to the United States in 1975 and lived there for the remainder of his life until his death in 2011 . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Career 1.3 James Bond series 1.4 Personal life and death 2 Awards and nominations 2.1 Accolades 3 Discography 3.1 Bond films 3.2 Other film scores 3.3 Television themes 3.4 Musicals 3.5 Other works 3.6 Singles 3.7 Sampled by other artists 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and education ( edit ) Barry was born John Barry Prendergast , in York , England , and was the son of an English mother and an Irish father . His mother was a classical pianist . His father , John Xavier `` Jack '' Prendergast , from Cork , was a projectionist during the silent film era , who later owned a chain of cinemas across northern England . As a result of his father 's work , Barry was raised in and around cinemas in northern England and he later stated that this childhood background influenced his musical tastes and interests . Barry was educated at St Peter 's School , York , and also received composition lessons from Francis Jackson , Organist of York Minster . Career ( edit ) Serving in the British Army , Barry spent his national service playing the trumpet . During his army service , he took a correspondence course ( with jazz composer Bill Russo ) ; he also worked as an arranger for the Jack Parnell and Ted Heath 's Orchestra , and formed his own band in 1957 , the John Barry Seven , with whom he had some hit records on EMI 's Columbia label . These included `` Hit and Miss '' , the theme tune he composed for the BBC 's Juke Box Jury programme , a cover of the Johnny Smith song `` Walk Do n't Run '' , and a cover of the theme for the United Artists western The Magnificent Seven . By 1959 Barry was gaining commissions to arrange music for other acts , starting with a young trio on Decca , coincidentally called the Three Barry Sisters , though unrelated both to Barry and the more famous Barry Sisters duo in America . The career breakthrough for Barry was the BBC television series Drumbeat , when he appeared with the John Barry Seven . He was employed by EMI from 1959 until 1962 arranging orchestral accompaniment for the company 's singers , including Adam Faith ; he also composed songs ( along with Les Vandyke ) and scores for films in which Faith was featured . When Faith made his first film , Beat Girl ( 1960 ) , Barry composed , arranged and conducted the score , his first . His music was later released as the UK 's first soundtrack album . Barry also composed the music for another Faith film , Never Let Go ( also 1960 ) , orchestrated the score for Mix Me a Person ( 1962 ) , and composed , arranged and conducted the score for The Amorous Prawn ( also 1962 ) . In 1962 , Barry transferred to Ember Records , where he produced albums as well as arranging them . These achievements caught the attention of the producers of a new film called Dr. No ( 1962 ) who were dissatisfied with a theme for James Bond given to them by Monty Norman . Barry was hired and the result was one of the most famous signature tunes in film history , the `` James Bond Theme '' . ( Credit goes to Monty Norman , see here . ) When the producers of the Bond series engaged Lionel Bart to score the next James Bond film From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) , they discovered that Bart could neither read nor write music . Though Bart wrote a title song for the film , the producers remembered Barry 's arrangement of the James Bond Theme and his composing and arranging for several films with Adam Faith . Lionel Bart also recommended Barry to producer Stanley Baker for his film Zulu ( 1964 ) . Bart and Barry worked together in the film Man in the Middle . This was the turning point for Barry , and he subsequently won five Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards , with scores for , among others , Born Free ( 1966 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) for which he did not receive an on - screen credit . and Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) . Barry was often cited as having had a distinct style which concentrated on lush strings and extensive use of brass . However he was also an innovator , being one of the first to employ synthesizers in a film score ( On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , also 1969 ) , and to make wide use of pop artists and songs in Midnight Cowboy . Because Barry provided not just the main title theme but the complete soundtrack score , his music often enhanced the critical reception of a film , notably in Midnight Cowboy , the first remake of King Kong ( 1976 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , and Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) . Barry would often watch films and would note down with pen and paper what worked or what did not . Barry composed the theme for the TV series The Persuaders ! ( 1971 ) , also known as The Unlucky Heroes , in which Tony Curtis and Roger Moore were paired as rich playboys solving crimes . The instrumental recording features the Cimbalom ( which Barry also used for The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) and other themes ) and Moog synthesizers . The theme was a hit single in many European countries ( including France , Germany , and the Benelux states ) , contributing to the cult status of the series in Europe , and the record featured Barry 's The Girl with the Sun in Her Hair on the B side , an instrumental piece featured in a long running TV advert for Sunsilk shampoo . Barry also wrote the scores to a number of musicals , including the 1965 Passion Flower Hotel ( lyrics by Trevor Peacock ) , the successful 1974 West End show Billy ( lyrics by Don Black ) , and two major Broadway flops , Lolita , My Love ( 1971 ) , with Alan Jay Lerner as lyricist , and The Little Prince and the Aviator ( 1981 ) , again with lyricist Don Black . In 2001 , the University of York conferred an honorary degree on Barry , and in 2002 he was named an Honorary Freeman of the City of York . During 2006 , Barry was the executive producer on an album entitled Here 's to the Heroes by the Australian ensemble The Ten Tenors . The album features a number of songs Barry wrote in collaboration with his lyricist friend , Don Black . Barry and Black also composed one of the songs on Shirley Bassey 's 2009 album , The Performance . The song , entitled `` Our Time Is Now '' , is the first written by the duo for Bassey since `` Diamonds Are Forever '' . James Bond series ( edit ) After the success of Dr. No , Barry was hired to compose and perform eleven of the next fourteen James Bond films ( Monty Norman is legally recognised as the composer of the `` James Bond Theme '' ) . In his tenure with the film series , Barry 's music , variously brassy and moody , achieved very wide appeal . For From Russia with Love he composed `` 007 '' , an alternative James Bond signature theme , which is featured in four other Bond films ( Thunderball , You Only Live Twice , Diamonds Are Forever and Moonraker ) . The theme `` Stalking '' , for the teaser sequence of From Russia with Love , was covered by colleague Marvin Hamlisch for The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . ( The music and lyrics for From Russia with Love 's title song were written by Lionel Bart , whose musical theatre credits included Oliver ! ) Barry also contributed indirectly to the soundtrack of the spoof version of Casino Royale ( 1967 ) : his Born Free theme appears briefly in the opening sequence . In Goldfinger ( 1964 ) , he perfected the `` Bond sound '' , a heady mixture of brass , jazz elements and sensuous melodies . There is even an element of Barry 's jazz roots in the big - band track `` Into Miami '' , which follows the title credits and accompanies the film 's iconic image of the camera lens zooming toward the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach . Jimmy Page was working as a session guitarist at the time , and was a part of the recording sessions for the `` Goldfinger '' soundtrack . For Bond films , session musicians such as Page were relegated to the instrumental / score versions of songs , while the main musicians ( on Goldfinger such as Vic Flick ) were given the main film theme song to record . Thus , Flick is heard as lead guitarist on the main theme , leaving Page as a background acoustic contributor to Flick on the instrumental version of the song . Barry 's love for the Russian romantic composers is often reflected in his music ; in his Bond scores he unites this with brass - heavy jazz writing . His use of strings , lyricism , half - diminished chords , and complex key shifting provides melancholy contrast - in his scores this is often heard in variations of the title songs that are used to underscore plot development . As Barry matured , the Bond scores became more lushly melodic ( along with other scores of his such as Out of Africa ) , as in Moonraker ( 1979 ) and Octopussy ( 1983 ) . Barry 's score for A View to a Kill was traditional , but his collaboration with Duran Duran for the title song was contemporary and reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK Singles Chart . Both A View to a Kill and The Living Daylights theme by a-ha blended the pop music style of the bands with Barry 's orchestration . In 2006 , a-ha's Pal Waaktaar complimented Barry 's contributions : `` I loved the stuff he added to the track , I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement . That 's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing . '' Barry 's last score for the Bond series was The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) , Timothy Dalton 's first film in the series with Barry making a cameo appearance as a conductor in the film . Barry was intended to score Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) but was recovering from throat surgery at the time and it was considered unsafe to fly him to London to complete the score . The score was completed by Michael Kamen . David Arnold , a British composer , saw the result of two years ' work in 1997 with the release of Shaken and Stirred : The David Arnold James Bond Project , an album of new versions of the themes from various James Bond films . Arnold thanks Barry in the sleeve notes , referring to him as `` the Guvnor '' . Almost all of the tracks were John Barry compositions , and the revision of his work met with his approval -- he contacted Barbara Broccoli , producer of the then upcoming Tomorrow Never Dies , to recommend Arnold as the film 's composer . Arnold also went on to score four subsequent Bond films : The World Is Not Enough , Die Another Day , Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace . Sole compositional credit for the `` James Bond Theme '' is assigned to Monty Norman , who was contracted as composer for Dr. No . Some 30 years later , in 2001 , the disputed authorship of the theme was examined legally in the High Court in London after Norman sued The Sunday Times for publishing an article in 1997 in which Barry was named as the true composer ; Barry testified for the defence . In court , Barry testified that he had been handed a musical manuscript of a work by Norman ( meant to become the theme ) and that he was to arrange it musically , and that he composed additional music and arranged the `` James Bond Theme '' . The court was also told that Norman received sole credit because of his prior contract with the producers . Barry said that a deal was struck whereby he would receive a flat fee of £ 250 and Norman would receive the songwriting credit . Barry said that he had accepted the deal with United Artists Head of Music Noel Rogers because it would help his career . Despite these claims the jury ruled unanimously in favour of Norman . On 7 September 2006 , John Barry publicly defended his authorship of the theme on the Steve Wright show on BBC Radio 2 . Personal life and death ( edit ) Barry was married four times . His first three marriages , to Barbara Pickard ( 1959 -- 63 ) , Jane Birkin ( 1965 -- 68 ) , and Jane Sidey ( 1969 -- 78 ) all ended in divorce . He was married to his fourth wife , Laurie , from January 1978 until his death . The couple had a son , Jonpatrick . Barry had three daughters , Suzanne ( Susie ) with his first wife , Barbara , Kate with his second wife , Jane , and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages . Suzy Barry , who is married to BBC business journalist Simon Jack , is the mother of his two granddaughters , Phoebe and Florence Ingleby . In 1975 Barry moved to California . A British judge later accused him of emigrating to avoid paying £ 134,000 due the Inland Revenue . The matter was resolved in the late 1980s and Barry was able to return to the UK . He subsequently lived for many years in the United States , mainly in Oyster Bay , New York , in Centre Island on Long Island , from 1980 . Barry suffered a rupture of the oesophagus in 1988 , following a toxic reaction to a health tonic he had consumed . The incident rendered him unable to work for two years and left him vulnerable to pneumonia . Barry died of a heart attack on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home , aged 77 . A memorial concert took place on 20 June 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall in London where the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , Shirley Bassey , Rumer , David Arnold , Wynne Evans and others performed Barry 's music . Sir George Martin , Sir Michael Parkinson , Don Black , Timothy Dalton and others also contributed to the celebration of his life and work . The event was sponsored by the Royal College of Music through a grant by the Broccoli Foundation . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) In 1999 Barry was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) at Buckingham Palace for services to music , and received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 2005 . In 2005 , the American Film Institute ranked Barry 's score for Out of Africa No. 15 on their list of the greatest film scores . His scores for the following films were also nominated : Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Born Free ( 1966 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Accolades ( edit ) Award Year Project Outcome Academy Awards 1966 Born Free Best Original Score Won `` Born Free '' ( from Born Free ) Best Original Song Won 1968 The Lion in Winter Best Original Score for a Motion Picture ( not a Musical ) Won 1971 Mary , Queen of Scots Best Original Dramatic Score Nominated 1985 Out of Africa Best Original Score Won 1990 Dances with Wolves Best Original Score Won 1992 Chaplin Best Original Score Nominated BAFTA Awards 1968 The Lion in Winter Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music Won 1986 Out of Africa Best Score Nominated 1991 Dances with Wolves Best Original Film Score Nominated 2005 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award Won Golden Globe Awards 1966 `` Born Free '' ( from Born Free ) Best Original Song Nominated 1968 The Lion in Winter Best Original Score Nominated 1971 Mary , Queen of Scots Best Original Score Nominated `` Sail the Summer Winds '' ( from The Dove ) Best Original Song Nominated 1977 `` Down Deep Inside '' ( from The Deep ) Best Original Song Nominated 1981 Somewhere in Time Best Original Score Nominated 1985 Out of Africa Best Original Score Won `` A View to a Kill '' ( from A View to a Kill ) Best Original Song Nominated 1990 Dances with Wolves Best Original Score Nominated 1992 Chaplin Best Original Score Nominated Grammy Award 1969 Best Instrumental Theme for Midnight Cowboy 1985 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band for The Cotton Club 1985 Best Instrumental Composition for Out of Africa 1991 Best Instrumental Composition for Dances with Wolves Emmy Award nominations 1964 Outstanding Achievement in Composing Original Music for Television for Elizabeth Taylor in London ( a 1963 television special ) 1977 Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition for a Special ( Dramatic Underscore ) for Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years Golden Raspberry Award 1981 Worst Musical Score for The Legend of the Lone Ranger Max Steiner Lifetime Achievement Award ( presented by the City of Vienna ) 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award from World Soundtrack Academy ( presented at the Ghent Film Festival ) Barry was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1998 . Discography ( edit ) Bond films ( edit ) Barry worked on the soundtracks for the following James Bond films ( title song collaborators in brackets ) : Dr. No ( 1962 ) -- James Bond Theme ( composed by Monty Norman ) as arranged by Barry used on main and end titles , and key points such as Bond 's arrival in Jamaica From Russia with Love ( lyrics by Lionel Bart ) ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse ) , ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( lyrics by Leslie Bricusse ) ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1971 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( lyrics by Don Black ) ( 1974 ) Moonraker ( lyrics by Hal David ) ( 1979 ) Octopussy ( lyrics by Tim Rice ) ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( music and lyrics by Duran Duran ) ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( music and lyrics by Paul Waaktaar - Savoy ) ( 1987 ) Other film scores ( edit ) Beat Girl ( 1960 ) Never Let Go ( 1960 ) The Cool Mikado ( 1962 ) The Amorous Prawn ( 1962 ) The L - Shaped Room ( 1962 ) Man in the Middle ( 1963 ) A Jolly Bad Fellow ( 1964 ) Séance on a Wet Afternoon ( 1964 ) Zulu ( 1964 ) Boy and Bicycle ( 1965 ) Mister Moses ( 1965 ) US Four in the Morning ( 1965 ) The Party 's Over ( 1965 ) The Knack ... and How to Get It ( 1965 ) King Rat ( 1965 ) US The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Born Free ( 1966 ) The Chase ( 1966 ) US The Wrong Box ( 1966 ) The Quiller Memorandum ( 1966 ) The Whisperers ( 1967 ) Dutchman ( 1967 ) Boom ! ( 1968 ) Petulia ( 1968 ) US Deadfall ( 1968 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) The Appointment ( 1969 ) US Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) US Monte Walsh ( 1970 ) US The Last Valley ( 1970 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) US Murphy 's War ( 1971 ) Walkabout ( 1971 ) Mary , Queen of Scots ( 1971 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1972 ) Follow Me ! ( 1972 ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 ) The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) The Dove ( 1974 ) US The Day of the Locust ( 1975 ) US King Kong ( 1976 ) US Italy Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) US The Deep ( 1977 ) First Love ( 1977 ) US The White Buffalo ( 1977 ) US Game of Death ( 1978 ) The Betsy ( 1978 ) Starcrash ( 1978 ) US Hanover Street ( 1979 ) The Black Hole ( 1979 ) US Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) US Touched by Love ( 1980 ) US Canada Inside Moves ( 1980 ) US Night Games ( 1980 ) US Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Modern Romance ( 1981 ) US The Legend of the Lone Ranger ( 1981 ) US Body Heat ( 1981 ) US Frances ( 1982 ) US Murder by Phone ( 1982 ) Hammett ( 1982 ) US The Golden Seal ( 1983 ) High Road to China ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) US Until September ( 1984 ) US Mike 's Murder ( 1984 ) US Jagged Edge ( 1985 ) US Out of Africa ( 1985 ) US Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) US A Killing Affair ( 1986 ) US Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) US The Golden Child ( 1986 ) ( only partially used in final cut ) US Hearts of Fire ( 1987 ) US Masquerade ( 1988 ) US Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) US The Commitments ( 1991 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) ( rejected score ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) ( rejected score ) Ruby Cairo ( 1993 ) US My Life ( 1993 ) US Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) US The Specialist ( 1994 ) US Cry , the Beloved Country ( 1995 ) Across the Sea of Time ( 1995 ) US The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) US Swept from the Sea ( 1997 ) US Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) US Playing by Heart ( 1998 ) US The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) ( rejected score ) Goodbye Lover ( 1998 ) ( rejected score ) Enigma ( 2001 ) Television themes ( edit ) Juke Box Jury ( 1959 -- 1967 ) Dateline London ( 1962 ) Elizabeth Taylor in London ( Grammy award nomination ) ( 1963 ) Impromptu ( 1964 ) Sophia Loren in Rome ( 1964 ) The Newcomers ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Vendetta ( 1966 ) The Persuaders ! ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Adventurer ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Orson Welles ' Great Mysteries ( 1973 ) The Glass Menagerie ( 1973 ) Born Free ( 1974 ) Love Among the Ruins ( 1975 ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 ) The War Between the Tates ( 1977 ) Young Joe , the Forgotten Kennedy ( 1977 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) The Corn is Green ( 1979 ) Willa ( 1979 ) Svengali ( 1983 ) USA Today : The Television Show ( 1988 ) Musicals ( edit ) Passion Flower Hotel ( 1965 ) Lolita , My Love ( 1971 ) , a musical comedy ( text by Alan Jay Lerner ) based on Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Lolita Billy ( 1974 ) The Little Prince and the Aviator ( 1981 ) Brighton Rock ( 2004 ) Other works ( edit ) Stringbeat ( 1961 ) Americans ( 1975 ) The Beyondness of Things ( 1999 ) Eternal Echoes ( 2001 ) The Seasons ( no release date set ) Singles ( edit ) ( Excludes co-composed hits , e.g. Duran Duran 's A View to a Kill ) `` Hit and Miss '' as The John Barry Seven plus Four , UK # 10 ( first charted 1960 ) `` Beat for Beatniks '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 40 ( 1960 ) `` Never Let Go '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 49 ( 1960 ) `` Blueberry Hill '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 34 ( 1960 ) `` Walk Do n't Run '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 11 ( 1960 ) `` Black Stockings '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 27 ( 1960 ) `` The Magnificent Seven '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 45 ( 1961 ) `` Cutty Sark '' as The John Barry Seven , UK # 35 ( 1962 ) `` The James Bond Theme '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 13 ( 1962 ) `` From Russia with Love '' as The John Barry Orchestra , UK # 39 ( 1963 ) `` Theme from ' The Persuaders ' '' as John Barry , UK # 13 ( 1971 ) His four highest - charting hits all spent more than 10 weeks in the UK top 50 . Sampled by other artists ( edit ) Barry 's work began to be sampled in the 1990s by artists such as Dr. Dre and Wu - Tang Clan , with his `` James Bond Theme '' being sampled by performers as diverse as Bonobo , Gang Starr and Junior Reid . Fatboy Slim used the opening guitars from `` Beat Girl ( Main Title ) '' for `` Rockafeller Skank '' from his album , You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1998 ) . The Sneaker Pimps also sampled `` Golden Girl '' on their single `` 6 Underground '' ( 1996 ) . Additionally , `` You Only Live Twice '' was heavily sampled on `` Millennium '' from Robbie Williams ' second album , I 've Been Expecting You . Barry was set to compose Thomas and the Magic Railroad but left due to scheduling conflicts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sunday Times Magazine ( London ) . 18 December 2011 . p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' James Bond Theme ' composer John Barry dies of heart attack '' . One India . 1 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film composer Barry dies aged 77 '' . The Irish Times . Dublin. 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sweeting , Adam ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` John Barry Obituary '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Sheena ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` John Barry Obituary '' . Yorkshire Post . Leeds . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Barry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2010 ... WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ `` John Barry The Gstaad Memorandum '' . Film score monthly . November 1996 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Pete Frame The restless generation : how rock music changed the face of 1950s Britain 0952954079 2007 - Page 414 `` Meanwhile , Barry was winning commissions to arrange music for other acts , starting with a young trio on Decca , the unrelated ( to him ) Barry Sisters . Together , they cut two singles , Tall Paul and Jo Jo The Dog - faced Boy , which had been consecutive American hits for Annette Funicello . Neither excited retail interest - and nor did any of the three singles he made with Larry Page '' Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Firth , Simon Music for Pleasure : Essays in the Sociology of Pop ' Routledge , 1988 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Cody , Joshua ( 3 November 1933 ) . `` The Ensemble Sospeso -- John Barry '' . Sospeso.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall , Dr Sheldon Zulu : With Some Guts Behind It : The Making of the Epic Movie 2005 Tomahawk Press Jump up ^ `` Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) '' . IMDb.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of York to award nine honorary degrees '' . University of York . 21 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie music legend John Barry dies aged 77 '' . Mirror.co.uk. 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Fiona . `` Album review : Dame Shirley Bassey '' . The Scotsman 2 November 2009 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` John Barry '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/jimmy-page-before-led-zeppelin-20-great-sixties-session-songs-20151129/shirley-bassey-goldfinger-1964-20151111 Jump up ^ Barry , John in Burlingame , Jon . ( 2014 ) The Music of James Bond , Reprint Edition , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Madden , Karl . `` The Melancholy Touch : Romantic Shades of John Barry 's Bond '' Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . in James Bond in World and Popular Culture : The Films Are Not Enough . Eds . Robert G. Weiner , B. Lynn Whitfield , and Jack Becker . Newcastle : Cambridge Scholars , 1st Edition 2010 , 116 -- 126 , 2nd Edition 2011 , 121 -- 131 . Print . Jump up ^ Waaktaar , Pal ( interviewee ) ( 2006 ) . James Bond 's Greatest Hits ( Television ) . UK : North One Television . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry -- The Man with the Midas Touch '' . Johnbarry.org.uk. 1 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Macnee , Patrick ( Narrator ) . The Bond Sound : The Music of 007 ( DVD ( Documentary ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Monty Norman v . The Sunday Times : The `` James Bond Theme '' Lawsuit `` . The John Barry Resource . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Neil . `` £ 30,000 damages for composer of 007 theme tune '' , The Telegraph , 20 March 2001 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` Bond theme writer wins damages '' . BBC News . 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry on the Bond Theme '' . MI6-HQ.com. 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Centre Island - Long Island New York - Long Island Exchange '' . Longislandexchange.com . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon . `` John Barry Dies at 77 '' , Variety , 31 January 2011 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank . `` John Barry , Oscar - winning Composer , Dies '' , Newsday , 31 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Composer John Barry remembered at memorial concert '' . BBC . 21 June 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bond composer John Barry dies aged 77 '' . BBC . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : The Memorial Concert '' . MI6-HQ.com . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond composer John Barry dies at 77 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry : 15 facts about the great composer '' . Classic FM . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1986 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film Nominations 1991 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowship Award winners '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners Search -- John Barry '' . Grammy. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primetime Emmy Award Database '' . Emmy . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Barry '' . whosampled.com . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Fiegel , Eddi . John Barry : A Sixties Theme : From James Bond to Midnight Cowboy ( Faber & Faber : London , UK , 2012 ) Leonard , Geoff , Pete Walker and Gareth Bramley . John Barry -- The Man with the Midas Touch ( Redcliffe Press : Bristol , UK , 2008 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Barry ( composer ) . John Barry Website John Barry at the Songwriters Hall of Fame John Barry on IMDb John Barry at Find a Grave Appearance on Desert Island Discs 13 June 1999 John Barry discography at MusicBrainz John Barry Memorial Concert -- Remembering Chet on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- The James Bond Theme on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- Goldfinger on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- We Have All The Time in the World on YouTube John Barry Memorial Concert -- Complete Radio Broadcast on YouTube James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Awards for John Berry Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers ( 1934 ) Max Steiner ( 1935 ) Leo F. Forbstein ( 1936 ) Charles Previn ( 1937 ) Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman ( 1938 ) Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman , W. Franke Harling , John Leipold and Leo Shuken ( 1939 ) 1940s Leigh Harline , Paul J. Smith and Ned Washington / Alfred Newman ( 1940 ) Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace ( 1941 ) Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld ( 1942 ) Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf ( 1943 ) Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon ( 1944 ) Miklós Rózsa / Georgie Stoll ( 1945 ) Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff ( 1946 ) Miklós Rózsa / Alfred Newman ( 1947 ) Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens ( 1948 ) Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton ( 1949 ) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens ( 1950 ) Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin ( 1951 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman ( 1952 ) Bronisław Kaper / Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin ( 1954 ) Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett , Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch ( 1955 ) Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1956 ) Malcolm Arnold ( 1957 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn ( 1958 ) Miklós Rózsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby ( 1959 ) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman ( 1960 ) Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal ( 1961 ) Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf ( 1962 ) John Addison / Andre Previn ( 1963 ) Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn ( 1964 ) Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal ( 1965 ) John Barry / Ken Thorne ( 1966 ) Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1967 ) John Barry / Johnny Green ( 1968 ) Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman ( 1969 ) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand / John Williams ( 1971 ) Charlie Chaplin , Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns ( 1972 ) Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle ( 1974 ) John Williams / Leonard Rosenman ( 1975 ) Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman ( 1976 ) John Williams / Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 ) Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti ( 1978 ) Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns ( 1979 ) 1980s Michael Gore ( 1980 ) Vangelis ( 1981 ) John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse ( 1982 ) Bill Conti / Michel Legrand , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1983 ) Maurice Jarre / Prince ( 1984 ) John Barry ( 1985 ) Herbie Hancock ( 1986 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto , David Byrne and Cong Su ( 1987 ) Dave Grusin ( 1988 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s John Barry ( 1990 ) Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Alan Menken ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) Luis Enríquez Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman ( 1996 ) James Horner / Anne Dudley ( 1997 ) Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck ( 1998 ) John Corigliano ( 1999 ) 2000s Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek ( 2004 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music John Barry ( 1968 ) Mikis Theodorakis ( 1969 ) Burt Bacharach ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand ( 1971 ) Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Alan Price ( 1973 ) Richard Rodney Bennett ( 1974 ) John Williams ( 1975 ) Bernard Herrmann ( 1976 ) John Addison ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1979 ) John Williams ( 1980 ) Carl Davis ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1983 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1984 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1985 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) Ennio Morricone ( 1987 ) John Williams ( 1988 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1989 ) Andrea and Ennio Morricone ( 1990 ) Jean - Claude Petit ( 1991 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Don Was ( 1994 ) Luis Bacalov ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Nellee Hooper ( 1997 ) David Hirschfelder ( 1998 ) Thomas Newman ( 1999 ) Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Craig Armstrong and Marius de Vries ( 2001 ) Philip Glass ( 2002 ) T Bone Burnett and Gabriel Yared ( 2003 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Christopher Gunning ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Thomas Newman ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) BAFTA Fellowship recipients 1971 -- 2000 Alfred Hitchcock ( 1971 ) Freddie Young ( 1972 ) Grace Wyndham Goldie ( 1973 ) David Lean ( 1974 ) Jacques Cousteau ( 1975 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1976 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Denis Forman ( 1977 ) Fred Zinnemann ( 1978 ) Lew Grade ( 1979 ) Huw Wheldon ( 1979 ) David Attenborough ( 1980 ) John Huston ( 1980 ) Abel Gance ( 1981 ) Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger ( 1981 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1983 ) Hugh Greene ( 1984 ) Sam Spiegel ( 1984 ) Jeremy Isaacs ( 1985 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1986 ) Federico Fellini ( 1987 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Alec Guinness ( 1989 ) Paul Fox ( 1990 ) Louis Malle ( 1991 ) John Gielgud ( 1992 ) David Plowright ( 1992 ) Sydney Samuelson ( 1993 ) Colin Young ( 1993 ) Michael Grade ( 1994 ) Billy Wilder ( 1995 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1996 ) Ronald Neame ( 1996 ) John Schlesinger ( 1996 ) Maggie Smith ( 1996 ) Woody Allen ( 1997 ) Steven Bochco ( 1997 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Oswald Morris ( 1997 ) Harold Pinter ( 1997 ) David Rose ( 1997 ) Sean Connery ( 1998 ) Bill Cotton ( 1998 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1999 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1999 ) Michael Caine ( 2000 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 2000 ) Peter Bazalgette ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Albert Finney ( 2001 ) John Thaw ( 2001 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Warren Beatty ( 2002 ) Merchant Ivory Productions ( 2002 ) Andrew Davies ( 2002 ) John Mills ( 2002 ) Saul Zaentz ( 2003 ) David Jason ( 2003 ) John Boorman ( 2004 ) Roger Graef ( 2004 ) John Barry ( 2005 ) David Frost ( 2005 ) David Puttnam ( 2006 ) Ken Loach ( 2006 ) Anne V. Coates ( 2007 ) Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Will Wright ( 2007 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2008 ) Bruce Forsyth ( 2008 ) Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders ( 2009 ) Terry Gilliam ( 2009 ) Nolan Bushnell ( 2009 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2010 ) Shigeru Miyamoto ( 2010 ) Melvyn Bragg ( 2010 ) Christopher Lee ( 2011 ) Peter Molyneux ( 2011 ) Trevor McDonald ( 2011 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2012 ) Rolf Harris ( 2012 ) Alan Parker ( 2013 ) Gabe Newell ( 2013 ) Michael Palin ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Rockstar Games ( 2014 ) Julie Walters ( 2014 ) Mike Leigh ( 2015 ) David Braben ( 2015 ) Jon Snow ( 2015 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2016 ) John Carmack ( 2016 ) Ray Galton & Alan Simpson ( 2016 ) Mel Brooks ( 2017 ) Joanna Lumley ( 2017 ) Ridley Scott ( 2018 ) Tim Schafer ( 2018 ) Kate Adie ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1940s Life with Father -- Max Steiner ( 1947 ) The Red Shoes -- Brian Easdale ( 1948 ) The Inspector General -- Johnny Green ( 1949 ) 1950s Sunset Boulevard -- Franz Waxman ( 1950 ) September Affair -- Victor Young ( 1951 ) High Noon -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1952 ) On the Beach -- Ernest Gold ( 1959 ) 1960s The Alamo -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) To Kill a Mockingbird -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1962 ) ( 1963 ) The Fall of the Roman Empire -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago -- Maurice Jarre ( 1965 ) Hawaii -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1966 ) Camelot -- Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) The Shoes of the Fisherman -- Alex North ( 1968 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Burt Bacharach ( 1969 ) 1970s Love Story -- Francis Lai ( 1970 ) Shaft -- Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) The Godfather -- Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- Neil Diamond ( 1973 ) The Little Prince -- Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ( 1974 ) Jaws -- John Williams ( 1975 ) A Star is Born -- Kenneth Ascher , Paul Williams ( 1976 ) Star Wars -- John Williams ( 1977 ) Midnight Express -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now -- Carmine Coppola , Francis Ford Coppola ( 1979 ) 1980s The Stunt Man -- Dominic Frontiere ( 1980 ) ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -- John Williams ( 1982 ) Flashdance -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) A Passage to India -- Maurice Jarre ( 1984 ) Out of Africa -- John Barry ( 1985 ) The Mission -- Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor -- David Byrne , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Cong Su ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist -- Maurice Jarre ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid -- Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s The Sheltering Sky -- Richard Horowitz , Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast -- Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Aladdin -- Alan Menken ( 1992 ) Heaven & Earth -- Kitarō ( 1993 ) The Lion King -- Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) A Walk in the Clouds -- Maurice Jarre ( 1995 ) The English Patient -- Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Titanic -- James Horner ( 1997 ) The Truman Show -- Burkhard Dallwitz , Philip Glass ( 1998 ) 1900 -- Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator -- Lisa Gerrard , Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! -- Craig Armstrong ( 2001 ) Frida -- Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Howard Shore ( 2003 ) The Aviator -- Howard Shore ( 2004 ) Memoirs of a Geisha -- John Williams ( 2005 ) The Painted Veil -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2006 ) Atonement -- Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire -- A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Up -- Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s The Social Network -- Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) The Artist -- Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Life of Pi -- Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) All Is Lost -- Alex Ebert ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything -- Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2014 ) The Hateful Eight -- Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) La La Land -- Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Music Bernard Herrmann ( 1973 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1974 / 75 ) David Raksin ( 1976 ) John Williams / John Williams ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1979 ) John Barry ( 1980 ) John Williams ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) James Horner ( 1983 ) Jerry Goldsmith ( 1984 ) Bruce Broughton ( 1985 ) Alan Menken ( 1986 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1987 ) Christopher Young ( 1988 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1989 / 90 ) Loek Dikker ( 1991 ) Angelo Badalamenti ( 1992 ) Danny Elfman ( 1993 ) Howard Shore ( 1994 ) John Ottman ( 1995 ) Danny Elfman ( 1996 ) Danny Elfman ( 1997 ) John Carpenter ( 1998 ) Danny Elfman ( 1999 ) James Horner ( 2000 ) John Williams ( 2001 ) Danny Elfman ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Alan Silvestri ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) John Ottman ( 2006 ) Alan Menken ( 2007 ) James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer ( 2008 ) James Horner ( 2009 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2010 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2011 ) Danny Elfman ( 2012 ) Frank Ilfman ( 2013 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2014 ) John Williams ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2017 ) Note : The years are listed as per convention , usually the year of film release ; the ceremonies are usually held the next year . WorldCat Identities BIBSYS : 7614 BNE : XX1095081 BNF : cb138911904 ( data ) GND : 121846482 ISNI : 0000 0003 6865 189X LCCN : n82020007 MusicBrainz : 661e20c8 - 3d82 - 4da2 - 94a2 - 97d9e11691c0 NDL : 001153112 NKC : xx0008135 NLA : 35802952 SELIBR : 213532 SNAC : w6rb7brr SUDOC : 080783775 VIAF : 76499379 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Barry_(composer)&oldid=861746474 '' Categories : 1933 births 2011 deaths BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songwriters Easy listening artists English expatriates in the United States English film score composers English male composers English musical theatre composers English people of Irish descent English songwriters Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners Male film score composers Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at St Peter 's School , York People from Centre Island , New York People from Oyster Bay , New York People from York Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Birkin family Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 14 elements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 18 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the music for dances with wolves | [
"John Barry Prendergast, OBE (3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011)[1][2] was an English composer and conductor of film music. He composed the scores for 11 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the \"James Bond Theme\" to the first film in the series, 1962's Dr. No. He wrote the Grammy- and Academy Award-winning scores to the films Dances with Wolves and Out of Africa, as well as the theme for the British television cult series The Persuaders!, in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999, he was appointed OBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music.\n"
] | [
"John Barry Prendergast, OBE"
] |
-4896665748404017343 | Ant & Dec | Ant & Dec - wikipedia Ant & Dec Jump to : navigation , search Ant & Dec Anthony `` Ant '' McPartlin ( left ) and Declan `` Dec '' Donnelly in 2014 Medium Television Years active 1988 -- present Genres Stand up , acting Notable works and roles I 'm a Celebrity ... Saturday Night Takeaway Britain 's Got Talent Byker Grove Red or Black ? SMTV Live CD : UK Pop Idol Genocide Shrines Alien Autopsy Members Anthony McPartlin , OBE Declan Donnelly , OBE Website Official website Anthony McPartlin , OBE ( born 18 November 1975 ) and Declan Donnelly , OBE ( born 25 September 1975 ) , known collectively as Ant & Dec , are an English comedy TV presenting , television producing , acting and former music duo from Newcastle upon Tyne , England . The duo first met as actors on the children 's television show Byker Grove , during which and in their subsequent pop career they were respectively known as PJ & Duncan -- the names of the characters they played on the show . Since then , they have had a very successful career as television presenters , presenting shows such as SMTV Live , CD : UK , Friends Like These , Pop Idol , Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , PokerFace , Push the Button , Britain 's Got Talent , Red or Black ? , and Text Santa . In 2006 , they returned to acting with the film Alien Autopsy . The duo presented the annual Brit Awards in 2001 , 2015 and 2016 . Ant is the taller out of the two at 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) , and Dec is four inches shorter at 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) . To assist with identification , they follow the 180 - degree rule ; with the exception of some early publicity shots . They have their own production company , Mitre Television , where they produce their shows . In a 2004 poll for the BBC , Ant & Dec were named the eighteenth most influential people in British culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Music 2.3 Presenting 2.3. 1 Children 's television 2.3. 2 Primetime 2.4 Other activities 2.5 OBEs 3 Controversies 4 Acting 5 Awards 5.1 National Television Awards 5.2 NTAs by number won 6 Filmography 6.1 Television 6.2 Films 6.3 Television advertisements 6.4 Television idents 6.5 Apps 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) McPartlin and Donnelly first met while working on the BBC children 's drama Byker Grove in 1989 . After a shaky start , they soon became best friends . They have achieved such popularity as a duo that they are hardly ever seen apart on screen . It is reported that they are each insured against the other 's death , with the amount reportedly being around £ 1,000,000 . Their inseparability has led to their receiving joint nominations for many awards . They are both managed by the James Grant Group . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Although Ant had gained some television experience with a brief stint on the children 's television series Why Do n't You ? , which was broadcast on the BBC , Dec was the first of the two to acquire his place on the BBC children 's drama Byker Grove . He joined in 1989 , playing Duncan . A year later , Ant joined the cast to play PJ . Their friendship began when their storylines collided , creating a friendship off - screen as well as on . Dec also played a stable boy in the adaptation of the novel The Cinder Path in his teenage years . They also went on to co-star in the 2006 sci - fi comedy movie Alien Autopsy . Music ( edit ) Main article : PJ & Duncan discography After leaving television , the duo turned their hand to pop music . Their first single was a song they performed while part of Byker Grove , entitled `` Tonight I 'm Free '' . The single had some success , and the duo went on to record two albums under their character names of PJ & Duncan . Their most famous hit during this period was the BRIT Award nominated `` Let 's Get Ready To Rhumble '' , for which the video and moves were choreographed by Mark Short , who had previously worked with Tina Turner and Peter Andre . For their third album , the duo reinvented themselves under their real names of Ant & Dec . The album featured their signature single `` Shout '' . `` Let 's Get Ready To Rhumble '' made a comeback on Saturday Night Takeaway at the end of the show . Their final single release was `` Falling '' , which was the track that subsequently ended their musical career . The track was pulled from the British charts under the instruction of their record label , Telstar Records , after claims of copyright infringement were made , brought about by a pop duo , ' And all because ... ' , who were also managed by Ant and Dec 's management team . The duo claimed that Ant & Dec had stolen the song from them and released it without their consent . Subsequently , Telstar Records decided not to renew their existing contract , and they were dropped from the label . During their time , the pair released sixteen singles and three studio albums ; however , none of their releases managed to reach number one , with their highest UK chart position being number three . The duo did , however , reach the top ten in Germany and Japan , and even had a number - one single in Germany , with their cover of the Everly Brothers ' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' . Success also struck in other European countries . The duo had a short lived revival in the music industry , releasing a song for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , entitled `` We 're on the Ball '' . The track peaked at No. 3 , being beaten by Will Young and Gareth Gates . On 23 March 2013 Ant and Dec performed `` Let 's Get Ready To Rhumble '' as part of their show Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway which powered the song to number one on the UK iTunes chart and on Sunday 31 March 2013 the track was revealed as the Official UK Number 1 single on The Official Chart on BBC Radio 1 . All money made from the re-release was donated to charity . Presenting ( edit ) Children 's television ( edit ) Ant & Dec got their first presenting job in 1994 , while they were still releasing music under the alias of PJ & Duncan . They co-presented a Saturday - morning children 's show entitled Gimme 5 , which was broadcast on CITV . The show only lasted two series before being dropped from the airwaves . In 1995 , the duo were once again offered a job on CBBC , this time presenting their own series , entitled The Ant & Dec Show . The series was broadcast from 1995 to 1997 , and in 1996 , Ant & Dec won two BAFTA Awards , one for ' Best Children 's Show ' and one for ' Best Sketch Comedy Show ' . In 1997 , a VHS release , entitled The Ant & Dec Show -- Confidential , was made available in shops , and featured an hour of the best bits from three years of the programme , as well as specially recorded sketches and music videos . In 1998 , the duo switched to Channel 4 , presenting an early - evening children 's show entitled Ant & Dec Unzipped . This show also won a BAFTA , but was dropped from the airwaves after just one series . ITV soon signed the duo in August 1998 , and within weeks , were assigned to present ITV1 's Saturday morning programmes SMTV Live and CD : UK , alongside old friend Cat Deeley . The duo presented the shows alongside Deeley for three years , becoming the most popular ITV Saturday morning show . The programme 's success was the mix of games such as Eat My Goal , Wonkey Donkey and Challenge Ant , sketches such as `` Dec Says '' and the `` Secret of My Success '' , and the chemistry between Ant , Dec and Cat . Two SMTV VHS releases , compiling the best bits from both shows , were released in 2000 and 2001 respectively . Ant & Dec also starred in the children 's TV series Engie Benjy during their time on SMTV . Ant & Dec made their permanent departure from children 's television in 2001 after trying out formats like Friends Like These for BBC One in 2000 and Slap Bang with Ant & Dec for ITV in 2001 ( which was basically SMTV in the evening even playing Challenge Ant against adults ) . They have since said that the main reason they left SMTV was because the Pop Idol live finals were due to begin on Saturday nights on ITV in December 2001 . Primetime ( edit ) Ant & Dec 's first primetime presenting job came in the form of BBC Saturday - night game show Friends Like These , which was first broadcast in 1999 and made them known as presenters - a shift change from their acting days . The duo presented four series of the programme between 1999 and 2001 . In 2001 , the duo 's contract with ITV was renewed for a further three years , following their appearances on SMTV Live and CD : UK , and received their first primetime presenting job on the station , presenting brand new Saturday night reality series Pop Idol and down to this success they had to leave SMTV behind . Pop Idol was broadcast for only two series before was replaced in 2004 by The X Factor , to which former Smash Hits editor Kate Thornton was assigned presenting duties . In 2005 , as part of the ITV 's 50th birthday celebrations , they were back on television fronting Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon , a celebration of some of ITV 's most enduring gameshows from the past 50 years . They hosted The Price Is Right , Family Fortunes , Play Your Cards Right , Bullseye , Take Your Pick ! , The Golden Shot and Sale of the Century . In 2002 , Ant & Dec created and presented their own show , entitled Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway . The show has so far run for thirteen series , with series 14 due to air in early 2017 . The first series was not an overall success , but with the introduction of `` Ant & Dec Undercover '' , `` What 's Next ? '' , `` Ant v Dec '' and `` Little Ant and Dec '' , the show became a hit . During the fourth series , Dec broke his arm , thumb and suffered a concussion whilst completing a challenge for the ' Ant vs. Dec ' segment of the show . The incident involved learning how to ride a motorbike and jumping through a ring of fire . During the challenge , Dec failed to pull hard enough on the throttle of the bike , causing it to topple over and sending him flying through the air . The accident caused the pair to miss the Comic Relief charity telethon of 2005 . In 2006 , the first episode of series five saw the duo abseil down the side of the 22 - storey high London Studios , where the show was filmed . Two DVDs , a best - bits book and a board game of the series were released during 2004 . The show was rested after 2009 as Ant & Dec said they were running out of ideas and it became stale , as many of the popular features such as `` Little Ant & Dec '' and `` Undercover '' were dropped . Saturday Night Takeaway returned in 2013 and was a massive success ; Ant & Dec resurrected previous hit features such as `` Undercover '' , `` Little Ant and Dec '' ( albeit with a new Little Ant and Dec ) Win the Ads and Ant v Dec , with new host Ashley Roberts . They also brought in new features such as the Supercomputer , Vegas or Bust , the End of the show ' show ' where Ant and Dec perform with an act such as Riverdance or an Orchestra , and `` I 'm a Celebrity , get out of my ear ! '' where they have an earpiece in a celebs ear and they tell them what to do while being filmed by secret cameras . The series was such a success that ITV recommissioned it for 2014 even before the 2013 series ended . In August 2002 , Ant & Dec fronted I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . They drew their highest viewing figures to date in February 2004 : nearly 15 million tuned in to watch the third series . In May 2006 , they were assigned to present coverage of the charity football match Soccer Aid . They were then invited back to present coverage of the second match in September 2008 but have been replaced by Dermot O'Leary from 2010 as the match clashed with Britain 's Got Talent . In June 2006 , they announced they had created a new game - show format for ITV , entitled PokerFace . The show featured members of the public gambling high stakes of money in an attempt to win the ultimate prize . The first series began airing on 10 July 2006 , and was aired for seven consecutive nights . The second series was broadcast in early 2007 , and saw a move to a prime - time Saturday slot . Ratings for the series fell to below 3.5 million , and the series was subsequently axed in March 2007 . A board game of the format was released in 2008 . In April 2007 , the duo signed a two - year golden handcuffs deal with ITV , reportedly worth £ 40 million , securing their career at the station until the end of 2009 . In June 2007 , they were offered the job of presenters on new ITV reality platform Britain 's Got Talent by Simon Cowell . The series features contestants aiming to win £ 100,000 and spot on the bill at the Royal Variety Performance , while performing and being judged by Cowell , actress Amanda Holden and former Daily Mirror editor Piers Morgan . The series was highly successful , drawing in nearly 12 million viewers . A second series was broadcast in May 2008 , and drew in nearly 14.5 million viewers . They have since returned to present ten series of the show , and have also had a regular feature on the ITV2 spin - off show Britain 's Got More Talent . The pair filmed a series of six episodes for a new American game show , Wanna Bet ? , in November 2007 . The episodes was broadcast in 2008 , but failed to attract enough interest for a second series to be commissioned . What You Wrote , another format created by the duo , was due to air in Autumn 2008 but was reportedly axed by ITV . In 2010 , the duo debuted a replacement for Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway , entitled Ant & Dec 's Push the Button . The series was a success albeit not in the same way as Saturday Night Takeaway , and a second run of the programme was broadcast in 2011 but Ant and Dec later dropped the show in favour of reviving Saturday Night Takeaway . Ant & Dec have also presented the game show Red or Black ? , a creation of Cowell 's , airing live on ITV in 2011 with a second series in 2012 , but this was not a ratings success and was cancelled after the second series . On 24 December 2011 , they presented ITV 's charity initiative Text Santa with Holly Willoughby . Text Santa returned in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 with Ant & Dec co-hosting alongside Christine Bleakley , Phillip Schofield , Holly Willoughby , Alesha Dixon and Paddy McGuinness . In January 2016 , Ant and Dec presented When Ant and Dec Met The Prince : 40 Years of The Prince 's Trust , a one - off documentary for ITV . In 2016 , they also presented The Queen 's 90th Birthday Celebration , broadcast live on ITV . In November 2016 the pair signed a new three - year deal with ITV estimated to be worth £ 30m . Other activities ( edit ) In 2006 , a celebration of the show Spitting Image saw Ant and Dec having their own puppets made . They have also been made into cartoon characters on the comedy show 2DTV , and face masks in Avid Merrion 's Bo Selecta . Waxworks of the duo could once be found in London 's Madame Tussauds . In April 2008 , it was reported that Ant & Dec 's production company , Gallowgate Productions , had purchased the rights to Byker Grove and SMTV Live , after the production companies that made them , Zenith Entertainment and Blaze Television , had both gone bankrupt in 2007 . According to reports , the duo decided to purchase the rights to stop digital channels showing repeats of the programmes . On 28 September 2008 , it was reported that the pair were attacked by the Taliban whilst in Afghanistan to present a Pride of Britain Award . In December 2008 , the duo starred in a seasonal advert , their first in seven years , for the supermarket chain Sainsbury 's . The duo appeared alongside chef Jamie Oliver . In March 2009 , the duo filmed a short film for inclusion on Comic Relief , which highlighted their story upon visiting a community centre for young carers in the North East . In September 2009 , the duo released their official autobiography , entitled `` Ooh ! What a Lovely Pair . Our Story '' . In October 2010 , the duo appeared in several Nintendo adverts playing both the Wii and Nintendo DS . In 2011 and 2014 , they both appeared on the ITV2 comedy panel show Celebrity Juice . From February 2013 to March 2015 they appeared in adverts for supermarket Morrisons . Since February 2016 , they have appeared in adverts for car company Suzuki . In 2015 , the pair made a cameo appearance on the U.S. adaptation of Saturday Night Takeaway , NBC 's Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris . The duo are also executive producers on the show . Obes ( edit ) On 10 June 2016 it was announced that the duo would be awarded OBE status by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II at an investiture later that year . The pair said they were both `` shocked , but incredibly honoured . '' Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly collected their awards for services to broadcasting and entertainment at Buckingham Palace from Prince Charles on 27 January 2017 . Following the brief ceremony , the pair said : `` We 're humbled and honoured and ecstatic about the whole thing . We hope it can inspire young people from backgrounds like ours that things like this do happen to us sometimes . Put your head down and work hard and you can achieve what you want . You can end up in Buckingham Palace . '' Controversies ( edit ) Law firm Olswang were commissioned to investigate the 2005 British Comedy Awards when the producers overturned the voting public 's first choice , The Catherine Tate Show in favour of Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway for the People 's Choice Award . The incident was also the subject of an investigation by media regulator Ofcom . Following allegations of fraud in 2007 , an investigation by auditors Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu discovered that two shows , Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon and Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway , had defrauded viewers participating in phone - ins . The programmes were subject to a further investigation by Ofcom which found that between January 2003 and October 2006 Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway had : selected competition finalists before the telephone lines were announced as closed staggered the selection of competition finalists which meant that viewers entering the competition did not have a fair and equal chance of winning selected finalists on the basis of their suitability to be on television and where they lived selected an individual already known to the production team to be placed on the shortlist of potential winners and who went on to win the competition and between September and October 2005 , Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon had : on six occasions in the Prize Mountain competition , selected winners based on their suitability to be on screen failed to account for almost half of the competition entries The pair were ridiculed for their alleged participation in the fraud on the front cover of the satirical magazine Private Eye . On 10 September 2008 , Ant & Dec announced that the frauds `` will never happen again '' , insisting that a `` high - tech system '' and strict rules will ensure viewers can not lose out with poorly monitored premium rate phone lines . On 30 September 2008 , it was reported that Ant & Dec were being sued for $ 30 million by Greek American stand - up comedian and actor ANT for using his name in the United States . The lawsuit , among other things , alleges trademark infringement and fraud . The suit was dismissed in May 2010 . The pair have had a UK registered trademark for ' Ant & Dec ' in the category of ' Entertainment services ' since 2003 . Acting ( edit ) They have , albeit infrequently , returned to acting . They played themselves in the film Love Actually ( in which Bill Nighy 's character addressed Dec as `` Ant or Dec '' ) . They have returned to their Geordie roots in a one - off tribute to The Likely Lads and also by returning to Byker Grove for Geoff 's funeral . In 1998 , the pair starred in the pantomime Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Sunderland 's Empire Theatre alongside Donnelly 's partner at the time Clare Buckfield . The show was financially unsuccessful , making £ 20,000 less than it cost to stage , with the duo footing a large share of the shortfall . Ant & Dec 's most recent acting appearance was in the film Alien Autopsy released in April 2006 . The film gained positive reviews with critics praising the pair 's acting performance , but lost more than half of its budget at the box office . It has since gained a cult following from fans of the pair . In 2013 they reprised their roles as P.J and Duncan on Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway . Awards ( edit ) 1994 Brit Award Nomination -- Best Song : `` Let 's Get Ready to Rhumble '' 1995 Brit Award Nomination -- British Breakthrough Royal Television Society Awards - The Ant and Dec Show British Academy Children 's Awards : Children 's Entertainment Show ( The Ant and Dec Show ) 1997 Nominated - British Academy Children 's Awards : Children 's Entertainment Show ( The Ant and Dec Show ) 1998 British Academy Children 's Awards : Children 's Entertainment Show ( Ant and Dec Unzipped ) 2000 British Academy Children 's Awards : Children 's Entertainment Show ( SMTV Live ) TV Choice Awards : Best Children 's Show ( SMTV Live ) Royal Television Society Awards : Best Children 's Entertainment Programme ( SMTV Live ) TV Hits Awards : Best Teen Show ( CD : UK ) Loaded Carling Good Work Fellas Awards : Best Double Act British Comedy Awards : The People 's Choice ( SMTV Live ) 2001 TV Choice Awards : Best Children 's Show ( SMTV Live ) Broadcast Awards : Best Children 's Programme ( SMTV Live ) Royal Television Society Awards : Best Television Presenters Disney Channel Awards : Kids Awards ( The Ant and Dec Show ) Nominated - British Academy Children 's Awards : Best Children 's Entertainment Show ( SMTV Live ) 2002 Nominated -- British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( Pop Idol ) British Academy Children 's Awards : Children 's Entertainment Show ( SMTV Live ) 2005 Nominated -- British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ) 2006 British Comedy Awards : Best Comedy Entertainment Personality British Comedy Awards : Best Comedy Entertainment Programme 2007 Nominated - British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ) 2008 TV Quick & TV Choice Awards : Best Entertainment Show ( Saturday Night Takeaway ) Nickelodeon UK Kids Choice Awards 2008 : Favourite Funny Person , Best TV presenters and Best Family TV show ( Britain 's Got Talent ) 2009 TV Quick & TV Choice Awards : Best Entertainment Show ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ) TV Quick & TV Choice Awards : Outstanding Contribution Award Nominated -- British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ) British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ) British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Programme ( Britain 's Got Talent ) 2012 Freesat : Best TV Presenter ( s ) 2013 TRIC Awards : TV Personality of the Year TRIC Awards : TRIC Special Award ( I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ) RTS Awards : Entertainment Performance ( I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ) Nominated -- British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ) 2014 British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ) British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Programme ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ) 2015 British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Performance ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ) British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Programme ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ' 2017 British Academy Television Awards : Entertainment Programme ( Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ) British Academy Television Awards : Live Event ( The Queen 's 90th Birthday Celebration ) National television Awards ( edit ) Year Award Show 2001 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter 2002 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme Pop Idol Special Recognition Award 2003 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Most Popular Reality Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway 2005 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter 2006 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Quiz Programme Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon 2007 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Most Popular Reality Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 2008 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter 2009 There were no NTAs in 2009 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway 2011 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 2012 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Reality Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 2013 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 2014 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Landmark Award 2015 Most Popular Entertainment Presenter Most Popular Entertainment Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 2016 Most Popular Entertainment Programme I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Most Popular TV Presenter 2017 Most Popular Entertainment Programme Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Most Popular TV Presenter Challenge Show I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! NTAs by number won ( edit ) Award Won Most Popular Entertainment / TV Presenter 16 Most Popular Reality Programme Most Popular Entertainment Programme 11 Special Recognition Award Most Popular Quiz Programme Landmark Award Challenge Show Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role 1989 − 1993 Byker Grove PJ & Duncan / Actors 1994 Gimme 5 Guest Presenters 1995 − 1997 The Ant & Dec Show Presenters 1995 − 1997 The Big Breakfast Guest Presenters 1997 Ant and Dec 's Geordie Christmas Presenters 1998 Ant & Dec Unzipped Presenters 1998 − 2001 , 2018 SMTV Live 1998 − 2001 CD : UK 1999 − 2001 Friends Like These 2001 , 2015 -- 2016 BRIT Awards 2001 Slap Bang with Ant & Dec 2001 − 2003 Pop Idol 2002 - 2004 Engie Benjy Engie Benjy , Jollop and Trucker Troy ( voice ) 2002 A Tribute to the Likely Lads Themselves 2002 − 2009 , 2013 -- present Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Presenters 2002 -- present I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! 2005 Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon 2006 , 2008 Soccer Aid 2006 − 2007 PokerFace 2007 -- present Britain 's Got Talent 2008 Wanna Bet ? 2009 Ant & Dec 's Christmas Show 2010 − 2011 Ant & Dec 's Push the Button 2011 − 2012 Red or Black ? 2011 − 2014 Text Santa 2016 When Ant and Dec Met The Prince : 40 Years of The Prince 's Trust The Queen 's 90th Birthday Celebration The Ant & Dec Story Themselves ( archive footage ) Films ( edit ) Year Title Role 2003 Love , Actually Themselves 2006 Alien Autopsy Gary Shoefield and Ray Santilli Television advertisements ( edit ) Year Title Role 2000 Wispa Bite Themselves 2001 Ambrosia Splat Themselves ; Voiceover Woolworths Themselves 2002 McDonald 's Themselves ; Voiceover 2008 Sainsbury 's Themselves 2009 − 2011 Nintendo Wii & DS 2013 − 2015 Morrisons 2016 -- present Suzuki Television idents ( edit ) ITV `` Celebrities '' idents ( 3 idents , 2002 ) ITV `` Abstract celebrities '' idents ( 5 idents , 2003 ) Apps ( edit ) An official Saturday Night Takeaway app known as Studio Rush launched on 30 January 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Sun archive Archived 29 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Huffington Post archive Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec set up new TV firm Mitre -- named after Byker Grove pub The Sun Showbiz TV '' . The Sun . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ A reminder for Sting ... Every Able Dad Goes Bald Eventually : How acronyms help you remember things -- Daily Mail -- 27 November 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iPod designer leads culture list '' . BBC . 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iPod designer voted UK 's most influential cultural icon '' . The Register . 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Tyne -- Ant & Dec . Bbc.co.uk ( 20 May 2008 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ant & Death . Mirror.co.uk ( 12 September 2006 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ant and Dec Biography . Members.tripod.com ( 29 August 1998 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ IMDb listing for The Cinder Path . IMDb.com Jump up ^ Donnelly , Declan ; McPartlin , Anthony ; Pullman , Bill ; Otto , Götz ( 7 April 2006 ) , Alien Autopsy , retrieved 30 April 2017 Jump up ^ World Cup Archive . Everyhit.com . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robertson , James ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` Ant and Dec number one with Let 's Get Ready To Rhumble in official UK singles chart '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ IMDB Gimme 5 Cast & . IMDb.com Jump up ^ Past Winners and Nominees -- Children 's 1996 BAFTA.org Jump up ^ IMDB -- The Ant & Dec Show . IMDb.com Jump up ^ IMDB -- Ant & Dec Unzipped . IMDb.com Jump up ^ Past Winners and Nominees -- Children 's 1998 BAFTA.org Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk -- Geordie duo sign new ITV contract . BBC News ( 24 September 2004 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ant McPartlin ( Alien Autopsy , A History Of Tyneside , Engie Benjy -- Let 's Go Team -- Episodes 7 To 13 and Engie Benjy -- Makes Things Better ! ) . Lovefilm.com ( 12 April 2006 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Declan Donnelly ( A History Of Tyneside , Alien Autopsy , Engie Benjy -- Let 's Go Team -- Episodes 7 To 13 and Engie Benjy -- Makes Things Better ! ) . Lovefilm.com ( 12 April 2006 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ IMDB -- Friends Like These Cast . IMDb.com Jump up ^ Ant and Dec at ITV until 2009 Guardian.co.uk Jump up ^ Britain 's Got Talent wins ratings war Archived 21 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Manchester Evening News ( 1 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Howdy there , Geordie lads ! TheSun.co.uk Jump up ^ Ant & Dec ITV Sunday Axe . Thesun.co.uk ( 23 March 2008 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press-releases/ant-and-dec-present-landmark-royal-documentary-itv Jump up ^ http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press-releases/ant-and-dec-host-queens-90th-birthday-celebration Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Ant and Dec sign £ 30m ' golden handcuffs ' deal with ITV '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ant & Dec go to Buy - ker Grove ? '' . The Sun . 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ant and Dec attacked by the Taliban in Afghanistan Mirror.co.uk Jump up ^ Sainsbury 's Christmas ad marks Ant and Dec 's first commercial in seven years BrandRepublic.com Jump up ^ Ant and Dec Ooh ! What A Lovely Pair ! Available to pre-order now ! Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . AntnDec.com Jump up ^ Nintendo Wii & DS -- Ant & Dec ( Saturday Night Takeaway ) Love to Meet Real People . kathirvel.com. 23 October 2009 Jump up ^ Nintendo Wii & DS -- Ant & Dec ( Saturday Night Takeaway ) Brain Train London Cabbies . kathirvel.com. 22 November 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.nbc.com/best-time-ever/episode-guide/season-best-time-ever-season-1/reese-witherspoonseries-premiere/101 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36488483 Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` And the winners are n't ... Ant and Dec '' . London : The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Ofcom fines ITV plc for misconduct in viewer competitions and voting '' ( Press release ) . Ofcom. 8 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Jefferies , Mark ; Nicola Methven ( 19 October 2007 ) . `` Saturday Night FAKEAWAY '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Your Money ! '' . Private Eye. 26 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Jen ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Ant and Dec : No rip - offs '' . Archived from the original on 13 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ant and Dec sued for $30 m by American ' Ant ' , who claims the Brits are ruining his career DailyMail.co.uk Jump up ^ ANT v Anthony McPartlin et al -- Document 132 Justia US Law Jump up ^ Case details for trade mark UK00002327259 ipo.gov.uk Jump up ^ Love Actually ( 2003 ) -- Full Cast & Crew . IMDb.com Jump up ^ The Likely Lads . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ BBC Press Office -- Byker Grove to close its doors after seventeen years . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ PJ & Duncan Return . Youtube.com ( 29 February 2008 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ You 're Earning A Panto Fortune -- Oh Yes You Are Amanda Kelly , Daily Mirror , 7 November 1999 Jump up ^ Alien Autopsy ( 2006 ) . IMDb.com Jump up ^ `` h2g2 -- Ant and Dec -- British Television Presenters '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Comedy Awards 2006 : The Winners -- TV News '' . Digital Spy. 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Television -- News -- British Comedy Awards 2006 : The Winners . Digital Spy ( 13 December 2006 ) . Retrieved on 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec top children 's awards '' . BBC News . 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ant and Dec 's Award Surprise . tv.sky.com. 8 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Ant and Dec win trio of TV awards '' . BBC News . 15 October 2002 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2006 : Full winners list -- TV News '' . Digital Spy. 31 October 2006 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards : The Winners -- TV News '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b80de7868 External links ( edit ) Official website Speaker 's Corner article ( hide ) Ant & Dec ( formerly PJ & Duncan ) Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly Studio albums Psyche ( 1994 ) Top Katz ( 1995 ) The Cult of Ant & Dec ( 1997 ) Singles `` Tonight I 'm Free '' `` Why Me ? '' `` Let 's Get Ready to Rhumble '' `` If I Give You My Number '' `` Eternal Love '' `` Our Radio Rocks '' `` Stuck On U '' `` U Krazy Katz '' `` Perfect '' `` Stepping Stone '' `` All I Have to Do is Dream '' `` Better Watch Out '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Shout '' `` Falling '' `` We 're on the Ball '' Television PokerFace Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Ant & Dec 's Push the Button Related articles PJ & Duncan discography VIAF : 167601870 GND : 10315778 - 5 MusicBrainz : 933cca5e - abac - 4c41 - a764 - d4c22c9637d1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ant_%26_Dec&oldid=800818190 '' Categories : Ant & Dec English hip hop groups Children 's television presenters English comedy duos English game show hosts English pop music groups English musical duos Musical groups established in 1988 People from Newcastle upon Tyne Musical groups from Newcastle upon Tyne Male musical duos Pop music duos Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Gaeilge Italiano Magyar Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 21 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did ant and dec join byker grove | [
"McPartlin and Donnelly first met while working on the BBC children's drama Byker Grove in 1989. After a shaky start,[7] they soon became best friends.[7] They have achieved such popularity as a duo that they are hardly ever seen apart on screen. It is reported that they are each insured against the other's death, with the amount reportedly being around £1,000,000.[8] Their inseparability has led to their receiving joint nominations for many awards.[citation needed] They are both managed by the James Grant Group.[citation needed]"
] | [
"1989"
] |
-4209941369459996232 | United States two-dollar bill | United States two - dollar bill - wikipedia United States two - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Two dollars ( United States ) Value $2.00 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx. 1 g Security features None Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1862 -- 1966 , 1976 -- present ( Federal Reserve Note , current form ) Obverse Design Thomas Jefferson Design date 1928 Reverse Design Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Design date 1976 The United States two - dollar bill ( $2 ) is a current denomination of U.S. currency . The third U.S. President ( 1801 -- 09 ) , Thomas Jefferson , is featured on the obverse of the note . The reverse features an engraving of the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull . Throughout the $2 bill 's pre-1929 life as a large - sized note , it was issued as a United States Note , National Bank Note , silver certificate , Treasury or `` Coin '' Note and Federal Reserve Bank Note . When U.S. currency was changed to its current size , the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note . Production went on until 1966 , when the series was discontinued . Ten years passed before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design . $2 bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand . This comparative scarcity in circulation , coupled with a lack of public knowledge that the bill is still in production and circulation , has also inspired urban legends and occasionally has created problems for people trying to use the bill to make purchases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Denomination overview 2 Rarity 3 History 3.1 Large size notes 3.2 Small size notes 3.2. 1 1928 -- 1966 3.2. 2 1976 -- present 3.3 Series dates 3.3. 1 Large size 3.3. 2 Small size 4 Visual snapshot 5 Usage 5.1 Incidents 6 Uncut currency sheets 7 References 8 External links Denomination overview ( edit ) The denomination of two dollars was authorized under a congressional act , and first used in March 1862 . The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s ; by this time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U.S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to . In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production . The $2 bill initially was not reassigned to the Federal Reserve Note class of United States currency and was thus fully discontinued ; the Treasury Department cited the $2 bill 's low use and unpopularity as the reason for not immediately resuming use of the denomination . In 1976 production of the two - dollar denomination was resumed and the two - dollar bill was finally assigned as a Federal Reserve Note , with a new reverse design featuring John Trumbull 's depiction of the drafting of the United States Declaration of Independence replacing the previous design of Monticello . It has remained a current denomination since then . It was estimated that if the two - dollar bill replaced approximately half of the one - dollar bills in circulation , the federal government would be able to save about $26 million in 1976 dollars ( $109 million adjusted for inflation ) over the period from 1976 to 1981 , due to reduced production , storage , and shipping costs . However , due to their limited use , two - dollar bills are not frequently reissued in a new series like other denominations which are printed according to demand . Though some cash registers accommodate it , its slot is often used for things like checks and rolls of coins . Some bill acceptors found in vending machines , self checkout lanes , and other automated kiosks are configured to accommodate two - dollar bills , even if the fact is not stated on the label . Although they usually are not handed out arbitrarily , two - dollar bills are usually available at banks . Many banks stocking $2 bills will not use them except upon specific request by the customer , and even then , may cause a delay with a trip to the vault . Rarity ( edit ) The seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note . Hoarding of the series due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation . After its initial release , supplies of the Series 1976 $2 bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 began to be printed . This series was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta . Today , there is a common misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production . According to the Treasury , it `` receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation '' . In response , the Treasury stated : `` The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations ... As of April 30 , 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide . '' Things such as unusual serial numbers ( example : A11111111A ) , and replacement notes designated by a star in the serial number can raise the collector value . `` Collectible '' $2 bills have been made and sold by coin dealers and others in recent years merely by adding colors and special graphics to regular issue bills by using computer printers . However , these bills are not authorized by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( BEP ) and are not worth anything more than face value on the collectors ' market . Certain conventions and tourism / convention bureaus capitalize on the rarity of $2 bills in circulation , encouraging convention attendees and tourists to spend $2 bills in order to illustrate to the host communities the economic impact that the conventions and tourism bring . Sometimes known as `` SpendTom '' campaigns , the $2 bills linger in the community as a constant reminder . Some campaigns encourage people to participate in a hunt for the bills in order to win prizes . History ( edit ) Large size notes ( edit ) First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note . Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting Winfield Scott Hancock Series 1890 featuring James McPherson . This `` Coin Note '' was used for government purchases of silver bullion from the mining industry . ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) In March 1862 , the first $2 bill was issued as a Legal Tender Note ( United States Note ) with a portrait of Alexander Hamilton ; the portrait of Hamilton used was a profile view and is not the same portrait used currently for the $10 bill . The continental congress based on defending the United States , released on June 25 , 1776 , began to authorize $2 credit , the circulation of 49000 copies . Pass two dollars bill was first used in March 1862 . Between 1966 and 1976 , two dollar notes were not printed . By 1869 , the $2 United States Note was redesigned with the now familiar portrait of Thomas Jefferson to the left and a vignette of the United States Capitol in the center of the obverse . This note also featured green tinting on the top and left side of the obverse . Although this note is technically a United States Note , TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE . The reverse was completely redesigned . This series was again revised in 1874 , changes on the obverse included removing the green tinting , adding a red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. , and changing the term TREASURY NOTE to UNITED STATES NOTE . The 1874 design was also issued as Series of 1875 and 1878 and by 1880 the red floral design around WASHINGTON D.C. on the United States Note was removed and the serial numbers were changed to blue . This note with the red floral design was also issued as Series of 1917 but with red serial numbers by that time . National Bank Notes were issued in 1875 and feature a woman unfurling a flag and a big 2 ( Lazy Duce ) on the obverse , the reverse has the king of England smoking tobacco and an eagle with a shield . The second two - dollar denomination in the silver certificate series printed in 1891 . This note features United States Secretary of the Treasury William Windom . In 1886 , the first $2 silver certificate with a portrait of United States Civil War General Winfield Scott Hancock on the left of the obverse was issued . This design went on until 1891 when a new $2 Silver Certificate was issued with a portrait of U.S. Treasury Secretary William Windom in the center of the obverse . Two - dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were first issued for government purchases of silver bullion in 1890 from the silver mining industry . The reverse featured large wording of TWO in the center and a numeral 2 to the right surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . In 1891 the reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . More open space was incorporated into the new design . In 1896 , the `` Educational Series '' Silver Certificate was issued . The entire obverse of the note was covered in artwork with an allegorical figure of science presenting steam and electricity to commerce and manufacture . The reverse of the note featured portraits of Robert Fulton and Samuel F.B. Morse surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . By 1899 , however , The $2 Silver Certificate was redesigned with a small portrait of George Washington surrounded by allegorical figures representing agriculture and mechanics . Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse depicted on the reverse of the 1896 $2 ' Educational Series '' Silver Certificate . The final design of the United States ' silver certificate series featuring George Washington , printed in 1899 . The only large - sized , Federal Reserve Note -- like $2 bill was issued in 1918 as a Federal Reserve Bank Note . Each note was an obligation of the issuing Federal Reserve Bank and could only be redeemed at the corresponding bank . The obverse of the note featured a border-less portrait of Thomas Jefferson to left and wording in the entire center . The reverse featured a World War I battleship . Beginning in the 1950s , production of $2 bills began to decrease . The relative scarcity of the bills lead some to start saving any they found , with the inevitable result that the notes became rarer in circulation . Currently , the circulation of $2 bills accounts for around 1 % of the U.S. currency in circulation . Because they are scarce in circulation , many believe the myth that $2 bills are no longer being produced , but the Bureau of Engraving and Printing Web site lists the $2 bill as one of the US Currency Small Denominations . Small size notes ( edit ) ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm ) 1928 -- 1966 ( edit ) In 1928 , when all U.S. currency was changed to its current size , the $2 bill was issued only as a United States Note . The obverse featured a cropped version of Thomas Jefferson 's portrait that had been on previous $2 bills . The reverse featured Jefferson 's home , Monticello . The note 's seal and serial numbers were red . The Series of 1928 $2 bill featured the treasury seal superimposed by the United States Note obligation to the left and a large gray TWO to the right . In 1953 the $2 bill received minor design changes analogous to the $5 United States Note . The treasury seal was made smaller and moved to the right side of the bill ; it was superimposed over the gray word TWO . The United States Note obligation now became superimposed over a gray numeral 2 . The reverse remained unchanged . The final change to $2 United States Notes came in 1963 when the motto IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse over the Monticello . And , because dollar bills were soon to no longer be redeemable in silver , WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse . These $2 bills were officially discontinued in August 1966 , although they remain legal tender . 1976 -- present ( edit ) Series 1976 first day of issue $2 bill with a canceled JFK postage stamp . On April 13 , 1976 , the Treasury Department reintroduced the $2 bill as a cost - saving measure . Series 1976 $2 bills were redesigned and issued as a Federal Reserve Note . The obverse design remains basically unchanged since 1928 and features the same portrait of Jefferson . A green treasury seal and serial numbers replace the red used on the previous United States Notes . Since the reissue of the bill coincided with the United States Bicentennial , it was decided to use a bicentennial themed design on the reverse . An engraved rendition ( not an exact reproduction ) of John Trumbull 's The Declaration of Independence replaced Monticello on the reverse . First day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date `` APR 13 1976 '' . In all , 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed . Currently , stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value . If the bills were stamped in an exotic place , the value may be slightly higher . However , no first day issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable . Despite their age , crisp , uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable . These notes were saved and hoarded upon their original issue and are plentiful today . A typical single uncirculated 1976 $2 bill is worth only slightly above face value . If the note is circulated , then it is only worth its $2 face value . In 1996 and 1997 , 153,600,000 bills were printed as Series 1995 for the Federal Reserve District of Atlanta . In 2004 , 121,600,000 of the Series 2003 bills were printed for the Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank . An issue of Series 2003A $2 bills was printed from July to September 2006 for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks . In all , 220,800,000 notes were printed . In February 2012 , the B.E.P. printed 512,000 Series 2009 $2 Star Notes , in anticipation of more regular runs being printed later in 2012 . Series 2009 $2 bills were issued to banks during the summer of 2012 . In November 2013 , the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta ; these notes entered circulation in early 2014 . A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014 , which ran from October 2013 through September 2014 . Series dates ( edit ) Large size ( edit ) Series 1880 $2 Legal Tender note showing a large brown treasury seal . The signatures of Blanche Bruce & A.U. Wyman . are present on the obverse near the bottom Type Series Register Treasurer Seal Notes Legal Tender Note 1862 Lucius E. Chittenden F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Also called a `` Greenback '' . Legal Tender Note 1869 John Allison F.E. Spinner Large Red Nicknamed : `` Rainbow Note '' from its red , white , and blue colors . Legal Tender Note 1874 John Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Legal Tender Note 1875 John Allison New & Wyman Small Red w / rays Legal Tender Note 1878 Allison & Scofield James Gilfillan Small Red w / rays Scofield / Gilfillan combo is scarce Legal Tender Note 1880 Scofield , Bruce , Rosecrans , and Tillman Gilfillan , Wyman , Huston , Nebeker , and Morgan Large Brown / Red Small Red scalloped Legal Tender Note 1917 Teehee , Elliott , and Speelman John Burke & White Small Red scalloped National Bank Note Original Colby , Jeffries , and Allison F.E. Spinner Small Red w / rays Jeffries / Spinner combo is very rare National Bank Note 1875 Allison & Scofield New , Wyman , and Gilfillan Small Red scalloped Nicknamed : `` Lazy Deuce '' along with the original series from the position of the `` 2 '' on the note . Silver Certificate 1886 William S. Rosecrans Jordan , Hyatt , and Huston Large Brown / Red Small Red scalloped Silver Certificate 1891 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red Silver Certificate 1891 Rosecrans & Tillman Nebecker & Morgan Small Red scalloped Silver Certificate 1896 Tillman & Bruce Morgan & Roberts Small Red w / rays Part of the `` Educational Series '' . Silver Certificate 1899 Lyons , Vernon , Napier , Parker , Teehee , Elliott , and Speelman Roberts , Treat , McClung , Thompson , Burke , and White Blue Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Huston & Nebecker Large Brown & Small Red scalloped Treasury Note 1890 William S. Rosecrans Benjamin Harrison Large Red Treasury Note 1891 Rosecrans , Tillman , and Bruce Nebecker , Morgan , and Roberts Small Red scalloped Federal Reserve Bank Note 1918 Teehee & Elliott John Burke Blue Nicknamed : `` Battleship note '' from the reverse design . Small size ( edit ) The first small - size $2 Legal Tender Note printed ( Smithsonian ) Type Series Treasurer Secretary Seal Legal Tender Note 1928 , 1928 - A to G Tate , Woods , Julian , Clark Mellon , Mills , Morgenthau , Vinson , Snyder Red Legal Tender Note 1953 , 1953 - A to C Priest , Smith , Granahan Humphrey , Anderson , Dillon Red Legal Tender Note 1963 , 1963 - A Kathryn E. Granahan Dillon & Fowler Red Federal Reserve Note 1976 Francine I. Neff William E. Simon Green Federal Reserve Note 1995 Mary Ellen Withrow Robert E. Rubin Green Federal Reserve Note 2003 Rosario Marin John W. Snow Green Federal Reserve Note 2003 - A Anna Escobedo Cabral John W. Snow Green Federal Reserve Note 2009 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Timothy F. Geithner Green Federal Reserve Note 2013 Rosa Gumataotao Rios Jack Lew Green ^ α These are sourced by The Official Red Book ( Whitman ) . Visual snapshot ( edit ) A chronological display of the American two - dollar bill . Visual collection of the two - dollar bill throughout the history of the United States . Usage ( edit ) Over 4.3 million $2 bills are entered into the database of the American currency - tracking website Where 's George ? . Because $2 bills are uncommon in daily use , their use can make a particular group of spenders visible . A documented case of using two - dollar bills to send a message to a community is the case of Geneva Steel and the communities in surrounding Utah County . In 1989 , Geneva Steel paid its employee bonuses in $2 bills . When the bills began to appear in different places , people recognized the importance of the company to the local economy . Use of the two - dollar bill is also being suggested by some gun rights activists to show support for Second Amendment rights , particularly at stores that allow Open Carry or Concealed carry of weapons on their premises . Two dollar notes have also seen increased usage in situations where tipping is encouraged , especially in strip clubs . This is due to the idea that tips will increase because of the ease of use of a single , higher - denomination bill as the lowest common note in use . The use of the two - dollar bill is popular among fans and alumni of Clemson University who often bring notes with them when traveling to university athletic events in other localities as a demonstration of their economic impact in an area . The idea was first popularized in 1977 when Georgia Tech had threatened to no longer play the Tigers in football and has since caught on as a token of fandom when traveling to other locations . Fans will often stamp an orange tiger paw ( Clemson 's logo ) on the note as a sign of its origin . During the 1930s , the $2 bill was often used at East Coast horse race tracks to make a bet . Because of the German and Jewish influence , the bill was locally known in parts of New Jersey as a `` zwei - buck '' , and the upper right corner `` 2 '' was sometimes torn off to increase the luck . Incidents ( edit ) The relative scarcity of the $2 bill in everyday circulation has led to confusion at points of sale , as well as overreaction and prosecution of the individual attempting to tender the bill . In 2005 , a man was jailed for attempting to use legally circulating $2 bills to pay a car stereo installation fee that Best Buy originally agreed to waive in the first place . In 2016 , a 13 - year - old girl was detained by police , and prevented from eating lunch that day , for attempting to use a legally circulating $2 bill to pay for chicken nuggets in the school cafeteria . Uncut currency sheets ( edit ) Uncut 32 - subject sheet of series 1995 $2 Federal Reserve Notes . Uncut currency sheets are available from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Some of the recent $2 uncut sheets from Series 1995 and Series 2003 have been collectibles as they come from special non-circulation printings . Most of the Series 1995 $2 uncut sheets had a higher suffix letter in the serial number than regular circulation $2 bills . Uncut $2 sheets from Series 2003 were printed for the Boston ( A ) , New York ( B ) , Atlanta ( F ) , Chicago ( G ) , Minneapolis ( I ) , and Dallas ( K ) Federal Reserve Districts despite the fact that notes from the Minneapolis district were the only ones released for circulation . Uncut sheets of Series 2003A have also been produced , although in this case circulating currency for all districts has also been made . All two dollar bills beginning with Series 1995 have been printed in the BEP facility in Fort Worth , Texas . Uncut sheets of $2 bills are available in various sizes . A 32 - subject sheet , which is the original size sheet on which the notes are printed , is available . Other sheet sizes available have been cut from the original 32 - subject sheet . These include half ( 16 - note ) , quarter ( 8 - note ) , and eighth ( 4 - note ) sheets for $2 bills . Uncut sheets are sold for more than their respective face values . Uncut sheets of large size notes ( issued before 1928 ) also exist , but are extremely rare . Steve Wozniak , a co-founder of Apple Inc. , has been using $2 banknotes separated from 4 - bill uncut sheets ( glued together into pads ) , to surprise merchants and waiters ; also , because of notes ' unusual appearance , he has been interviewed by a Secret Service agent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legal Tender Alexander Hamilton : 1862 $2 Currency '' . The Kennedy Mint . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency '' . friesian.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Paper Money - Small - size Bicentennial $2 notes '' . Coinworld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Suzanne J. ( March -- April 1976 ) . `` The $2 Bill Returns '' ( PDF ) . The Economic Review . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 62 ( 2 ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` $2.00 still printed ? '' . Ustreas.gov . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` $2 accepting vending machines '' . 4mega-vending.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Use The $2 '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2003A $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Denominations of currency '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ bbbconsumeralert ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Sometimes a $2 Bill is Just a $2 Bill '' . Tucson Citizen.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spend Tom 2010 '' . Visit California . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 88 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Stone , Suzanne J. ( March -- April 1976 ) . `` The $2 Bill Returns '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Engraving and Printing . `` Annual Production Figures '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2003A $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2009 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 BEP Production Info via FOIA '' . WheresGeorge.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2013 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1869 $2 Legal Tender Rainbow Note '' . usrarecurrency.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kathy Lawrence ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` '' Lazy Deuces '' -- $2 National Bank Notes `` . currency.ha.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Reed ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Battleship Note Projects American Naval Strength '' . numismaster.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur L. & Ira S. Friedberg ( 2014 ) . A guide Book of United States Paper Money 4th Edition . Whitman . pp. 56 -- 68 . Jump up ^ http://www.wheresgeorge.com/wrapper.php?page=denom Jump up ^ Tad Walch ( May 17 , 2003 ) . `` Geneva workers give their $2 worth '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2A supporters start Buycott to battle the Starbucks Anti-Firearm Boycott '' . Military Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks `` $2 for 2A '' Appreciation Day Going Viral `` . The Truth About Guns . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` $2 bill increasing in use and shedding its ' play - money ' image '' . USA Today . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Clemson University Traditions '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man arrested , cuffed after using $2 bills '' . WND.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Girl Detained By Police After Trying to Buy School Lunch with Real $2 Bill '' . Reason.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Series 1995 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2003 $2 '' . USpapermoney.info . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BEP to Raise Uncut Currency Sheet Prices '' . coinnews.net . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Large Size. 1896 . Silver Certificates . Bound Presentation Set of the First Educational Uncut Sheets. $1 , $2 , and $5 . Fr - 224 , 247 , and 268 . PMG Photo Proof Certificates '' . stacksbowers.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woz and the Secret Service : `` The infamous $2 bill incident '' `` . Woz.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Woz 's $2 bill sheets - The Engadget Show on YouTube ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) General Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money , 17th edition published by Krause Publications Arthur L. Friedberg , Ira S. Friedberg , David L. ( INT ) Ganz ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money . Whitman Publishing , LLC . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) The Bureau of Engraving and Printing website USpapermoney.info External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2 United States dollar banknotes . The U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing 's website USAToday : `` $2 bill increasing in use and shedding its ' play - money ' image '' 2006 - 11 - 06 . The Two Dollar Bill project teaches Americans about the history of the $2 bill '' Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_two-dollar_bill&oldid=806754081 '' Categories : 1862 introductions Banknotes of the United States Thomas Jefferson Two - base - unit banknotes United States Declaration of Independence Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time 2 dollar bills were made | [
"In November 2013, the B.E.P. began printing series 2013 $2 bills for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta; these notes entered circulation in early 2014. A total of 44,800,000 notes were ordered for fiscal year 2014, which ran from October 2013 through September 2014.[27]"
] | [
"September 2014"
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-5584358223659208219 | Diary of a Mad Black Woman (play) | Diary of a Mad Black Woman ( play ) - wikipedia Diary of a Mad Black Woman ( play ) This article is about the stage play . For its film adaptation , see Diary of a Mad Black Woman . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diary of a Mad Black Woman The Play Written by Tyler Perry Diary of a Mad Black Woman is an American stage play written and directed by Tyler Perry , which opened in the spring of 2001 . It features music by Tyler Perry and Elvin D. Ross . The production starred Marva King , Tamela Mann and Tyler Perry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Live tour cast 4 Musical numbers 5 Movie connections Synopsis ( edit ) Helen McCarter ( King ) is a loving wife to her successful millionaire husband and attorney , Charles McCarter ( Blake ) . For twenty years , they have lived in a mansion on the inner part of the city . It appears that Helen is living the perfect life , but things are not as they seem , seeing as how Helen and Charles ' marriage seems to be slowly falling apart . Charles ' father , an elderly mail clerk by the name of Daddy Charles ( Perry ) , talks to Helen , realizing that she is not as happy as she seems . He knows that Helen loves Charles , exclaiming to his son later in the play , `` I dunno why she loves you , but she loves you to death . '' Helen also confides in her friend , Brenda ( Robinson ) , an attorney who also works at Charles ' firm , and her mother , Myrtle ( Mann ) , who also thinks that Helen 's marriage is still going well . Helen also reveals that Charles has also been abusing her physically after trying to cover up a bruise she received with a story claiming to have `` hit herself in the eye with a cabinet door . '' As their anniversary approaches , the McCarters continue to argue more and more . Finally , on the night of the anniversary , Charles admits to Helen that he has not been happy for quite sometime , and also tells her that he wants a divorce , revealing that he has been having an affair with another woman , who is Helen 's friend Brenda . After humiliating Helen , Charles leaves her , telling her she can have the house and $2,000 a month . Meanwhile , Helen receives a package from a delivery man named Orlando ( Moore ) . Helen scolds him for what seems as though trying to flirt with her . Madea then recognizes Orlando in a magazine as a successful and wealthy business owner . Helen apologizes to Orlando , but Orlando blocks her advance , claiming that she is only doing so because she found out that he was rich . Helen finally tells him of her troubles and the two become friends from there on out . Brenda returns once more , this time bringing the paralyzed Charles to Helen , claiming that she ca n't take care of him anymore and that she 's not a care giver . Brenda then leaves quickly as Helen was trying to pull her wig off , like she did when Myrtle told her about Charles , but not before being shot by Madea , who exclaims , `` I got her , girl . Let me get the hell out ! '' Helen talks to Charles and laughs at the fact that he is now suffering . She leaves him sitting in the living room for days without feeding and bathing him . Charles begins to apologize and begs to just be left to die , but Helen refuses and tells him that she wants him to suffer for everything that he did to her . Later , Madea , who has been captured by the police later in the play for attempted murder , and Daddy Charles , who was sent to a home , work together and deliver letters from Charles job to Helen and make her see that she is now the acting owner of the company and quickly fires someone over the phone ( likely Brenda ) . Over time , Helen begins a relationship with Orlando . And soon , Charles reveals that he is no longer paralyzed . Helen signs the divorce papers and prepares to leave with Orlando . As she is about to leave , she realizes despite it all that she is still in love with Charles , returns and makes Charles promise to never hurt her again , and the two begin anew . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Daddy Charles and Madea Marva King as Helen Simmons - McCarter Flint Michigan July 12 Curtis Blake as Charles McCarter Charlotte North Carolina July 13 Cordell Moore as Orlando Moore Tamela Mann as Myrtle Jean Simmons Tunja Robinson as Brenda Marco Chicago Illinois Regina McCrary as Angelou Ty London as Willie Live tour cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Daddy Charles and Madea D'atra Hicks As Helen Simmons - McCarter Curtis Blake as Charles McCarter Dexter Hamlett as Orlando Moore Regina Gibbs as Myrtle Jean Simmons Tunja Robinson as Brenda Marco Regina McCrary as Angelo Ty London as Willie Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Only Believe '' , Performed by Tamela Mann `` A Man Got To Do What A Man Got To Do '' , Performed by Curtis Blake `` The Blues '' , Performed by Ty London and Regina McCrary `` Cold '' , Performed by Marva King `` Turn it Around '' , Performed by Tamela Mann `` Ai n't it Funny '' , Performed by Marva King `` Father Can You Hear Me '' , Performed by Marva King , Curtis Blake , and Tamela Mann Movie connections ( edit ) The stage play was adapted into a motion picture by Lions Gate Entertainment and BET Pictures , and opened on February 25 , 2005 . The feature film version stars Kimberly Elise , Steve Harris , Shemar Moore , Cicely Tyson , and Tyler Perry . In the movie , it states that Helen and Charles have been married for eighteen years , rather than twenty years as said in the play . hide Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Mad_Black_Woman_(play)&oldid=841305179 '' Categories : Plays by Tyler Perry African - American plays American plays adapted into films 2001 plays Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 01 : 31 . About Wikipedia | who plays orlando in diary of a mad black woman | [
"Cordell Moore as Orlando Moore"
] | [
"Cordell Moore"
] |
5098351673182907976 | The Baby and the Battleship | The baby and the Battleship - wikipedia The baby and the Battleship Jump to : navigation , search The Baby and the Battleship Directed by Jay Lewis Starring John Mills Music by Humphrey Searle Distributed by British Lion Films Distributors Corporation of America ( US ) Release date 1956 Country United Kingdom Language English Box office £ 258,845 ( UK ) The Baby and the Battleship is a colour 1956 British comedy film directed by Jay Lewis and starring John Mills , Richard Attenborough and André Morell . It is based on the 1956 novel by Anthony Thorne with a screenplay by Richard De Roy , Gilbert Hackforth - Jones and Bryan Forbes . The Royal Navy provided a large amount of cooperation with sequences filmed aboard HMS Birmingham and in Malta . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) When a group of Royal Navy sailors go ashore on shore leave to Naples , they are forced to care for a baby , separated from its mother . During a brawl , Puncher Roberts is knocked unconscious and finds the square empty , except for the baby . Unable to find his friend Knocker , or the child 's mother , he smuggles the baby aboard their ship in the midst of a series of joint operations with Allied navies off the coast of Italy . Cast ( edit ) John Mills - Puncher Roberts Richard Attenborough - Knocker White André Morell - Marshal Bryan Forbes - Professor Evans Michael Hordern - Captain Hugh Ernest Clark - Commander Geoffrey Digby Harry Locke - Chief Petty Officer Blades Michael Howard - Joe Lionel Jeffries - George Clifford Mollison - Sails Thorley Walters - Lieutenant Setley Duncan Lamont - Master - at - Arms Lisa Gastoni - Maria Cyril Raymond - PMO Harold Siddons - Whiskers D.A. Clarke - Smith - The Admiral Kenneth Griffith - Sub-Lieutenant John Le Mesurier - The Marshal 's Aide Carlo Giustini - Carlo Vespucci Ferdy Mayne - Interpreter Vincent Barbi - Second Brother Gordon Jackson - Harry Vittorio Vittori - Third Brother Martyn Garrett - The Baby Barry Foster - Sailor at Dance Robert Ayres - American Captain Reception ( edit ) The film was one of the ten most popular movies at the British box office in 1956 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vincent Porter , ' The Robert Clark Account ' , Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television , Vol 20 No 4 , 2000 p509 Jump up ^ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/24688 Jump up ^ `` The Baby and the Battleship ( 1956 ) '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ BRITISH . FILMS MADE MOST MONEY : BOX - OFFICE SURVEY The Manchester Guardian ( 1901 - 1959 ) ( Manchester ( UK ) ) 28 Dec 1956 : 3 External links ( edit ) The Baby and the Battleship on IMDb Movie review by The New York Times ( hide ) The films of Jay Lewis The Baby and the Battleship ( 1956 ) Invasion Quartet ( 1961 ) A Home of Your Own ( 1964 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Baby_and_the_Battleship&oldid=768355562 '' Categories : English - language films 1956 films 1950s comedy films British films British comedy films Films directed by Jay Lewis Seafaring films Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films based on British novels Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use British English from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2017 , at 09 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the baby in the baby and the battleship | [
"\nJohn Mills - Puncher Roberts\nRichard Attenborough - Knocker White\nAndré Morell - Marshal\nBryan Forbes - Professor Evans\nMichael Hordern - Captain Hugh\nErnest Clark - Commander Geoffrey Digby\nHarry Locke - Chief Petty Officer Blades\nMichael Howard - Joe\nLionel Jeffries - George\nClifford Mollison - Sails\nThorley Walters - Lieutenant Setley\nDuncan Lamont - Master-at-Arms\nLisa Gastoni - Maria\nCyril Raymond - PMO\nHarold Siddons - Whiskers\nD. A. Clarke-Smith - The Admiral\nKenneth Griffith - Sub-Lieutenant\nJohn Le Mesurier - The Marshal's Aide\nCarlo Giustini - Carlo Vespucci\nFerdy Mayne - Interpreter\nVincent Barbi - Second Brother\nGordon Jackson - Harry\nVittorio Vittori - Third Brother\nMartyn Garrett - The Baby\nBarry Foster - Sailor at Dance\nRobert Ayres - American Captain\n"
] | [
"Martyn Garrett"
] |
962502118285667801 | Binary number | Binary number - wikipedia Binary number Jump to : navigation , search Numeral systems Hindu -- Arabic numeral system Western Arabic Eastern Arabic Bengali Gurmukhi Indian Sinhala Tamil Balinese Burmese Dzongkha Gujarati Javanese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai East Asian Chinese Suzhou Hokkien Japanese Korean Vietnamese Counting rods Alphabetic Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic Ge'ez Georgian Greek Hebrew Roman Former Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Chuvash Egyptian Etruscan Inuit Kharosthi Mayan Muisca Quipu Prehistoric Positional systems by base 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 60 Non-standard positional numeral systems Bijective numeration ( 1 ) Signed - digit representation ( Balanced ternary ) factorial negative Complex - base system ( 2i ) Non-integer representation ( φ ) mixed Asymmetric numeral systems List of numeral systems In mathematics and digital electronics , a binary number is a number expressed in the base - 2 numeral system or binary numeral system , which uses only two symbols : typically 0 ( zero ) and 1 ( one ) . The base - 2 numeral system is a positional notation with a radix of 2 . Each digit is referred to as a bit . Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates , the binary system is used by almost all modern computers and computer - based devices . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Egypt 1.2 China 1.3 India 1.4 Other cultures 1.5 Western predecessors to Leibniz 1.6 Leibniz and the I Ching 1.7 Later developments 2 Representation 3 Counting in binary 3.1 Decimal counting 3.2 Binary counting 4 Fractions 5 Binary arithmetic 5.1 Addition 5.1. 1 Long carry method 5.1. 2 Addition table 5.2 Subtraction 5.3 Multiplication 5.3. 1 Multiplication table 5.4 Division 5.5 Square root 6 Bitwise operations 7 Conversion to and from other numeral systems 7.1 Decimal 7.2 Hexadecimal 7.3 Octal 8 Representing real numbers 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) The modern binary number system was studied in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries by Thomas Harriot , Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz , and Gottfried Leibniz . However , systems related to binary numbers have appeared earlier in multiple cultures including ancient Egypt , China , and India . Leibniz was specifically inspired by the Chinese I Ching . Egypt ( edit ) See also : Ancient Egyptian mathematics Arithmetic values represented by parts of the Eye of Horus The scribes of ancient Egypt used two different systems for their fractions , Egyptian fractions ( not related to the binary number system ) and Horus - Eye fractions ( so called because many historians of mathematics believe that the symbols used for this system could be arranged to form the eye of Horus , although this has been disputed ) . Horus - Eye fractions are a binary numbering system for fractional quantities of grain , liquids , or other measures , in which a fraction of a hekat is expressed as a sum of the binary fractions 1 / 2 , 1 / 4 , 1 / 8 , 1 / 16 , 1 / 32 , and 1 / 64 . Early forms of this system can be found in documents from the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt , approximately 2400 BC , and its fully developed hieroglyphic form dates to the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt , approximately 1200 BC . The method used for ancient Egyptian multiplication is also closely related to binary numbers . In this method , multiplying one number by a second is performed by a sequence of steps in which a value ( initially the first of the two numbers ) is either doubled or has the first number added back into it ; the order in which these steps are to be performed is given by the binary representation of the second number . This method can be seen in use , for instance , in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus , which dates to around 1650 BC . China ( edit ) Daoist Bagua The I Ching dates from the 9th century BC in China . The binary notation in the I Ching is used to interpret its quaternary divination technique . It is based on taoistic duality of yin and yang . eight trigrams ( Bagua ) and a set of 64 hexagrams ( `` sixty - four '' gua ) , analogous to the three - bit and six - bit binary numerals , were in use at least as early as the Zhou Dynasty of ancient China . The Song Dynasty scholar Shao Yong ( 1011 -- 1077 ) rearranged the hexagrams in a format that resembles modern binary numbers , although he did not intend his arrangement to be used mathematically . Viewing the least significant bit on top of single hexagrams in Shao Yong 's square and reading along rows either from bottom right to top left with solid lines as 0 and broken lines as 1 or from top left to bottom right with solid lines as 1 and broken lines as 0 hexagrams can be interpreted as sequence from 0 to 63 . India ( edit ) The Indian scholar Pingala ( c. 2nd century BC ) developed a binary system for describing prosody . He used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables ( the latter equal in length to two short syllables ) , making it similar to Morse code . Pingala 's Hindu classic titled Chandaḥśāstra ( 8.23 ) describes the formation of a matrix in order to give a unique value to each meter . The binary representations in Pingala 's system increases towards the right , and not to the left like in the binary numbers of the modern , Western positional notation . Other cultures ( edit ) The residents of the island of Mangareva in French Polynesia were using a hybrid binary - decimal system before 1450 . Slit drums with binary tones are used to encode messages across Africa and Asia . Sets of binary combinations similar to the I Ching have also been used in traditional African divination systems such as Ifá as well as in medieval Western geomancy . The base - 2 system utilized in geomancy had long been widely applied in sub-Saharan Africa . Western predecessors to Leibniz ( edit ) In 1605 Francis Bacon discussed a system whereby letters of the alphabet could be reduced to sequences of binary digits , which could then be encoded as scarcely visible variations in the font in any random text . Importantly for the general theory of binary encoding , he added that this method could be used with any objects at all : `` provided those objects be capable of a twofold difference only ; as by Bells , by Trumpets , by Lights and Torches , by the report of Muskets , and any instruments of like nature '' . ( See Bacon 's cipher . ) John Napier in 1617 described a system he called location arithmetic for doing binary calculations using a non-positional representation by letters . Thomas Harriot investigated several positional numbering systems , including binary , but did not publish his results ; they were found later among his papers . Possibly the first publication of the system in Europe was by Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz , in 1700 . Leibniz and the I Ching ( edit ) Gottfried Leibniz Leibniz studied binary numbering in 1679 ; his work appears in his article Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire ( published in 1703 ) The full title of Leibniz 's article is translated into English as the `` Explanation of Binary Arithmetic , which uses only the characters 1 and 0 , with some remarks on its usefulness , and on the light it throws on the ancient Chinese figures of Fu Xi '' . ( 1703 ) . Leibniz 's system uses 0 and 1 , like the modern binary numeral system . An example of Leibniz 's binary numeral system is as follows : 0 0 0 1 numerical value 2 0 0 1 0 numerical value 2 0 1 0 0 numerical value 2 1 0 0 0 numerical value 2 Leibniz interpreted the hexagrams of the I Ching as evidence of binary calculus . As a Sinophile , Leibniz was aware of the I Ching , noted with fascination how its hexagrams correspond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111 , and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired . Leibniz was first introduced to the I Ching through his contact with the French Jesuit Joachim Bouvet , who visited China in 1685 as a missionary . Leibniz saw the I Ching hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own religious beliefs as a Christian . Binary numerals were central to Leibniz 's theology . He believed that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing . ( A concept that ) is not easy to impart to the pagans , is the creation ex nihilo through God 's almighty power . Now one can say that nothing in the world can better present and demonstrate this power than the origin of numbers , as it is presented here through the simple and unadorned presentation of One and Zero or Nothing . -- Leibniz 's letter to the Duke of Brunswick attached with the I Ching hexagrams Later developments ( edit ) George Boole In 1854 , British mathematician George Boole published a landmark paper detailing an algebraic system of logic that would become known as Boolean algebra . His logical calculus was to become instrumental in the design of digital electronic circuitry . In 1937 , Claude Shannon produced his master 's thesis at MIT that implemented Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic using electronic relays and switches for the first time in history . Entitled A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits , Shannon 's thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design . In November 1937 , George Stibitz , then working at Bell Labs , completed a relay - based computer he dubbed the `` Model K '' ( for `` Kitchen '' , where he had assembled it ) , which calculated using binary addition . Bell Labs authorized a full research program in late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm . Their Complex Number Computer , completed 8 January 1940 , was able to calculate complex numbers . In a demonstration to the American Mathematical Society conference at Dartmouth College on 11 September 1940 , Stibitz was able to send the Complex Number Calculator remote commands over telephone lines by a teletype . It was the first computing machine ever used remotely over a phone line . Some participants of the conference who witnessed the demonstration were John von Neumann , John Mauchly and Norbert Wiener , who wrote about it in his memoirs . The Z1 computer , which was designed and built by Konrad Zuse between 1935 and 1938 , used Boolean logic and binary floating point numbers . Representation ( edit ) Any number can be represented by a sequence of bits ( binary digits ) , which in turn may be represented by any mechanism capable of being in two mutually exclusive states . Any of the following rows of symbols can be interpreted as the binary numeric value of 667 : 1 0 0 0 0 ― ― ― ― ☒ ☐ ☒ ☐ ☐ ☒ ☒ ☐ ☒ ☒ y n y n n y y n y y A binary clock might use LEDs to express binary values . In this clock , each column of LEDs shows a binary - coded decimal numeral of the traditional sexagesimal time . The numeric value represented in each case is dependent upon the value assigned to each symbol . In a computer , the numeric values may be represented by two different voltages ; on a magnetic disk , magnetic polarities may be used . A `` positive '' , `` yes '' , or `` on '' state is not necessarily equivalent to the numerical value of one ; it depends on the architecture in use . In keeping with customary representation of numerals using Arabic numerals , binary numbers are commonly written using the symbols 0 and 1 . When written , binary numerals are often subscripted , prefixed or suffixed in order to indicate their base , or radix . The following notations are equivalent : 100101 binary ( explicit statement of format ) 100101b ( a suffix indicating binary format ; also known as Intel convention ) 100101B ( a suffix indicating binary format ) bin 100101 ( a prefix indicating binary format ) 100101 ( a subscript indicating base - 2 ( binary ) notation ) % 100101 ( a prefix indicating binary format ; also known as Motorola convention ) 0b100101 ( a prefix indicating binary format , common in programming languages ) 6b100101 ( a prefix indicating number of bits in binary format , common in programming languages ) When spoken , binary numerals are usually read digit - by - digit , in order to distinguish them from decimal numerals . For example , the binary numeral 100 is pronounced one zero zero , rather than one hundred , to make its binary nature explicit , and for purposes of correctness . Since the binary numeral 100 represents the value four , it would be confusing to refer to the numeral as one hundred ( a word that represents a completely different value , or amount ) . Alternatively , the binary numeral 100 can be read out as `` four '' ( the correct value ) , but this does not make its binary nature explicit . Counting in binary ( edit ) Decimal pattern Binary number 0 0 10 11 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 9 1001 10 1010 11 1011 12 1100 13 1101 14 1110 15 1111 Counting in binary is similar to counting in any other number system . Beginning with a single digit , counting proceeds through each symbol , in increasing order . Before examining binary counting , it is useful to briefly discuss the more familiar decimal counting system as a frame of reference . Decimal counting ( edit ) Decimal counting uses the ten symbols 0 through 9 . Counting begins with the incremental substitution of the least significant digit ( rightmost digit ) which is often called the first digit . When the available symbols for this position are exhausted , the least significant digit is reset to 0 , and the next digit of higher significance ( one position to the left ) is incremented ( overflow ) , and incremental substitution of the low - order digit resumes . This method of reset and overflow is repeated for each digit of significance . Counting progresses as follows : 000 , 001 , 002 , ... 007 , 008 , 009 , ( rightmost digit is reset to zero , and the digit to its left is incremented ) 010 , 011 , 012 , ... ... 090 , 091 , 092 , ... 097 , 098 , 099 , ( rightmost two digits are reset to zeroes , and next digit is incremented ) 100 , 101 , 102 , ... Binary counting ( edit ) This counter shows how to count in binary from numbers zero through thirty - one . Binary counting follows the same procedure , except that only the two symbols 0 and 1 are available . Thus , after a digit reaches 1 in binary , an increment resets it to 0 but also causes an increment of the next digit to the left : 0000 , 0001 , ( rightmost digit starts over , and next digit is incremented ) 0010 , 0011 , ( rightmost two digits start over , and next digit is incremented ) 0100 , 0101 , 0110 , 0111 , ( rightmost three digits start over , and the next digit is incremented ) 1000 , 1001 , 1010 , 1011 , 1100 , 1101 , 1110 , 1111 ... In the binary system , each digit represents an increasing power of 2 , with the rightmost digit representing 2 , the next representing 2 , then 2 , and so on . The equivalent decimal representation of a binary number is sum of the powers of 2 which each digit represents . For example , the binary number 100101 is converted to decimal form as follows : 100101 = ( ( 1 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 0 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 0 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 1 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 0 ) × 2 ) + ( ( 1 ) × 2 ) 100101 = ( 1 × 32 ) + ( 0 × 16 ) + ( 0 × 8 ) + ( 1 × 4 ) + ( 0 × 2 ) + ( 1 × 1 ) 100101 = 37 Fractions ( edit ) Fractions in binary only terminate if the denominator has 2 as the only prime factor . As a result , 1 / 10 does not have a finite binary representation , and this causes 10 × 0.1 not to be precisely equal to 1 in floating point arithmetic . As an example , to interpret the binary expression for 1 / 3 = . 010101 ... , this means : 1 / 3 = 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + ... = 0.3125 + ... An exact value can not be found with a sum of a finite number of inverse powers of two , the zeros and ones in the binary representation of 1 / 3 alternate forever . Fraction Decimal Binary Fractional approximation 1 / 1 1 or 0.999 ... 1 or 0.111 ... 1 / 2 + 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 ... 1 / 2 0.5 or 0.4999 ... 0.1 or 0.0111 ... 1 / 4 + 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 ... 1 / 3 0.333 ... 0.010101 ... 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 ... 1 / 4 0.25 or 0.24999 ... 0.01 or 0.00111 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 ... 1 / 5 0.2 or 0.1999 ... 0.00110011 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 128 ... 1 / 6 0.1666 ... 0.0010101 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 128 ... 1 / 7 0.142857142857 ... 0.001001 ... 1 / 8 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 512 ... 1 / 8 0.125 or 0.124999 ... 0.001 or 0.000111 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 ... 1 / 9 0.111 ... 0.000111000111 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 ... 1 / 10 0.1 or 0.0999 ... 0.000110011 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 11 0.090909 ... 0.00010111010001011101 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 128 ... 1 / 12 0.08333 ... 0.00010101 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 13 0.076923076923 ... 0.000100111011000100111011 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 128 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 14 0.0714285714285 ... 0.0001001001 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 128 + 1 / 1024 ... 1 / 15 0.0666 ... 0.00010001 ... 1 / 16 + 1 / 256 ... 1 / 16 0.0625 or 0.0624999 ... 0.0001 or 0.0000111 ... 1 / 32 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 128 ... Binary arithmetic ( edit ) Arithmetic in binary is much like arithmetic in other numeral systems . Addition , subtraction , multiplication , and division can be performed on binary numerals . Addition ( edit ) Main article : binary adder The circuit diagram for a binary half adder , which adds two bits together , producing sum and carry bits . The simplest arithmetic operation in binary is addition . Adding two single - digit binary numbers is relatively simple , using a form of carrying : 0 + 0 → 0 0 + 1 → 1 1 + 0 → 1 1 + 1 → 0 , carry 1 ( since 1 + 1 = 2 = 0 + ( 1 × 2 ) ) Adding two `` 1 '' digits produces a digit `` 0 '' , while 1 will have to be added to the next column . This is similar to what happens in decimal when certain single - digit numbers are added together ; if the result equals or exceeds the value of the radix ( 10 ) , the digit to the left is incremented : 5 + 5 → 0 , carry 1 ( since 5 + 5 = 10 = 0 + ( 1 × 10 ) ) 7 + 9 → 6 , carry 1 ( since 7 + 9 = 16 = 6 + ( 1 × 10 ) ) This is known as carrying . When the result of an addition exceeds the value of a digit , the procedure is to `` carry '' the excess amount divided by the radix ( that is , 10 / 10 ) to the left , adding it to the next positional value . This is correct since the next position has a weight that is higher by a factor equal to the radix . Carrying works the same way in binary : 1 1 1 1 1 ( carried digits ) 0 1 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- - = 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 36 In this example , two numerals are being added together : 01101 ( 13 ) and 10111 ( 23 ) . The top row shows the carry bits used . Starting in the rightmost column , 1 + 1 = 10 . The 1 is carried to the left , and the 0 is written at the bottom of the rightmost column . The second column from the right is added : 1 + 0 + 1 = 10 again ; the 1 is carried , and 0 is written at the bottom . The third column : 1 + 1 + 1 = 11 . This time , a 1 is carried , and a 1 is written in the bottom row . Proceeding like this gives the final answer 100100 ( 36 decimal ) . When computers must add two numbers , the rule that : x xor y = ( x + y ) mod 2 for any two bits x and y allows for very fast calculation , as well . Long carry method ( edit ) A simplification for many binary addition problems is the Long Carry Method or Brookhouse Method of Binary Addition . This method is generally useful in any binary addition where one of the numbers contains a long `` string '' of ones . It is based on the simple premise that under the binary system , when given a `` string '' of digits composed entirely of n ones ( where : n is any integer length ) , adding 1 will result in the number 1 followed by a string of n zeros . That concept follows , logically , just as in the decimal system , where adding 1 to a string of n 9s will result in the number 1 followed by a string of n 0s : Binary Decimal 1 1 1 1 1 likewise 9 9 9 9 9 + 1 + 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Such long strings are quite common in the binary system . From that one finds that large binary numbers can be added using two simple steps , without excessive carry operations . In the following example , two numerals are being added together : 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 ( 958 ) and 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ( 691 ) , using the traditional carry method on the left , and the long carry method on the right : Traditional Carry Method Long Carry Method vs. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( carried digits ) 1 ← 1 ← carry the 1 until it is one digit past the `` string '' below 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 cross out the `` string '' , + 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 + 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 and cross out the digit that was added to it -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 The top row shows the carry bits used . Instead of the standard carry from one column to the next , the lowest - ordered `` 1 '' with a `` 1 '' in the corresponding place value beneath it may be added and a `` 1 '' may be carried to one digit past the end of the series . The `` used '' numbers must be crossed off , since they are already added . Other long strings may likewise be cancelled using the same technique . Then , simply add together any remaining digits normally . Proceeding in this manner gives the final answer of 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ( 1649 ) . In our simple example using small numbers , the traditional carry method required eight carry operations , yet the long carry method required only two , representing a substantial reduction of effort . Addition table ( edit ) 0 0 0 10 The binary addition table is similar , but not the same , as the truth table of the logical disjunction operation ∨ ( \ displaystyle \ lor ) . The difference is that 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 ) ∨ ( \ displaystyle \ lor ) 1 = 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 = 1 ) , while 1 + 1 = 10 ( \ displaystyle 1 + 1 = 10 ) . Subtraction ( edit ) Further information : signed number representations and two 's complement Subtraction works in much the same way : 0 − 0 → 0 0 − 1 → 1 , borrow 1 1 − 0 → 1 1 − 1 → 0 Subtracting a `` 1 '' digit from a `` 0 '' digit produces the digit `` 1 '' , while 1 will have to be subtracted from the next column . This is known as borrowing . The principle is the same as for carrying . When the result of a subtraction is less than 0 , the least possible value of a digit , the procedure is to `` borrow '' the deficit divided by the radix ( that is , 10 / 10 ) from the left , subtracting it from the next positional value . * * * * ( starred columns are borrowed from ) 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 − 1 0 1 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 * ( starred columns are borrowed from ) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 0 1 0 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Subtracting a positive number is equivalent to adding a negative number of equal absolute value . Computers use signed number representations to handle negative numbers -- most commonly the two 's complement notation . Such representations eliminate the need for a separate `` subtract '' operation . Using two 's complement notation subtraction can be summarized by the following formula : A − B = A + not B + 1 Multiplication ( edit ) Multiplication in binary is similar to its decimal counterpart . Two numbers A and B can be multiplied by partial products : for each digit in B , the product of that digit in A is calculated and written on a new line , shifted leftward so that its rightmost digit lines up with the digit in B that was used . The sum of all these partial products gives the final result . Since there are only two digits in binary , there are only two possible outcomes of each partial multiplication : If the digit in B is 0 , the partial product is also 0 If the digit in B is 1 , the partial product is equal to A For example , the binary numbers 1011 and 1010 are multiplied as follows : 1 0 1 1 ( A ) × 1 0 1 0 ( B ) -- -- -- -- - 0 0 0 0 ← Corresponds to the rightmost ' zero ' in B + 1 0 1 1 ← Corresponds to the next ' one ' in B + 0 0 0 0 + 1 0 1 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - = 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Binary numbers can also be multiplied with bits after a binary point : 1 0 1 . 1 0 1 A ( 5.625 in decimal ) × 1 1 0 . 0 1 B ( 6.25 in decimal ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - 1 . 0 1 1 0 1 ← Corresponds to a ' one ' in B + 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 ← Corresponds to a ' zero ' in B + 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 + 1 0 1 1 . 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 0 . 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - = 1 0 0 0 1 1 . 0 0 1 0 1 ( 35.15625 in decimal ) See also Booth 's multiplication algorithm . Multiplication table ( edit ) 0 0 0 0 0 The binary multiplication table is the same as the truth table of the logical conjunction operation ∧ ( \ displaystyle \ land ) . Division ( edit ) See also : Division algorithm Long division in binary is again similar to its decimal counterpart . In the example below , the divisor is 101 , or 5 decimal , while the dividend is 11011 , or 27 decimal . The procedure is the same as that of decimal long division ; here , the divisor 101 goes into the first three digits 110 of the dividend one time , so a `` 1 '' is written on the top line . This result is multiplied by the divisor , and subtracted from the first three digits of the dividend ; the next digit ( a `` 1 '' ) is included to obtain a new three - digit sequence : 1 ___________ 1 0 1 ) 1 1 0 1 1 − 1 0 1 -- -- - 0 0 1 The procedure is then repeated with the new sequence , continuing until the digits in the dividend have been exhausted : 1 0 1 ___________ 1 0 1 ) 1 1 0 1 1 − 1 0 1 -- -- - 1 1 1 − 1 0 1 -- -- - 1 0 Thus , the quotient of 11011 divided by 101 is 101 , as shown on the top line , while the remainder , shown on the bottom line , is 10 . In decimal , 27 divided by 5 is 5 , with a remainder of 2 . Square root ( edit ) The process of taking a binary square root digit by digit is the same as for a decimal square root , and is explained here . An example is : 1 0 0 1 -- -- -- -- - √ 1010001 1 -- -- -- -- - 101 01 0 -- -- -- -- 1001 100 0 -- -- -- -- 10001 10001 10001 -- -- -- - 0 Bitwise operations ( edit ) Main article : bitwise operation Though not directly related to the numerical interpretation of binary symbols , sequences of bits may be manipulated using Boolean logical operators . When a string of binary symbols is manipulated in this way , it is called a bitwise operation ; the logical operators AND , OR , and XOR may be performed on corresponding bits in two binary numerals provided as input . The logical NOT operation may be performed on individual bits in a single binary numeral provided as input . Sometimes , such operations may be used as arithmetic short - cuts , and may have other computational benefits as well . For example , an arithmetic shift left of a binary number is the equivalent of multiplication by a ( positive , integral ) power of 2 . Conversion to and from other numeral systems ( edit ) Decimal ( edit ) Conversion of ( 357 ) to binary notation results in ( 101100101 ) To convert from a base - 10 integer to its base - 2 ( binary ) equivalent , the number is divided by two . The remainder is the least - significant bit . The quotient is again divided by two ; its remainder becomes the next least significant bit . This process repeats until a quotient of one is reached . The sequence of remainders ( including the final quotient of one ) forms the binary value , as each remainder must be either zero or one when dividing by two . For example , ( 357 ) is expressed as ( 101100101 ) Conversion from base - 2 to base - 10 simply inverts the preceding algorithm . The bits of the binary number are used one by one , starting with the most significant ( leftmost ) bit . Beginning with the value 0 , the prior value is doubled , and the next bit is then added to produce the next value . This can be organized in a multi-column table . For example , to convert 10010101101 to decimal : Prior value × 2 + Next bit Next value 0 × 2 + = 1 × 2 + 0 = 2 × 2 + 0 = 4 × 2 + = 9 9 × 2 + 0 = 18 18 × 2 + = 37 37 × 2 + 0 = 74 74 × 2 + = 149 149 × 2 + = 299 299 × 2 + 0 = 598 598 × 2 + = 1197 The result is 1197 . Note that the first Prior Value of 0 is simply an initial decimal value . This method is an application of the Horner scheme . Binary 0 0 0 0 0 Decimal 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 = 1197 The fractional parts of a number are converted with similar methods . They are again based on the equivalence of shifting with doubling or halving . In a fractional binary number such as 0.11010110101 , the first digit is 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , the second ( 1 2 ) 2 = 1 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , etc . So if there is a 1 in the first place after the decimal , then the number is at least 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , and vice versa . Double that number is at least 1 . This suggests the algorithm : Repeatedly double the number to be converted , record if the result is at least 1 , and then throw away the integer part . For example , ( 1 3 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , in binary , is : Converting Result 1 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0 . 1 3 × 2 = 2 3 < 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) < 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.0 2 3 × 2 = 1 1 3 ≥ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = 1 ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ geq 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.01 1 3 × 2 = 2 3 < 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) < 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.010 2 3 × 2 = 1 1 3 ≥ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ times 2 = 1 ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ geq 1 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) 0.0101 Thus the repeating decimal fraction 0. 3 ... is equivalent to the repeating binary fraction 0. 01 ... Or for example , 0.1 , in binary , is : Converting Result 0.1 0 . 0.1 × 2 = 0.2 < 1 0.0 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 < 1 0.00 0.4 × 2 = 0.8 < 1 0.000 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 ≥ 1 0.0001 0.6 × 2 = 1.2 ≥ 1 0.00011 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 < 1 0.000110 0.4 × 2 = 0.8 < 1 0.0001100 0.8 × 2 = 1.6 ≥ 1 0.00011001 0.6 × 2 = 1.2 ≥ 1 0.000110011 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 < 1 0.0001100110 This is also a repeating binary fraction 0.0 0011 ... It may come as a surprise that terminating decimal fractions can have repeating expansions in binary . It is for this reason that many are surprised to discover that 0.1 + ... + 0.1 , ( 10 additions ) differs from 1 in floating point arithmetic . In fact , the only binary fractions with terminating expansions are of the form of an integer divided by a power of 2 , which 1 / 10 is not . The final conversion is from binary to decimal fractions . The only difficulty arises with repeating fractions , but otherwise the method is to shift the fraction to an integer , convert it as above , and then divide by the appropriate power of two in the decimal base . For example : x = 1100 . 1 01110 _̄ ... x × 2 6 = 1100101110 . 01110 _̄ ... x × 2 = 11001 . 01110 _̄ ... x × ( 2 6 − 2 ) = 1100010101 x = 1100010101 / 111110 x = ( 789 / 62 ) 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) x& = &1100&. 1 ( \ overline ( 01110 ) ) \ ldots \ \ x \ times 2 ^ ( 6 ) & = &1100101110&. ( \ overline ( 01110 ) ) \ ldots \ \ x \ times 2& = &11001&. ( \ overline ( 01110 ) ) \ ldots \ \ x \ times ( 2 ^ ( 6 ) - 2 ) & = &1100010101 \ \ x& = &1100010101 / 111110 \ \ x& = & ( 789 / 62 ) _ ( 10 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Another way of converting from binary to decimal , often quicker for a person familiar with hexadecimal , is to do so indirectly -- first converting ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in binary ) into ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in hexadecimal ) and then converting ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in hexadecimal ) into ( x ( \ displaystyle x ) in decimal ) . For very large numbers , these simple methods are inefficient because they perform a large number of multiplications or divisions where one operand is very large . A simple divide - and - conquer algorithm is more effective asymptotically : given a binary number , it is divided by 10 , where k is chosen so that the quotient roughly equals the remainder ; then each of these pieces is converted to decimal and the two are concatenated . Given a decimal number , it can be split into two pieces of about the same size , each of which is converted to binary , whereupon the first converted piece is multiplied by 10 and added to the second converted piece , where k is the number of decimal digits in the second , least - significant piece before conversion . Hexadecimal ( edit ) Main article : Hexadecimal 0 = 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 = = 0 0 0 = = 0 0 0 = = 0 0 = = 0 0 0 5 = 5 = 5 0 0 6 = 6 = 6 0 0 7 = 7 = 7 0 8 = 8 = 10 0 0 0 9 = 9 = 11 0 0 = 10 = 12 0 0 = 11 = 13 0 = 12 = 14 0 0 = 13 = 15 0 = 14 = 16 0 = 15 = 17 Binary may be converted to and from hexadecimal more easily . This is because the radix of the hexadecimal system ( 16 ) is a power of the radix of the binary system ( 2 ) . More specifically , 16 = 2 , so it takes four digits of binary to represent one digit of hexadecimal , as shown in the adjacent table . To convert a hexadecimal number into its binary equivalent , simply substitute the corresponding binary digits : 3A = 0011 1010 E7 = 1110 0111 To convert a binary number into its hexadecimal equivalent , divide it into groups of four bits . If the number of bits is n't a multiple of four , simply insert extra 0 bits at the left ( called padding ) . For example : 1010010 = 0101 0010 grouped with padding = 52 11011101 = 1101 1101 grouped = DD To convert a hexadecimal number into its decimal equivalent , multiply the decimal equivalent of each hexadecimal digit by the corresponding power of 16 and add the resulting values : C0E7 = ( 12 × 16 ) + ( 0 × 16 ) + ( 14 × 16 ) + ( 7 × 16 ) = ( 12 × 4096 ) + ( 0 × 256 ) + ( 14 × 16 ) + ( 7 × 1 ) = 49,383 Octal ( edit ) Main article : Octal Binary is also easily converted to the octal numeral system , since octal uses a radix of 8 , which is a power of two ( namely , 2 , so it takes exactly three binary digits to represent an octal digit ) . The correspondence between octal and binary numerals is the same as for the first eight digits of hexadecimal in the table above . Binary 000 is equivalent to the octal digit 0 , binary 111 is equivalent to octal 7 , and so forth . Octal Binary 0 000 001 010 011 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 Converting from octal to binary proceeds in the same fashion as it does for hexadecimal : 65 = 110 101 17 = 001 111 And from binary to octal : 101100 = 101 100 grouped = 54 10011 = 010 011 grouped with padding = 23 And from octal to decimal : 65 = ( 6 × 8 ) + ( 5 × 8 ) = ( 6 × 8 ) + ( 5 × 1 ) = 53 127 = ( 1 × 8 ) + ( 2 × 8 ) + ( 7 × 8 ) = ( 1 × 64 ) + ( 2 × 8 ) + ( 7 × 1 ) = 87 Representing real numbers ( edit ) Non-integers can be represented by using negative powers , which are set off from the other digits by means of a radix point ( called a decimal point in the decimal system ) . For example , the binary number 11.01 thus means : 1 × 2 ( 1 × 2 = 2 ) plus 1 × 2 ( 1 × 1 = 1 ) plus 0 × 2 ( 0 × ⁄ = 0 ) plus 1 × 2 ( 1 × ⁄ = 0.25 ) For a total of 3.25 decimal . All dyadic rational numbers p 2 a ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ) ( 2 ^ ( a ) ) ) ) have a terminating binary numeral -- the binary representation has a finite number of terms after the radix point . Other rational numbers have binary representation , but instead of terminating , they recur , with a finite sequence of digits repeating indefinitely . For instance 1 10 3 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1_ ( 10 ) ) ( 3_ ( 10 ) ) ) ) = 1 2 11 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1_ ( 2 ) ) ( 11_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = 0.01010101 01 ... 12 10 17 10 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 12_ ( 10 ) ) ( 17_ ( 10 ) ) ) ) = 1100 2 10001 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1100_ ( 2 ) ) ( 10001_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = 0.10110100 10110100 10110100 ... The phenomenon that the binary representation of any rational is either terminating or recurring also occurs in other radix - based numeral systems . See , for instance , the explanation in decimal . Another similarity is the existence of alternative representations for any terminating representation , relying on the fact that 0.111111 ... is the sum of the geometric series 2 + 2 + 2 + ... which is 1 . Binary numerals which neither terminate nor recur represent irrational numbers . For instance , 0.10100100010000100000100 ... does have a pattern , but it is not a fixed - length recurring pattern , so the number is irrational 1.0110101000001001111001100110011111110 ... is the binary representation of 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) , the square root of 2 , another irrational . It has no discernible pattern . See irrational number . See also ( edit ) Mathematics portal Information technology portal Binary code Binary - coded decimal Finger binary Gray code Linear feedback shift register Offset binary Quibinary Reduction of summands Redundant binary representation Repeating decimal SZTAKI Desktop Grid searches for generalized binary number systems up to dimension 11 . Two 's complement References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robson , Eleanor ; Stedall , Jacqueline , eds. ( 2009 ) , `` Myth No. 2 : the Horus eye fractions '' , The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics , Oxford University Press , p. 790 , ISBN 9780199213122 Jump up ^ Chrisomalis , Stephen ( 2010 ) , Numerical Notation : A Comparative History , Cambridge University Press , pp. 42 -- 43 , ISBN 9780521878180 . Jump up ^ Rudman , Peter Strom ( 2007 ) , How Mathematics Happened : The First 50,000 Years , Prometheus Books , pp. 135 -- 136 , ISBN 9781615921768 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Hacker ; Steve Moore ; Lorraine Patsco ( 2002 ) . I Ching : An Annotated Bibliography . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93969 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Redmond & Hon ( 2014 ) , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Shectman ( 2003 ) . Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments , Inventions , and Discoveries of the 18th Century . Greenwood Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32015 - 6 . Jump up ^ Zhonglian , Shi ; Wenzhao , Li ; Poser , Hans ( 2000 ) . Leibniz ' Binary System and Shao Yong 's '' Xiantian Tu ' ' in : Das Neueste über China : G.W. Leibnizens Novissima Sinica von 1697 : Internationales Symposium , Berlin 4 . bis 7 . Oktober 1997 . Stuttgart : Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 165 -- 170 . ISBN 3515074481 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Julio ; Canton , Maria P. ( 2007 ) . Microcontroller programming : the microchip PIC . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7189 - 9 . Jump up ^ W.S. Anglin and J. Lambek , The Heritage of Thales , Springer , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 94544 - X Jump up ^ Binary Numbers in Ancient India Jump up ^ Math for Poets and Drummers ( pdf , 145KB ) Jump up ^ `` Binary Numbers in Ancient India '' . Jump up ^ Stakhov , Alexey ; Olsen , Scott Anthony ( 2009 ) . The mathematics of harmony : from Euclid to contemporary mathematics and computer science . ISBN 978 - 981 - 277 - 582 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bender , Andrea ; Beller , Sieghard ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 : 1322 -- 1327 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1309160110 . PMC 3910603 . PMID 24344278 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Francis ( 1605 ) . `` The Advancement of Learning '' . London . pp. Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Shirley , John W. ( 1951 ) . `` Binary numeration before Leibniz '' . American Journal of Physics. 19 ( 8 ) : 452 -- 454 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1933042 . Jump up ^ Ineichen , R. ( 2008 ) . `` Leibniz , Caramuel , Harriot und das Dualsystem '' ( PDF ) . Mitteilungen der deutschen Mathematiker - Vereinigung ( in German ) . 16 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Leibniz G. , Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire , Die Mathematische Schriften , ed. C. Gerhardt , Berlin 1879 , vol. 7 , p. 223 ; Engl . transl. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : J.E.H. Smith ( 2008 ) . Leibniz : What Kind of Rationalist ? : What Kind of Rationalist ? . Springer . p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8668 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aiton , Eric J. ( 1985 ) . Leibniz : A Biography . Taylor & Francis . pp. 245 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 85274 - 470 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yuen - Ting Lai ( 1998 ) . Leibniz , Mysticism and Religion . Springer . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 5223 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boole , George ( 2009 ) ( 1854 ) . An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities ( Macmillan , Dover Publications , reprinted with corrections ( 1958 ) ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00153 - 3 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Claude Elwood ( 1940 ) . A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits . Cambridge : Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` National Inventors Hall of Fame -- George R. Stibitz '' . 20 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Stibitz : Bio '' . Math & Computer Science Department , Denison University . 30 April 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers -- The people and ideas that made a difference -- George Stibitz ( 1904 -- 1995 ) '' . Kerry Redshaw. 20 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Robert Stibitz -- Obituary '' . Computer History Association of California . 6 February 1995 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Konrad Zuse 's Legacy : The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3 '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 19 ( 2 ) : 5 -- 15 . 1997 . doi : 10.1109 / 85.586067 . ^ Jump up to : Küveler , Gerd ; Schwoch , Dietrich ( 2013 ) ( 1996 ) . Arbeitsbuch Informatik - eine praxisorientierte Einführung in die Datenverarbeitung mit Projektaufgabe ( in German ) . Vieweg - Verlag , reprint : Springer - Verlag . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 322 - 92907 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 528 - 04952 - 2 . 9783322929075 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Küveler , Gerd ; Schwoch , Dietrich ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . Informatik für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler : PC - und Mikrocomputertechnik , Rechnernetze ( in German ) . 2 ( 5 ed . ) . Vieweg , reprint : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3834891916 . 9783834891914 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Base System '' . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Sanchez , Julio ; Canton , Maria P. ( 2007 ) . Microcontroller programming : the microchip PIC . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7189 - 9 . Redmond , Geoffrey ; Hon , Tze - Ki ( 2014 ) . Teaching the I Ching . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 976681 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Binary numeral system . Binary System at cut - the - knot Conversion of Fractions at cut - the - knot Binary Digits at Math Is Fun How to Convert from Decimal to Binary at wikiHow Learning exercise for children at CircuitDesign.info Binary Counter with Kids `` Magic '' Card Trick Quick reference on Howto read binary Binary converter to HEX / DEC / OCT with direct access to bits Sir Francis Bacon 's BiLiteral Cypher system , predates binary number system . Leibniz ' binary numeral system , ' De progressione dyadica ' , 1679 , online and analyzed on BibNum ( click ' à télécharger ' for English analysis ) GND : 4150805 - 1 NDL : 00568548 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binary_number&oldid=832503010 '' Categories : Binary arithmetic Computer arithmetic Elementary arithmetic Positional numeral systems Gottfried Leibniz Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 79 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 12 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | binary number system represents values as a sequence of | [
"In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the base-2 numeral system or binary numeral system, which uses only two symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one)."
] | [
"0 (zero) and 1 (one)"
] |
-5978355453546617611 | Cortical homunculus | Cortical homunculus - wikipedia Cortical homunculus Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 2 - D cortical sensory homunculus A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body , based on a neurological `` map '' of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions , or sensory functions , for different parts of the body . Homunculus is Latin for `` little man '' , and was a term used in alchemy and folklore prior to the concept being utilized in scientific literature . A cortical homunculus , or `` cortex man '' , illustrates the concept of a representation of the body lying within the brain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Arrangement 3 Discovery 4 Representation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types ( edit ) A 2 - D cortical motor homunculus A motor homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body . The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus , and handles signals coming from the premotor area of the frontal lobes . A sensory homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body . The primary sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus , and handles signals coming from the thalamus . These signals are transmitted on from the gyri to the brain stem and spinal cord via corresponding nerves . Arrangement ( edit ) Along the length of the primary motor and sensory cortices , the areas specializing in different parts of the body are arranged in an orderly manner , although ordered differently than one might expect . The toes are represented at the top of the cerebral hemisphere ( or more accurately , `` the upper end '' , since the cortex curls inwards and down at the top ) , and then as one moves down the hemisphere , progressively higher parts of the body are represented , assuming a body that 's faceless and has arms raised . Going further down the cortex , the different areas of the face are represented , in approximately top - to - bottom order , rather than bottom - to - top as before . The homunculus is split in half , with motor and sensory representations for the left side of the body on the right side of the brain , and vice-versa . The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is not proportional to that body region 's surface area or volume , but rather to how richly innervated that region is . Areas of the body with more complex and / or more numerous sensory or motor connections are represented as larger in the homunculus , while those with less complex and / or less numerous connections are represented as smaller . The resulting image is that of a distorted human body , with disproportionately huge hands , lips , and face . In the sensory homunculus , below the areas handling sensation for the teeth , gums , jaw , tongue , and pharynx lies an area for intra-abdominal sensation . At the very top end of the primary sensory cortex , beyond the area for the toes , it has traditionally been believed that the sensory neural networks for the genitals occur . However , more recent research has suggested that there may be two different cortical areas for the genitals , possibly differentiated by one dealing with erogenous stimulation and the other dealing with non-erogenous stimulation . Discovery ( edit ) 3 - D Sensory and Motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum , London Dr. Wilder Penfield and his co-investigators Edwin Boldrey and Theodore Rasmussen are considered to be the originators of the sensory and motor homunculi . They were not the first scientists to attempt to objectify human brain function by means of a homunculus . However , they were the first to differentiate between sensory and motor function and to map the two across the brain separately , resulting in two different homunculi . In addition , their drawings and later drawings derived from theirs became perhaps the most famous conceptual maps in modern neuroscience because they compellingly illustrated the data at a single glance . Penfield first conceived of his homunculi as a thought experiment , and went so far as to envision an imaginary world in which the homunculi lived , which he referred to as `` if '' . He and his colleagues went on to experiment with electrical stimulation of different brain areas of patients undergoing open brain surgery to control epilepsy , and were thus able to produce the topographical brain maps and their corresponding homunculi . More recent studies have improved this understanding of somatotopic arrangement using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) . Representation ( edit ) Penfield referred to his creations as `` grotesque creatures '' due to their strange - looking proportions . For example , the sensory nerves arriving from the hands terminate over large areas of the brain , resulting in the hands of the homunculus being correspondingly large . In contrast , the nerves emanating from the torso or arms cover a much smaller area , thus the torso and arms of the homunculus look comparatively small and weak . Penfield 's homunculi are usually shown as 2 - D diagrams . This is an oversimplification , as it can not fully show the data set Penfield collected from his brain surgery patients . Rather than the sharp delineation between different body areas shown in the drawings , there is actually significant overlap between neighboring regions . The simplification suggests that lesions of the motor cortex will give rise to specific deficits in specific muscles . However , this is a misconception , as lesions produce deficits in groups of synergistic muscles . This finding suggests that the motor cortex functions in terms of overall movements as coordinated groups of individual motions . The sensorimotor homunculi can also be represented as 3 - D figures ( such as the sensory homunculus sculpted by Sharon Price - James shown from different angles below ) , which can make it easier for laymen to understand the ratios between the different body regions ' levels of motor or sensory innervation . However , these 3 - D models do not illustrate which areas of the brain are associated with which parts of the body . See also ( edit ) Homunculus Somatotopic arrangement References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marieb , E. , Hoehn , K. Human Anatomy and Physiology . 7th Ed . 2007 . Pearson Benjamin Cummings : San Francisco . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . McGraw Hill . p. 544 - 546 Jump up ^ Covington , Jr. , William Oates ( 2015 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Homunculus ( Topographic ) Diagram '' . willcov.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Neurocritic : A New Clitoral Homunculus ? '' . 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cazala , Fadwa ; Vienney , Nicolas ; Stoléru , Serge ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) . `` The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men : a systematic review '' . Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology . 5 . ISSN 2000 - 9011 . PMC 4357265 . PMID 25766001 . doi : 10.3402 / snp. v5. 26428 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Penfield , Wilder ; Boldrey , Edwin ( 1937 ) . `` Somatic Motor And Sensory Representation In The Cerebral Cortex Of Man As Studied By Electrical Stimulation '' . Brain . 60 ( 4 ) : 389 - 443 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 60.4. 389 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Grodd W , Hülsmann E , Lotze M , Wildgruber D , Erb M. Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum : fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization . Hum Brain Mapp. 2001 Jun ; 13 ( 2 ) : 55 - 73 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cortical homunculus . Mole - ratunculus -- an analog of a sensory homunculus , except for a mole - rat , from the paper Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole - rat brain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortical_homunculus&oldid=790080223 '' Categories : Sensory systems Cerebrum Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the primary purpose of the primary motor cortex homunculus | [
"A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological \"map\" of the areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. Homunculus is Latin for \"little man\", and was a term used in alchemy and folklore prior to the concept being utilized in scientific literature. A cortical homunculus, or \"cortex man\", illustrates the concept of a representation of the body lying within the brain."
] | [
"processing motor functions"
] |
-4971210270624610777 | Friday Night Lights (TV series) | Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Friday Night Lights ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2006 TV series . For the 2004 film , see Friday Night Lights ( film ) . For other uses , see Friday Night Lights ( disambiguation ) . Friday Night Lights Intertitle , seasons 4 -- 5 Genre Sports drama Teen drama Family drama Based on Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream by H.G. Bissinger Developed by Peter Berg Starring Kyle Chandler Connie Britton Gaius Charles Zach Gilford Minka Kelly Adrianne Palicki Taylor Kitsch Jesse Plemons Scott Porter Aimee Teegarden Michael B. Jordan Jurnee Smollett Matt Lauria Madison Burge Grey Damon Theme music composer W.G. Snuffy Walden Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 76 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Berg Brian Grazer David Nevins Sarah Aubrey Jason Katims Jeffrey Reiner David Hudgins Location ( s ) Austin , Texas Pflugerville , Texas Cinematography Todd McMullen David Boyd Ian Ellis Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Universal Media Studios Imagine Television Film 44 Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC The 101 Network ( 2008 -- 11 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 03 ) -- February 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) External links Website www.nbc.com/friday-night-lights/ Friday Night Lights is an American drama television series about a high school football team in the fictional town of Dillon , Texas . It was developed by Peter Berg and executive produced by Brian Grazer , David Nevins , Sarah Aubrey and Jason Katims , based on the 1990 nonfiction book by H.G. Bissinger , adapted as the 2004 film of the same name . The series ' primary setting , Dillon , is a small , close - knit community in rural Texas . Team coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) and his family , Tami , Julie and Grace , are featured . The show uses this small - town backdrop to address many issues facing contemporary American culture , including family values , school funding , racism , drugs , abortion and lack of economic opportunities . Produced by NBCUniversal , Friday Night Lights premiered on October 3 , 2006 , and aired for two seasons on NBC . Although the show had garnered critical acclaim and passionate fans , the series suffered low ratings and was in danger of cancellation after the second season . To save the series , NBC struck a deal with DirecTV to co-produce three more seasons ; each subsequent season premiered on DirecTV 's 101 Network , with NBC rebroadcasts a few months later . The series ended its run on The 101 Network on February 9 , 2011 , after five seasons . Though Friday Night Lights never garnered a sizable audience , it was a critical success , lauded for its realistic portrayal of Middle America and deep exploration of its central characters . The show appeared on a number of best lists and was awarded a Peabody Award , a Humanitas Prize , a Television Critics Association Award and several technical Primetime Emmy Awards . At the 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards , the show was nominated for Outstanding Drama Series . Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton also scored multiple nominations for the Outstanding Lead Actor and Actress awards for a drama series . Executive producer Jason Katims was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Chandler and Katims each won the Emmy in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Inspiration 1.2 Conception 2 Production 2.1 Performances 2.2 Filming 2.3 Marketing 3 Cast and characters 4 Plot 4.1 Season one 4.2 Season two 4.3 Season three 4.4 Season four 4.5 Season five 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and accolades 5.3 Fan base 6 Television ratings 6.1 U.S. ratings 6.2 International ratings 6.3 DVR ratings 6.4 Affluent viewers 7 Distribution 7.1 Online episodes 7.2 Syndication 7.3 DirecTV 8 Home media releases 8.1 DVD and Blu - ray 8.2 Soundtracks 9 Potential film sequel 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Inspiration ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( film ) Friday Night Lights was inspired by H.G. `` Buzz '' Bissinger 's non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream ( 1990 ) and the 2004 film based on it . The book , which explores the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers , a high school football team in Odessa , Texas , was a factual work of documentary journalism . The people featured were not renamed in the book . The Universal Pictures film , which stars Billy Bob Thornton and was directed by Peter Berg , Bissinger 's second cousin , based its characters on the residents of Odessa c. 1988 . Conception ( edit ) Peter Berg , who directed the film , developed the series , and wrote and directed the pilot episode . Once filming on the movie was completed , Berg began to explore adapting the story for television . Berg later said he had regretted having to jettison many of the interpersonal topics from the book because of the time constraints of a feature film . Creating a TV series , particularly one based on fictional characters , allowed him to address many of those elements in - depth . He decided to set the series in a fictional town of Dillon , Texas , with some characteristics of Odessa . The football team was given the Panthers name . Berg deliberately carried elements from the film to the series , particularly for the pilot , which was closely related to the film . He cast Connie Britton as the wife of head coach Eric Taylor , and Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity , a major businessman and football booster , in roles similar to those they played in the film . Production ( edit ) Filming for the show 's pilot began in February 2006 in Austin , Texas . Berg said he required filming the pilot and eventually the show in Texas as `` a deal breaker '' in order to agree to participate weekly in the project . The show features homages to its Texas heritage . In the pilot , Berg featured Texas Longhorns football coach Mack Brown as a Dillon booster and had a caller to the fictional Panther Radio compare Panthers ' coach Eric Taylor to Brown . The pilot referred to much of the surrounding area in its scenes . Football scenes were filmed at Pflugerville High School 's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex . The Dillon Panther football team and coaches ' uniforms were based on the uniforms of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some of the scenes were filmed at Texas School for the Deaf . Berg 's observation of local high school students while preparing to film the movie inspired his development of some of the characters . For example , Jason Street , the character whose promising football career is ended by a spinal injury in the pilot , was inspired by a local event . David Edwards , a football player from San Antonio 's Madison High , was paralyzed during a November 2003 game . Berg was at the game when this accident occurred ; he was profoundly affected by Edwards ' injury and how it overturned his life . Berg set up a similar incident in the pilot . Performances ( edit ) While relying on a script each week , the producers decided at the outset to allow the cast leeway in what they said and did on the show . Their decisions could affect the delivery of their lines and the blocking of each scene . If the actors felt that something was untrue to their character or a mode of delivery did n't work , they were free to change it , provided they still hit the vital plot points . This freedom was complemented by filming without rehearsal and without extensive blocking . Camera operators were trained to follow the actors , rather than having the actors stand in one place with cameras fixed around them . The actors knew that the filming would work around them . Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner described this method as `` no rehearsal , no blocking , just three cameras and we shoot . '' Working in this fashion profoundly influenced everyone involved with the show . Series star Kyle Chandler said : `` When I look back at my life , I 'm going to say , ' Wow , ( executive producer ) Peter Berg really changed my life . ' '' Executive producer and head writer Jason Katims echoed this sentiment , saying : `` When I first came on ( the FNL ) set , I thought , it 's interesting -- this is what I imagined filmmaking would be , before I saw what filmmaking was . '' Filming ( edit ) All five seasons of Friday Night Lights were filmed in Austin and Pflugerville . With the show yielding roughly $33 million a year in revenue , other states courted the production company after the state of Texas failed to pay all the rebates it had promised to the show 's producers . The Texas legislature authorized funding to match the offers of other states , and the production company preferred to stay near Austin , so the show remained in Texas . Friday Night Lights is unusual for using actual locations rather than stage sets and sound stage . These factors together with reliance on filming hundreds of locals as extras , gives the series an authentic feel and look . The producers used a documentary - style filming technique . Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take . In contrast , most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot . The first takes usually made the final cut . By filming a scene all at once , the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances . The series borrowed the uniforms , cheerleaders , fans and stadium of the Pflugerville Panthers . Producers shot Pflugerville games and used them as game footage in the series . University of Southern California football announcers Peter Arbogast and Paul McDonald provided off - screen commentary during the football game sequences . The facilities , colors and bobcat logos of Texas State University in San Marcos were used as the setting and creative inspiration for the fictional Texas Methodist University . The show features the fictional Herrmann Field , named for George Herrmann , the head coach of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some scenes were filmed outside Texas . On June 20 , 2010 , scenes were filmed at Temple University , which was to portray the fictional Braemore College . An episode from Julie 's senior year in high school was filmed in the Boston area , at Boston College , Boston University , and Tufts University . Some scenes at fictional Oklahoma Tech University were filmed at Gregory Gym at The University of Texas at Austin . Marketing ( edit ) Promotional website with Toyota . Initially targeted at the youth market , the show emphasized the football element . NBC teamed with social networking site Bebo to create a site that allowed students to upload video and photos , as well as create blogs about their local football teams . Students who participated were eligible for one of 10 $5,000 scholarships . NBC had negotiated with Bebo for network and series promotion on Bebo 's network of youth - oriented sites including Piczo , Hi5 , Tickle , Ringo , and FastWeb . To complement this promotion , NBC sent out `` School Spirit '' kits to 1,000 high schools around the country . These kits included posters , pom - poms , mini-footballs and disposable cameras , all bearing the show 's logo . The kits also contained copies of the show 's pilot episode on DVD . The network repeated this promotion for its second season promotion , when it teamed with HouseParty.com to send out 1,000 `` Party Kits , '' which contained advance copies of the Season 2 opener along with other promotional material . NBC also paired with Toyota to create the `` Hometown Sweepstakes '' , in which students could earn cash grants of up to $50,000 for their school 's athletics program . It was open to high school students ages 14 to 18 and was designed to draw people to the show 's official website , where they could download AOL Instant Messenger icons , screensavers and desktop wallpaper . Students who registered could also download free movie theater passes to special early screenings of the pilot episode . These movie theater screenings took place in 50 cities nationwide and ran until a week before the show premiered on NBC . In the later part of the season , NBC chose to switch course and pursue the female demographic . The network designed a strategy based on the personal elements of the show , giving the show the tagline , `` It 's about life '' . NBC Marketing President Vince Manze stressed that the goal was to ensure viewers that the show was family and relationships as well as athletics . The network ran 30 - second spots in movie theaters that featured cast members and fans being interviewed about the show . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Friday Night Lights characters Young members of the Friday Night Lights cast As a show about the community of Dillon , Texas , Friday Night Lights has an ensemble cast . The show features Panthers ' football coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) , who strives to balance his work , family , status in a sometimes confrontational community and his personal ambitions . His family -- wife Tami Taylor ( Connie Britton ) , a guidance counselor turned principal at Dillon High , and teenage daughter Julie Taylor ( Aimee Teegarden ) -- are also central to the show . Coach Taylor and Tami are the only two characters to appear in every episode . Outside of the Taylor family , the show explores the lives of the Dillon high school football players . In the pilot , Coach Taylor 's protege and star quarterback Jason Street ( Scott Porter ) , suffers a spinal injury that ends his football career . He faces life as a paraplegic . At first , Street struggles with these disabilities and the upturn of his life . Gradually , he copes with his new reality . Lyla Garrity ( Minka Kelly ) , his girlfriend , undergoes her own changes , making a transition from a Panthers cheerleader to a Christian youth leader . Because of Street 's injury , sophomore Matt Saracen ( Zach Gilford ) , who is quiet and reserved , becomes the Panthers ' starting quarterback . He eventually dates the coach 's daughter , Julie . Viewers learn that Saracen 's father is serving as a soldier in Iraq , and Saracen is the sole caretaker for his grandmother Lorraine Saracen ( Louanne Stephens ) . Saracen receives little help , except from his best friend Landry Clarke ( Jesse Plemons ) and eventual live - in nurse and love interest Carlotta Alonso ( Daniella Alonso ) . Star running back Brian `` Smash '' Williams ( Gaius Charles ) works to get a college football scholarship . Fullback Tim Riggins ( Taylor Kitsch ) struggles with alcoholism and complicated family problems . His brother Billy Riggins ( Derek Phillips ) , while not his legal guardian , serves as Tim 's caretaker . Tyra Collette ( Adrianne Palicki ) stars as a town vixen who wants to leave Dillon for a better life . Involved with Riggins , Tyra eventually develops a complicated relationship with Landry Clarke . Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Friday Night Lights episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season one ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 1 ) Season one revolves around two main events : Coach Eric Taylor beginning as head coach and the injury and paralysis of star quarterback Jason Street in the first game of the season . Coach Taylor 's career depends on his ability to get the Dillon Panthers to the state championship , despite the loss of Street . If the team suffers a losing streak , he knows his family will no longer be welcome in Dillon . His wife Tami Taylor begins work as a guidance counselor at the local high school . Over the course of the season , she becomes a support and a mentor to many of the students , and her position plays a pivotal role in the season finale . Jason Street and Matt Saracen each struggle within extremely difficult conditions . Street must learn to live with his disability in a town that worships athletics . Saracen has to face new challenges as a lead athlete . As Street 's friendship with Herc , his rehab roommate and wheelchair rugby teammate , grows stronger , so do his will and independence . For the quiet Matt , who seldom plays football , his new role of QB1 calls for a different part of him . Motherless , he also cares for his grandmother while his father is fighting in Iraq . Matt falls in love with Coach Taylor 's daughter , Julie , who loathes Texas small town life and dislikes football . She falls for Matt and their relationship slowly blossoms over the season . Also explored is the pressure on the cocky , driven Brian `` Smash '' Williams . Easily the most promising player on the Panthers ' roster , he works hard to achieve excellence and sees his future career as instrumental in gaining a better life for him and his family . Since his father was killed in a car accident , his mother Corrina has taken multiple jobs to keep the family afloat . Smash decides to take performance - enhancing drugs to ensure he can gain a college football scholarship . Tim Riggins is struggling with alcoholism and absentee parents , with few prospects beyond high school . He is portrayed as a loyal friend with a good heart . Tyra Collette also comes from a broken home ; her mother suffers abusive relationships with men . Tyra begins the season as Riggins ' girlfriend . Thanks to counselor Tami Taylor and Landry Clarke -- the school math geek and Saracen 's best friend -- Tyra starts to see hope that she might get out of Dillon and break the cycle of women in her family . Meanwhile , Lyla Garrity undergoes significant changes . Faced with Jason 's injury , she begins seeing Riggins for some comfort . Jason begins growing closer to another woman . Lyla learns about her father 's many adulterous affairs and begins to establish her independence . Season two ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 2 ) Season two begins with Coach Taylor living and working in Austin as an assistant coach at fictional TMU , while wife Tami remains in Dillon with daughter Julie and newborn baby Gracie . Tami is struggling with the demands of the new baby and Julie 's rebellious behavior . The Panthers ' new coach , Bill McGregor , creates friction between Smash and Matt by showing blatant favoritism to Smash , drives Tim so hard he passes out during practice from dehydration and is hospitalized , alienates assistant coach Jason Street by his condescending manner , and alienates Boosters president Buddy Garrity by barring him from team practices . When Smash and Matt actually come to blows on the field and a crucial game is won by Smash , Buddy engineers the firing of the new coach and persuades Taylor that both the team and his family are suffering in his absence . Taylor agrees to return . Julie continues to act out . She ends her romantic relationship with Matt , whom she sees as turning into a replica of her father , and pursues an older man , `` the Swede , '' who works with her as a lifeguard at the local pool . When she finds the Swede has no interest in a serious relationship , she begins a friendship with a young teacher that her mother feels is inappropriate . Tami confronts the teacher at school , but some students overhear the conversation and spread rumors about Julie ; Julie is mortified and furious at her mother . Meanwhile , Coach Taylor attempts to win games with the Panthers but faces a number of issues . Tim is kicked off the team after missing a week of practice when he leaves on the spur of the moment to go with Jason Street to Mexico to look for a treatment for Jason 's paralysis . On returning to Dillon , Tim finds that a neighbor woman , with whom he had a brief affair , is now seeing his brother Billy and has all but moved into their house . Tim moves out but has trouble finding another place to live and ultimately returns . Coach Taylor allows him to rejoin the team after he shows up at practice and on his own initiative apologizes to everyone on the team for his lack of commitment . Lyla Garrity becomes increasingly involved in an organization for young Christians . As part of a religious outreach program , she befriends a young convict , Santiago Herrera , who is released from juvenile detention shortly after they first meet . She gets him a job at her father Buddy 's car dealership . Buddy encourages Santiago to try out for football after noticing his superior speed and coordination . When Taylor expresses interest in the boy , it is discovered that his legal guardian has left town and he has no adult in his life . Buddy agrees to take legal responsibility for him . Smash is courted by a number of college recruiters . He makes it clear his priority is a quick route to the NFL , leading to tension between him and his mother , who insists his priority should be getting an education . Smash accepts a scholarship to the prestigious TMU . However , Smash punches a white teenager who sexually harasses his sister when they 're at the movies . This turns into a blown - out - of - proportion racial incident , and Smash is deemed someone who has `` character issues . '' His scholarship to TMU is revoked . He later commits to Whitmore University , a smaller historically black college that is more highly regarded for its academics than its athletic programs . The football coach at Whitmore has a strong relationship with Coach Taylor , and had been scouting Smash since he was in middle school . Matt begins a relationship with a cheerleader before leaving her for his grandmother 's new live - in nurse , Carlotta . Additionally , the early season follows an arc where Landry kills and hides the body of a man who attempted to rape Tyra , leading to a romance between the two . Eventually , guilt builds within Landry and he confesses . Charges are not pressed , although tension between him and Tyra remains . Landry also joins the football team . Jason Street impregnates a woman in what was supposed to be a one - night stand at the end of season two . Jason pleads with the woman to keep the child and promises to take care of the two . This season ends on a cliffhanger due to the Writers ' Strike . The show 's head writer and executive producer , Jason Katims , stated that this last episode was `` not in any way viewed as the season finale ... If we were leading to the end of the season ( under normal circumstances ) , we would have most likely brought the story around to the coach and his family again , '' and there would have been a strong football element as well , Katims said . Seven of the 22 episodes NBC ordered for Season 2 were n't made . Season three ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 3 ) The season began with Coach Taylor failing to lead the Panthers to another State championship the year before , creating new pressure for him . Quarterback Matt Saracen 's position is threatened by the arrival of freshman J.D. McCoy , an amazing natural talent who comes from a rich family with an overbearing father , Joe . Matt moves to wide receiver after Taylor names J.D. starting quarterback . Tyra starts dating a cowboy named Cash , leading to complications in her relationship with Landry . Tim and Lyla start dating . Tami Taylor becomes the principal of Dillon High School and fights with Buddy Garrity about the allocation of funds toward a Jumbotron . Smash Williams , who injured his knee during the previous year 's playoffs , rediscovers his love for the game . Billy , Tim , Herc , and Jason decide to flip Buddy Garrity 's house for a profit . Matt and Julie reconcile and rekindle their romance . Smash gets a tryout with Texas A&M , and succeeds in winning a spot on their team . Lyla helps Tim pursue a college football scholarship . Tim initially puts off the recruiter and is concerned Lyla is trying to turn him into someone he 's not by encouraging him to pursue college , but he sees she 's looking out for his best interests . Buddy loses money , which is Lyla 's college fund , in a bad business deal and he retaliates by trashing the strip club , The Landing Strip . Lyla wants to attend Vanderbilt University and after Buddy loses the money , she considers going to San Antonio State University , the school that gives Tim a scholarship . Lyla moves in with Tim after she and her father have a fight . Billy Riggins gets engaged to Tyra 's older sister Mindy . Mindy is pregnant at the time of their engagement . Jason Street eventually finds a job at a sports agency in New York City , after visiting a former Panthers player who is now playing professionally , and moves to the northeast to be close to his girlfriend and newborn baby . Matt is pushed back into his former football role in the playoffs . While Eric Taylor and Buddy Garrity were making a visit to a possible recruit who just moved into town , the coach learns of a plot to have him replaced as head coach of the Dillon Panthers . They learn that Joe McCoy wants Taylor replaced with Wade Aikman , J.D. 's personal coach . After the school 's administration meets to decide who gets the coaching job , Aikman is offered the job at Dillon High School , while Taylor is offered the job of coaching at recently reopened East Dillon High School . Billy and Mindy 's wedding ends the season . Season four ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 4 ) Season 4 kicks off with Eric Taylor struggling as the East Dillon High coach . The team , field and conditions are a complete change from the privileged and sparkling conditions at West Dillon . East Dillon High resembles Odessa High from the source novel Friday Night Lights , Permian High 's sister school and the home of the Odessa Bronchos , with whom they have an annual rivalry match which divides the town . The East Dillon Lions and Odessa Bronchos both wear red uniforms and are considered underdogs to the Panthers . Additionally , Odessa High and East Dillon are both underfunded and considered inferior compared to their rival school , and serve a predominately poor minority community . Additionally , the school district boundaries between East and West Dillon were intentionally drawn to ensure the majority of talented players would be zoned for West Dillon ; the districts between Permian and Odessa High were drawn in a similar manner . As Coach begins putting together his new Lion team , he realizes he 's in for more than he bargained for . The players who try out are less than desirable , but Coach gets a lucky break with a couple of new faces . The first is Vince Howard ( Michael B. Jordan ) , a student who has gotten in trouble with the law too many times . He is given one last chance if he plays football for the East Dillon Lions . Although he has no prior football experience , he has natural talent and becomes the team 's first star quarterback . The second break comes to the Lions when Buddy Garrity reveals to Eric that the address on file for the Panthers new prodigy running back , Luke Cafferty , is nothing more than a mailbox in front of an empty lot , and Luke is really zoned for East Dillon . Tami is faced with a struggle as the principal of West Dillon . A new character on the show , Becky , is introduced when Tim Riggins rents a trailer on her mother 's property . Although she is in love with Tim , she and Luke are both shopping at a convenience store and she allows Luke to drive her home . The two have sex and Becky becomes pregnant . Even though she is a student at East Dillon , she seeks out Tami 's help with the situation . Tami discusses all of the options with her and Becky decides to get an abortion . Her mother goes with her to the procedure . Parents find out about this and led by Luke 's mother , seek Mrs. Taylor 's dismissal as principal . When Tami refuses to apologize , as she followed procedure , she is put on leave . She decides to return to her role as a guidance counselor , but at East Dillon . The football season is one focused on growth and reestablishing a sense of Lion pride . The culmination of their hard work is tested in their last game of the season as they play the Dillon Panthers led by J.D. McCoy . In an amazing show of perseverance , the East Dillon Lions defeat the Dillon Panthers , ruining the Panthers ' playoff chances . In season four , Matt Saracen struggles with staying in Dillon and living as a townie . He turned down an art school in Chicago and is instead studying art at the local technical college . After returning from a hunting trip with Tim Riggins , he finds out that his father was killed in Iraq . The episode `` The Son '' shows Matt going through the five stages of grief as he comes to accept the death of his father , a man he claims to hate . This episode garnered much buzz online and resulted in a failed campaign for Zach Gilford to get an Emmy nomination in the guest actor category ; however , the episode did get an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series . After this emotionally charged episode , Matt abruptly moves to Chicago without saying goodbye to his girlfriend or best friend . He returns briefly in the finale and makes amends with both Julie and Landry , who ends up flying back to Chicago with Matt . The character of Tim Riggins has developed over time from an unfocused and moody alcoholic to a young man of character and dependability . Sometimes that dependability is reflected in his uncanny ability to make the wrong choices for the right reasons , which usually involve his brother . Even though he has proven his ability to help others correct their misguided choices , unfortunately there is no one who does this for Tim . In this season , his irresponsible , headstrong , but lovable brother again entices Tim into another wrong choice by convincing Tim that the only way they can make any money is by transforming their newly opened garage into a chop shop . Just as they finally end this side business and Tim has enough for the down payment on a large amount of land he 's been dreaming about , the police show up to arrest him at the garage . The police officers recognize Tim as `` number 33 '' giving Tim no chance to deny that it 's his chop shop . True to his character , he makes the decision to take the rap and allows his brother to be with his new wife and child . The season ends as Tim walks toward the jail . Season five ( edit ) Main article : Friday Night Lights ( season 5 ) Season 5 , the final season , opens with summer wrapping up in Dillon : Billy Riggins joins Coach Taylor as a special teams coach for the East Dillon Lions . Tami is the new guidance counselor at East Dillon , where she is faced with the challenge of a particularly difficult student named Epyck . Landry is departing for Rice University , and Tim Riggins has three more months in jail . Becky experiences turmoil in her living situation and moves in with Billy and Mindy and develops a family of her own with them , while also developing a closer relationship with Luke . With Vince leading the Lions , along with Luke Cafferty , new recruit Hastings Ruckle , and the rest of the team standing strong behind him , Eric Taylor has strong hopes for the team to go to state . But as Vince 's past comes back to haunt him , it seems that the team will have to deal with struggles off the field , as well as on . Vince 's troubles also cause his relationship with Jess to take a hit . Julie 's college experience is nothing like she imagined , and after she experiences a difficult situation involving her history TA , she is forced to take a good look at what she wants . Buddy Garrity becomes a father again when Buddy Jr. , who developed problems in California , is sent back to Dillon to get help from his father . He 's pleased when his son becomes a Lions football player . Julie looks for support first from her parents , and then from her old boyfriend Matt Saracen , who is living in Chicago and attending art school . Julie drives up to spend some time with him , but leaves still confused about her future . Tim is up for parole , and with the help of Coach Taylor and Buddy Garrity , is approved for early release . Buddy gives him a job as a bartender at his bar . Tim is angry with his brother Billy and threatens to move to Alaska to work on a pipeline but Tyra Collette comes back for a visit to Dillon and tells him he needs to repair his relationship with Billy . After they spend the night together , she asks Tim to show her his land , and the episode closes with Tyra asking , `` Alaska , Tim ? '' to which Tim smiles a guilty smile . In the last episode , East Dillon wins the state championship after Coach Taylor and Vince share a moment of respect for each other . Coach Taylor then moves with his wife to Philadelphia as she accepts the job as Dean of Admissions at a prestigious school , and the show ends showing them living happily . Tim and Tyra talk about their dreams and a potential future at his new home site . Julie is engaged to Matt and lives with him in Chicago . Vince is the quarterback of the Dillon Panthers `` Superteam '' , consisting of Both East and West Dillon High School athletes , joined by Buddy Jr. , Tinker , and possibly Hastings . Jess is living in Dallas , and helping to student coach a team and is following her dreams . Billy is expecting twins with Mindy . Luke Cafferty is seen with Becky at the bus depot departing for the Army . The second to the last scene is of Tim and Billy , taking a break while putting up the frame of Tim 's new house . They sit back , crack open a beer , and Billy toasts , `` Texas Forever ? '' to which Tim responds emphatically , `` Texas Forever '' and they clink their beers . The series ends with Eric coaching a new high school team in Philadelphia ( in a noticeably smaller stadium than those in Texas ) . After practice , Eric recites the phrase : `` Clear eyes , full hearts ... '' After not getting the normal response of `` Ca n't lose , '' he says , `` We 'll deal with that later . '' Tami then shows up and the two walk off the field as the lights turn off . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Connie Britton and Kyle Chandler received unanimous praise for their performances throughout the series . Although the series never had a high viewership , it was met with critical acclaim and has a strong fan - base . On the review aggregator website Metacritic , the first season received a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews . Virginia Heffernan wrote for The New York Times that `` if the season is anything like the pilot , this new drama about high school football could be great -- and not just television great , but great in the way of a poem or painting . '' The Washington Post similarly praised the series as `` extraordinary in just about every conceivable way . '' Bill Simmons , a former columnist for ESPN Magazine implored readers of his column in the September 24 , 2007 issue to watch the show , calling it `` the greatest sports - related show ever made . '' Positive reviews also came from USA Today , the San Francisco Chronicle , and international sources , with The Guardian 's Jonathan Bernstien calling the pilot `` beautifully shot '' and the Metro awarding it 4 out of 5 stars . Throughout its inaugural season , many online journalists responded positively to the show . Matt Roush of TV Guide dedicated several of his `` Roush Dispatch '' columns to the show calling the last episodes of season one `` terrifically entertaining '' while Zap2it 's Amy Amatangelo asked her readers to `` promise to watch ( the last 4 episodes of ) Friday Night Lights . '' The show 's pilot did , however , receive negative reviews as well . The Philadelphia Inquirer 's review was particularly harsh , calling the show a `` standard high school sports soap opera . '' Season two reviews were considerably less positive than for the first , with the Landry and Tyra murder plot being particularly panned by critics . The Los Angeles Times said that the show had lost its innocence , while The Boston Globe said the event was `` out of sync with the real - life tone of the show . '' Others were more positive , though , with Variety saying `` faith should be shown in showrunner / writer Jason Katims '' while The New York Times said `` to hold Friday Night Lights to a measure of realism would be to miss what are its essentially expressionistic pleasures . '' Time Out magazine 's Andrew Johnston included the series in his list of the ten best TV shows for both 2006 and 2007 , stating `` Who 'd have thought a tribute to heartland values would turn out to be the most avant - garde show on TV ? The music and random close - ups said more than the dialogue in Peter Berg 's phenomenal football drama . '' Time magazine 's James Poniewozik named it one of the Top 10 Returning Series of 2007 , ranking it at No. 4 . In 2007 , AOL ranked Friday Night Lights the fifth Best School Show of All Time . The same year , the show placed No. 71 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . In 2009 , Alan Sepinwall placed it in his `` Best of the ' 00s in TV : Best Dramas '' and wrote : `` Few shows are as willing to so directly confront the emotions of its characters , aided by central performances -- as one of TV 's most realistic and loving couples -- from Chandler and Connie Britton . '' The A.V. Club named it the 16th best TV series of the 2000s . In 2010 , Kristin Dos Santos of E ! Online ranked it number 4 on her list , `` Top 20 TV Series of the Past 20 Years '' . Friday Night Lights 's final season was lauded by critics . Based on 10 reviews , the season obtained a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic , indicating `` universal acclaim '' and it was included on numerous best lists . Poniewozik ranked it No. 7 on his list of 2011 's Top 10 TV Series , saying , `` The final season of this drama came down , as you would expect , to a final dramatic game . But the real action was always just as much in the stands '' . He also ranked the final episode `` Always '' No. 1 on 2011 's Top 10 TV Episodes list . Paste also named it one of the 20 best TV shows of 2011 and Slant Magazine ranked Friday Night Lights No. 10 on its list of 2011 's 25 Best TV Shows , concluding `` The show 's true concerns -- obsession , class , family -- were articulated beautifully as ever in the quiet , familiar relationships between a town and its team , and a coach and his wife '' . The Salt Lake Tribune in its list of the Top 10 series of 2011 ranked Friday Night Lights No. 1 explaining `` For five seasons , Friday Night Lights was both the simplest and most complex show on TV . It felt like real life , and real life is complicated . '' TV Guide named the show among its Best TV Shows of 2011 praising the fact that `` Friday Night Lights left its fans with the best portrait of a marriage ever on TV '' . It was also included on The Huffington Post 's and E ! Online 's 2011 's Best TV Shows . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked Friday Night Lights No. 22 in its of the `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Friday Night Lights Friday Night Lights won a Peabody Award , three AFI awards , an Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series , an ACE Eddie Award for editing , an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing , a Television Critics Association Award , and has earned multiple Writers Guild of America nominations . The show 's two leading actors , Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton , received Emmy nominations for their performances in 2010 , while executive producer Jason Katims won two Humanitas Prize awards for writing . In 2011 , after concluding its run , the show was honored by four Emmy nominations and Kyle Chandler won the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Jason Katims won for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Always '' . Fan base ( edit ) Friday Night Lights enjoys what former NBC President Kevin Reilly called a `` passionate and vocal ( fanbase ) '' . This fan dedication has shown itself in everything from advertisers expressing their support for the show to news outlets getting massive amounts of support mail after running positive pieces about the show . After some statements made by NBC 's Entertainment head Ben Silverman about the future of the show and the fact that everything seemed to point that Friday Night Lights would n't return after the writers ' strike , fans put together several campaigns . Save FNL Campaign raised money to send footballs and contributions to charity foundations that were related to the show . The Save FNL Campaign raised a total of $15,840 for 18,750 footballs , $2061 for charity , and $924 worth of DVDs for troops stationed overseas . Television ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Though it was critically acclaimed , Friday Night Lights never enjoyed high ratings . The first two seasons averaged roughly 6 million viewers each . Ratings dropped in subsequent seasons with the third season averaging 4.6 million viewers , the fourth season with 3.8 million , and fifth season with 3.6 million . International ratings ( edit ) The show 's pilot , which aired on February 21 , 2007 on ITV4 , was watched by 26,000 viewers in the UK . This was attributed to the program being aired opposite of the Barcelona -- Liverpool football game in the first knockout round of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League . DVR ratings ( edit ) On December 29 , 2006 Nielsen Media Research reported the results of having , for the first time , monitored viewers who use a Digital Video Recorder to record shows for later viewing . These ratings , called `` live plus seven '' , include all viewers who use a DVR to record the show and then watch it within a week of its initial airing . According to the Nielsen numbers , DVR viewers increased Friday Night Lights ratings by 7.5 % overall in December . When Nielsen monitored viewers again in April 2007 the increase went up to 17 % for the week ending on April 8 . Affluent viewers ( edit ) On March 5 , 2007 , Media Life Magazine reported that Friday Night Lights was one of the most popular shows among `` affluent viewers '' who had little experience playing football . This was determined using a report from Magna Global who in turn used analysis done by Nielsen Media Research . Affluence in the study was determined by yearly income . In the study , Friday Night Lights tied for the 11th most watched show by affluent viewers . According to the study viewers of the show have a median household income of $65,000 per year . Distribution ( edit ) Online episodes ( edit ) Streaming videos , such as cast interviews and the full episode from the previous week , have been available on NBC.com since the series ' inception . In December 2006 , NBC expanded this selection to include every episode of the season . The move to offer every episode was made for only a few select shows and represents a marketing push on NBC 's part . In addition to the free ad - support offerings , every episode of Friday Night Lights became available for download on the iTunes Store on February 10 , 2007 for $1.99 per episode . As a special promotion , the pilot was initially offered as a free download . The series was available on Netflix through October 1 , 2017 . Syndication ( edit ) ABC Family acquired syndication rights for the first four seasons and began airing reruns September 6 , 2010 , but it was pulled on October 18 , 2010 , due to low ratings . In July 2011 , it was announced that ESPN Classic had acquired the rights of all five seasons and started airing the series beginning on July 12 , 2011 . In an attempt to bolster series ratings , NBC repositioned reruns of the show to air on its sister network Bravo , during the weeks leading up to the season one finale on NBC . These episodes aired on a schedule of one hour every Friday and three hours every Saturday . Bravo is known to have an audience that is upscale and largely female , which is in line with the new strategy of NBC 's then - President Kevin Reilly ( now at FOX ) for selling the show . When questioned about this strategy , he admitted to having regrets about initially marketing the show incorrectly , saying : `` It 's been so clear to me that ( the marketing for ) the show ended up confusing people in terms of what ( the public thought ) it was supposed to be '' . He said he felt the show is , at its core , a `` women 's show '' , and his wish is that the marketing had reflected that to a greater extent . Once the 2006 -- 2007 television season ended , NBC planned to air reruns throughout the summer in the hopes of gaining new viewers during the summer hiatus . Despite rising ratings for the reruns , NBC abruptly pulled them from the network 's schedule on June 24 , 2007 . NBC resumed airing reruns in late August / early September , timed to the Season 1 DVD release . TeenNick acquired the rights in 2015 and began airing the series , in chronological order , on April 10 , 2015 with a week - long event in which three episodes aired nightly . DirecTV ( edit ) During the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike , NBC Universal 's decision to release the Season 2 DVD with only the 15 produced episodes and comments by NBC chief Ben Silverman led to speculation that the show would be canceled . In March 2008 , it was confirmed that NBC had picked up the series for a third season , after a cost - sharing partnership between NBC and DirecTV was struck . The agreement had first run episodes airing exclusively on DirecTV , and the episodes aired on NBC at a later date . Season 3 premiered exclusively on DirecTV channel 101 , with the episodes replaying on NBC beginning on January 16 , 2009 . In March 2009 , NBC announced it had renewed the series for two more seasons . Home Media releases ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 28 , 2007 , and in region 2 on October 29 , 2007 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes and a featurette titled `` Behind The Lights : Creating The First Season of Friday Night Lights '' . The second season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 22 , 2008 , and in region 2 on February 11 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Last Days of Summer '' , `` Are You Ready for Friday Night '' and `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' and a featurette titled `` Friday Night Lights Cast & Producers at the Paley Festival in L.A. '' . The third season was released on DVD in region 1 on May 19 , 2009 , and in region 2 on March 25 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episode and an audio commentary for `` Tomorrow Blues '' . The fourth season was released on DVD in region 1 on August 17 , 2010 , and in region 2 on May 20 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from various episodes , audio commentary for `` East of Dillon '' , and several behind - the - scenes featurettes . The fifth season was released on DVD in region 1 on April 5 , 2011 , and in region 2 on August 12 , 2013 . Special features include deleted scenes from several episodes , audio commentaries for `` Do n't Go '' and `` Always '' , a featurette titled `` The Lights Go Out '' , and a photo gallery . A complete series box set containing all the episodes and material from the individual season sets was released in region 1 on October 4 , 2011 . In March 2016 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series in region 1 ; they subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on September 6 , 2016 . On September 26 , 2017 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the complete series on DVD and also released the complete series on Blu - ray for the first time . Soundtracks ( edit ) Two soundtracks with music featured on the show were released . The first , Friday Night Lights , was released in 2007 , and included music from The Killers , OutKast , and Explosions in the Sky , who had produced the score for the film . The second soundtrack , Friday Night Lights Vol. 2 , was released in 2010 , and included the main `` Friday Night Lights Theme '' by W.G. Walden . The score for both the film and television show , along with all background music and all instrumental music is performed by Explosions in the Sky . Potential film sequel ( edit ) In July 2011 , it was revealed that creator and executive producer Peter Berg was interested in continuing the series , as a feature film . In August 2011 , Berg said at a Television Critics Association panel that the Friday Night Lights film is in development . Berg was quoted as saying `` We 're very serious about trying to do it '' , adding that the script is currently being written . Universal Pictures and Imagine Television would produce the film , with Kyle Chandler and Connie Britton set to return . In May 2013 , executive producer Brian Grazer confirmed the continued development to make a film . 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Jump up ^ `` Fans Eagerly Taking Part in `` Save Friday Night Lights '' Campaigns `` . BuddyTV . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEASON PROGRAM RANKINGS ( WE 6 / 3 ) '' . ABC Medianet . June 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEASON PROGRAM RANKINGS ( THROUGH 5 / 25 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEASON PROGRAM RANKINGS ( THROUGH 5 / 17 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 - 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` Watch All of Heroes , 30 Rock and Friday Night Lights For Free '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Love , Brett ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Friday Night Lights pilot free on iTunes '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Lindsay ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix October 2017 : So Many Shows Are Leaving Netflix This Month , and We 're Not OK With It '' . Parade . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Scores Rights to Friday Night Lights '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family sacks `` Friday Night Lights '' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : NBC Picking Up ' Friday Night Lights ' After Partnering With DirecTV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` NBC renews ' Friday Night Lights ' through 2011 '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Lights - Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 23 , 2007 ) . `` Friday Night Lights -- Season 1 Extras for $29.98 SRP ? Score ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Night Lights - Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` Friday Night Lights - We Nailed It ! FNL - S2 Release Date Confirmed ; Specs & Extras Announced '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . 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August 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cannes : Brian Grazer , Ron Howard Introduce Imagine 2.0 ; A Pele Pic On The Croisette , A Crowd - Funded ' Friday Night Lights ' , ' Dark Tower ' , Jay - Z And One Angry White Whale '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Night Lights Movie Is Dead '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . 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"\n\nFriday Night Lights\n\n\n\nIntertitle, seasons 4–5\n\n\n\nGenre\nSports drama\nTeen drama\nFamily drama\n\n\nBased on\nFriday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream\nby H. G. Bissinger\n\n\nDeveloped by\nPeter Berg\n\n\nStarring\nKyle Chandler\nConnie Britton\nGaius Charles\nZach Gilford\nMinka Kelly\nAdrianne Palicki\nTaylor Kitsch\nJesse Plemons\nScott Porter\nAimee Teegarden\nMichael B. Jordan\nJurnee Smollett\nMatt Lauria\nMadison Burge\nGrey Damon\n\n\nTheme music composer\nW. G. Snuffy Walden\n\n\nComposer(s)\nW. G. Snuffy Walden[1]\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n5\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n76 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nPeter Berg\nBrian Grazer\nDavid Nevins\nSarah Aubrey\nJason Katims\nJeffrey Reiner\nDavid Hudgins\n\n\nLocation(s)\nAustin, Texas\nPflugerville, Texas\n\n\nCinematography\nTodd McMullen\nDavid Boyd\nIan Ellis\n\n\nRunning time\n43 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nUniversal Media Studios\nImagine Television\nFilm 44\n\n\nDistributor\nNBCUniversal Television Distribution\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nNBC\nThe 101 Network (2008–11)\n\n\nPicture format\n480i (SDTV)\n1080i (HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\nOctober 3, 2006 (2006-10-03) – February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.nbc.com/friday-night-lights/\n\n"
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-5056349762050729632 | Play That Funky Music | Play That Funky Music - wikipedia Play That Funky Music `` Play That Funky Music '' Single by Wild Cherry from the album Wild Cherry B - side `` The Lady Wants Your Money '' Released April 1976 Format 7 - inch single Genre Funk rock Length 5 : 00 ( album version ) 3 : 12 ( single version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Rob Parissi Producer ( s ) Rob Parissi Wild Cherry singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby Do n't You Know '' ( 1977 ) `` Get Down '' ( 1973 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby Do n't You Know '' ( 1977 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' is a song written by Rob Parissi and recorded by the band Wild Cherry . The single was the first released by the Cleveland - based Sweet City record label in April 1976 and distributed by Epic Records . The performers on the recording included lead singer Parissi , electric guitarist Bryan Bassett , bassist Allen Wentz , and drummer Ron Beitle , with session players Chuck Berginc , Jack Brndiar ( trumpets ) , and Joe Eckert and Rick Singer ( saxes ) on the horn riff that runs throughout the song 's verses . The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 18 , 1976 ; it was also number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart . The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 2 million records and eventually sold 2.5 million in the United States alone . The song was listed at No. 93 on Billboard magazine 's `` All - Time Top 100 Songs '' in 2018 . It was also the group 's only U.S. Top 40 song . Contents 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 1.3 Certifications 2 Vanilla Ice version 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Other cover versions 4 Usage in other media 5 See also 6 References Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard National Disco Action Top 30 12 US Cash Box US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 88 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 34 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Chart ( 1977 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 55 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 75,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Digital ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) ( Physical ) Platinum 2,500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Vanilla Ice version ( edit ) `` Play That Funky Music '' Single by Vanilla Ice from the album To the Extreme B - side `` Ice Ice Baby '' Released 1989 ( album track ) 1990 ( single ) Format CD single Genre Hip hop Length 4 : 45 Label SBK Songwriter ( s ) Rob Parissi Producer ( s ) Vanilla Ice Vanilla Ice singles chronology `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1989 ) `` Ice Ice Baby '' ( 1989 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1989 ) `` Ice Ice Baby '' ( 1989 ) American rapper Vanilla Ice later released a song featuring an interpretation of `` Play That Funky Music '' . Based on this single , the independent record label Ichiban Records signed Vanilla Ice to a record deal , releasing the album Hooked in January 1989 , containing `` Play That Funky Music '' and its B - side , `` Ice Ice Baby '' . Songwriter Robert Parissi was not credited . Parissi was later awarded $500,000 in a copyright infringement lawsuit . Although it did not initially catch on , its B - side , `` Ice Ice Baby '' , gained more success when a disc jockey played that track instead of the single 's A-side . Following the success of `` Ice Ice Baby '' , `` Play That Funky Music '' was reissued as its own single ( with new lyrics ) , and peaked at no . 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and no . 10 in the UK . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Peak Position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 16 Canada ( RPM 10 Dance ) Canada ( RPM 100 Hit Tracks ) 13 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 42 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 22 US Billboard Hot Rap Singles 7 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position Canada ( RPM Dance Tracks ) 44 US Billboard Hot 100 57 Other cover versions ( edit ) An edited version of `` Play That Funky Music '' , without `` white boy '' , was released for radio airplay around the Boston area , as the original version was briefly banned in that area upon its original release . In place of `` white boy , '' the words , `` hey , funky music '' , were substituted ( Epic cat # AE7 1107 ) . That version is now a collector 's item . In 1988 , the band Roxanne reached number 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 with a cover version . Canadian saxophonist Warren Hill covered the song on his 2005 album PopJazz . Usage in other Media ( edit ) The song appears on the soundtrack of the film Evolution ( 2001 ) and on the open show Ces Gars - Là , a French - Canadian show on V Télé featuring the stand - up comic Sugar Sammy and Simon - Olivier Fecteau . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1976 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1976 List of number - one R&B singles of 1976 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prato , Greg . `` Wild Cherry -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . the group was accosted nightly between sets by fans who wanted them to `` Play that funky music . '' It was n't long before Parissi took heed and penned a song under the same title , an infectious ditty that merged funk and rock together . Jump up ^ Scott , Jane ( April 30 , 1976 ) . `` Discotakes '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . ^ Jump up to : `` National Disco Action Top 30 / Billboard Hot Soul Singles '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . September 4 , 1976 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Platinum Singles Top ' 76 -- ' 77 Years '' . Billboard . Vol. 90 no . 34 . August 26 , 1978 . p. 114 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Chart Positions Pre 1989 Part 4 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4356a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . September 18 , 1976 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 11 , 1976 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . Record World . September 11 , 1976 . p. 29 . ISSN 0034 - 1622 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1976 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 76 '' . RPM . Vol. 26 no . 14 & 15 . Library and Archives Canada . January 8 , 1977 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1976 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 19 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1976 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1976 '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1970s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Wild Cherry -- Play That Funky Music '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum Searchable Database -- Play That Funky Music '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Behind The Music : Vanilla Ice . Moment occurs at 10 : 45 ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary ( 2000 ) . `` Legends of the Fall : Behind the Music '' . Science Fiction , Children 's Literature , and Popular Culture . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30847 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 53 , No. 13 , March 02 1991 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 53 , No. 13 , March 02 1991 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Play That Funky Music '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Vanilla Ice -- Play That Funky Music '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` To the Extreme -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending FEBRUARY 9 , 1991 '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 55 , No. 3 , December 21 1991 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1991 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allen , Craig ( October 13 , 2012 ) . `` Meet Wild Cherry ( PHOTOS , VIDEOS ) '' . New Jersey 101.5 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard. April 9 , 1988 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Hill 's -- Popjazz '' . Smooth-jazz.de . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Marie - Josée ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` `` Ces gars - là '' : Simon - Olivier Fecteau et Sugar Sammy , nouveau duo terrible de V ( VIDÉO ) `` . Le Huffington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Vanilla Ice Main albums Hooked / To the Extreme Mind Blowin ' Hard to Swallow Bi-Polar Platinum Underground W.T.F. ( Wisdom , Tenacity and Focus ) Live album Extremely Live Compilations Back 2 Back Hits The Best of Vanilla Ice Remix album Vanilla Ice Is Back ! Singles `` Play That Funky Music '' `` Hooked '' `` Go Ill '' `` Ice Ice Baby '' `` Satisfaction '' `` I Love You '' `` Stop That Train '' `` Ninja Rap ( song ) '' `` Cool as Ice ( Everybody Get Loose ) '' `` Rollin ' in My 5.0 '' `` Road to My Riches '' `` Get Loose '' `` The Wrath '' `` Roll ' Em Up '' `` Too Cold '' `` S.N.A.F.U. '' `` Stomping Through the Bayou '' `` A.D.D. '' `` Unbreakable '' `` Ice Ice Baby 2001 '' `` Nothing Is Real '' `` Get Your Ass Up '' `` Tha Weed Song '' `` Hot Sex '' `` Elvis Killed Kennedy '' `` Detonator '' `` Survivor '' `` Ninja Rap 2 '' `` Under Pressure ( Ice Ice Baby ) '' `` Born on Halloween '' `` Rock Star Party '' Related articles Cool as Ice Cool as Ice ( soundtrack ) The Vanilla Ice Project List of motocross riders Discography Juggalo Psychopathic Records Gathering of the Juggalos Wild Cherry Members Rob Parissi Allen Wentz Bryan Bassett Ronald Beitle Mark Avsec Donnie Iris Coogie Stoddart Studio albums Wild Cherry ( 1976 ) Electrified Funk ( 1977 ) I Love My Music ( 1978 ) Only the Wild Survive ( 1979 ) Compilations Play the Funk ( 2000 ) Super Hits ( 2002 ) Singles `` Show Me Your Badge / Bring Back the Fire '' ( 1973 ) `` Play That Funky Music '' ( 1976 ) `` I Feel Sanctified '' ( 1976 ) `` Baby Do n't You Know '' ( 1977 ) `` Hold On ( With Strings ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Hot to Trot '' ( 1977 ) `` 123 Kind of Love '' ( 1978 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1978 ) `` Try a Piece of My Love '' ( 1979 ) Promos `` Get Down '' ( 1972 ) `` Show Me Your Badge '' `` Hold On ( With Strings ) '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Wait Too Long / Try a Piece of My Love '' ( 1979 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Play_That_Funky_Music&oldid=859891804 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1976 singles 1990 singles Debut singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Epic Records singles Songs about music Wild Cherry ( band ) songs Vanilla Ice songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Canada All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 00 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sang the hit 1976 song play that funky music | [
"\"Play That Funky Music\" is a song written by Rob Parissi and recorded by the band Wild Cherry. The single was the first released by the Cleveland-based Sweet City record label in April 1976 and distributed by Epic Records.[2] The performers on the recording included lead singer Parissi, electric guitarist Bryan Bassett, bassist Allen Wentz, and drummer Ron Beitle, with session players Chuck Berginc, Jack Brndiar (trumpets), and Joe Eckert and Rick Singer (saxes) on the horn riff that runs throughout the song's verses. The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 18, 1976; it was also number one on the Hot Soul Singles chart.[3] The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over 2 million records and eventually sold 2.5 million in the United States alone.[4]\n"
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"Wild Cherry"
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1836397533516532605 | List of spaceflight records | List of spaceflight records - wikipedia List of spaceflight records The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965 This is a list of spaceflight records . Most of these records relate to human spaceflights , but some unmanned and animal records are listed as well . Contents 1 First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country 2 Human spaceflight firsts 3 Most spaceflights 4 Duration records 4.1 Total human spaceflight time by country 4.2 Most time in space 4.3 Ten longest human spaceflights 4.4 Longest single flight by a woman 4.5 Longest continuous occupation of space 4.6 Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft 4.7 Longest solo flight 4.8 Longest time on the lunar surface 4.9 Longest time in lunar orbit 5 Speed and altitude records 5.1 Farthest humans from Earth 5.2 Highest altitude for manned non-lunar mission 5.3 Fastest 6 Age records 6.1 Earliest - born to reach space ( suborbital flight ) 6.2 Earliest - born to reach space ( orbital flight ) 6.3 Youngest ( age during spaceflight ) 6.4 Oldest ( age during spaceflight ) 7 Spacewalk records 7.1 Most spacewalks 7.2 Most spacewalks during a single mission 8 Animal records 8.1 First living organisms in space 8.2 First animal in orbit 8.3 Longest canine single flight 8.4 First animals beyond low - Earth orbit 9 Notable unmanned spaceflights 10 See also 11 References 12 External links First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country ( edit ) Country Mission Crew Spacecraft Launch vehicle Date Type USSR Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin Vostok 3KA Vostok - K 12 April 1961 Orbital USA Mercury - Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) Alan Shepard Mercury Spacecraft No. 7 Mercury - Redstone 5 May 1961 Sub-orbital USA Mercury - Atlas 6 ( Friendship 7 ) John Glenn Mercury Spacecraft No. 13 Atlas LV - 3B 20 February 1962 Orbital China Shenzhou 5 Yang Liwei Shenzhou spacecraft Long March 2F 15 October 2003 Orbital Human spaceflight FIRSTS ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First Person ( s ) Mission Country Date Person to reach space Person in orbit Yuri Gagarin Vostok 1 USSR 12 April 1961 Person to make suborbital flight Person to land in a spacecraft after spaceflight ( thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions ) Person to land in water ( splashdown ) Person to pilot a craft in space Alan Shepard Freedom 7 USA 5 May 1961 Person in space for over 24 hours Multiple orbits during a spaceflight Gherman Titov Vostok 2 USSR 6 August 1961 -- 7 August 1961 Person to land in a spacecraft after orbital flight John Glenn Friendship 7 USA 20 February 1962 Group flight Adjacent orbits Spacecraft - to - spacecraft communications Andrian Nikolayev Pavel Popovich Vostok 3 Vostok 4 USSR 12 August 1962 -- 15 August 1962 Woman in space Civilian in space Valentina Tereshkova Vostok 6 USSR 16 June 1963 -- 19 June 1963 Spaceflight ( suborbital ) by winged spacecraft Joe Walker X-15 Flight 90 USA 19 July 1963 Person to enter space twice ( suborbital flights above 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) ) Joe Walker X-15 Flights 90 and 91 USA 22 August 1963 Three - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Persons to land in a spacecraft on hard ground Manned spaceflight without pressurized spacesuits Vladimir Komarov Konstantin Feoktistov Boris Yegorov Voskhod 1 USSR 12 October 1964 -- 13 October 1964 Spacewalk Alexey Leonov Voskhod 2 USSR 18 March 1965 Orbital maneuvers ( change orbit ) Gus Grissom , John W. Young Gemini 3 USA 23 March 1965 Person to fly two orbital spaceflights Gordon Cooper Faith 7 Gemini 5 USA 15 May 1963 -- 16 May 1963 21 August 1965 -- 29 August 1965 Persons to spend one week in space Gordon Cooper Pete Conrad Gemini 5 USA 21 August 1965 -- 29 August 1965 Space rendezvous ( orbital maneuver and station - keeping ) Four people in space at the same time Frank Borman , Jim Lovell Walter Schirra , Thomas Stafford Gemini 7 Gemini 6A USA 15 December 1965 -- 16 December 1965 Space docking Neil Armstrong David Scott Gemini 8 and Agena USA 16 March 1966 Multiple rendezvous John W. Young Michael Collins Gemini 10 with Agena 10 and Agena 8 USA 19 July 1966 20 July 1966 Spaceflight fatality ( during landing ) Vladimir Komarov Soyuz 1 USSR 23 April 1967 -- 24 April 1967 Person to complete three spaceflights Walter Schirra Mercury - Atlas 8 Gemini 6A Apollo 7 USA 22 October 1968 Persons to leave low Earth orbit ( LEO ) Persons to fully escape Earth 's gravity Persons to enter lunar orbit Frank Borman Jim Lovell Bill Anders Apollo 8 USA 24 December 1968 -- 25 December 1968 Space docking of two manned spacecraft Dual spacewalk Сrew transfer ( Khrunov , Yeliseyev ) Vladimir Shatalov Boris Volynov Aleksei Yeliseyev Yevgeny Khrunov Soyuz 4 Soyuz 5 USSR 16 January 1969 Solo flight around the Moon John Young Apollo 10 USA 22 May 1969 Moon landing Planetary surface EVA Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin Apollo 11 USA 20 July 1969 Five people in space at the same time Georgi Shonin , Valeri Kubasov Anatoly Filipchenko , Vladislav Volkov , Viktor Gorbatko Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 USSR 12 October 1969 -- 13 October 1969 Triple spaceflight Seven people in space at the same time Shonin , Kubasov Filipchenko , Volkov , Gorbatko Vladimir Shatalov , Aleksei Yeliseyev Soyuz 6 Soyuz 7 Soyuz 8 USSR 13 October 1969 -- 16 October 1969 Person to complete four spaceflights James A. Lovell Gemini 7 Gemini 12 Apollo 8 Apollo 13 USA 17 April 1970 Person to fly two lunar flights Person to complete two flights beyond low Earth orbit James A. Lovell Apollo 8 Apollo 13 USA 11 April 1970 -- 17 April 1970 People to spend two weeks in space Night launch Andrian Nikolayev Vitali Sevastyanov Soyuz 9 USSR 1 June 1970 -- 19 June 1970 People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft Alan Shepard Edgar Mitchell Apollo 14 USA 6 February 1971 Docking with space station ( soft dock ) Night landing Vladimir Shatalov Aleksei Yeliseyev Nikolai Rukavishnikov Soyuz 10 Salyut 1 USSR 22 April 1971 -- 24 April 1971 Manned space station Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov Soyuz 11 Salyut 1 USSR 7 June 1971 -- 29 June 1971 In - space fatalities Georgi Dobrovolski Viktor Patsayev Vladislav Volkov Soyuz 11 USSR 29 June 1971 People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth Dave Scott Jim Irwin Apollo 15 USA 31 July 1971 -- 2 August 1971 EVA outside low Earth orbit ( trans - Earth trajectory ) Al Worden Apollo 15 USA 5 August 1971 Person to be in lunar orbit twice ( during separate lunar expeditions ) John W. Young Apollo 10 Apollo 16 USA 16 April 1972 -- 27 April 1972 People in orbit for four weeks Pete Conrad Joseph Kerwin Paul Weitz Skylab 2 USA 25 May 1973 -- 22 June 1973 People in orbit for eight weeks Alan Bean Jack Lousma Owen Garriott Skylab 3 USA 28 July 1973 -- 25 September 1973 People in orbit for 12 weeks Gerald Carr William Pogue Edward Gibson Skylab 4 USA 16 November 1973 -- 8 February 1974 Spaceflight aborted during liftoff ( at 145 kilometers ( 90 mi ) altitude ) Re-entry with 20 g acceleration ( emergency ) Vasily Lazarev , Oleg Makarov Soyuz 18a USSR 5 April 1975 Crew to visit occupied space station Vladimir Dzhanibekov , Oleg Makarov Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO - 1 crew USSR 10 January 1978 -- 16 January 1978 People in orbit 19 weeks ( 4 months ) Vladimir Kovalyonok , Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Salyut 6 EO - 2 , Soyuz 29 - Soyuz 31 USSR 15 June 1978 -- 2 November 1978 People in orbit 26 weeks ( 6 months ) Leonid Popov , Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 EO - 4 , Soyuz 35 - Soyuz 37 USSR 9 April 1980 -- 11 October 1980 Spaceflight ( orbital ) by winged spacecraft John W. Young Robert L. Crippen STS - 1 USA 12 April 1981 Person to fly four different types of spacecraft John W. Young Gemini Apollo Lunar Module STS - 1 USA 12 April 1981 Person to complete five spaceflights John W. Young Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS - 1 USA 14 April 1981 Four - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Vance Brand Robert F. Overmyer Joseph P. Allen William B. Lenoir STS - 5 USA 11 November 1982 -- 16 November 1982 Five - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Robert L. Crippen Frederick H. Hauck John M. Fabian Sally K. Ride Norman E. Thagard STS - 7 USA 18 June 1983 -- 24 June 1983 Six - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft John W. Young , Brewster H. Shaw , Owen K. Garriott , Robert A. Parker , Byron K. Lichtenberg -- USA Ulf Merbold -- Germany ( European Space Agency ) STS - 9 USA West Germany 28 November 1983 -- 8 December 1983 Person to complete six spaceflights John W. Young Gemini 3 Gemini 10 Apollo 10 Apollo 16 STS - 1 STS - 9 USA 8 December 1983 Untethered spacewalk Bruce McCandless II STS - 41 - B USA 7 February 1984 Eight people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Oleg Atkov , Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov -- USSR Vance D. Brand , Robert L. Gibson , Bruce McCandless II , Ronald McNair , Robert L. Stewart -- USA Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 , STS - 41 - B USSR USA 8 February 1984 -- 11 February 1984 11 people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Oleg Atkov , Leonid D. Kizim , Yury Malyshev , Vladimir Solovyov , Gennady Strekalov -- USSR Robert L. Crippen , Terry J. Hart , George Nelson , Francis Scobee , James van Hoften -- USA Rakesh Sharma -- India STS - 41 - C , Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 - Soyuz T - 11 USSR USA India 6 April 1984 -- 11 April 1984 People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov Salyut 7 USSR 26 April -- 18 May 1984 Spacewalk by a woman Svetlana Savitskaya Soyuz T - 12 USSR 25 July 1984 People in orbit 33 weeks ( 7 months ) Leonid Kizim , Vladimir Solovyov , Oleg Atkov Salyut 7 EO - 3 , Soyuz T - 10 - Soyuz T - 11 USSR 8 February 1984 -- 2 October 1984 Seven - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Robert L. Crippen , Jon A. McBride , Kathryn D. Sullivan , Sally K. Ride , David C. Leestma , Paul D. Scully - Power -- USA Marc Garneau -- Canada STS - 41 - G USA Canada 5 October 1984 -- 13 October 1984 Two women in space at the same time Kathryn D. Sullivan , Sally K. Ride STS - 41 - G USA 5 October 1984 -- 13 October 1984 Partial crew exchange at a space station Alexander Volkov , Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov Soyuz T - 14 , Salyut 7 USSR 17 September 1985 -- 26 September 1985 Eight - person spaceflight in a single spacecraft Henry W. Hartsfield , Steven R. Nagel , Bonnie J. Dunbar , James F. Buchli , Guion S. Bluford -- USA Reinhard Furrer , Ernst Messerschmid -- West Germany Wubbo Ockels -- Netherlands ( European Space Agency ) STS - 61 - A USA West Germany Netherlands 30 October 1985 -- 6 November 1985 Fatalities during launch Francis `` Dick '' Scobee Michael J. Smith Ellison Onizuka Judith Resnik Ronald McNair Sharon Christa McAuliffe Gregory Jarvis STS - 51 - L USA 28 January 1986 Space station - to - space station flight Space station - to - space station return flight Expedition on two space stations Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov Soyuz T - 15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir USSR 15 March 1986 -- 16 July 1986 Complete crew exchange at a space station Vladimir Titov , Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko , Alexander Alexandrov Soyuz TM - 4 - Soyuz TM - 2 , Soyuz TM - 3 , at Mir USSR 21 December 1987 -- 29 December 1987 People in orbit 52 weeks ( one year ) Vladimir Titov , Musa Manarov Mir EO - 3 , Soyuz TM - 4 - Soyuz TM - 6 USSR 21 December 1987 -- 21 December 1988 12 people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Shuttle : Vance Brand , Samuel Durrance , Guy S. Gardner , Jeffrey A. Hoffman , John M. Lounge , Ronald Parise , Robert A. Parker -- USA Mir : Gennady Manakov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia Soyuz and Soyuz / Mir : Musa Manarov , Viktor Afanasyev -- Russia Toyohiro Akiyama -- Japan STS - 35 , Mir EO - 7 , Soyuz TM - 10 - Soyuz TM - 11 USSR USA Japan 2 December 1990 -- 10 December 1990 Three women in space at the same time Millie Hughes - Fulford , Tamara E. Jernigan , M. Rhea Seddon STS - 40 USA 5 June 1991 -- 14 June 1991 Three - person spacewalk Pierre J. Thuot Richard J. Hieb Thomas D. Akers STS - 49 USA 13 May 1992 13 people in space at the same time ( no docking ) Shuttle : Steve Oswald , William Gregory , John Grunsfeld , Wendy Lawrence , Tammy Jernigan , Sam Durrance , Ron Parise -- USA Mir : Aleksandr Viktorenko , Yelena Kondakova , Valeriy Polyakov -- Russia Soyuz / Mir : Vladimir Dezhurov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia Norman E. Thagard -- USA STS - 67 , Mir , Soyuz TM - 20 , Soyuz TM - 21 USA Russia 14 March 1995 -- 18 March 1995 Ten people in a single spacecraft ( docking ) Robert L. Gibson , Charles J. Precourt , Ellen S. Baker , Bonnie J. Dunbar , Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard -- USA Anatoly Solovyev , Nikolai Budarin , Vladimir Dezhurov , Gennady Strekalov -- Russia STS - 71 , Mir , Soyuz TM - 21 USA Russia 29 June 1995 -- 4 July 1995 Space tourist Dennis Tito Soyuz TM - 32 / 31 , ISS EP - 1 USA Russia April 28 , 2001 -- May 6 , 2001 Person to complete seven trips to space Jerry L. Ross STS - 61B STS - 27 STS - 37 STS - 55 STS - 74 STS - 88 STS - 110 USA 19 April 2002 Privately funded human space flight ( suborbital ) Mike Melvill SpaceShipOne flight 15P USA 21 June 2004 13 people in a single spacecraft ( docking ) Michael Barratt , Mark L. Polansky , Douglas G. Hurley , Christopher J. Cassidy , Thomas H. Marshburn , David Wolf , Timothy Kopra -- USA Gennady Padalka , Roman Romanenko -- Russia Robert Thirsk , Julie Payette -- Canada Frank De Winne -- Belgium ( European Space Agency ) Koichi Wakata -- Japan ISS , Soyuz TMA - 14 , Soyuz TMA - 15 , STS - 127 USA Russia Canada Belgium Japan 17 July 2009 Four women in space at the same time Shuttle : Dorothy Metcalf - Lindenburger , Stephanie Wilson -- USA Naoko Yamazaki -- Japan ISS : Tracy Caldwell Dyson -- USA STS - 131 ISS Expedition 23 USA Japan 5 April 2010 -- 20 April 2010 Six spacecraft docked to a space station ISS : Expedition 56 Dragon - 15 , Cygnus - 9 , Soyuz MS - 08 , Soyuz MS - 09 , Progress MS - 08 , Progress MS - 09 USA Russia 9 July 2018 Most spaceflights ( edit ) 7 spaceflights Jerry L. Ross -- USA Franklin Chang Díaz -- Costa Rica / USA * 6 spaceflights John W. Young -- USA ( While Young has made six spaceflights , he was launched into orbit seven times if his moon ascent on Apollo 16 is counted . ) Story Musgrave -- USA Curtis Brown -- USA James Wetherbee -- USA Michael Foale -- United Kingdom / USA dual citizen Sergei Krikalev -- Russia Yuri Malenchenko -- Russia Duration records ( edit ) Total human spaceflight time by country ( edit ) Total Human Spaceflight statistics by nation Nation Total persons Total person flights Total in orbit ( @ update ) Total person days % of Total person days TOTAL 555 1256 52875.90 - Russia Soviet Union 123 269 27548.82 0.521009106421842 United States 340 851 20202.50 0.382073975466554 ESA ( show ) Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom 39 64 2917.46 0.0551755970856668 Japan 12 20 - 1354.76 0.0256214862912756 Germany 11 16 804.67 0.0152181702024318 Italy 7 12 - 765.92 0.0144852419776401 France 10 18 - 628.92 0.0118943612371954 Canada 9 17 - 506.14 0.00957229653845642 Netherlands - 210.69 0.00398461863187809 Belgium - 207.65 0.00392721219654997 United Kingdom - 193.81 0.00366534376506808 China 11 14 - 165.35 0.00312717320903049 Switzerland - 42.50 0.000803808295901813 Sweden - 26.73 0.000505599528901068 Spain - 18.78 0.000355208064489656 Israel - 15.93 0.000301282001012819 Ukraine - 15.69 0.000296737817388127 Bulgaria - 11.80 0.000223137802842537 South Korea - 10.88 0.000205841011415602 Malaysia - 10.88 0.000205841011415602 South Africa - 9.89 0.000187086403854735 Brazil - 9.89 0.000186981336025262 Kazakhstan - 9.84 0.000186153926868165 Denmark - 9.84 0.000186153926868165 Afghanistan - 8.85 0.000167399319307297 Syria - 7.96 0.000150562199634305 Czechoslovakia - 7.93 0.000149931792657469 Austria - 7.93 0.000149879258742733 Poland - 7.92 0.000149747923955892 Slovakia - 7.91 0.000149669123083788 India - 7.90 0.000149458987424842 Hungary - 7.86 0.000148736646097218 Cuba - 7.86 0.00014871037913985 Mongolia - 7.86 0.000148697245661166 Vietnam - 7.86 0.000148697245661166 Romania - 7.86 0.000148684112182482 Saudi Arabia - 7.07 0.000133672546046577 Mexico - 6.88 0.000130073972887139 Astronauts currently in space : Sergei Valerievich Prokopyev Alexander Gerst Serena Maria Auñón - Chancellor Crew Vehicles currently in space : Soyuz MS - 09 Table data accurate as of 2018 - 10 - 30 04 : 05 UTC * includes those in orbit at time table was updated + TOTAL person days in orbit will not match the sum of the totals for individual nations as some individuals are dual citizens ( based solely on those identified as such by spacefacts.de - see table references ) . Most time in space ( edit ) Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka , who has spent 878 days in space over five missions , became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed , on 28 June 2015 , the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev , who spent 803 days , 9 hours and 39 minutes ( about 2.2 years ) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz , the Space Shuttle , Mir , and the International Space Station . Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place , having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights . The following is a list of the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space , as of 5 October 2018 . Travelers currently in space are ranked by total time in space of their completed missions only . Color key : Currently in space Active Retired Deceased Rank Person Days Flights Status Nationality Gennady Padalka 878.480 5 Retired Russia Yuri Malenchenko 827.389 6 Retired Russia Sergei Krikalev 803.371 6 Retired Soviet Union / Russia Alexandr Kaleri 769.276 5 Active Russia 5 Sergei Avdeyev 747.593 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 6 Valeriy Polyakov 678.690 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 7 Fyodor Yurchikhin 672.860 5 Active Russia 8 Peggy A. Whitson 665.932 Retired United States 9 Anatoly Solovyev 651.117 5 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 10 Viktor Afanasyev 555.772 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 11 Yury Usachev 552.773 Retired Russia 12 Sergey Volkov 547.931 Retired Russia 13 Pavel Vinogradov 546.939 Active Russia 14 Musa Manarov 541.021 Retired Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan ) 15 Jeffrey Williams 534.116 Active United States 16 Anton Shkaplerov 533.230 Active Russia 17 Oleg Kononenko 533.000 Active Russia 18 Mikhail Tyurin 532.118 Retired Russia 19 Oleg Kotov 526.211 Retired Russia 20 Scott Kelly 520.440 Retired United States 21 Mikhail Borisovich Korniyenko 516.417 Retired Russia 22 Alexander Viktorenko 489.066 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 23 Nikolai Budarin 444.060 Retired Russia 24 Yuri Romanenko 430.765 Retired Soviet Union 25 Alexander Volkov 391.495 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 26 Yuri I. Onufrienko 389.282 Retired Russia 27 Vladimir G. Titov 387.036 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 28 Vasili Tsibliyev 381.662 Retired Russia 29 Valery G. Korzun 381.653 Retired Russia 30 Michael Fincke 381.633 Active United States 31 Leonid Kizim 374.749 Deceased Soviet Union 32 Michael Foale 373.763 6 Retired United States / United Kingdom 33 Aleksandr Serebrov 372.954 Deceased Soviet Union / Russia 34 Valeri Ryumin 371.725 Retired Soviet Union / Russia 35 Donald Pettit 369.696 Active United States 36 Oleg Artemyev 365.962 Active Russia 37 Vladimir Solovyov 361.952 Retired Soviet Union 38 Thomas Reiter 350.239 Retired Germany 39 Koichi Wakata 347.356 Active Japan 40 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Skvortsov 345.267 Active Russia 41 Talgat Musabayev 341.408 Retired Russia 42 Oleg Novitskiy 340.419 Active Russia 43 Andrei Borisenko 337.377 Active Russia 44 Maksim Surayev 334.508 Retired Russia 45 Alexander Misurkin 334.468 Active Russia 46 Roman Romanenko 333.459 Retired Russia 47 Vladimir Lyakhov 333.324 Deceased Soviet Union 48 Oleg Skripochka 331.521 Active Russia 49 Aleksandr Samokutyayev 331.474 Retired Russia 50 Yuri P. Gidzenko 329.950 Retired Russia Ten longest human spaceflights ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of longest spaceflights # Time in space Crew Country Launch date ( Launch craft ) Landing date ( Landing craft ) Space station or mission type 437.7 days Valeri Polyakov Russia 1994 - 01 - 08 ( Soyuz TM - 18 ) 1995 - 03 - 22 ( Soyuz TM - 20 ) Mir 379.6 days Sergei Avdeyev Russia 1998 - 08 - 13 ( Soyuz TM - 28 ) 1999 - 08 - 28 ( Soyuz TM - 29 ) Mir 365.0 days Vladimir Titov Musa Manarov Soviet Union 1987 - 12 - 21 ( Soyuz TM - 4 ) 1988 - 12 - 21 ( Soyuz TM - 6 ) Mir 340.4 days Mikhail Kornienko Scott Kelly Russia United States 2015 - 03 - 27 ( Soyuz TMA - 16M ) 2016 - 03 - 01 ( Soyuz TMA - 18M ) International Space Station , ISS year long mission 5 326.5 days Yury Romanenko Soviet Union 1987 - 02 - 05 ( Soyuz TM - 2 ) 1987 - 12 - 29 ( Soyuz TM - 3 ) Mir 6 311.8 days Sergei Krikalev Soviet Union / Russia 1991 - 05 - 18 ( Soyuz TM - 12 ) 1992 - 03 - 25 ( Soyuz TM - 13 ) Mir 7 289.2 days Peggy Whitson United States 2016 - 11 - 17 ( Soyuz MS - 03 ) 2017 - 09 - 03 ( Soyuz MS - 04 ) International Space Station 8 240.9 days Valeri Polyakov Soviet Union 1988 - 08 - 29 ( Soyuz TM - 6 ) 1989 - 04 - 7 ( Soyuz TM - 7 ) Mir 9 237.0 days Leonid Kizim Vladimir Solovyov Oleg Atkov Soviet Union 1984 - 02 - 08 ( Soyuz T - 10 ) 1984 - 10 - 02 ( Soyuz T - 11 ) Salyut 7 10 215.4 days Mikhail Tyurin Michael López - Alegría Russia United States 2006 - 09 - 18 ( Soyuz TMA - 9 ) 2007 - 04 - 21 ( Soyuz TMA - 9 ) International Space Station Longest single flight by a woman ( edit ) NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman when she surpassed Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti 's 199 days , 16 hours during Expedition 52 in 2017 . She returned to Earth in September 2017 , having spent 289 days , 5 hours and 1 minute in space . In third place is American astronaut Sunita Williams with 195 days on the ISS , where she was a member of Expedition 14 / Expedition 15 ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . Longest continuous occupation of space ( edit ) An international partnership consisting of Russia , the United States , Canada , Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 , when Soyuz TM - 31 was launched . Two days later it docked with the International Space Station . Since then space has been continuously occupied for 17 years , 364 days . Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft ( edit ) The International Space Station has been continuously occupied since 2 November 2000 ( 17 years , 362 days ) . It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet / Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010 . Longest solo flight ( edit ) Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days , 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963 . The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the ( non-solo ) Gemini 5 flight . The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight , and during the Apollo 16 mission , T.K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours . Longest time on the lunar surface ( edit ) Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds ( over 3 days ) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972 . They performed three EVAs ( extra-vehicular activity ) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes , 57 seconds ( as commanders were always the first one out of the LM and the last to get back in , Cernan 's EVA time was slightly longer ) . Longest time in lunar orbit ( edit ) Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours ( 148 hours ) ; however , for the solo portion of that flight around the Moon , T.K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans ' solo duration . Speed and altitude records ( edit ) Farthest humans from Earth ( edit ) The Apollo 13 crew ( Jim Lovell , Fred Haise , and Jack Swigert ) , while passing over the far side of the moon at an altitude of 254 km ( 158 mi ) from the lunar surface , were 400,171 km ( 248,655 mi ) from Earth . This record - breaking distance was reached at 0 : 21 UTC on 15 April 1970 . Highest altitude for Manned non-lunar mission ( edit ) Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad , Jr. and Richard F. Gordon , Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966 , at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 739.2 nautical miles ( 1,369.0 km ) . Fastest ( edit ) See also : List of vehicle speed records § Spacecraft The Apollo 10 crew ( Thomas Stafford , John W. Young and Eugene Cernan ) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans : 39,897 kilometers per hour ( 11.082 kilometers per second or 24,791 miles per hour , approximately 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037 percent of the speed of light ) . The record was set 26 May 1969 . Age records ( edit ) John Glenn , 14 April 1998 Earliest - born to reach space ( suborbital flight ) ( edit ) Joe Walker ( born 20 February 1921 ) , on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 . Earliest - born to reach space ( orbital flight ) ( edit ) Man -- Georgy Beregovoy ( born 15 April 1921 ) , on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 . Woman -- Valentina Tereshkova ( born 6 March 1937 ) , on Vostok 6 on 16 -- 19 June 1963 . Youngest ( age during spaceflight ) ( edit ) Man -- Gherman Titov ( aged 25 years ) , on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 . Woman -- Valentina Tereshkova ( aged 26 years ) , on Vostok 6 on 16 -- 19 June 1963 . Oldest ( age during spaceflight ) ( edit ) Man -- John Glenn ( aged 77 ) , on STS - 95 on 29 October 1998 . Woman -- Peggy Whitson ( aged 56 ) , on Soyuz MS - 03 on 17 November 2016 . She turned 57 on 9 February 2017 , while still in space . Spacewalk records ( edit ) See also : List of cumulative spacewalk records Most spacewalks ( edit ) Man -- Anatoly Solovyev , 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours , 21 minutes ( which is also the duration record ) . Woman -- Peggy Whitson , 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours , 21 minutes . Most spacewalks during a single mission ( edit ) 7 : Anatoly Solovyev , during the 24th Expedition on the Soviet / Russian space station Mir , in 1997 -- 98 . ( Two were internal `` spacewalks '' inside a depressurized module . ) 6 : Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov , the third crew on the Soviet space station Salyut 7 . Animal records ( edit ) Further information : Animals in space First living organisms in space ( edit ) The first living organisms of any kind to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V - 2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles ( 109 km ) . They were also the first animals to safely return from space . First animal in orbit ( edit ) Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2 . The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed , so there was no expectation for survival . She died several hours into flight . Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960 . Longest canine single flight ( edit ) Soviet space dogs Veterok ( Ветерок , `` Light Wind '' ) and Ugolyok ( Уголёк , `` Ember '' ) were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March . First animals beyond low - Earth orbit ( edit ) An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises , as well as wine flies and mealworms launched with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 15 September 1968 . It was launched by a Proton - K rocket . The capsule came within 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) of the Moon and later successfully returned to Earth , the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon . Notable unmanned spaceflights ( edit ) Further information : List of unmanned spacecraft by program In reference to : Spacecraft Event Origin Date Earth MW 18014 ( A-4 ( V - 2 ) ) First rocket to reach space ( suborbital flight ) . Germany 20 June 1944 Earth V - 2 No. 20 First living organisms ( fruit flies ) in space ( suborbital flight ) . Successfully recovered . USA 20 February 1947 Earth R - 1V First mammals ( dogs ) in space ( suborbital flight ) . Successfully recovered . USSR 22 July 1951 Earth Sputnik 1 First satellite in orbit . USSR 4 October 1957 Earth Sputnik 2 First animal in orbit , Laika the dog . USSR 3 November 1957 Earth Vanguard 1 Oldest satellite still in orbit , in addition to its upper launch stage . Expected to stay in orbit 240 years . Ceased transmission in May 1964 . USA 17 March 1958 Earth Pioneer 1 Failed to reach the moon as intended , but reached a record -- setting distance of 113,800 kilometres ( 70,700 mi ) from Earth . USA 11 October 1958 Earth Jupiter AM - 13 First monkey in space , Gordo , a squirrel monkey . USA 13 December 1958 Earth Luna 1 First spacecraft to achieve Earth 's escape velocity . USSR 4 January 1959 Moon Luna 1 First flyby . Distance of 5,995 kilometres ( 3,725 mi ) . USSR 4 January 1959 Sun Luna 1 First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit . USSR 4 January 1959 Moon Luna 2 First impact . USSR 14 September 1959 Moon Luna 3 First image of lunar far - side . USSR 7 October 1959 Earth Discoverer 13 First satellite recovered from orbit . USA 11 August 1960 Earth Korabl - Sputnik 2 First living beings recovered from orbit . USSR 19 August 1960 Venus Venera 1 First flyby . Distance of 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) ( lost communication contact before ) . USSR 19 May 1961 Moon Ranger 4 First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon . USA 26 April 1962 Earth Alouette 1 First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR ( the British satellite Ariel 1 , launched five months earlier , was designed and constructed by the USA ) . Canada 29 September 1962 Venus Mariner 2 First planetary flyby . Distance of 34,762 kilometres ( 21,600 mi ) ( with communication contact ) . USA 14 December 1962 Earth Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 Oldest spacecraft still in use ( 50 years as of 2015 ) . USA 6 May 1965 Mars Mariner 4 First flyby and first planetary imaging . Distance of 9,846 kilometres ( 6,118 mi ) . USA 14 July 1965 Earth Astérix First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR ( other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets ) . France 26 November 1965 Moon Luna 9 First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface . USSR 3 February 1966 Venus Venera 3 First impact . USSR 1 March 1966 Moon Luna 10 First orbiter . USSR 3 April 1966 Docking Cosmos 186 , Cosmos 188 First automated docking of unmanned spacecraft . USSR 30 October 1967 Moon Zond 5 First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth . First animals to circle the Moon . USSR 15 September 1968 Moon Luna 16 First automated sample return . USSR 24 September 1970 Moon Luna 17 First automated roving vehicle , Lunokhod 1 . USSR 17 November 1970 Venus Venera 7 First soft landing . USSR 15 December 1970 Mars Mariner 9 First orbiter . USA 14 November 1971 Mars Mars 2 First impact . USSR 27 November 1971 Mars Mars 3 First soft landing . Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased . USSR 2 December 1971 Sun Pioneer 10 First spacecraft to achieve the Sun 's escape velocity . USA 3 March 1972 Jupiter Pioneer 10 First flyby . Distance of 132,000 kilometres ( 82,000 mi ) . USA 4 December 1973 Mercury Mariner 10 First flyby . Distance of 703 kilometres ( 437 mi ) . USA 29 March 1974 Venus Venera 9 First orbiter . First surface - level imaging of another planet . USSR 22 October 1975 Sun Helios 2 Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun : 252,792 kilometres per hour ( 157,078 mph ) . Closest ever approach to the Sun . Distance of 0.29 AU ( 43,000,000 kilometres ( 27,000,000 mi ) ) , slightly inside the orbit of Mercury . Record still unbeaten as of November 2009 , but expected to be beaten by the future Solar Orbiter probe ( 0.23 AU / 33 million km ) . West Germany USA 17 April 1976 Mars Viking 1 First surface - level imaging of Mars . USA 20 July 1976 Saturn Pioneer 11 First flyby . Distance of 21,000 kilometres ( 13,000 mi ) . USA 1 September 1979 Venus Venera 13 First sound recording made on another planet . USSR 1 March 1982 Trans - Neptunian region Pioneer 10 First to travel past the orbit of Neptune , the furthest major planet from the Sun . USA 13 June 1983 Venus Vega 1 First helium balloon atmospheric probe . USSR 11 June 1985 Comet Giacobini - Zinner International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) First flyby through a comet tail ( no pictures ) . Distance of 7,800 kilometres ( 4,800 mi ) . USA 11 September 1985 Uranus Voyager 2 First flyby . Distance of 81,500 kilometres ( 50,600 mi ) . USA 24 January 1986 Comet Halley Vega 1 First comet flyby ( with pictures returned ) . Distance of 8,890 kilometres ( 5,520 mi ) . USSR 6 March 1986 Orbital Spaceplane Buran First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane ( with airstrip landing ) . USSR 15 November 1988 Phobos Phobos 2 First flyby . Distance of 860 kilometres ( 530 mi ) . USSR 21 February 1989 Neptune Voyager 2 First flyby . Distance of 40,000 kilometres ( 25,000 mi ) . USA 25 August 1989 951 Gaspra Galileo First asteroid flyby . Distance of 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) . USA 29 October 1991 Jupiter Galileo probe First impact . USA 7 December 1995 Jupiter Galileo First orbiter . USA 8 December 1995 Mars Mars Pathfinder First automated roving vehicle , Sojourner . USA 4 July 1997 433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid orbiter . USA 14 February 2000 433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid soft landing . USA 12 February 2001 Saturn Cassini orbiter First orbiter . ESA USA 1 July 2004 Solar wind Genesis First sample return from farther than the Moon . USA 8 September 2004 Titan Huygens probe First soft landing . ESA USA 14 January 2005 Comet Tempel 1 Deep Impact First comet impact . USA 4 July 2005 25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First asteroid ascent . First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff . Japan 19 November 2005 81P / Wild Stardust First sample return from comet . USA 15 January 2006 Earth Voyager 1 Farthest distance from Earth . Farthest distance from the Sun ( 20.479 billion km ) . USA As of November 2016 Longest time in operation Voyager 2 Longest continually operating space probe ( since August 1977 ) . USA As of 2015 Earth to Venus trajectory IKAROS First interplanetary solar sail . Japan Set sail on 10 June 2010 25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First sample return from an asteroid . Japan 13 June 2010 Mercury MESSENGER First orbiter . USA 17 March 2011 Earth -- Sun L2 Lagrangian point Chang'e 2 First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit . China 25 August 2011 International Space Station SpaceX Dragon First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station . SpaceX 25 May 2012 Interstellar medium Voyager 1 First spacecraft to cross the heliopause , thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space . USA 25 August 2012 4179 Toutatis Chang'e 2 First object to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun - Earth Langrangian point . First probe to explore both the Moon and an asteroid . China 13 December 2012 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko Rosetta First comet orbiter . ESA 6 August 2014 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko Philae First comet soft landing . ESA 12 November 2014 Ceres Dawn First dwarf planet orbiter . USA 6 March 2015 Mars Opportunity Longest distance traveled on surface of another world ( 26.219 miles ( 42.195 km ) , marathon - length ) . USA 23 March 2015 ( ongoing ) Mercury MESSENGER First impact . USA 30 April 2015 Pluto New Horizons First flyby of Pluto , Charon , Nix , Hydra , Kerberos , and Styx . First up - close images of the Pluto system and of Pluto and Charon 's surfaces . First to explore the Kuiper belt . USA 14 July 2015 All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System All United States spacecrafts including New Horizons With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto , the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all 9 planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System . USA 14 July 2015 Earth Juno Fastest man - made object relative to Earth ( c. 265,000 kilometres per hour ( 165,000 mph ) ) . USA 4 July 2016 Earth Falcon 9 First re-flight of orbital class rocket . SpaceX 30 March 2017 Earth Falcon 9 H - IIA - 202 Shortest period between orbital launches ( launched 72 seconds apart ) . SpaceX Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 23 December 2017 See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal List of crewed spacecraft List of cumulative spacewalk records List of International Space Station spacewalks List of Mir spacewalks List of spacewalkers List of spacewalks 2000 -- 2014 List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965 -- 1999 List of spacewalks since 2015 Manned Maneuvering Unit Omega Speedmaster Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue Space suit Suitport References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gebhardt , Chris ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Anniversaries : 50 years of human spaceflight -- 30 years for Shuttle '' . NASASpaceFlight ( not affiliated with NASA ) . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury - Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) '' . NASA . 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercury - Atlas 6 ( Friendship 7 ) '' . NASA . 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making History : China 's First Human Spaceflight '' . Space.com. 28 September 2005 . 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The alphabetical list of astronauts provides the `` Total Persons '' `` Total Person Flights '' as well as the `` Total person days '' , excepting the time of astronauts currently in orbit Jump up ^ `` Manned spaceflights '' . spacefacts.de . The flight list allows is searched to determine which flight is in orbit , and when it reached orbit . This allows determination of `` Total in orbit ( @ update ) and update the `` Total person days '' accordingly . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2005 ) . `` Krikalev Sets Time - in - Space Record '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Curtiss ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space '' . Penny4NASA . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Russian astronaut record - breaker Padalka returns to Earth , BBC News , 12 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts ( sorted by `` Time in Space '' ) `` . spacefacts.de . The current missions are listed but not included in day count . Jump up ^ Northon , Karen ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April '' . NASA . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Michael Foale holds dual U.S. / British citizenship . ^ Jump up to : Schwirtz , Michael ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Staying Put on Earth , Taking a Step to Mars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Pearlman , Robert ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` One Year in Space : A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth '' . Space.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Michael ( 2015 ) . Living Among Giants : Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System . Springer . p. 195 . ISBN 3319106732 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Warren ( 4 Feb 1994 ) . `` Man in the News : Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev ; Symbol of New Cooperation '' . Cape Canaveral : New York Times . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soyuz MS - 04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record - breaking mission '' . NASASpaceflight. 2 Sep 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Astronautic World Records : Spacecraft with one astronaut -- General category '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission , so a longer mission with solo flight , such as Apollo 17 at 12d + 13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d + 7h . ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mission Report : Apollo 17 -- The Most Productive Lunar Expedition '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronal Evans Biographical Data '' . NASA . April 1990 . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . longest time in lunar orbit , 147 hours , 48 minutes ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission : The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April -- 17 April 1970 '' . NASA . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dumoulin , Jim ( August 25 , 2000 ) , NASA Project Gemini - XI , retrieved April 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ News , ABC . `` ABC News '' . Jump up ^ `` GCTC , Biographies of Cosmonauts : Solovyev , Anatoly Yakovlevich '' . Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs , May 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks '' . NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Spacefacts ( 2017 ) . `` Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience ( sorted by `` EVA Time '' ) `` . Spacefacts . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tate , Karl . `` Cosmic Menagerie : A History of Animals in Space ( Infographic ) '' ( infographic ) . Space.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` R - 1V '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Asif A. Siddiqi . `` Challenge to Apollo '' ( PDF ) . NASA . ; see page . 253 Jump up ^ Williamson , Mark ( 1998 ) . `` Protecting the space environment : Are we doing enough ? '' . Space Policy . 14 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0265 - 9646 ( 97 ) 00038 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Alouette I and II '' . Canadian Space Agency . Government of Canada . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where are the Voyagers ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth , the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year . Jump up ^ `` Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2 '' . 2011 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` China 's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis '' . Chinadaily. com. cn. 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ esa . `` Rosetta arrives at comet destination '' . Jump up ^ `` Philae probe makes historic comet landing '' . 12 November 2014 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ CNN , Amanda Barnett . `` NASA 's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres '' . Jump up ^ CNN , Euan McKirdy . `` Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone '' . Jump up ^ Corum , Jonathan ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Messenger 's Collision Course With Mercury '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Fastest - Ever Spacecraft to Arrive at Jupiter Tonight '' . Jump up ^ `` Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite , Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight '' . Jump up ^ `` TMRO : Space - Looking forward to 2018 - Orbit 11.01 '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has spent the most time in space | [
"Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, who has spent 878 days in space over five missions, became the record holder for the most time spent in space when he surpassed, on 28 June 2015, the record of cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) in space over the span of six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Yuri Malenchenko is currently in second place, having spent 828 days in space on six spaceflights.[11][14][15][16]\n"
] | [
"Gennady Padalka"
] |
4205256540319588007 | Pretty Little Liars (season 3) | Pretty Little Liars ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Pretty Little Liars ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Pretty Little Liars ( season 3 ) Season 3 DVD cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Holly Marie Combs Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Chad Lowe Shay Mitchell Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Family Original release June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) -- March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The third season of Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , premiered on June 5 , 2012 on ABC Family and concluded on March 19 , 2013 . On November 29 , 2011 , ABC Family renewed the series for a third season , consisting of 24 episodes . Filming of the season began on April 2 , 2012 . On October 4 , 2012 , ABC Family renewed the series for a fourth season , consisting of 24 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest cast 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 4.1 Live + SD ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season of Pretty Little Liars takes place five months following the discovery that Mona Vanderwaal ( Janel Parrish ) was the elusive `` A '' that had been creatively and relentlessly tormenting the four main characters , Aria Montgomery ( Lucy Hale ) , Spencer Hastings ( Troian Bellisario ) , Hanna Marin ( Ashley Benson ) , and Emily Fields ( Shay Mitchell ) for the past year . The first half of the season addresses the issue of whether or not Garrett Reynolds ( Yani Gellman ) actually killed or was involved in the murder of the girls ' former friend and queen bee , Alison DiLaurentis ( Sasha Pieterse ) and who killed Maya St. Germain ( Bianca Lawson ) in the season two finale , while the second half deals with the reveal that Toby Cavanaugh is a member of the A-Team . While dealing with Maya 's death Emily finds comfort with Paige McCullers ( Lindsey Shaw ) and the two enter a relationship . The girls see the arrival of CeCe Drake ( Vanessa Ray ) to Rosewood , a sister like figure to Alison . Spencer discovering the information about Toby sends her on a dark path , until Mona fakes Toby 's death , which sends Spencer completely over the edge , leading to her being admitted to Radley . All this time , the girls continue to see Red Coat , a mysterious blonde in a red trench coat who is believed to be the leader of the A-Team . Mona visits Spencer at Radley and offers her the chance to join the A-Team , which Spencer , who wants answers on Toby , accepts . Spencer is released from Radley and comes home , but is unbeknownst to the girls , working with Mona / `` A '' to set up a party so that Red Coat can meet them all . As promised , Mona arranges Spencer a meeting with Toby , who is alive and well and reveals that he joined the A-Team to keep Spencer safe . Spencer and Toby then begin working on the inside to discover Red Coat 's identity at the party . Red Coat flies in on a plane and Spencer and Toby go into the woods to watch her , while the girls corner Mona , as someone locks them inside the Lodge and sets it on fire . Spencer loses Red Coat in the woods , as the Lodge burns down with the girls inside . Hanna , unconscious , wakes up briefly , as she is pulled out of the Lodge by Red Coat , whom she sees as Alison DiLaurentis . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Special guest cast ( edit ) Bianca Lawson as Maya St. Germain Missy Franklin as Herself Adam Lambert as Himself Recurring cast ( edit ) Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Bryce Johnson as Darren Wilden Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson Sterling Sulieman as Lyndon James / `` Nate St. Germain Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake Yani Gellman as Garrett Reynolds Guest cast ( edit ) Amanda Schull as Meredith Sorenson Gregg Sulkin as Wesley Fitzgerald Téo Briones as Malcolm Cutler Aeriél Miranda as Shana Fring Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Steve Talley as Zack Larisa Oleynik as Maggie Cutler Bernard Curry as Jamie Doyle Jim Titus as Officer Barry Maple Annabeth Gish as Anne Sullivan Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Brandon W. Jones as Andrew Campbell Reggie Austin as Eddie Lamb Andrew Elvis Miller as Miles Corwin Nolan North as Peter Hastings Jim Abele as Kenneth DiLaurentis Robbie Amell as Eric Kahn Flynn Morrison as Malcolm Alexander Nifong as Sam Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 48 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) 2.93 Five months after Mona revealed as ' A , ' the Liars are drinking at a slumber party , talking about their summer before they begin their senior year of high school . Emily , who is grieving Maya , drinks too much alcohol and goes missing . The girls find Emily at Alison 's grave holding a shovel , they find that Alison 's body is missing from the coffin and the girls then promise to keep this a secret . They dispose of all evidence connecting them to that night including all of Emily 's clothes . Hanna secretly begins visiting Mona at the Radley institute . The doctor encourages her visits , though the girls think she 's crazy when they find out . Spencer visits Garrett in jail , who asks for her mom to be his lawyer , in return for information about Alison 's body and implies ' A ' is not gone . The girls return to Mona 's lair to find it empty . As Spencer 's car alarm goes off outside , they rush out and all four girls receive a text from a new ' A ' and see photos taken of them when they were set up at Ali 's grave . 49 `` Blood is the New Black '' Norman Buckley Oliver Goldstick June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 Emily struggles to complete a make - up test for English , but Ella completes it and gives her a good grade . Garrett tells Spencer someone has them all fooled , that medical records do n't lie . Hanna is still seeing Mona , who is still catatonic . Caleb confronts Hanna who tells him that she 's been visiting Mona and they go visiting her together . Mona asks Hanna if she is getting texts again but does n't answer to any further questions from Hanna . The Liars catch Jenna looking at the earring they planted in the girls ' bathroom at school . Jenna is not blind and they decide to keep quiet about this so that they can possibly use her secret against her later . ' A ' ending : Red Coat is seen buying black hoodies and gloves for her workers . The store owner says to Red Coat , `` So , are you buying this for a team ? '' 50 `` Kingdom of the Blind '' Chad Lowe Joseph Dougherty June 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 19 ) 2.44 Lucas starts acting out at school . Melissa is back in town . Veronica tells her daughters that she 's defending Garrett because she knows what it 's like to have a child accused of something they did n't do . Hanna visits Mona who appears happier and more alert . The Liars think Jenna is pressing Aria to find out how much Emily remembers from `` that night '' . Spencer is convinced Melissa is the reason her mother is defending Garrett . Hanna wonders if perhaps Ian is n't the father of Melissa 's baby , but Garrett is . Caleb visits Mona and reads her the riot act . Lucas tells Hanna that Mona may be faking her mental illness as a `` get out of jail free '' card . The Liars discover Melissa lied about the hospital and was also threatened by `` A . '' When the Liars confront Jenna , she tells them she 's been able to see from the first operation because `` it was the only protection I had . '' ' A ' ending : ' A ' pours themself a drink as they are making another necklace , and puts the vodka bottle in the freezer next to a bodybag . 51 `` Birds of a Feather '' Roger Kumble Story by : Michael J. Cinquemani Teleplay by : Jonell Lennon June 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) 2.36 Hanna is told by a nurse that Mona has lost her visitation privileges . Maya 's cousin Nate drops by to see Emily at work . Caleb tells Hanna about Mona 's screaming fit when he went to threaten her . Hanna tells Caleb to stay out of it . At Radley , Wilden shows Wren a court order saying he 's allowed to see Mona . Nate tells Emily that Maya told him Emily was her first real love . Wren tells Hanna that Wilden is asking Mona about Alison 's remains . Spencer decides to go to Philly and dig up more info about Melissa and her baby . Ashley gets a notice from her dating profile about a possible date . The Liars go to Melissa 's apartment to search for her medical records while Spencer distracts her . In a garment bag , they find what looks like a feather that matches the feather the girls got from the Black Swan dress . Caleb tells Hanna that his mother was in a car accident in Montecito which was before revealed in a text by `` A '' . Caleb breaks up with Hanna , tired of all her secrets . Ella tells Aria she knows about Byron seeing Meredith again , but is fine with it . Spencer confronts Melissa and she reveals that she was the Black Swan and that she lost the baby the day after she found Ian 's body . She wore the costume because she received instructions from `` A '' to do so or they would reveal her fake pregnancy . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is at the airport , hacking the system of Radley Sanitarium allowing Mona to have visitors . 52 5 `` That Girl Is Poison '' Chad Lowe Bryan M. Holdman July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) 2.38 Aria sees Lucas pounding on the door to get into a photography studio and the girls wonder if perhaps he took the photos at the graveyard . Spencer tells Emily that Garrett is being released to see his mother . Jenna , who has openly revealed she can see again , walks over and hands them invites for her birthday party . Emily 's boss is making her work Jenna 's birthday party , despite her being a guest . Ezra texts Aria that he 's been invited to Jenna 's party , prompting Spencer to question the purpose of Jenna 's party . Jenna starts flirting with Nate . Ashley meets a man named Ted at the rummage sale and they hit it off . When Hanna starts volunteering to help Ashley , she finds a piece of Emily clothes that she was wearing `` that night '' Spencer spies on Garrett at the hospital . Spencer sees Garrett writing a card for his mother 's flowers . A drunken Paige starts embarrassing herself , eventually falling over and hitting her head . Emily and Nate take Paige to the hospital . Paige comes out with a few stitches but does n't remember anything . A tox screen found traces of a sleeping pill in her system . Paige gives Emily back the flask . Emily realizes she was drugged ' that night . ' Spencer goes into Garrett mother 's room and reads the card with the flowers : April Rose has the proof . Aria finds the same pills used to drug Paige and Emily in Lucas ' camera bag . ' A ' ending : ' A ' goes through Maya 's purse , finding different things belonging to Maya . 53 6 `` The Remains of the ' A ' '' Norman Buckley Maya Goldsmith July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) 2.27 Garrett 's case may be closed due to lack of evidence . Ted invites Hanna to a `` Thank You '' party for all the volunteers at the church . Jason tells Spencer he found April Rose - not a person , but an antique shop . Hanna and Toby arrive at the church party while Spencer and Jason arrive at the antique shop . Aria finds thousands of dollars in Ezra 's sock drawer while he 's in the bathroom . Spencer finds an anklet that belonged to Alison that had gone missing . Emily arrives at the party and sees Holden . Emily sees the same eye tattoo from her flashback on his wrist . Holden shows her that it is erasable and it is for some sort of club / party . Holden tells Emily that he used to see Maya there . Emily tells Hanna about her conversation with Holden . Spencer 's father tells her that an important evidence in the Garrett Reynolds case was turned in last night , and he knows she turned it in . It turns out the police have been looking for the anklet for two years . Traces of Alison 's blood was found on it , along with someone else 's blood . Then , Spencer receives the following text message : Hey Spence , I have one more surprise for you . Garrett is n't their killer . - A ' A ' ending : ' A ' looks at rooms for rent in the newspaper and calls a number . 54 7 `` Crazy '' Patrick Norris Andy Reaser July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 2.43 Detective Wilden is on the case . He thinks Hanna is guilty since her blood type matches the blood found on the anklet . Aria makes a trip to Radley to see if she can get Mona to crack about her possible co-conspirators . Shortly after Aria leaves , Hanna decides they should break back in to try to talk to Mona alone without a chaperone around . Mona leads them into the abandoned children 's wing of Radley where she hums to herself repeating the same thing over and over again . Hanna realizes later on that Mona was trying to tell them through a code that someone 's `` NOT SAFE '' , that `` MAYA KNEW '' , and the address to Maya 's website ( MAS Sugar ) which the girls did not know about . The girls meet a girl named CeCe who reminds them a lot of Ali . It turns out that CeCe and Alison were friends and she used to date Jason . Spencer sees Jason 's car crashed into a tree . She drives him home and leaves her car at the scene of the accident . When the cops knock at Spencer 's door , she and Toby lie to protect Jason , though Toby does not understand yet . When Spencer explains , Toby becomes frustrated and leaves . ' A ' ending : ' A ' picks up a recorder which was in one of the dolls , and it has recorded the conversation between Mona , Aria and Hanna . 55 8 `` Stolen Kisses '' Zetna Fuentes Joseph Dougherty July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) 2.22 Byron tells Aria that Meredith got the teaching job at Rosewood High . Emily and Nate go to the old boat House , Maya 's favorite spot in Rosewood . Toby is still angry with Spencer . Paige tells Emily that she was with her a part of the time when she was drunk on `` that night '' . Spencer is looking for help about getting into Maya 's site , and goes to Caleb . Meanwhile , Wren tells Hanna that Mona might be moved to a facility in Saratoga for added security because the hospital thinks she 's been passing her meds to a visitor . Hanna is forced to convince the board to let Mona stay in Rosewood . Spencer and Aria think that Veronica is trying to hide evidence that Garrett has killed Maya . Caleb helps Spencer with Maya 's site and is able to hack into it . Aria meets Dianne Fitzgerald , Ezra 's mother , who does n't approve of Aria 's family 's reputation and tells Aria that she is responsible for ruining Ezra 's career . Spencer , Aria , and Hanna watch random videos from Maya 's website . Emily is in many of the videos . In one video , Maya says that she has to face her fears . ' A ' ending : ' A ' collects a large sum of money from the bank . 56 9 `` The Kahn Game '' Wendey Stanzler Lijah J. Barasz August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) 2.45 Aria shows Spencer a photo of Maya 's arm with the same black eye tattoo that Holden had . Caleb gives Hanna a piece of paper with the log - in information for Maya 's site . After Caleb leaves , Hanna gets a text saying `` The Apple Rose Grille at closing time . Go alone or Caleb pays - A '' Hanna confesses to Emily about having been able to hack into Maya 's website a few days ago . Hanna gives Emily the log - in information to see for herself . CeCe , Aria , and Spencer arrive at a party , which turns out to be at Noel Kahn 's cabin . Once they try to get into the party , Aria and Spencer see that they have to get stamped with the same black eye tattoo that Holden and Maya had on their wrists . Tension rises when Aria and Spencer face - off against Noel and Jenna , respectively , in a game of `` Truth . '' The police have a court order that demands for Hanna to take a sample of her blood to see if it matches with the blood from Alison 's anklet . Ashley rekindles her relationship with Ted . While Hanna goes to the Apple Rose Grille as told by `` A , '' Hanna runs into Caleb who reveals that he sent her the `` A '' text to see if she would come . Hanna spills everything that happened with the new `` A '' and Caleb insists that he helps . Wes , Ezra 's brother , tells Aria that Ezra got a girl named Maggie pregnant in high school . Aria confronts Ezra about this and she also tells him that his mother offered her money to end their relationship . ' A ' ending : ' A ' receives a key from a cat obsessed woman to a unit A . 57 10 `` What Lies Beneath '' Patrick Norris Jonell Lennon August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) 2.27 Aria continues to question Ezra about his past with Maggie . Ella begins dating Zack , the owner of the Rear Window Brew where Emily works . Hanna tells Emily that Caleb knows about `` A '' and now they are pretending to not be together . Emily finds two pictures of Maya in the daytime with a sign behind her and when she puts them together , it says `` The Kahn 's . '' Spencer talks to Noel and he says that she was n't just a random guest and that they had a texting relationship . Paige stops by the coffee shop and Emily tells her to stop by her house later so they can watch a movie . Spencer sneaks into the boy 's locker room and breaks into Noel 's locker and checks his phone for texts from Maya . Emily and Hanna go to the Kahn 's cabin to investigate . While searching the cabin , Hanna finds a hidden door and inside , she determines that Maya must have been staying in the secret room . Emily and Hanna find Maya 's bag filled with personal belongings . `` A '' comes and locks Emily and Hanna inside the cabin . Spencer gets a new email from BLOCKED saying `` Stay out of my locker ! '' and a video from the security camera at the cabin the night that Maya died . Later , after they manage to escape , Emily finds Nate sitting on the steps in front of her house . After Emily shows him the bag of Maya 's things , Nate starts to cry and kisses Emily when she tries to comfort him . Paige walks by , sees them , and cancels her date with Emily . Spencer discovers in the video that Maya arrived at the cabin at 10 : 04PM . At 1 : 14AM , Noel and Jenna arrive at the cabin . A few seconds after Noel and Jenna enter the cabin , Maya exits the cabin and is grabbed by a mysterious figure in the driveway . ' A ' ending : ' A ' watches the news as they 're hanging up black hoodies . 58 11 `` Single Fright Female '' Joanna Kerns Oliver Goldstick & Maya Goldsmith August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) 2.39 Ted comes to Hanna 's house with a flash drive that contains the N.A.T videos , which was left in the church , rather than Ian taking it . CeCe reveals Alison 's and Paige 's violent past to Spencer . CeCe tells Spencer that Alison may have been scared of Paige . Later , Spencer is attacked by a snake in the dressing room , but is rescued by CeCe . Emily calls Hanna and says that the knife they found in Maya 's bag is missing , though the bag is still there . Hanna and Spencer help CeCe with the boutique 's trunk show while Emily shows up with Paige . Spencer and Hanna search through Paige 's bag for Maya 's knife . Aria visits Maggie and realizes that she has a seven - year old son , Malcolm . Emily realizes that Spencer and Hanna have gone through Paige 's purse . She leaves upset with Paige . However , Spencer and Hanna have found the proof they needed - the earring from Ali 's grave . They think that Paige dug up Ali 's grave and may be `` A '' . Paige confesses to Emily that at one point , Alison 's bullying drove her to suicidal thoughts . Hanna 's mom destroys the N.A.T. videos , but Hanna tells Ted that she did it . When Paige goes inside Emily 's house , Jenna appears and warns Emily to be very careful who she spends time with . ' A ' ending : ' A ' plays on the jukebox as they hand over a key to another black - gloved ' A ' . 59 12 `` The Lady Killer '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King August 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) 2.98 Garrett 's trial starts . Emily is at odds with her friends who suspect Paige is `` A . '' Toby and Spencer have sex . Mona escapes Radley . Maggie visits Ezra , making Aria uncomfortable . `` A '' sends a text to the Liars , telling them to meet at Ali 's grave at the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm with Maya 's bag , but without Emily . Emily tells Paige about the new `` A . '' Paige receives a text from `` A , '' telling her come to the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm . Emily and Nate head up to the Lighthouse Inn . She gets a call from `` A , '' in a distorted voice , who says , `` You have one minute . Get out . '' It is revealed that Nate is Maya 's killer and that his real name is Lyndon James . Lyndon opens a closet revealing a bound Paige and tells Emily he is planning to kill Paige using the knife from Maya 's bag . Emily escapes and reaches the top of the lighthouse where she fights Lyndon and ultimately fatally stabs him in self - defense . Caleb arrives and puts his gun down to comfort Emily , but as they embrace , a dying Lyndon uses the last of his strength to shoot Caleb . Paige tells the police that someone had sent her a text telling her to go to Alison 's grave at the cemetery , but Lyndon had gotten her before she could get there . Caleb survives his shooting and undergoing surgery but Lyndon is dead . Spencer lets Paige know that she is sorry for thinking she was `` A . '' Veronica tells the girls that Garrett is now a free man thanks to Emily . The girls get a four - way call from `` A , '' saying `` Emily , I owe you one . '' In conclusion , the second `` A '' Team member is revealed : Toby Cavanaugh . ' A ' ending : ' A ' orders two tickets to the Halloween Train event . 60 13 `` This is a Dark Ride '' Tim Hunter Joseph Dougherty October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 2.85 In this special Halloween episode ( which is a homage to teen slasher horror flicks such as Halloween and Terror Train among others ) , the Liars are unable to enjoy the festivities for a Rosewood train excursion when it becomes apparent that `` A '' is on the train and out for blood . Adam Lambert performs live . Someone disguised as the Queen of Hearts spikes Aria 's drink while she sits and rests in - between Adam 's sets . Garrett corners Spencer and reveals to her that he made Jenna think that he killed Alison , but it was a ruse . Garrett also mentions he overheard Alison and Byron having a conversation in her backyard and Alison was blackmailing Byron . Hanna dances with a masked figure she believes to be Caleb , but eventually realizes it is n't him - this person is later revealed to be Mona , who has evidently snuck out of Radley . Spencer tells Garrett to stay put while she goes to retrieve Aria for Garrett to tell her this information . Unfortunately , Aria is nowhere to be found . Paige , Emily , Hanna , Caleb , Spencer and Toby search the train for Aria . It is revealed to the home viewers that Aria is bound and gagged with duct tape , is trapped in a box with the now dead corpse of Garrett Reynolds . As the search progresses , Spencer is attacked by a someone wearing a queen of hearts costume . The Queen of Hearts almost chokes Spencer to death , but Paige thwarts off this mystery attacker . Spencer thanks her . We hear voices as the box Aria is trapped in is pushed towards the edge of the train . Aria stabs someone with a screwdriver she finds in the box . She is soon after rescued by her friends . When the train stops , Noel and Toby fight and Toby pushes Noel against a prop casket . The casket is knocked over and a body bag covered in ice spills out . The final scene shows a flashback of the night Alison died , showing the construction of her backyard , the place Alison was buried alive . Moments later , a hand comes out of the ground , wearing a purple string bracelet , attempting to get out . 61 14 `` She 's Better Now '' Wendey Stanzler Oliver Goldstick January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 3.21 Mona is out of Radley and back at Rosewood High . The Liars do not trust Mona . Someone plants a cow brain in Mona 's locker kept up with a knife . Mona is appalled and whispers something to Lucas . The Liars worry that people will think they were involved , including Mona , who instantly assures them she believes them , and wants to earn back their trust . When Lucas goes to Hanna 's house later to return the rest of the money he owed Caleb , he tells Hanna that Mona had been sneaking out of Radley for a long time . Emily recognizes the new janitor as the front desk clerk from the Lost Woods Resort . The Liars investigate his office during the fundraiser and find Alison 's diary . Proof of Alison 's blackmail against Byron is found in the diary . Aria rips out that page and keeps it . Mona regains trust from the school when she posts an apology video on the school 's website with help from Jason DiLaurentis . Meredith , now the Liars new history teacher , is injured in a fire at the fundraiser . ' A ' ending : ' A ' is seen fiddling with someone 's bike wheel , to which the owner falls off afterwards . 62 15 `` Mona Mania '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 2.48 Aria remains suspicious of Byron . Mona tells the Liars that Harold , the janitor , has pursued her and she declined his sexual advances . They doubt her honesty . When the girls go back to investigate Harold 's office further , a hooded figure rushes out . Hanna recognizes the person 's shoes - it is Lucas . Lucas tells her he was looking for something but when Hanna offers to help him , he blows her off . Andrew Campbell proctors as Mona and Spencer face - off for team captain of the scholastic decathlon . Mona wins and Hanna shuns her for it , suspecting that her intentions continue to be sinister . On the way to a swim team party , Emily and Paige chase after a hooded figure after their car tires are slashed . Aria confronts Meredith about Byron 's involvement with Alison on the night of her murder . Mona follows Byron late at night at Hollis and makes a mysterious phone call . ' A ' ending : ' A ' buries the Queen of Hearts and the Phantom of the Opera masks in the wood . 63 16 `` Misery Loves Company '' I. Marlene King I. Marlene King & Jonell Lennon January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 2.68 Aria is sidelined by the flu and Meredith takes care of her while Byron is away . Mona and Toby plan their next `` A '' move against the Liars in the new `` A '' lair . Spencer takes a break from sleuthing to surprise Toby for their first anniversary . While fading in and out of consciousness , Aria is visited by Ali . Their brief conversation is ambiguous . When Aria comes to , she discovers that she is locked inside her bedroom . When Meredith checks on Aria , Aria realizes that Meredith has been drugging her to find a page from Ali 's diary . Aria makes her escape , but Meredith knocks Aria unconscious . Hanna arrives at her interview and finds it is a set - up by `` A . '' When Hanna goes to the boutique , she sees in the window reflection a blonde girl wearing a red coat ( the same color as Vivian 's jacket ) across the street , watching her . When Hanna turns around , Red Coat has disappeared . While making an escape , `` A '' haphazardly drops a key , which Hanna gives to Spencer . When Emily and Hanna go over to check on Aria , Meredith tricks them by locking them in the basement with an unconscious Aria . Byron returns , appalled by what Meredith has done . Byron confesses his involvements with Alison to Aria . Aria believes him and burns the page from Ali 's diary . Spencer tricks Toby and catches him in the black hoodie when he searches for the `` A '' key in Spencer 's kitchen . Spencer is left heartbroken and confused . 64 17 `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' Michael Grossman Maya Goldsmith January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 2.86 In Alison 's biology notebook , Emily , Aria , and Hanna discover a conversation between Alison and a friend where Alison talks about a `` beach hottie . '' Emily turns to CeCe for answers about the beach hottie but CeCe claims Ali never told her who it was . Spencer continues to struggle with the idea that Toby is on the `` A '' Team . `` A '' sends Spencer a text as Aria and leads Spencer to believe that Ezra broke up with Aria when he finds out that Aria knew about his son with Maggie . Spencer confronts Ezra who is unaware that he has a son . Emily asks Hanna to keep an eye on Paige when she starts acting weird . Hanna follows Paige to a lesbian bar and assumes the worst when she sees Paige and Shana having a friendly conversation . CeCe tells Emily that Ali thought she was pregnant during the summer they spent in Cape May . Later , Emily sees a picture of Wilden at the police station indicating that he was also in Cape May that summer with Ali and CeCe . Ezra heads to Delaware to meet his son for the first time and asks Aria not to call him . ' A ' ending : In the new `` A '' lair , Red Coat uses a blow torch to burn a bobblehead Hanna doll . 65 18 `` Dead to Me '' Arlene Sanford Joseph Dougherty & Lijah J. Barasz February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 2.75 While Ezra is away , Aria discovers that Ezra 's brother , Wes , was placed under academic suspension for hitting on his physics teacher and Mrs. Fitzgerald tried to cover it up . On a final trip to Caleb 's aunt 's house before it is sold , Hanna determines that Caleb 's uncle may actually be his biological father . Emily seeks Dr. Sullivan to help her deal with confounding emotions over killing someone in self - defense . Dr. Sullivan suggests hypnotherapy , which results in confusing Emily further . The private investigator Spencer hired to follow Toby tells her that he traced the `` A '' key to a single unit , but it turns out to be a dead end . Jason , Aria , Emily , and Hanna gather at the mausoleum to say a final goodbye to Ali after the police release Ali 's remains to the DiLaurentis family . Spencer rushes in shortly afterward and spills the beans to Jason about Ali being pregnant with Detective Wilden 's child at the time of her murder . Emily recalls seeing a person in a black hoodie digging up Ali 's grave and abducting Emily . Emily remembers more of what happened `` That Night '' . She remembers seeing Red Coat while being attacked by a member of the `` A-Team . '' She remembers that Red Coat had blonde hair . Emily says that she ( Red Coat ) is the one in charge . ' A ' ending : ' A ' buys whiskey in a store . 66 19 `` What Becomes of the Broken Hearted '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick & Francesca Rollins February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) 2.41 Spencer continues on a downward spiral from her break - up with Toby . Andrew Campbell kicks Spencer off the scholastic decathlon . Emily tries to talk to Spencer but Spencer refuses . Hanna talks to Jamie and gets confirmation that he is Caleb 's biological father . Hanna persuades Jamie and Caleb to meet in Rosewood . Hanna also convinces Ashley to talk to Ted about hiring Jamie for the church restoration project . Jason and Emily search his dad 's office for photos of Ali and Wilden , proving they were together in Cape May . After Wes and Aria arrive to help CeCe with a photo shoot at her boutique , CeCe leaves to get dinner . CeCe calls them later and lies about her car being towed . Later , Wes kisses Aria when she invites him to sleep on her couch . Jason and Emily find a picture that reveals Ali standing between Wilden and CeCe . They take the picture on their way out , but they get trapped in an elevator . Emily escapes , but Jason does not and plummets to the ground . At the hospital , Jason tells Emily he lost the picture . As the girls reunite at the hospital , they discover Jason has disappeared . ' A ' ending : ' A ' plays `` spin the bottle '' with pictures of the liars on whiskey bottles , to which the flask points on Aria , but another ' A ' turns it to Spencer and the ' A 's drink the whiskey . 67 20 `` Hot Water '' Chad Lowe Andy Reaser February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 2.61 The hunt is on for discovering the identity of the girl in the red coat . Hanna comes clean to Ashley about knowing CeCe and that she and her friends found out about an illicit relationship between Ali and Wilden . Spencer accepts a dinner date from Wren . Afterward , they share a kiss outside the restaurant and are seen by the mystery girl in the red coat . Spencer tries to follow her but loses sight of her after turning a corner . Mrs. Fitzgerald continues to try to come between Aria and Ezra . Paige , Emily and Hanna go to the Rosewood Costume Shop looking for answers from Shana . When Spencer returns home , she heads into the steamer and gets trapped by `` A . '' Having received a text from Spencer earlier asking her to come over , Aria comes to her rescue . Once safe , Spencer tells Aria to call Emily and Hanna because she knows who is helping Mona . Emily goes to CeCe 's apartment and finds her packing to leave Rosewood . Before she leaves , CeCe tells Emily that Melissa took the picture of Ali , Wilden and CeCe in Cape May and that she is not completely sure about what is true about Ali and Wilden . Wilden threatens Ashley and Hanna . Ashley runs over Wilden with her car . She and Hanna return to the scene of the crime and find Wilden 's body missing . Ashley and Hanna are caught on film , oblivious to the camera in Wilden 's car recording them . ' A ' ending : ' A ' cuts up pink roses , and puts them in a lowery wreath with a ribbon which says `` With Deepest Sympathy '' . 68 21 `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' Melanie Mayron Jonell Lennon February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 2.71 Spencer reveals to Aria and Emily that Toby is helping Mona . Aria returns to Ezra 's apartment to find he has returned ... with Maggie and Malcolm . Emily and Hanna arrive at Toby 's apartment and find a parking pass with the name `` E. Lamb , '' Toby 's alias for Radley . Spencer receives a bouquet of flowers and a card that reads : Someone close to you will pay for your loose lips - A. Later , Emily goes to Toby 's place again and talks to a guy who worked with Toby . He says Toby left but never said where he was going . While Aria babysits Malcolm , he accidentally cuts his chin . Aria worries she may not be a fit parent and contemplates breaking up with Ezra until he gets everything sorted out . Spencer follows Mona heading into the woods . Spencer finds a body in the woods with Toby 's tattoo on his hip wearing a helmet . Mona yells `` he 's dead '' before Spencer identifies the body . She chases Mona but loses sight of her . Hours later , Emily is waiting for Toby after he texted her to meet up but Toby does n't show . Emily catches a glimpse of the girl in the red coat in her rear view mirror . Hanna and Aria push Wilden 's car into Lake Rosewood after it shows up in Hanna 's garage with footage of the night Ashley hit him . Spencer is found the next morning in the woods , completely catatonic . She is admitted to Radley . ' A ' ending : ' A ' watches a man fishing up a cap from the Rosewood Police . 69 22 `` Will the Circle Be Unbroken ? '' Ron Lagomarsino Joseph Dougherty March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 2.56 Spencer is held at Radley for a 72 - hour observation and assessment . Spencer befriends a male nurse . She notices the name on his badge , E. Lamb , is identical to Toby 's alias for Radley . E. Lamb tells Spencer that Radley has experienced a recent dilemma involving staff I.D. badges and visitor guest passes . Hanna and Ashley are blindsided when Detective Wilden approaches them at the church where they are meeting Ted for coffee . Emily is surprised when Shana invites her to coffee , only to introduce her to Olympic gold medalist Missy Franklin . Emily learns that Shana is also a swimmer , which Paige neglected to tell her . Aria lies about her relationship with Ezra in order for him to be reinstated at Rosewood High . Mona pays Spencer a visit in Radley and offers her a spot on the `` A '' Team for the second time . Ashley says goodbye to Hanna and heads to New York for an annual seminar . As Ashley drives away , Wilden pulls up in his car . Wilden confronts Hanna and demands to know where his car and keys are . Wilden promises not to bother Hanna and Ashley anymore as long as Hanna complies with his demand . During a group therapy session at Radley with Dr. Sullivan and other patients , Spencer confides that her friends can no longer count on her . ' A ' ending : ' A ' drives off in a RV with things from ' A 's lair . 70 23 `` I 'm Your Puppet '' Oliver Goldstick Oliver Goldstick & Maya Goldsmith March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 2.41 The girls visit Spencer in Radley who is convinced she saw Toby 's body in the woods . But the girls know the police have identified that the body Spencer saw was not Toby . Spencer discovers a map of Radley that Mona created on a board game . Ella warns Hanna that Jamie may have traded the bell from the church for a new one of much lesser value . Aria , Emily and Hanna sneak into the morgue . Aria sees Red Coat while she , Hanna , and Emily are in the morgue posing as candy stripers . Aria follows her , almost catching her before she slips into an elevator and escapes , while Emily and Hanna find a dead body they are unable to identify . Aria is horrified when she discovers that `` A '' kidnapped Malcolm . When she finds Malcolm at a carnival , Aria decides this is too much for her and tries to break up with Ezra . Hanna and Caleb accuse Jamie of stealing from the church . Soon afterward , they discover that `` A '' has been framing Jamie . Emily 's mom tells her that the police found another male body , late teens / early twenties , with no I.D. and that the police can not identify the body yet due to significant trauma . Emily rushes to tell Aria and Hanna . At Radley , Spencer pulls out a black hoodie and two carnival tickets from her pillow . The third `` A '' Team member is revealed : Spencer Hastings . 71 24 `` A dAngerous gAme '' Patrick Norris I. Marlene King March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 2.87 Spencer is released from Radley . To celebrate , she invites her friends to a soirée . After receiving a clue from Malcolm while babysitting him , Hanna determines that Spencer was the one who kidnapped Malcolm . Aria , Emily , and Hanna band together to trick Spencer and find out her motives . Spencer finds Toby and they both determine that they each joined the `` A '' Team to protect one another and end up reconciling . When Spencer falls for their trap , she is forced to come clean with her friends about Toby , her `` A '' Team involvements , and Red Coat 's plan for all four of them at the soirée . Emily catches Jenna , Melissa , and Shana conspiring something at Jenna 's house . At the `` soirée , '' the Liars confront Mona in the lodge while Toby and Spencer venture out to determine Red Coat 's identity ( still unknown to all three `` A '' Team members ) . However , someone traps the Liars with Mona in the lodge and sets it on fire , leaving them with no escape . Spencer sees Red Coat get out of the plane and at first glance , she thinks it 's Alison . Toby is knocked unconscious in the woods and the mysterious figure drops a lighter by his hand , making him look responsible for starting the fire . Red Coat pulls the Liars and Mona out of the lodge . Hanna wakes up and sees Red Coat staring at her . Red Coat is revealed to be a very much alive Alison DiLaurentis . Mona says she saw Alison too . Spencer comes back and says she saw Alison also . On the way back to Rosewood , Mona reveals that Red Coat would sometimes wear a mask that looked like Alisons face . This means that Red Coat could have just looked like Alison . the Liars and Mona spot Wilden 's car in front of the church . The video of Ashley running him over plays , with an added clip of Jenna and Shana dragging away his body . Spencer notices something `` fishy '' about the trunk . Before opening it , all five girls receive the same text that reads : ' You 're mine now . Kisses - A ' . Spencer opens the trunk and all five girls gasp in unison at the sight of its contents . In the final scene , a hand reaches out from the dirt and another grabs it and starts pulling the trapped person out . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) Rank ( 18 - 49 ) 48 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) Tuesdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.1 2.93 12 49 `` Blood is the New Black '' June 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) 1.1 2.66 13 50 `` Kingdom of the Blind '' June 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 19 ) 1.0 2.44 14 51 `` Bird of a Feather '' June 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 26 ) 1.0 2.36 17 52 5 `` That Girl Is Poison '' July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) 0.9 2.38 20 53 6 `` The Remains of the ' A ' '' July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) 1.0 2.27 12 54 7 `` Crazy '' July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) 1.0 2.43 14 55 8 `` Stolen Kisses '' July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) 0.9 2.22 12 56 9 `` The Kahn Game '' August 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 07 ) 1.0 2.45 9 57 10 `` What Lies Beneath '' August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) 0.9 2.27 13 58 11 `` Single Fright Female '' August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) 1.1 2.40 10 59 12 `` The Lady Killer '' August 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) 1.3 2.98 6 60 13 `` This Is a Dark Ride '' October 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) 1.2 2.85 8 61 14 `` She 's Better Now '' January 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 08 ) 1.4 3.21 6 62 15 `` Mona Mania '' January 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) 1.1 2.48 10 63 16 `` Misery Loves Company '' January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 1.2 2.68 5 64 17 `` Out of the Frying Pan , Into the Inferno '' January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) 1.2 2.85 6 65 18 `` Dead to Me '' February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) 1.2 2.75 8 66 19 `` What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' February 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) 1.1 2.41 11 67 20 `` Hot Water '' February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) 1.1 2.61 8 68 21 `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) 1.2 2.71 6 69 22 `` Will the Circle Be Unbroken ? '' March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) 1.2 2.56 6 70 23 `` Im Your Puppet '' March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) 1.0 2.41 7 71 24 `` A dAngerous gAme '' March 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) 1.2 2.87 DVD release ( edit ) The Complete Third Season Set details Special features 24 episodes 1062 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 1018 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 1021 minutes ( Region 4 ) 5 - disc set 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) English , Spanish , Danish , French , Arabic , Dutch , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 21 Pretty Little Liars and the `` A '' Network - Who is `` A '' ? The Lady Killer Episode - Alternate endings Bonus Webisodes - More Rosewood 's secrets revealed ! Gag Reel Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) April 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) June 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Family Renews ' Pretty Little Liars ' For Third Season -- '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Molly ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Producer : Why ' ' You 'll All Be Screaming at Your TVs ' ' During Finale -- Exclusive ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Family 's ' Pretty Little Liars ' Renewed For Fourth Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Celtics - Heat Lead +'Storage Wars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Game , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night , ' Storage Wars , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' , ' Real Housewives ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' White Collar ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Jane By Design ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' White Collar ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Jane By Design ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Teen Mom ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Stoirage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Shipping Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night , + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' How Jaws Changed the World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Ink Master ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Wins Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Snooki & JWoww ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Premiere Wins Night + ' Second Generation Wayans ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night + ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Justified ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night + State of the Union Address Coverage , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Justified ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Justified ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Justified ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Top Gear ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.amazon.com/Pretty-Little-Liars-Season-3/dp/B00BIR381W/ref=pd_cp_mov_1 Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars - Release Date , Cost , Package Art and Extras for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Season 3 ( Exclusive to Amazon.co.uk ) ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars : The Complete Third Season '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_3)&oldid=799561242 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the second a in pretty little liars tv show | [
"Garrett's trial starts. Emily is at odds with her friends who suspect Paige is \"A.\" Toby and Spencer have sex. Mona escapes Radley. Maggie visits Ezra, making Aria uncomfortable. \"A\" sends a text to the Liars, telling them to meet at Ali's grave at the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm with Maya's bag, but without Emily. Emily tells Paige about the new \"A.\" Paige receives a text from \"A,\" telling her come to the Rosewood Cemetery at 10pm. Emily and Nate head up to the Lighthouse Inn. She gets a call from \"A,\" in a distorted voice, who says, \"You have one minute. Get out.\" It is revealed that Nate is Maya's killer and that his real name is Lyndon James. Lyndon opens a closet revealing a bound Paige and tells Emily he is planning to kill Paige using the knife from Maya's bag. Emily escapes and reaches the top of the lighthouse where she fights Lyndon and ultimately fatally stabs him in self-defense. Caleb arrives and puts his gun down to comfort Emily, but as they embrace, a dying Lyndon uses the last of his strength to shoot Caleb. Paige tells the police that someone had sent her a text telling her to go to Alison's grave at the cemetery, but Lyndon had gotten her before she could get there. Caleb survives his shooting and undergoing surgery but Lyndon is dead. Spencer lets Paige know that she is sorry for thinking she was \"A.\" Veronica tells the girls that Garrett is now a free man thanks to Emily. The girls get a four-way call from \"A,\" saying \"Emily, I owe you one.\" In conclusion, the second \"A\" Team member is revealed: Toby Cavanaugh."
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"Toby Cavanaugh"
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-2630368675642018826 | Adina Porter | Adina Porter - wikipedia Adina Porter Jump to : navigation , search Adina Porter Adina Elizabeth Porter ( 1971 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1971 ( age 46 ) New York City , New York , U.S Occupation Actress Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Raymond Hecht ( divorced ) Larry Earl Madison Jr. ( widowed ) Children Adina Elizabeth Porter ( born March 13 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She began her career appearing on Off - Broadway stage , winning Obie Award in 1996 for Venus . Porter is best known for her performances on television . From 2008 to 2014 , she starred as Lettie Mae Thornton in the HBO drama series True Blood . From 2012 to 2014 , Porter also co-starred as Kendra James in the HBO drama The Newsroom . In 2014 , she began appearing in a recurring role as Indra in the CW post-apocalyptic drama , The 100 , and in 2016 was cast as Lee Harris in the FX anthology series American Horror Story : Roanoke and as Beverly Hope in the current season of the series , American Horror Story : Cult . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Theater 1.2 Television and film 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Porter was born and raised in New York City , New York . She graduated from the State University of New York at Purchase . Her first acting teacher was Butterfly McQueen . She was married two times and has a son with her second husband , Larry Earl Madison Jr . Theater ( edit ) Porter began her acting career in the theatre , appearing in off Broadway plays and in regional theatre . Her off - Broadway credits include The Debutante Ball , Jersey City , Aven ' U Boys , Girl Gone , Silence , Cunning , Exile , Dancing on Moonlight and Hurricane . In 1996 , she received Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for her performance in Venus . Her Broadway debut came in 2001 with the Roundabout Theater 's revival of The Women , directed by Scott Elliott , broadcast as part of PBS 's Stage on Screen series , in addition , she performed in multiple productions at the New York Shakespeare Festival . Television and film ( edit ) Porter began her screen career playing guest starring roles on television dramas include Law & Order , New York Undercover , Brooklyn South , and NYPD Blue . She had a recurring role as housekeeper Gwen Walker in the NBC period drama American Dreams from 2002 to 2003 . In film , she made her debut in 1992 Leopold / Loeb New Queer Cinema feature , Swoon . She went to appear in small roles in films The Peacemaker ( 1997 ) , Gia ( 1998 ) , Body Shots ( 1999 ) , The Fluffer ( 2001 ) , and The Salon ( 2005 ) . In 2005 , Porter played Ricky in the film adaptation of Ruben Santiago - Hudson 's play Lackawanna Blues for HBO . She received Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress : Television Movie / Cable for her role . She went to appear ER , Prison Break , Without a Trace , House , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . In 2008 , Porter was cast as Lettie Mae Thornton , mother to Rutina Wesley 's Tara Thorton , in the HBO drama series , True Blood . She was promoted to series regular in seventh and final season of show . In 2012 , she guest starred in an episode of Grey 's Anatomy . From 2012 to 2014 , she also had a recurring role on the HBO series The Newsroom playing Kendra James . In 2014 , she began appearing in a recurring role as Indra in the CW post-apocalyptic drama , The 100 . Porter also starred in two unsold drama pilots for ABC , Doubt in 2013 , and The Jury in 2016 . In 2016 , she played Pearly Mae during first season of WGN America period drama Underground . Later that year , Porter was cast as Lee Harris in the FX anthology series American Horror Story : Roanoke , after previously appearing as a minor character in American Horror Story : Murder House in 2011 . For her performance in Roanoke , she received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television . She later portrayed Beverly Hope in American Horror Story : Cult where she received similar praise from critics . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Swoon Stenographer Geoffrey Beene 30 Woman Short film 1997 The Peacemaker Police NYPD 1998 Gia Girl at Group Therapy 1999 Body Shots Detective Thompson 2001 The Fluffer Silver 2002 Pipe Dream Lauren Gunther 2005 The Salon Percy 's wife 2005 Lackawanna Blues Ricky Television movie 2009 Operating Instructions Celia Television movie The Social Network Gretchen 's Associate Uncredited 2011 About Sunny Cheryl 2011 The Changing Room Sarah Short film 2017 The Last Word Bree Wilson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Woman Neighbor Episode : `` Out of the Half - Light '' 1994 Law & Order Sheryl Decker Episode : `` Nurture '' 1994 New York Undercover Jasmine Hopkins Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 Law & Order Mary Byman Episode : `` Savages '' 1997 Brooklyn South Angela Withers Episode : `` Life Under Castro '' 1998 Brimstone Rachel Episode : `` Repentance '' 1999 Snoops Angela Jackson Episode : `` The Grinch '' 2000 The District Ella 's Assistant Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 Judging Amy N / A Episode : `` Unnecessary Roughness '' 2000 Any Day Now Diane Episode : `` Where 's the Justice in That ? '' 2000 City of Angels Hazina Episode : `` Smoochas Gracias '' 2001 NYPD Blue Tisha Episode : `` Dying to Testify '' 2002 Strong Medicine Malia Episode : `` Compassionate Release '' 2002 The Guardian Assistant D.A. Episode : `` Monster '' 2002 Crossing Jordan Vicki Moran Episode : `` Prisoner Exchange '' 2002 -- 03 American Dreams Gwen Walker 15 episodes 2003 NYPD Blue Ifeoma Okafor Episode : `` Meet the Grandparents '' 2005 ER Mrs. Hopkins Episode : `` Back in the World '' 2005 Jack & Bobby N / A Episode : `` A Child of God '' 2005 CSI : NY Shannon Goodall Episode : `` On the Job '' 2005 Prison Break Leticia Barris 2 episodes 2006 Without a Trace Harriet Lewis Episode : `` Watch Over Me '' 2007 House M.D. Claudia Episode : `` Family '' 2007 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Janelle Odami Episode : `` Fight '' 2007 -- 10 Saving Grace Tamara Cooley 2 episodes 2008 -- 14 True Blood Lettie Mae Thornton 30 episodes 2009 Cold Case Laticia Myers Episode : `` Jurisprudence '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Denise Devine Episode : `` Coup de Grace '' Hawthorne Nancy Breton Episode : `` The Match '' The Whole Truth Detective Sweeney Episode : `` Cold Case '' 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Jeanette Rawlins Episode : `` Two of a Kind '' 2011 Private Practice Stacy Episode : `` A Step Too Far '' 2011 American Horror Story : Murder House Sally Freeman Episode : `` Murder House '' 2011 Prime Suspect Detective Kendra Cannon Episode : `` The Great Wall of Silence '' 2011 -- 12 Ringer Principal Caruso 2 episodes 2012 The Finder Ms. Estelle Episode : `` Life After Death '' 2012 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. Ramsey Episode : `` Remember the Time '' 2012 Glee History Teacher Episode : `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' 2012 The Vampire Diaries Nandi Episode : `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' 2012 -- 14 The Newsroom Kendra James 23 episodes 2014 -- 17 The 100 Indra 29 episodes 2015 Code Black Susie Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 The Leftovers G.R. Leader Episode : `` Ten Thirteen '' 2016 -- 17 Underground Pearly Mae 7 episodes 2016 The Catch FBI Agent Emily Clark Episode : `` The Wedding '' 2016 American Horror Story : Roanoke Lee Harris 10 episodes 2017 Ray Donovan Vicky 4 episodes 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Beverly Hope 8 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2006 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actress : Television Movie / Cable Lackawanna Blues Nominated 2017 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress on Television American Horror Story : Roanoke Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Adina Porter '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adina Porter '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adina Porter - Lortel Archives '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` True Blood : Actor Bio : Adina Porter '' . HBO.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' True Blood ' Promotes Adina Porter to Series Regular '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : ' True Blood , ' ' Newsroom ' Actress Checks In '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` DeWanda Wise Aims At ' Shots Fired ' ; Adina Porter Joins ' The Jury ' '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Adina Porter Cast In WGN America 's ' Underground ' '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pehanick , Maggie . `` American Horror Story : If You Watched Season 1 , You 've Already Seen This Actress '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Adina Porter on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adina_Porter&oldid=808132879 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Actresses from New York City 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Obie Award recipients American television actresses African - American actresses American actresses American film actresses American stage actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays tara's mom on true blood | [
"Adina Elizabeth Porter[2] (born March 13, 1971) is an American actress. She began her career appearing on Off-Broadway stage, winning Obie Award in 1996 for Venus."
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"Adina Elizabeth Porter"
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726267754274246887 | Great Mosque of Mecca | Great mosque of Mecca - wikipedia Great mosque of Mecca Jump to : navigation , search `` Grand Masjid '' redirects here . For other large masjids around the world , see List of Grand Masjids . Great Mosque of Mecca The Great Mosque during the Hajj of 2009 Location in Saudi Arabia Basic information Location Makkah , Saudi Arabia Geographic coordinates 21 ° 25 ′ 19 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 34 '' E / 21.422 ° N 39.826 ° E / 21.422 ; 39.826 Coordinates : 21 ° 25 ′ 19 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 34 '' E / 21.422 ° N 39.826 ° E / 21.422 ; 39.826 Affiliation Islam Country Saudi Arabia Administration Saudi Arabian government Leadership Imam ( s ) : Abdul Rahman Al - Sudais Saud Al - Shuraim Abdullah Awad Al Juhany Saleh Al Talib Saleh Al Humaid Bandar Baleelah Usaamah Khayyat Khalid Al Ghmadi Maher Al Mueaqly Faisal Gazzawi Website www.gph.gov.sa Architectural description Architectural type Mosque Date established Pre-Islamic era Specifications Capacity 900,000 worshippers ( Increased to 4,000,000 worshippers during the Hajj period ) Minaret ( s ) 9 Minaret height 89 m ( 292 ft ) Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( show ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The Great Mosque of Mecca ( Arabic : المسجد الحرام , translit . al - Masjid al - Ḥarām , lit . ' the sacred mosque ' ) , also called the Grand Mosque , is the largest mosque in the World , and surrounds Islam 's holiest place , the Kaaba , in the city of Makkah ( Arabic : مكة , Mecca ) , Hijaz , Saudi Arabia . Muslims face in the Qiblah ( Arabic : قبلة , direction of the Kaaba ) while performing Salah ( obligatory daily prayers ) . One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim to perform the Ḥajj ( Arabic : حج , ' Pilgrimage ' ) , one of the largest annual gatherings of people in the world , at least once in their lifetime if able to do so , including Ṭawāf ( Arabic : طواف , Circumambulation ) of the Kaaba . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Era of Abraham and Ishmael 1.2 Era of Muhammad 1.3 Umayyad era 1.4 Ottoman era 1.5 Saudi era 1.5. 1 Current expansion project 2 Pilgrimage 3 Symbolic structures 3.1 Kaaba 3.2 Black Stone 3.3 Maqam Ibrahim 3.4 Safa and Marwah 3.5 Zamzam Well 4 Controversies 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Mecca in 1850 , during the Ottoman period Mecca in 1910 One of the entrances of the Grand Mosque Era of Abraham and Ishmael ( edit ) The Quran states that Abraham , together with his son Ishmael , raised the foundations of a house ( Quran 2 : 127 ) that is identified by most commentators as the Kaaba . Allah had shown Abraham the exact site , very near to the Well of Zamzam , where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the Kaaba 's construction in circa 2130 BCE . After Abraham had built the Kaaba , an angel brought to him the Black Stone , a celestial stone that , according to tradition , had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays . According to a saying attributed to Muhammad , the Black Stone had `` descended from Paradise whiter than milk but the sins of the sons of Adam had made it dark '' . The Black Stone is believed to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham . After placing the Black Stone in the Eastern corner of the Kaaba , Abraham received a revelation , in which Allah told the aged prophet that he should now go and proclaim the pilgrimage to mankind , so that men may come both from Arabia and from lands far away , on camel and on foot . Quran 22 : 27 Going by the dates attributed to the patriarchs , Ishmael is believed to have been born around 2150 BCE , with Isaac being born a hundred years later . Era of Muhammad ( edit ) Upon Muhammad 's victorious return to Mecca in 630 , he and his son - in - law , Ali Ibn Abi Talib , broke the idols in and around the Kaaba , similar to what , according to the Quran , Ibrahim did in his homeland , which is believed to be ancient Iraqi city of Ur . Thus ended Polytheistic use of the Kaaba , and re-began Monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary . Umayyad era ( edit ) The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692 on the orders of Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan . Before this renovation , which included the mosque 's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling , the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center . By the end of the 8th century , the mosque 's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al - Walid I . The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets . Ottoman era ( edit ) In 1570 , Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque . This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally , and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque . These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building . During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629 , the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage . In 1629 , during the reign of Sultan Murad IV , the Kaaba was rebuilt with stones from Mecca and the mosque was renovated . In the renovation of the mosque , a new stone arcade was added , three more minarets ( bringing the total to seven ) were built , and the marble flooring was retiled . This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries . Saudi era ( edit ) The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was done between 1955 and 1973 . In this renovation , four more minarets were added , the ceiling was refurnished , and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble . The Mas'a gallery ( Al - Safa and Al - Marwah ) is included in the Masjid via roofing and enclosements . During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans , particularly the support columns , were demolished . The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd , added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque . The new wing , which is also for prayers , is reached through the King Fahd Gate . This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988 . The third Saudi extension ( 1988 -- 2005 ) saw the building of more minarets , the erecting of a King 's residence overlooking the mosque and more prayer area in and around the mosque itself . These developments have taken place simultaneously with those in Arafat , Mina and Muzdalifah . This third extension has also resulted in 18 more gates , three domes corresponding in position to each gate and the installation of nearly 500 marble columns . Other modern developments include the addition of heated floors , air conditioning , escalators and a drainage system . Current expansion project ( edit ) See also : Mecca crane collapse In 2007 , the mosque underwent a fourth extension project which is estimated to last until 2020 . King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz planned to increase the mosque 's capacity to 2 million ; although the King died in 2015 , his successor , King Salman , is likely to continue renovations . In 2016 it was estimated that Great Mosque had cost 100 billion dollars . A view of the ongoing construction in the mataaf and the temporary structure for tawaf surrounding the Kaabah in August 2014 Northern expansion of the mosque began in August 2011 and was expected to be completed in one and a half years . The area of the mosque will be expanded from the current 356,000 m ( 3,830,000 sq ft ) to 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) . A new gate named after King Abdullah will be built together with two new minarets , bringing their total to eleven . The cost of the project is $10.6 billion and after completion the mosque will house over 2.5 million worshipers . The Mataaf ( the circumambulation areas around the Kaaba ) will also see expansion and all closed spaces will be air conditioned . The King Abdullah Expansion Project will cover an area of 456,000 sq. meters will accommodate an additional 1.2 million faithful . Courtyards of the mosque 's new expansion can hold more than 250,000 worshipers . The project is being implemented by the Saudi Binladin Group . On 11 September 2015 , at least 111 people died and 394 were injured when a crane collapsed onto the mosque . Pilgrimage ( edit ) Main articles : Hajj and Umrah The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and ' Umrah pilgrimages that occur in the month of Dhu al - Hijjah in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year , respectively . The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the Pillars of Islam , required of all able - bodied Muslims who can afford the trip . In recent times , over 5 million Muslims perform the Hajj every year . Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents . For example , the episode of Hagar 's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah . The Hajj is associated with the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Ibrahim ( Abraham ) . Symbolic structures ( edit ) This section should include only a brief summary of another article . See Wikipedia : Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article 's main text . ( August 2017 ) Kaaba ( edit ) Main article : Kaaba Al - Ka'bah ( Arabic : الكعبة , `` The Cube '' ) is a cuboid - shaped building in the center of the Great Mosque and is one of the most sacred sites in Islam . All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers , no matter where they are . The direction from the location of the person who prays to the Kaaba is called the Qibla . The Hajj requires pilgrims to circumambulate seven times around the Kaaba in a counter-clockwise direction . This circumambulation , the Tawaaf , is also performed by pilgrims during the Umrah ( lesser pilgrimage ) . Black Stone ( edit ) The Black Stone ( Arabic : الحجر الأسود al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba . It was set intact into the Kaaba 's wall by Muhammad in the year 605 , five years before his first revelation . Since then it has been broken into a number of fragments and is now cemented into a silver frame in the side of the Kaaba . Its physical appearance is that of a fragmented dark rock , polished smooth by the hands of millions of pilgrims . Many of the pilgrims , if possible , stop and kiss the Black Stone , emulating the kiss that Islamic tradition records it having received from Muhammad . If they can not reach it , they point to it on each of their seven circumambulations around the Kaaba . Maqām Ibrahim ( edit ) The Maqam Ibrahim ( Abraham 's place of standing ) is a rock that reportedly has an imprint of Abraham 's foot , which is kept in a crystal dome next to the Kaaba . This rock was identified by most Islamic scholars as the one behind which Muhammad prayed when he circumambulated the Kaaba . Several traditions existed to explain how Abraham 's footprint miraculously appeared in the stone , including one suggesting it appeared when Abraham stood on the stone while building the Kaaba ; when the walls became too high , Abraham stood on the maqām , which miraculously rose up to let him continue building and also miraculously went down in order to allow Ishmael to hand him stones . Other traditions held that the footprint appeared when the wife of Ishmael washed Abraham 's head , or alternatively when Abraham stood atop it in order to summon the people to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca . Safa and Marwah ( edit ) Main article : Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Al - Safa and Al - Marwah ( Arabic : الصفا Aṣ - Ṣafā , المروة Al - Marwah ) are two hills , now located in the Masjid al - Haram . In Islamic tradition , Abraham 's wife Hagar ran between the hills of Al - Safa and Al - Marwah looking for water for her infant son Ishmael until God eventually revealed her the Zamzam . Muslims also travel back and forth seven times during the ritual pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah as a remembrance to her sacrifice . Al - Safa -- from which the ritual walking ( Arabic : سعى saʿy ) begins -- is located approximately half a mile from the Kaaba . Al - Marwah is located about 100 m ( 330 ft ) from the Kaaba . The distance between Al - Safa and Al - Marwah is approximately 450 m ( 1,480 ft ) Zamzam Well ( edit ) The Zamzam Well ( Arabic : زمزم ) is a well located 20 m ( 66 ft ) east of the Kaaba . According to Islamic belief , it began when Abraham 's infant son Ishmael was thirsty and kept crying for water . The well still supplies enough water for all pilgrims throughout the year . Pilgrims also take the water to their homes . al - Ḥajaru al - Aswad Maqam Ibrahim crystal dome Mount Marwah Mount Safa in the Sacred Mosque Zamzam well located beneath floor ( entrance now covered ) Controversies ( edit ) Main article : Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage . Many ancient buildings , some more than a thousand years old , have been demolished to make room for the expansion . Some examples are : Bayt Al - Mawlid , the house where Muhammad was born , demolished and rebuilt as a library . Dar Al - Arqam , the first Islamic school where Muhammad taught , was flattened to lay marble tiles . The house of Abu Jahal has been demolished and replaced by public washrooms . Dome which served as a canopy over the Well of Zamzam demolished . Some Ottoman porticos at the Masjid al - Haram demolished and those remaining are under threat . House of Muhammed in Medina where he lived after the migration from Mecca . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Islamic architecture List of famous mosques Al - Masjid an - Nabawi , Medina Al - Aqsa Mosque , Jerusalem Grand Mosque seizure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Location of Masjid al - Haram '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.haramainsharifain.com/p/blog-page.html Jump up ^ http://www.haramain.info ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia starts Mecca mosque expansion '' . reuters.com . Jump up ^ Quran 21 : 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ History of Islam by Professor Masudul Hasan Jump up ^ Mecca : From Before Genesis Until Now , M. Lings , pg. 39 , Archetype Jump up ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam , C. Glasse , Kaaba , Suhail Academy Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq , Muhammad ( 1955 ) . Ibn Ishaq 's Sirat Rasul Allah -- The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 88 -- 9 . ISBN 9780196360331 . Jump up ^ Karen Armstrong ( 2002 ) . Islam : A Short History . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6618 - X . Jump up ^ Guidetti , Mattia ( 2016 ) . In the Shadow of the Church : The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria : The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria . BRILL . p. 113 . ISBN 9789004328839 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . Routledge . ISBN 9781134613656 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Wijdan ( 1999 ) . The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art : From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries . American Univ in Cairo Press . ISBN 9789774244766 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ James Wynbrandt ( 2010 ) . A Brief History of Saudi Arabia . Infobase Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7876 - 9 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambitious new architecture plan for Al - Masjid Al - Haram Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/the-worlds-most-expensive-buildings/masjid-al-haram-mecca-saudi-arabia/ Jump up ^ `` Historic Masjid Al - Haram Extension Launched '' . onislam. 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi King launches five Grand Mosque expansion projects '' . Jump up ^ `` Makkah crane crash report submitted '' . Al Arabiya. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daftar Nama Jemaah Rawat / Wafat Musibah Jatuhnya Crane Di Masjidil Haram 11 September 2015 '' ( Names of Pilgrims Hospitalized / Dead in Calamity of Haram Crane Collapse September 11 , 2015 ) ( in Indonesian ) . Direktorat Jenderal Penyelenggaraan Haji dan Umrah - Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` King Salman to make findings of Makkah crane collapse probe public '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Number of casualties of Turkish Haji candidates at the Kaaba accident reach 8 ... '' . Presidency of Religious Affairs . 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Six Nigerians among victims of Saudi crane accident : official '' . Yahoo ! News . AFP . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Halkon , Ruth ; Webb , Sam ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Two Brits dead and three injured in Mecca Grand Mosque crane tragedy that killed 107 people l '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohammed , Mamdouh N. ( 1996 ) . Hajj to Umrah : From A to Z . Mamdouh Mohammed . ISBN 0 - 915957 - 54 - X . Jump up ^ General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. until 24 : 00 hours , 28 / 09 / 1436 A.H. Total Number of the Mu ` tamirs : 5,715,051 `` General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. '' . The Ministry of Hajj , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 13 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wensinck , A. J ; Ka ` ba . Encyclopaedia of Islam IV p. 317 Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Hajj pilgrimage '' . BBC News . 7 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` As Hajj begins , more changes and challenges in store '' . altmuslim . Jump up ^ Shaykh Safi - Ar - Rahman Al - Mubarkpuri ( 2002 ) . Ar - Raheeq Al - Makhtum ( The Sealed Nectar ) : Biography of the Prophet . Dar - As - Salam Publications . ISBN 1 - 59144 - 071 - 8 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Jeri ( 1992 ) . Your Door to Arabia . Lower Hutt , N.Z. : R. Eberhardt . ISBN 0 - 473 - 01546 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Mamdouh N. ( 1996 ) . Hajj to Umrah : From A to Z . Amana Publications . ISBN 0 - 915957 - 54 - X . ^ Jump up to : M.J. Kister , `` Maḳām Ibrāhīm , '' p. 105 , The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( new ed . ) , vol . VI ( Mahk - Mid ) , eds . Bosworth et al. , Brill : 1991 , pp. 104 - 107 . Jump up ^ `` Zamzam Studies and Research Centre '' . Saudi Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 5 February 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Laessing , Ulf ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Mecca goes Upmarket '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jerome ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Mecca for the rich : Islam 's holiest site turning into Vegas '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Abou - Ragheb , Laith ( 12 July 2005 ) . `` Dr. Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah '' . Center for Islamic Pluralism . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Masjid al - Haram . Watch Live Al - Masjid al - Haram Official mobile application for indoor navigation system of the Grand Mosque Gallery of images of Mecca at 3dmekanlar.com Mecca , Kaaba , Al - Masjid 360 Degree Virtual Tour at 360tr.net Kaaba , Al - Masjid 360 Degree Virtual Tour at 360tr.com Recordings from Al - Masjid al - Haram at Haramain.info People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Mosques in Saudi Arabia Al Jum'ah Mosque Al - Fuqair Mosque Al - Ijabah Mosque Al - Rayah mosque Amberiye mosque As - Sabaq Mosque As - Sajadah Mosque Bani Bayadhah Mosque Bani Haritsah Mosque Bay'ah Mosque Fas'h mosque Grand mosque of Masjid al - Haram Jawatha Mosque King Saud Mosque Manartain mosque Masjid al - Nabawi Masjid al - Qiblatayn Masjid e Taneem Masjid - u-Shajarah Mosque of Al - Fadeekh Mosque of Al - Ghamama Mosque of Al - Saqiya Mosque of Atban Bin Malik Mosque of Bani Haram Mosque of the Jinn Quba Mosque The Seven Mosques List of mosques in Saudi Arabia Islam in Saudi Arabia Mosques by country Hajj topics Every year , from the eighth to the twelfth day of Dhu al - Hijjah . Preparation Ihram Miqat Dhu'l - Hulayfah Juhfah Yalamlam Sequence Tawaf Zamzam Well Safa and Marwa Mina Mount Arafat Muzdalifah Rami al - Jamarat Eid al - Adha Tawaf al - Ifadah Tawaf al - Wida Mosques Great Mosque of Mecca Al - Masjid an - Nabawi Masjid - u-Shajarah Rabigh History Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Mosque_of_Mecca&oldid=807337835 '' Categories : Mosques in Saudi Arabia Islamic holy places Places of worship converted into mosques Arabic architecture Mosques in Mecca Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Use dmy dates from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox religious building with unsupported parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles containing overly long summaries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 10 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the names of the two hills that the pilgrims visit | [
"Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the episode of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah.",
"Some of the rituals performed by pilgrims are symbolic of historical incidents. For example, the episode of Hagar's search for water is emulated by Muslims as they run between the two hills of Safa and Marwah."
] | [
"Safa",
"Marwah"
] |
2486865944492458109 | Dome of the Rock | Dome of the Rock - wikipedia Dome of the Rock Not to be confused with Al - Aqsa Mosque or Mosque of Omar ( Jerusalem ) . Dome of the Rock Qubbat As - Sakhrah قبّة الصخرة Location within the Old City of Jerusalem Basic information Location Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 35 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 31.7780 ° N 35.2354 ° E / 31.7780 ; 35.2354 Affiliation Islam Administration Ministry of Awqaf ( Jordan ) Architectural description Architectural type Shrine Architectural style Umayyad , Abbasid , Ottoman Date established built 688 -- 692 , expanded 820s , restored 1020s , 1545 -- 1566 , 1721 / 2 , 1817 , 1874 / 5 , 1959 -- 1962 , 1993 . Specifications Dome ( s ) Minaret ( s ) 0 The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic : قبة الصخرة Qubbat al - Sakhrah , Hebrew : כיפת הסלע Kippat ha - Sela ) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem . It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik during the Second Fitna , built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple , destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE . The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23 . The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture . Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces , although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period , notably with the addition of the gold - plated roof , in 1959 -- 61 and again in 1993 . The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary ( also known as Kathisma in Greek and al - Qadismu in Arabic ) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem . The site 's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and to the belief that the Prophet Muhammad 's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure . In Jewish tradition the rock bears great significance as the Foundation Stone , the place from which the world expanded into its present form and where God gathered the dust used to create the first human , Adam ; as the site on Mount Moriah where Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son ; and as the place where God 's divine presence is manifested more than in any other place , towards which Jews turn during prayer . A UNESCO World Heritage Site , it has been called `` Jerusalem 's most recognizable landmark , '' along with two nearby Old City structures , the Western Wall , and the `` Resurrection Rotunda '' in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Islamic 1.2 Original construction 1.3 Abbasids and Fatimids 1.4 Crusaders 1.5 Ayyubids and Mamluks 1.6 Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) 1.7 Modern history 2 Accessibility 3 Religious significance 4 Architectural homages 5 Images 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Pre-islamic Main articles : Temple Mount , Herod 's Temple , and Aelia Capitolina Reconstruction of Herod 's Temple as seen from the east ( Holyland Model of Jerusalem , 1966 ) The Dome of the Rock is situated in the center of the Temple Mount , the site of the Temple of Solomon and the Jewish Second Temple , which had been greatly expanded under Herod the Great in the 1st century BCE . Herod 's Temple was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans , and after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE , a Roman temple to Jupiter Capitolinus was built at the site . Jerusalem was ruled by the Christian Byzantine Empire throughout the 4th to 6th centuries . During this time , Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem began to develop . The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built under Constantine in the 320s , but the Temple Mount was left undeveloped after a failed project of restoration of the Jewish Temple under Julian the Apostate . Original construction The Dome of the Rock is now mostly assumed to have been built by the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al - Malik and his son and successor Al - Walid I . According to Sibt ibn al - Jawzi , construction started in 687 . Construction cost was reportedly seven times the yearly tax income of Egypt . A dedicatory inscription in Kufic script is preserved inside the dome . The date is recorded as AH 72 ( 691 / 2 CE ) , the year historians believe the construction of the original Dome was completed . In this inscription , the name of al - Malik was deleted and replaced by the name of Abbasid caliph Al - Ma'mun . This alteration of the original inscription was first noted by Melchior de Vogüé in 1864 . Some scholars have suggested that the dome was added to an existing building , built either by Muawiyah I ( r . 661 -- 680 ) , or indeed a Byzantine building dating to before the Muslim conquest , built under Heraclius ( r . 610 -- 641 ) . Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces . The two engineers in charge of the project were Raja ibn Haywah , a Muslim theologian from Beit She'an and Yazid Ibn Salam , a non-Arab who was Muslim and a native of Jerusalem . Cross section of the Dome ( print from 1887 , after the first detailed drawings of the Dome , made by Frederick Catherwood in 1833 ) . Shelomo Dov Goitein of the Hebrew University has argued that the Dome of the Rock was intended to compete with the many fine buildings of worship of other religions : `` The very form of a rotunda , given to the Qubbat as - Sakhra , although it was foreign to Islam , was destined to rival the many Christian domes . '' K.A.C. Creswell in his book The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock notes that those who built the shrine used the measurements of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . The diameter of the dome of the shrine is 20.20 m ( 66.3 ft ) and its height 20.48 m ( 67.2 ft ) , while the diameter of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is 20.90 m ( 68.6 ft ) and its height 21.05 m ( 69.1 ft ) . The structure was basically octagonal . It comprised a wooden dome , approximately 20 m ( 66 ft ) in diameter , which was mounted on an elevated drum consisting of a circle of 16 piers and columns . Surrounding this circle was an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns . Abbasids and fatimids The building was severely damaged by earthquakes in 808 and again in 846 . The dome collapsed in an earthquake in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022 -- 23 . The mosaics on the drum were repaired in 1027 -- 28 . Crusaders Main article : Templum Domini Depiction of the Templum Domini on the reverse side of the seal of the Knights Templar For centuries Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount , but escalating violence against pilgrims to Jerusalem ( Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah , who ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre , was an example ) instigated the Crusades . The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians , who turned it into a church , while the Al - Aqsa Mosque became a royal palace . The Knights Templar , active from c. 1119 , identified the Dome of the Rock as the site of the Temple of Solomon and set up their headquarters in the Al - Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century . The Templum Domini , as they called the Dome of the Rock , featured on the official seals of the Order 's Grand Masters ( such as Everard des Barres and Renaud de Vichiers ) , and soon became the architectural model for round Templar churches across Europe . Ayyubids and mamluks Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin on 2 October 1187 , and the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine . The cross on top of the dome was replaced by a crescent , and a wooden screen was placed around the rock below . Saladin 's nephew al - Malik al - Mu'azzam Isa carried out other restorations within the building , and added the porch to the Al - Aqsa Mosque . The Dome of the Rock was the focus of extensive royal patronage by the sultans during the Mamluk period , which lasted from 1250 until 1510 . Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) the exterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered with tiles . This work took seven years . The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with mosaic , faience and marble , much of which was added several centuries after its completion . It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions . Surah Ya Sin ( the `` Heart of the Quran '' ) is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent . Al - Isra , the Surah 17 which tells the story of the Isra or Night Journey , is inscribed above this . Adjacent to the Dome of the Rock , the Ottomans built the free - standing Dome of the Prophet in 1620 . Large - scale renovation was undertaken during the reign of Mahmud II in 1817 . In a major restoration project undertaken in 1874 -- 75 during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz , all the tiles on the west and southwest walls of the octagonal part of the building were removed and replaced by copies that had been made in Turkey . The first - ever photograph of the building , 1842 -- 44 View from the north , Francis Bedford ( 1862 ) West front in 1862 . By this date many of the 16th century tiles were missing . Interior showing mosaic decoration ( 1914 ) Tiled façade ( 2013 ) Interior showing rock ( 1915 ) Modern History 1920s photograph Haj Amin al - Husseini , appointed Grand Mufti by the British during the 1917 mandate of Palestine , along with Yaqub al - Ghusayn , implemented the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem . The Dome of the Rock was badly shaken during the 11 July 1927 Jericho earthquake , damaging many of the repairs that had taken place over previous years . In 1955 , an extensive program of renovation was begun by the government of Jordan , with funds supplied by Arab governments and Turkey . The work included replacement of large numbers of tiles dating back to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , which had become dislodged by heavy rain . In 1965 , as part of this restoration , the dome was covered with a durable aluminium bronze alloy made in Italy that replaced the lead exterior . Before 1959 , the dome was covered in blackened lead . In the course of substantial restoration carried out from 1959 to 1962 , the lead was replaced by aluminum - bronze plates covered with gold leaf . A few hours after the Israeli flag was hoisted over the Dome of the Rock in 1967 during the Six - Day War , Israelis lowered it on the orders of Moshe Dayan and invested the Muslim waqf ( religious trust ) with the authority to manage the Temple Mount / Haram al - Sharif , in order to `` keep the peace '' . In 1993 , the golden dome covering was refurbished following a donation of USD 8.2 million by King Hussein of Jordan who sold one of his houses in London to fund the 80 kilograms of gold required . The Dome of the Rock has been depicted on the Obverse and reverse of several Middle East currencies : Reverse of a 1,000 Iranian rial banknote ( 1992 ) . Reverse of a 1 Jordanian dinar banknote ( 1959 ) . Since 1992 , the 20 Dinar note bears the Dome 's depiction . Obverse of a 50 Saudi riyal banknote ( 1983 ) . Reverse of a 250 Iraqi dinar banknote ( 2002 ) . Obverse of a 1 Palestinian pound banknote ( 1939 ) . Accessibility Sign at visitors entrance to Temple Mount The Dome is maintained by the Ministry of Awqaf in Amman , Jordan . Until the mid-twentieth century , non-Muslims were not permitted in the area . Since 1967 , non-Muslims have been permitted limited access ; however non-Muslims are not permitted to pray on the Temple Mount , bring prayer books , or wear religious apparel . The Israeli police help enforce this . Israel restricted access for a short time during 2012 of Palestinian residents of the West Bank to the Temple Mount . West Bank Palestinian men had to be over 35 to be eligible for a permit . Palestinian residents of Jerusalem , who hold Israeli residency cards , and Palestinians with Israeli citizenship are permitted unrestricted access . Some Orthodox rabbis encourage Jews to visit the site , while most forbid entry to the compound lest there be a violation of Jewish law . Even rabbis who encourage entrance to the Temple Mount prohibit entrance to the actual Dome of the Rock . Religious significance The Temple in Jerusalem depicted as the Dome of the Rock on the printer 's mark of Marco Antonio Giustiniani , Venice 1545 -- 52 According to some Islamic scholars , the rock is the spot from which the Islamic prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel Gabriel . Further , Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with Abraham , Moses , and Jesus . Other Islamic scholars believe that the Prophet ascended to Heaven from the Al - Aqsa Mosque . Muslims believe the location of the Dome of the Rock to be the site mentioned in Sura 17 of the Qur'an , which tells the story of the Isra and Mi'raj , the miraculous Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to `` the farthest mosque '' , where he leads prayers and rises to heaven to receive instructions from Allah . The Night Journey is mentioned in the Qur'an in a very brief form and is further elaborated by the hadiths . Caliph Umar ibn Al - Khattab ( 579 -- 644 ) was advised by Ka'ab al - Ahbar , a Jewish rabbi who converted to Islam , that `` the farthest mosque '' is identical with the site of the former Jewish Temples in Jerusalem . The Foundation Stone viewed from the dome . Photograph was taken between 1900 and 1920 , before the removal of the surrounding iron grill . The Foundation Stone and its surroundings is the holiest site in Judaism . Though Muslims now pray towards the Kaaba at Mecca , they once faced the Temple Mount as the Jews do . Muhammad changed the direction of prayer for Muslims after a revelation from Allah . Jews traditionally regarded the location of the stone as the holiest spot on Earth , the site of the Holy of Holies during the Temple Period . According to Jewish tradition , the stone is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac . On the walls of the Dome of the Rock is an inscription in a mosaic frieze that includes an explicit rejection of the divinity of Christ , from Quran ( 19 : 33 -- 35 ) : 33 . `` So peace is upon me the day I was born , and the day I die , and the day I shall be raised alive ! '' 34 . Such is Jesus , son of Mary . It is a statement of truth , about which they doubt . 35 . It is not befitting to ( the majesty of ) Allah that He should take himself a child . Glory be to Him ! when He determines a matter , He only says to it , `` Be '' , and it is . According to Goitein , the inscriptions decorating the interior clearly display a spirit of polemic against Christianity , whilst stressing at the same time the Qur'anic doctrine that Jesus was a true prophet . The formula la sharika lahu ( `` God has no companion '' ) is repeated five times ; the verses from Sura Maryam 19 : 35 -- 37 , which strongly reaffirm Jesus ' prophethood to God , are quoted together with the prayer : Allahumma salli ala rasulika wa'abdika ' Isa bin Maryam -- `` O Lord , send your blessings to your Prophet and Servant Jesus son of Mary . '' He believes that this shows that rivalry with Christendom , together with the spirit of Muslim mission to the Christians , was at work at the time of construction . The Temple Institute wishes to relocate the Dome to another site and replace it with a Third Temple . Many Israelis are ambivalent about the Movement 's wishes . Some religious Jews , following rabbinic teaching , believe that the Temple should only be rebuilt in the messianic era , and that it would be presumptuous of people to force God 's hand . However , some Evangelical Christians consider rebuilding of the Temple to be a prerequisite to Armageddon and the Second Coming . Jeremy Gimpel , a US - born candidate for Habayit Hayehudi in the 2013 Israeli elections , caused a controversy when he was recorded telling a Fellowship Church evangelical group in Florida in 2011 to imagine the incredible experience that would follow were the Dome to be destroyed . All Christians would be immediately transported to Israel , he opined . Architectural homages The Dome of the Rock has inspired the architecture of a number of buildings . These include the octagonal Church of St. Giacomo in Italy , the Mausoleum of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul , the octagonal Moorish Revival style Rumbach Street Synagogue in Budapest , and the New Synagogue in Berlin , Germany . It was long believed by Christians that the Dome of the Rock echoed the architecture of the Temple in Jerusalem , as can be seen in Raphael 's The Marriage of the Virgin and in Perugino 's Marriage of the Virgin . Panorama of the Temple Mount , including Al - Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock , from the Mount of Olives Images The Interior of the Dome The Dome itself Ornaments and writing inside the Dome More detailed image Foundation stone of the Dome Interior Vector See also Islam portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Ablaq Abomination of desolation History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes List of the oldest mosques in the world New Jerusalem Well of Souls Notes Jump up ^ Gil , Moshe ( 1997 ) . A History of Palestine , 634 -- 1099 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59984 - 9 . Jump up ^ Slavik , Diane ( 2001 ) . Cities through Time : Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem . Geneva , Illinois : Runestone Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 3218 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Avner , Rina ( 2010 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem '' ( PDF ) . Muqarnas . Volume 27 : An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World . Leiden : Brill . pp. 31 -- 50 ( 43 -- 44 ) . ISBN 978 - 900418511 - 1 . JSTOR 25769691 . Jump up ^ M. Anwarul Islam and Zaid F. Al - hamad ( 2007 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock : Origin of its octagonal plan '' . Palestine Exploration Quarterly . 139 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Nasser Rabbat ( 1989 ) . `` The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock '' . Muqarnas. 6 : 12 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Carol Delaney , Abraham on Trial : The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth , Princeton University Press 2000 p. 120 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( 29 January 2001 ) . `` Arafat 's Gift '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 11 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO World Heritage '' . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Aelia Capitolina '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 256 . Lester L. Grabbe ( 2010 ) . An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism : History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah , the Maccabees , Hillel , and Jesus . A&C Black . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz Pilgrimage : From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , Inc , Santa Barbara , CA 2002 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem , and committed this task to Alypius of Antioch . Alypius set vigorously to work , and was seconded by the governor of the province , when fearful balls of fire , breaking out near the foundations , continued their attacks , till the workmen , after repeated scorchings , could approach no more : and he gave up the attempt . '' Ammianus Marcellinus , Res Gestae , 23.1. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Jacob Lassner : Muslims on the sanctity of Jerusalem : preliminary thoughts on the search for a conceptual framework . In : Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam . Band 31 ( 2006 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Vogüé 1864 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Oleg Grabar : The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock . Jump up ^ Busse , Heribert ( 1991 ) . `` Zur Geschichte und Deutung der frühislamischen Ḥarambauten in Jerusalem '' . Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina - Vereins ( in German ) . 107 : 144 -- 154 . JSTOR 27931418 . Jump up ^ Richard Ettinghausen ; Oleg Grabar ; Marilyn Jenkins ( 2001 ) . Islamic Art and Architecture 650 -- 1250 . Yale University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08869 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Drawings of Islamic Buildings : Dome of the Rock , Jerusalem '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Until 1833 the Dome of the Rock had not been measured or drawn ; according to Victor von Hagen , ' no architect had ever sketched its architecture , no antiquarian had traced its interior design ... ' On 13 November in that year , however , Frederick Catherwood dressed up as an Egyptian officer and accompanied by an Egyptian servant ' of great courage and assurance ' , entered the buildings of the mosque with his drawing materials ... ' During six weeks , I continued to investigate every part of the mosque and its precincts . ' Thus , Catherwood made the first complete survey of the Dome of the Rock , and paved the way for many other artists in subsequent years , such as William Harvey , Ernest Richmond and Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner . ^ Jump up to : Goitein , Shelomo Dov ( 1950 ) . `` The historical background of the erection of the Dome of the Rock '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 70 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 108 . JSTOR 595539 . Jump up ^ `` Dome of the Rock '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Amiran , D.H.K. ; Arieh , E. ; Turcotte , T. ( 1994 ) . `` Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas : macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.E. '' . Israel Exploration Journal . 44 ( 3 / 4 ) : 260 -- 305 ( 267 ) . JSTOR 27926357 . Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney . God 's Battalions ; a Case for the Crusades. Harper Collins , NY , 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Clermont - Ganneau 1899 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ St. Laurent , Beatrice ; Riedlmayer , András ( 1993 ) . `` Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and their political significance , 1537 -- 1928 '' ( PDF ) . In Necipoğlu , Gülru . Muqarnas . Volume 10 : Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar . Leiden : Brill . pp. 76 -- 84 . JSTOR 1523174 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Jerusalem : A Fight Over Sacred Turf by Sandra Scham '' . Archaeology.org . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. `` Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem -- kinghussein.gov.jo -- Retrieved 21 January 2008 '' . Kinghussein.gov.jo . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem 's Holy Places and the Peace Process Marshall J. Breger and Thomas A. Idinopulos , Washington Institute for Near East Policy , 1998 . Jump up ^ Browning , Noah ( 15 August 2012 ) . `` Palestinians flock to Jerusalem as Israeli restrictions eased -- Yahoo ! News '' . News.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Zivotofsky . `` Tzarich Iyun : The Har HaBayit -- OU Torah '' . OU Torah . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Braswell , G. Islam -- Its Prophets , People , Politics and Power . Nashville , TN : Broadman and Holman Publishers . 1996 . p. 14 Jump up ^ Ali , A . The Holy Qur'an -- Translation and Commentary . Bronx , NY : Islamic Propagation Centre International . 1946 . pp. 1625 -- 31 Jump up ^ `` Me'raj -- The Night Ascension '' . Al-islam.org . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meraj Article '' . Duas.org . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Yakub of Syria ( Ka'b al - Ahbar ) Last Jewish Attempt at Islamic Leadership Committee for Historical Research in Islam and Judaism , © 2004 -- 2012 , accessed July 2013 . `` He continued to follow Rabbinic tradition such that later Islamic historians questioned whether he ever ' converted ' to Islam . '' Jump up ^ raisa ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` ' Third Temple ' crowdfunding plan aims to relocate Jerusalem 's Dome of the Rock '' ( Text ) . The Stream - Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Stephen Spector , Evangelicals and Israel : The Story of American Christian Zionism , Oxford University Press , 2008 p. 202 . Jump up ^ Andrew Esensten U.S. - born Knesset candidate , Jeremy Gimpel , and his Dome of the Rock ' joke ' , Haaretz 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Burckhardt , Jacob ; Peter Murray ; James C. Palmes ( 1986 ) . The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance . University of Chicago Press . p. 81 . References Creswell , K.A.C. ( 1924 ) . The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock ( 2 Volumes ) . London : British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem . OCLC 5862604 . Peterson , Andrew ( 1994 ) . Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06084 - 2 Braswell , G. ( 1996 ) . Islam -- Its Prophets , People , Politics and Power . Nashville , TN : Broadman and Holman Publishers . Clermont - Ganneau , Charles ( 1899 ) . `` Chapter VIII The Kubbet es Sakhra '' . Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873 -- 1874 . Volume 1 . London : Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund . pp. 179 -- 227 . Necipoğlu , Gülru ( 2008 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock as palimpsest : ' Abd al - Malik 's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman 's glosses '' ( PDF ) . In Necipoğlu , Gülru ; Bailey , Julia . Muqarnas : An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World . Volume 25 . Leiden : Brill . pp. 17 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 900417327 - 9 . Ali , A. ( 1946 ) . The Holy Qur'an -- Translation and Commentary . Bronx , NY : Islamic Propagation Centre International . Islam , M. Anwarul ; Al - Hamad , Zaid ( 2007 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock : origin of its octagonal plan '' . Palestine Exploration Quarterly . 139 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128 . doi : 10.1179 / 003103207x194145 . Christoph Luxenberg : Neudeutung der arabischen Inschrift im Felsendom zu Jerusalem . In : Karl - Heinz Ohlig / Gerd - R. Puin ( Hg . ) : Die dunklen Anfänge . Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam , Berlin ( Verlag Hans Schiler ) 2005 , S. 124 -- 147 . English version : `` A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem 's Dome of the Rock '' . In : Karl - Heinz Ohlig / Gerd - R. Puin ( eds . ) : The Hidden Origins of Islam : New Research into Its Early History , Amherst , N.Y. ( Prometheus Books ) 2010 Vogüé , Melchior de ( 1864 ) . Le Temple de Jérusalem : monographie du Haram - ech - Chérif , suivie d'un essai sur la topographie de la Ville - sainte ( in French ) . Paris : Noblet & Baudry . Further reading Grabar , Oleg ( 2006 ) . The Dome of the Rock . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02313 - 0 . Flood , Finbarr B. ( 2000 ) . `` The Ottoman windows in the Dome of the Rock and the Aqsa Mosque '' ( PDF ) . In Auld , Sylvia ; Hillenbrand , Robert . Ottoman Jerusalem : The Living City : 1517 -- 1917 . Volume 1 . London : Altajir World of Islam Trust . pp. 431 -- 463 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901435 - 03 - 0 . Kessler , Christel ( 1964 ) . `` Above the ceiling of the outer ambulatory in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 3 / 4 ) : 83 -- 94 . JSTOR 25202759 . Kessler , Christel ( 1970 ) . `` ' Abd Al - Malik 's inscription in the Dome of the Rock : a reconsideration '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1 ) : 2 -- 14 . JSTOR 25203167 . Richmond , Ernest Tatham ( 1924 ) . The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem : A Description of its Structure and Decoration . Oxford : Clarendon Press . St. Laurent , Beatrice ( 1998 ) . `` The Dome of the Rock and the politics of restoration '' . Bridgewater Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 14 -- 20 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dome of the Rock . `` Qubba al - Sakhra , Jerusalem '' . Archnet Digital Archive . Dome of the Rock Sacred sites The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture Ochs , Christoph ( 2010 ) . `` Dome of the Rock '' . Bibledex in Israel . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . Allen , Terry ( 2014 ) . `` The Marble Revetment of the Piers of the Dome of the Rock '' . Occidental , CA : Solipsist Press . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Temple Mount Al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Fountain of Qasim Pasha Murabitat Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Walls Western Wall Little Western Wall Dung Gate Heritage Foundation Modesty guard Mughrabi Bridge Paratroopers at the Western Wall Placing notes Platoon of the Wall Pro -- Wailing Wall Committee Western Stone Western Wall camera Wilson 's Arch Women for the Wall Western Wall Tunnel Other walls Eastern Wall Southern Wall Hall of Hewn Stones Temples Solomon 's Temple Second Temple Third Temple The Temple Institute Archaeological remnants Dome of the Rock Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountain of Qayt Bay Antiquities Foundation Stone Acra Antonia Fortress Birket Israel Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount Excavations Hasmonean Baris Minarets Monastery of the Virgins Pool of Raranj Ptolemaic Baris Robinson 's Arch Royal Stoa Solomon 's Stables Struthion Pool Temple Mount Sifting Project Gates Al - Mawazin Golden Gate Huldah Gates Warren 's Gate Conflicts Assassination of Abdullah I 1990 Temple Mount riots 2009 Temple Mount riots 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2017 Temple Mount shooting See also Status quo of Holy Land sites Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Islamic Museum Islamization Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement Entry restrictions Templum Domini Temple Denial Well of Souls Islamic structures on the Temple Mount Under the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf and the Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mosque al - Aqsa Mosque Al - Qibli Chapel Marwani Prayer Hall Domes Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Fountains Fountain of Qasim Pasha Fountain of Qayt Bay Pool of Raranj Other structures Islamic Museum Al - Mawazin Minarets Minaret of Israel Bab al - Silsila Minaret Ghawanima Minaret al - Fakhariyya Minaret See also Islamization of the Temple Mount Jerusalem Islamic Waqf Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites Old City of Jerusalem and its walls World Heritage Site by UNESCO since 1981 Judaism ( Sephardic / Ashke - nazi Chief Rabbis ) General Southern Wall Western Wall Western Wall Tunnel Little Western Wall Orthodox Jewish Hurva Synagogue Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue Ramban Synagogue Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue Ari Synagogue Four Sephardic Synagogues Ohr ha - Chaim Synagogue Tzuf Dvash Synagogue Areas , quarters Christian Quarter Muristan Muslim Quarter Armenian Quarter Jewish Quarter Temple Mount Gates 1 . Jaffa 2 . Zion 3 . Dung 4 . Golden 5 . Lions 6 . Herod 7 . Damascus 8 . New ( Double , Single , Tanners ' ) Al - Mawazin Surrounding streets , roads : Hativat Yerushalayim HaTsanhanim Jaffa Road Jericho Ma'ale HaShalom Ofel Sultan Suleiman Christianity `` Status quo '' Church of the Holy Sepulchre Deir Es - Sultan Via Dolorosa See also : New Church of the Theotokos Catholic ( Custody of the Holy Land ) Latin ( Patriarch ) Chapel of Simon of Cyrene Monastery of the Flagellation Church of the Condemnation Church of the Flagellation Church of the Holy Family Church of Saint James Intercisus Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus Church of Saint Mary of the Germans Church of Saint Mary of the Latins Convent of the Sisters of Zion Church of Ecce Homo Monastery of Saint Saviour Church of Saint Anne Templum Domini Melkite Catholic ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of the Annunciation Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of Sorrows Eastern Orthodox Greek Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Church of Saint John the Baptist Oriental Orthodox Armenian Orthodox ( Patriarch ) Cathedral of Saint James Church of the Holy Archangels Church of Saint Toros Syriac Orthodox Monastery of Saint Mark Protestant Anglican Communion Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East Christ Church Lutheran Evangelical Church in Germany Church of the Redeemer Islam ( Sunni Islamic Grand Mufti ) Noble Sanctuary ( Waqf ) Al - Aqsa Mosque Dome of the Ascension Dome of the Chain Dome of al - Khalili Dome of the Prophet Dome of the Rock Dome of Yusuf Marwani Mosque Other Al - Buraq Mosque Al - Yaqoubi Mosque Al - Khanqah al - Salahiyya Mosque Mosque of Omar Remnants or rebuilt buildings in italic ( governing authority in small ) Jerusalem portal Israel portal Palestine portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal WorldCat Identities GND : 4387050 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 2288 6525 VIAF : 134358038 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dome_of_the_Rock&oldid=865740290 '' Categories : Religious buildings with domes 691 7th - century religious buildings Arabic architecture Castles and fortifications of the Knights Templar Islamic architecture Islam in Jerusalem Octagonal buildings Shrines in Jerusalem Temple Mount Tiling Umayyad architecture 690s establishments Entering Heaven alive Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use dmy dates from July 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles needing the year an event occurred from September 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Ladino Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 文言 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the dome of the rock painted gold | [
"Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces,[3] although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[3]\n",
"Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces,[3] although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[3]\n"
] | [
"1959–61",
"1993"
] |
-7977962076555528770 | 2017 World Series | 2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series For other uses , see 2017 World Series ( disambiguation ) . 2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series 2018 → The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series , it was played between October 24 and November 1 . The series was a best - of - seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League ( AL ) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers , four games to three , to win their first World Series in franchise history , also becoming the first team from Texas to do so . It was the first time since 2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games . Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series , including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros , and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark . Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home - field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners . From 1903 to 2002 , home - field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL . From 2003 to 2016 , it was determined by results from that season 's All - Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league . The Dodgers earned home - field advantage over the Astros . The series was played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , with the Dodgers hosting Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 ; and the Astros hosting Games 3 , 4 , and 5 . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 Impact and aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup , and second postseason meeting overall , between the Astros and Dodgers . Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year . The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie - breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall , in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season . The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91 -- 36 record through August 25 . They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . In the postseason , the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year 's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games . This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988 , the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958 , and the 19th overall . Entering the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings , a postseason record for a bullpen . Additionally , by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48 -- 19 margin , the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third - best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995 . All - Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury , was included on the Dodgers ' World Series roster . Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series , as well as the fourth African - American manager . Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101 -- 61 regular season record , the team won its first American League West title , and their first division title since 2001 . In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in seven games . This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League . The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong '' on the bottom of the patch , as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team was n't just playing for a title , but to help boost moral support for the city . On August 31 , just seconds before the midnight deadline , the Astros traded for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander . Following the trade , including the regular season and postseason to this point , Verlander had posted a 9 -- 0 win - loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series , 4 -- 3 . Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 24 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2 : 28 54,253 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 ( 11 ) Dodger Stadium 4 : 19 54,293 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 , Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3 : 46 43,282 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 , Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3 : 06 43,322 5 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12 , Houston Astros -- 13 ( 10 ) Minute Maid Park 5 : 17 43,300 6 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3 : 22 54,128 7 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5 , Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3 : 37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F - 16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2 . Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family , including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson 's death , and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr. , a gospel singer , performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem . Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims , threw out the first pitch . The ball was given to him by Astros ' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris . Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven - year - old girl from Nevada , threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand . The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet . Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch . His father , former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball . Justin Verlander caught the pitch . Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem . Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers ' 1988 World Series title , each threw out the ceremonial first pitch . Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem . Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem . The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well . Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1 . October 24 , 2017 , 5 : 11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Dallas Keuchel ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Alex Bregman ( 1 ) LAD : Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) , which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded . Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers , while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros . Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel 's first pitch of the game . It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history ( following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ) . Alex Bregman hit a tying home run for the Astros in the fourth inning . In the sixth inning , Justin Turner hit a go - ahead two - run home run for the Dodgers . Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in ( RBIs ) in Dodgers postseason history with 26 . Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in 6 ⁄ innings . Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two - hour , 28 - minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game - winning run in Game 2 . October 25 , 2017 , 5 : 17 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) , clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Brandon McCarthy ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : HOU : Marwin González ( 1 ) , José Altuve ( 1 ) , Carlos Correa ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) Attendance : 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros . The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning . Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth . Joc Pederson tied the game with a home run in the bottom of the fifth inning , and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two - run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning . Verlander allowed two hits , both home runs , in his six innings pitched . Carlos Correa drove in the Astros ' second run of the game on a single in the eighth , ending the Dodgers bullpen 's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason . Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game . This was only Jansen 's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities , a major league record . The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead . In the bottom of the inning , Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game , with the latter being the Dodgers ' first run that was not driven in by a home run . In the next inning , George Springer hit a two - run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game . This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth , tenth and eleventh inning . The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history , regular season or postseason , that five home runs were hit in extra innings . The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3 . October 27 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Brad Peacock ( 1 ) Home runs : LAD : None HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros . The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman . Darvish left the game after 1 ⁄ innings , which was the shortest outing of his career . The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks . The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5 ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits . Brad Peacock replaced McCullers , completing the final 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save . It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save , first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run . He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy '' ; Darvish is from Japan . Gurriel apologized , and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba , although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there . As a result , Rob Manfred , the Commissioner of Baseball , suspended Gurriel for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay , but allowed him to continue playing in the World Series . Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three - run home run in Game 4 . October 28 , 2017 , 7 : 20 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ken Giles ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Joc Pederson ( 2 ) HOU : George Springer ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) Attendance : 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros . Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame . It was the only hit Wood allowed in 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game . Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh . Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6 ⁄ innings . Bellinger then drove in the go - ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three - run homer by Pederson . Bregman hit a home run off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth inning , but the Dodgers won the game to even up the series . The Astros had two hits in the game ; both were home runs . This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners . After Game 4 , both teams ' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros , commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season . Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game - winning run in Game 5 . October 29 , 2017 , 7 : 21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston , Texas , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Kenley Jansen ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : LAD : Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) HOU : Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , George Springer ( 3 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5 , in a rematch of the opening game of the series . Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early . A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel . Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe . Keuchel pitched 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros , allowing five hits and four runs ( three earned ) . The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning , followed by a three - run home run by Gurriel to tie the game . Bellinger hit a three - run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three - run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up . Kershaw pitched 4 ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks . A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base . In the bottom of the seventh inning , Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow , who was pitching for the third consecutive day , to tie the game . Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game , and then Correa hit a two - run home run to extend the lead . Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning , but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning . That was the 21st home run of the series , tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . Down to their last strike , Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single . In the tenth inning , McCann was hit by a pitch to put him on base with two outs . Subsequently , Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base . McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch , Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run . The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game , the other was the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15 -- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record . This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run ( 14 to date in the World Series ) . With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game , this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14 -- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes , making it the second longest World Series game in history by time . Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two - inning save in Game 6 . October 31 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 67 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : Justin Verlander ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Kenley Jansen ( 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 4 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) Attendance : 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game : Verlander and Hill . Springer hit a home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night . It was Springer 's fourth homer of the series , tied for third all - time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a World Series . Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series . The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning , but did not score . Hill pitched 4 ⁄ innings , struck out five and allowed four hits and one run . In the sixth inning , Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead . Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed . Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save . Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit . Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter , set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game . Game 7 ( edit ) George Springer hit his fifth home run in Game 7 , tying the World Series record . November 1 , 2017 , 5 : 21 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , California , 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) , partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Yu Darvish ( 0 -- 2 ) Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) LAD : None Attendance : 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium ( and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS , and the Dodgers ' first World Series Game 7 since 1965 ) . It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season . This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back - to - back Fall Classics had a Game 7 . The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game : McCullers and Darvish . Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger , which allowed Bregman to reach second base . Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout . McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers . Springer hit a two - run home run , his fifth of the series , tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series . As in Game 3 , Darvish lasted only 1 ⁄ innings ( tying the shortest outing of his career ) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series , and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series . Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series , joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series . McCullers lasted only 2 ⁄ innings himself ; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters . This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning . The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings . Ethier , pinch hitting , scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers ' only run . They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game . Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game , and in the process , he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout . Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win , as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game , with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history , and ending their 56 - year drought . Springer won the World Series MVP Award . After Game 7 , the trophy presention , usually taking place in the locker room whenever the visiting team clinches the series , took place on the losing team 's field for the first time ever before a small crowd of mostly Astros fans that remained as most Dodgers fans left the stadium . Correa proposed to his girlfriend , 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal . She accepted . Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series ( 4 -- 3 ) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU : George Springer ( 5 ) , José Altuve ( 2 ) , Alex Bregman ( 2 ) , Carlos Correa ( 2 ) , Yuli Gurriel ( 2 ) , Marwin González ( 1 ) , Brian McCann ( 1 ) LAD : Joc Pederson ( 3 ) , Yasiel Puig ( 2 ) , Cody Bellinger ( 1 ) , Charlie Culberson ( 1 ) , Corey Seager ( 1 ) , Chris Taylor ( 1 ) , Justin Turner ( 1 ) Total attendance : 346,702 Average attendance : 49,529 Winning player 's share : $438,901.57 . Losing player 's share : $259,722.14 . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play - by - play announcer , along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters . For Fox Deportes , Rolando Nichols provided play - by - play while Carlos Álvarez and Edgar Gonzalez provided color commentary . Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows , joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States , MLB International televised the series , with Matt Vasgersian on play - by - play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary . Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information : World Series television ratings According to Nielsen ratings , this series was the third highest rated since 2005 , trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year , a World Series game , Game 5 , beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) U.S. audience ( in millions ) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English , with Dan Shulman providing the play - by - play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst . Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network , while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada , as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app . Spanish - language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández announcing . Locally , both teams ' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers . Sportstalk 790 aired the English - language broadcast for the Houston area , with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games . In Los Angeles , AM 570 LA Sports aired the English - language broadcast , with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing . In Spanish , Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast , with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call . In Korean , Radio Korea 1540 aired the series , with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth . Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time , MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series ; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first - ever presenting sponsor of the World Series . The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in - stadium and on official digital properties , as well as commercial inventory during Fox 's telecasts of the games . Impact and aftermath ( edit ) The Astros earned $30,420,155.57 from postseason pool money to split among team personnel ; each share was worth $438,901.57 . The Dodgers received $20,280,103.72 , with shares of $259,722.14 The sportsbooks in Nevada lost $11.4 million in November 2017 , a record for baseball - related betting . The city of Houston held a parade for the Astros on November 3 , 2017 , which Mayor Sylvester Turner proclaimed was `` Houston Astros ' Day '' . An estimated 750,000 to one million attended the parade . Springer and Altuve appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 's November 13 , 2017 , issue , with Altuve holding the Commissioner 's Trophy and Springer holding a copy of a Sports Illustrated from 2014 that predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994 , when the World Series was not held Jump up ^ The Astros moved to the American League West from the National League Central before the 2013 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Daniel ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overview of World Series home - field advantage '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers complete record - setting World Series '' . ESPN . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Castrovince , Anthony ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer wins World Series MVP , ties record with five homers '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` 1994 strike most embarrassing moment in MLB history '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` The meaning of home - field advantage : For the first time in World Series history , Game 1 belongs to the team with the best record '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Dayn ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who has home - field advantage in the World Series ? The Dodgers , and here 's why : The process for determining home - field advantage in the World Series is different in 2017 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Whicker : Dodgers , Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers , Astros renew rivalry in World Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ; Randhawa , Manny ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers joins 100 - win Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100 - win teams in 47 years '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Best team ever ? ' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Real or not ? Best Dodgers team ever , Yankees in trouble '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers clinch fifth consecutive NL West title with 4 - 2 victory over Giants '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Muskat , Carrie ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood & Vines : LA wins NLCS at Wrigley ! '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra , J.P. ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers in the World Series : a brief history '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers bullpen sets record for consecutive scoreless innings in a postseason '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer , Bill ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers ' World Series roster '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Astros clinch first AL West title , first division title overall since 2001 : The Astros have their first division title since moving to the AL in 2013 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woo , Jeremy . `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves , sends Astros to series '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy , Randy ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` A look back : Astros 2005 World Series run '' . KPRC - TV . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : Four facts that make the Astros - Dodgers clash historic '' . USA Today . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue , Frank ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane - ravaged Houston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last - minute deadline stunner '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 : A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Matt ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 2 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 5 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 6 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore : Houston vs. Los Angeles , Game 7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rhiannon ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jackie Robinson 's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series '' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr . Sings National Anthem at Game 1 '' . Billboard . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( @ brianmctaggart ) ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` On Friday , Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3 '' . ESPN . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7 - year - old with 3 - D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch '' . CBS News . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand '' . ESPN . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain , Kevin ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` World Series : George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Mark . `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers '' . AXS . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sandy Koufax , Don Newcombe , Rick Monday , and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7 's ceremonial first pitch '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo , Julia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` 103 - degree heat shatters World Series record '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela , Ashley ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle , Bradford ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kershaw aces Astros , rewrites October reputation in Dodgers ' Game 1 win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Red hot ! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros , Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2 '' . ESPN . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Astros , Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 : Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros : Game 3 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Darvish has shortest outing of career in first World Series start ; Astros top Dodgers 5 - 3 in Game 3 '' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Astros rock Darvish , power their way to 2 -- 1 lead over Dodgers '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3 : Los Angeles Dodgers 3 -- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros use 1 -- 2 punch to take 2 -- 1 WS lead '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Peacock 's relief performance a Series classic : Astros righty delivers 3 2 / 3 hitless , scoreless innings for first career save '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Dylan ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel 's dugout squint '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott . `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel 's insensitive gesture '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Yuli Gurriel wo n't be suspended for any World Series games , MLB rules '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan , Greg ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4 : Los Angeles Dodgers 6 -- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ; McTaggart , Brian ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers break Astros ' home spell , even Series '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa , Manny ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5 : Los Angeles Dodgers 12 -- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber , Scott ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk - off fashion to take World Series lead '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Axisa , Mike ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dodgers - Astros Game 5 : What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't make this up ! Astros earn insane W '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game , Combined '' . ESPN . Associates Press . October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series : 11 crazy facts from Astros ' insane Game 5 win vs. Dodgers '' . Usatoday.com . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever . But it was an instant classic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Dodgers vs Astros Game 6 : Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info ( @ ESPNStatsInfo ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace ( 1972 ) as the only players to hit 4 game - tying or go - ahead home runs in a # WorldSeries '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats ( @ HighHeatStats ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series : Hank Bauer 1958 , won series Barry Bonds 2002 , lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017 , ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6 : Houston Astros 1 -- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken and Brian McTaggart ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA solves JV ! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers , Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7 '' . Fox Sports . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin , Marc ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Waldstein , David ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` World Series 2017 : Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7 : Houston Astros 5 - 1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record '' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Stefan ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live , post-game proposal to girlfriend '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Eric ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` World Series schedule 2017 : Dodgers vs. Astros '' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffarth , Tom ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hoffarth on the media : Fox Deportes ' Nichols fills important role in 2017 Serie Mundial '' . Daily News . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Channel is the World Series ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lucia , Joe ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third - highest viewership since 2005 '' . Awful Announcing . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Posts Second - Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Scores Second - Best Saturday Audience Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series Third - Best in Decade Entering Game 6 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Astros - Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros : Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule '' . LATF . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry . `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton , Terry ; Ourand , John . `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MLB postseason shares : Astros to split record $30.42 million '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros ' title results in $11.4 million baseball loss for Las Vegas sportsbooks in November '' . Espn.com . December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian . `` Houston pays tribute to Astros with parade '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Matt ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Astros ' Jose Altuve , George Springer make Sports Illustrated cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2017 World Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate , or in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book : World Series Category : World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox ( 1996 -- present ) FS1 ( 2014 -- present ) FS2 ( 2014 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2012 -- present ) Fox Family Channel ( 2001 ) Fox Sports Net ( 1997 -- 1999 ) FX ( 1997 ) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998 -- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998 -- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox / MyTV O&O Stations New York City : WNYW 5 ( Yankees , 1999 -- 2001 ) , WWOR 9 ( N.Y. 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Hinch Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Houston Astros Established in 1962 Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! 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Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros DSL Astros Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Los Angeles Dodgers Established in 1884 Formerly the Brooklyn Robins and the Brooklyn Dodgers Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise History in Brooklyn History in Los Angeles Seasons Award winners Records No - hitters Players First - round draft picks Managers Owners and executives Coaches Broadcasters Los Angeles Dodgers Radio Network SportsNet LA Hall of Famers Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Washington Park Eastern Park Ridgewood Park Washington Park Ebbets Field Roosevelt Stadium Proposed domed stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Dodger Stadium Spring training : Whittington Park Majestic Park Barrs Field Tinker Field Clearwater Athletic Field City Island Ball Park Gran Stadium de La Habana Holman Stadium Camelback Ranch Culture Dodger Dog The First Rick Monday saves the American flag Chavez Ravine Dodger blue `` I Love L.A. '' Roy Campanella Award Historic Dodgertown Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Nancy Bea Hilda Chester 2011 bankruptcy 42 Lore Chronicle - Telegraph Cup 1955 World Series Fernandomania Kirk Gibson 's 1988 World Series home run Orel Hershiser 's scoreless innings streak Sandy Koufax 's perfect game `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' NL tie - breaker games / series 1946 NL tie - breaker series 1951 NL tie - breaker series 1959 NL tie - breaker series 1962 NL tie - breaker series 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Rivalries San Francisco Giants Los Angeles Angels New York Yankees Subway Series Hall of Fame members Walter Alston Roy Campanella Don Drysdale Leo Durocher Burleigh Grimes Willie Keeler Sandy Koufax Vin Scully Tommy Lasorda Walter O'Malley Pee Wee Reese Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Wilbert Robinson Duke Snider Don Sutton Dazzy Vance Zack Wheat Key personnel Owner : Guggenheim Baseball Management President : Stan Kasten President of Baseball Operations : Andrew Friedman General Manager : Farhan Zaidi Manager : Dave Roberts World Series Championships ( 6 ) 1955 1959 1963 1965 1981 1988 League pennants ( 23 ) American Association : 1889 National League : 1890 1899 1900 1916 1920 1941 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1956 1959 1963 1965 1966 1977 1978 1981 1988 2017 Division titles ( 16 ) 1977 1978 1981 ( first half ) 1985 1988 1995 2008 2009 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2006 Minor league affiliates AAA : Oklahoma City Dodgers AA : Tulsa Drillers A Adv. : Rancho Cucamonga Quakes A : Great Lakes Loons Rookie Adv. : Ogden Raptors Rookie : AZL Dodgers DSL Dodgers Guerrero DSL Dodgers Robinson Minor League Rosters Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Series&oldid=856199932 '' Categories : 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series 2017 in sports in California 2017 in sports in Texas 2010s in Houston 2017 in Los Angeles October 2017 sports events in the United States November 2017 sports events in the United States Houston Astros postseason Los Angeles Dodgers postseason Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 15 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the world series last year in 2017 | [
"2017 World Series\n\nTeam (Wins)\n\nManager(s)\n SeasonHouston Astros (4)\n\nA. J. Hinch\n101–61 (.623)Los Angeles Dodgers (3)\n\nDave Roberts\n104–58 (.642)Dates\nOctober 24 – November 1MVP\nGeorge Springer (Houston)Umpires\nPhil Cuzzi (Games 1–2), Gerry Davis (crew chief), Laz Díaz, Dan Iassogna, Bill Miller, Paul Nauert, Mark Wegner (Games 3–7)[1]ALCS\nHouston Astros defeated New York Yankees, 4–3NLCS\nLos Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs, 4–1BroadcastTelevision\nFoxFox DeportesMLB InternationalTV announcers\nJoe Buck, John Smoltz, Ken Rosenthal, and Tom Verducci (Fox)Rolando Nichols, Carlos Álvarez, Edgar Gonzalez, and Jaime Motta (Fox Deportes)Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez (MLB International)Radio\nESPN RadioESPN Deportes RadioSportstalk 790 (HOU – English)FM 94.1 HD3 (HOU – Spanish)AM 570 LA Sports (LAD – English)Univision America 1020 (LAD – Spanish)Radio Korea 1540 (LAD – Korean)Radio announcers\nDan Shulman and Aaron Boone (ESPN)Eduardo Ortega, Renato Bermúdez, José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández (ESPN Deportes)Robert Ford and Steve Sparks (HOU – English)Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero (HOU – Spanish)Charley Steiner and Rick Monday (LAD – English)Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín (LAD – Spanish)Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim (LAD – Korean)World Series Program\n\n\n← 2016\nWorld Series\n2018 →\n"
] | [
"Houston Astros"
] |
-7048346033340327970 | Space exploration | Space exploration - Wikipedia Space exploration Jump to : navigation , search Saturn V rocket , used for the American manned lunar landing missions The Moon as seen in a digitally processed image from data collected during a spacecraft flyby Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology . While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes , the physical exploration of space is conducted both by unmanned robotic space probes and human spaceflight . While the observation of objects in space , known as astronomy , predates reliable recorded history , it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality . Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research , national prestige , uniting different nations , ensuring the future survival of humanity , and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries . Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War . The early era of space exploration was driven by a `` Space Race '' between the Soviet Union and the United States . The launch of the first human - made object to orbit Earth , the Soviet Union 's Sputnik 1 , on 4 October 1957 , and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period . The Soviet Space Program achieved many of the first milestones , including the first living being in orbit in 1957 , the first human spaceflight ( Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1 ) in 1961 , the first spacewalk ( by Aleksei Leonov ) on 18 March 1965 , the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966 , and the launch of the first space station ( Salyut 1 ) in 1971 . After the first 20 years of exploration , focus shifted from one - off flights to renewable hardware , such as the Space Shuttle program , and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station ( ISS ) . With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS - 133 in March 2011 , plans for space exploration by the US remain in flux . Constellation , a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009 . The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit ( LEO ) , envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020 , transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector , and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO , such as Earth -- Moon L1 , the Moon , Earth -- Sun L2 , near - Earth asteroids , and Phobos or Mars orbit . In the 2000s , the People 's Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program , while the European Union , Japan , and India have also planned future manned space missions . China , Russia , Japan , and India have advocated manned missions to the Moon during the 21st century , while the European Union has advocated manned missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20th / 21st century . From the 1990s onwards , private interests began promoting space tourism and then public space exploration of the Moon ( see Google Lunar X Prize ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of exploration in the 20th century 1.1 First flights 1.2 First human flights 1.3 First planetary explorations 1.4 Key people in early space exploration 1.4. 1 Other key people 2 Targets of exploration 2.1 The Sun 2.2 Mercury 2.3 Venus 2.4 Earth 2.4. 1 The Moon 2.5 Mars 2.5. 1 Phobos 2.6 Jupiter 2.7 Saturn 2.8 Uranus 2.9 Neptune 2.10 Other objects in the Solar System 2.10. 1 Pluto 2.10. 2 Asteroids and comets 2.11 Deep space exploration 3 Future of space exploration 3.1 AI in space exploration 3.1. 1 Autonomous system 3.1. 2 Benefits 3.1. 3 NASA 's Autonomous Science Experiment 3.2 Asteroids in space exploration 4 Rationales 5 Topics 5.1 Spaceflight 5.2 Satellites 5.3 Commercialization of space 5.4 Alien life 5.5 Living in space 6 See also 6.1 Robotic space exploration programs 6.2 Living in space 6.2. 1 Animals in space 6.2. 2 Humans in space 6.3 Recent and future developments 6.4 Other 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History of exploration in the 20th century ( edit ) See also : Timeline of space exploration , History of astronomy , Timeline of first orbital launches by country , and Outer space § Discovery The Paris Gun 's shells achieved sub-orbital flights over 40 km in altitude Most orbital flight actually takes place in upper layers of the atmosphere , especially in the thermosphere ( not to scale ) Timeline of Solar System exploration . In July 1950 the first Bumper rocket is launched from Cape Canaveral , Florida . The Bumper was a two - stage rocket consisting of a Post-War V - 2 topped by a WAC Corporal rocket . It could reach then - record altitudes of almost 400 km . Launched by General Electric Company , this Bumper was used primarily for testing rocket systems and for research on the upper atmosphere . They carried small payloads that allowed them to measure attributes including air temperature and cosmic ray impacts . The highest known projectiles prior to the rockets of the 1940s were the shells of the Paris Gun , a type of German long - range siege gun , which reached at least 40 kilometers altitude during World War One . Steps towards putting a human - made object into space were taken by German scientists during World War II while testing the V - 2 rocket , which became the first human - made object in space on 3 October 1942 with the launching of the A-4 . After the war , the U.S. used German scientists and their captured rockets in programs for both military and civilian research . The first scientific exploration from space was the cosmic radiation experiment launched by the U.S. on a V - 2 rocket on 10 May 1946 . The first images of Earth taken from space followed the same year while the first animal experiment saw fruit flies lifted into space in 1947 , both also on modified V - 2s launched by Americans . Starting in 1947 , the Soviets , also with the help of German teams , launched sub-orbital V - 2 rockets and their own variant , the R - 1 , including radiation and animal experiments on some flights . These suborbital experiments only allowed a very short time in space which limited their usefulness . First flights ( edit ) Sputnik 1 , the first artificial satellite orbited Earth at 939 to 215 km ( 583 to 134 mi ) in 1957 , and was soon followed by Sputnik 2 . See First satellite by country ( Replica Pictured ) Apollo CSM in lunar orbit Image of the Sun from 18 February 2015 Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt standing next to a boulder at Taurus - Littrow . The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik 1 ( `` Satellite 1 '' ) mission on 4 October 1957 . The satellite weighed about 83 kg ( 183 lb ) , and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km ( 160 mi ) . It had two radio transmitters ( 20 and 40 MHz ) , which emitted `` beeps '' that could be heard by radios around the globe . Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere , while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps . The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid . Sputnik 1 was launched by an R - 7 rocket . It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958 . The second one was Sputnik 2 . Launched by the USSR on November 3 , 1957 , it carried the dog Laika , who became the first animal in orbit . This success led to an escalation of the American space program , which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later . On 31 January 1958 , the U.S. successfully orbited Explorer 1 on a Juno rocket . First human flights ( edit ) The first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1 ( `` East 1 '' ) , carrying 27 - year - old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961 . The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe , lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes . Gagarin 's flight resonated around the world ; it was a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration : human spaceflight . The U.S. first launched a person into space within a month of Vostok 1 with Alan Shepard 's suborbital flight in Mercury - Redstone 3 . Orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenn 's Mercury - Atlas 6 orbited Earth on 20 February 1962 . Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman in space , orbited Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963 . China first launched a person into space 42 years after the launch of Vostok 1 , on 15 October 2003 , with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 ( Spaceboat 5 ) spacecraft . First planetary explorations ( edit ) The first artificial object to reach another celestial body was Luna 2 in 1959 . The first automatic landing on another celestial body was performed by Luna 9 in 1966 . Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon . The first manned landing on another celestial body was performed by Apollo 11 on 20 July 1969 . The first successful interplanetary flyby was the 1962 Mariner 2 flyby of Venus ( closest approach 34,773 kilometers ) . The other planets were first flown by in 1965 for Mars by Mariner 4 , 1973 for Jupiter by Pioneer 10 , 1974 for Mercury by Mariner 10 , 1979 for Saturn by Pioneer 11 , 1986 for Uranus by Voyager 2 , 1989 for Neptune by Voyager 2 . In 2015 , the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto were orbited by Dawn and passed by New Horizons , respectively . The first interplanetary surface mission to return at least limited surface data from another planet was the 1970 landing of Venera 7 on Venus which returned data to Earth for 23 minutes . In 1975 the Venera 9 was the first to return images from the surface of another planet . In 1971 the Mars 3 mission achieved the first soft landing on Mars returning data for almost 20 seconds . Later much longer duration surface missions were achieved , including over six years of Mars surface operation by Viking 1 from 1975 to 1982 and over two hours of transmission from the surface of Venus by Venera 13 in 1982 , the longest ever Soviet planetary surface mission . Key People in early space exploration ( edit ) The dream of stepping into the outer reaches of Earth 's atmosphere was driven by the fiction of Peter Francis Geraci and H.G. Wells , and rocket technology was developed to try to realize this vision . The German V - 2 was the first rocket to travel into space , overcoming the problems of thrust and material failure . During the final days of World War II this technology was obtained by both the Americans and Soviets as were its designers . The initial driving force for further development of the technology was a weapons race for intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) to be used as long - range carriers for fast nuclear weapon delivery , but in 1961 when the Soviet Union launched the first man into space , the United States declared itself to be in a `` Space Race '' with the Soviets . Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , Robert Goddard , Hermann Oberth , and Reinhold Tiling laid the groundwork of rocketry in the early years of the 20th century . Wernher von Braun was the lead rocket engineer for Nazi Germany 's World War II V - 2 rocket project . In the last days of the war he led a caravan of workers in the German rocket program to the American lines , where they surrendered and were brought to the USA to work on U.S. rocket development ( `` Operation Paperclip '' ) . He acquired American citizenship and led the team that developed and launched Explorer 1 , the first American satellite . Von Braun later led the team at NASA 's Marshall Space Flight Center which developed the Saturn V moon rocket . Initially the race for space was often led by Sergei Korolyov , whose legacy includes both the R7 and Soyuz -- which remain in service to this day . Korolev was the mastermind behind the first satellite , first man ( and first woman ) in orbit and first spacewalk . Until his death his identity was a closely guarded state secret ; not even his mother knew that he was responsible for creating the Soviet space program . Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program and was one of the lead architects behind the first human spaceflight ( Vostok 1 ) alongside Sergey Korolyov . After Korolyov 's death in 1966 , Kerimov became the lead scientist of the Soviet space program and was responsible for the launch of the first space stations from 1971 to 1991 , including the Salyut and Mir series , and their precursors in 1967 , the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188 . Other key People ( edit ) Valentin Glushko was Chief Engine Designer for the Soviet Union . Glushko designed many of the engines used on the early Soviet rockets , but was constantly at odds with Korolyov . Vasily Mishin was Chief Designer working under Sergey Korolyov and one of the first Soviets to inspect the captured German V - 2 design . Following the death of Sergei Korolev , Mishin was held responsible for the Soviet failure to be first country to place a man on the Moon . Robert Gilruth was the NASA head of the Space Task Force and director of 25 manned space flights . Gilruth was the person who suggested to John F. Kennedy that the Americans take the bold step of reaching the Moon in an attempt to reclaim space superiority from the Soviets . Christopher C. Kraft , Jr. was NASA 's first flight director , who oversaw development of Mission Control and associated technologies and procedures . Maxime Faget was the designer of the Mercury capsule ; he played a key role in designing the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft , and contributed to the design of the Space Shuttle . Susan Finley who designed the Deep Space Network , allowing communication from space to Earth . Targets of exploration ( edit ) The Sun ( edit ) Although the Sun will probably not be physically explored at all , the study of the Sun has nevertheless been a major focus of space exploration . Being above the atmosphere in particular and Earth 's magnetic field gives access to the solar wind and infrared and ultraviolet radiations that can not reach Earth 's surface . The Sun generates most space weather , which can affect power generation and transmission systems on Earth and interfere with , and even damage , satellites and space probes . Numerous spacecraft dedicated to observing the Sun , beginning with the Apollo Telescope Mount , have been launched and still others have had solar observation as a secondary objective . Parker Solar Probe , planned for a 2018 launch , will approach the Sun to within 1 / 8th the orbit of Mercury . MESSENGER image of Mercury Mercury ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Mercury Mercury remains the least explored of the inner planets . As of May 2013 , the Mariner 10 and MESSENGER missions have been the only missions that have made close observations of Mercury . MESSENGER entered orbit around Mercury in March 2011 , to further investigate the observations made by Mariner 10 in 1975 ( Munsell , 2006b ) . A MESSENGER image from 18,000 km showing a region about 500 km across A third mission to Mercury , scheduled to arrive in 2020 , BepiColombo is to include two probes . BepiColombo is a joint mission between Japan and the European Space Agency . MESSENGER and BepiColombo are intended to gather complementary data to help scientists understand many of the mysteries discovered by Mariner 10 's flybys . Flights to other planets within the Solar System are accomplished at a cost in energy , which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft , or delta - v. Due to the relatively high delta - v to reach Mercury and its proximity to the Sun , it is difficult to explore and orbits around it are rather unstable . Mariner 10 image of Venus Venus ( edit ) Main article : Observations and explorations of Venus Venus was the first target of interplanetary flyby and lander missions and , despite one of the most hostile surface environments in the Solar System , has had more landers sent to it ( nearly all from the Soviet Union ) than any other planet in the Solar System . The first successful Venus flyby was the American Mariner 2 spacecraft , which flew past Venus in 1962 . Mariner 2 has been followed by several other flybys by multiple space agencies often as part of missions using a Venus flyby to provide a gravitational assist en route to other celestial bodies . In 1967 Venera 4 became the first probe to enter and directly examine the atmosphere of Venus . In 1970 , Venera 7 became the first successful lander to reach the surface of Venus and by 1985 it had been followed by eight additional successful Soviet Venus landers which provided images and other direct surface data . Starting in 1975 with the Soviet orbiter Venera 9 some ten successful orbiter missions have been sent to Venus , including later missions which were able to map the surface of Venus using radar to pierce the obscuring atmosphere . First television image of Earth from space The Blue Marble Earth picture taken during Apollo 17 Earth ( edit ) Main article : Earth observation satellite Space exploration has been used as a tool to understand Earth as a celestial object in its own right . Orbital missions can provide data for Earth that can be difficult or impossible to obtain from a purely ground - based point of reference . For example , the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts was unknown until their discovery by the United States ' first artificial satellite , Explorer 1 . These belts contain radiation trapped by Earth 's magnetic fields , which currently renders construction of habitable space stations above 1000 km impractical . Following this early unexpected discovery , a large number of Earth observation satellites have been deployed specifically to explore Earth from a space based perspective . These satellites have significantly contributed to the understanding of a variety of Earth - based phenomena . For instance , the hole in the ozone layer was found by an artificial satellite that was exploring Earth 's atmosphere , and satellites have allowed for the discovery of archeological sites or geological formations that were difficult or impossible to otherwise identify . The Moon ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of the Moon Apollo 16 LEM Orion , the Lunar Roving Vehicle and astronaut John Young The Moon The Moon was the first celestial body to be the object of space exploration . It holds the distinctions of being the first remote celestial object to be flown by , orbited , and landed upon by spacecraft , and the only remote celestial object ever to be visited by humans . In 1959 the Soviets obtained the first images of the far side of the Moon , never previously visible to humans . The U.S. exploration of the Moon began with the Ranger 4 impactor in 1962 . Starting in 1966 the Soviets successfully deployed a number of landers to the Moon which were able to obtain data directly from the Moon 's surface ; just four months later , Surveyor 1 marked the debut of a successful series of U.S. landers . The Soviet unmanned missions culminated in the Lunokhod program in the early 1970s , which included the first unmanned rovers and also successfully brought lunar soil samples to Earth for study . This marked the first ( and to date the only ) automated return of extraterrestrial soil samples to Earth . Unmanned exploration of the Moon continues with various nations periodically deploying lunar orbiters , and in 2008 the Indian Moon Impact Probe . Manned exploration of the Moon began in 1968 with the Apollo 8 mission that successfully orbited the Moon , the first time any extraterrestrial object was orbited by humans . In 1969 , the Apollo 11 mission marked the first time humans set foot upon another world . Manned exploration of the Moon did not continue for long , however . The Apollo 17 mission in 1972 marked the most recent human visit there , and the next , Exploration Mission 2 , is due to orbit the Moon in 2021 . Robotic missions are still pursued vigorously . Mars as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope Mars ( edit ) Surface of Mars by the Spirit rover in 2004 Main article : Exploration of Mars The exploration of Mars has been an important part of the space exploration programs of the Soviet Union ( later Russia ) , the United States , Europe , Japan and India . Dozens of robotic spacecraft , including orbiters , landers , and rovers , have been launched toward Mars since the 1960s . These missions were aimed at gathering data about current conditions and answering questions about the history of Mars . The questions raised by the scientific community are expected to not only give a better appreciation of the red planet but also yield further insight into the past , and possible future , of Earth . The exploration of Mars has come at a considerable financial cost with roughly two - thirds of all spacecraft destined for Mars failing before completing their missions , with some failing before they even began . Such a high failure rate can be attributed to the complexity and large number of variables involved in an interplanetary journey , and has led researchers to jokingly speak of The Great Galactic Ghoul which subsists on a diet of Mars probes . This phenomenon is also informally known as the `` Mars Curse '' . In contrast to overall high failure rates in the exploration of Mars , India has become the first country to achieve success of its maiden attempt . India 's Mars Orbiter Mission ( MOM ) is one of the least expensive interplanetary missions ever undertaken with an approximate total cost of ₹ 450 Crore ( US $73 million ) . The first mission to Mars by any Arab country has been taken up by the United Arab Emirates . Called the Emirates Mars Mission , it is scheduled for launch in 2020 . The unmanned exploratory probe has been named `` Hope Probe '' and will be sent to Mars to study its atmosphere in detail . Phobos ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Phobos Phobos ( moon ) The Russian space mission Fobos - Grunt , which launched on 9 November 2011 experienced a failure leaving it stranded in low Earth orbit . It was to begin exploration of the Phobos and Martian circumterrestrial orbit , and study whether the moons of Mars , or at least Phobos , could be a `` trans - shipment point '' for spaceships traveling to Mars . Jupiter ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Jupiter Jupiter , as seen by HST The exploration of Jupiter has consisted solely of a number of automated NASA spacecraft visiting the planet since 1973 . A large majority of the missions have been `` flybys '' , in which detailed observations are taken without the probe landing or entering orbit ; such as in Pioneer and Voyager programs . The Galileo and Juno spacecraft are the only spacecraft to have entered the planet 's orbit . As Jupiter is believed to have only a relatively small rocky core and no real solid surface , a landing mission is nearly impossible . Reaching Jupiter from Earth requires a delta - v of 9.2 km / s , which is comparable to the 9.7 km / s delta - v needed to reach low Earth orbit . Fortunately , gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required at launch to reach Jupiter , albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration . Jupiter has 67 known moons , many of which have relatively little known information about them . Saturn ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Saturn A picture of Saturn taken by Cassini Saturn has been explored only through unmanned spacecraft launched by NASA , including one mission ( Cassini -- Huygens ) planned and executed in cooperation with other space agencies . These missions consist of flybys in 1979 by Pioneer 11 , in 1980 by Voyager 1 , in 1982 by Voyager 2 and an orbital mission by the Cassini spacecraft , which lasted from 2004 until 2017 . Saturn has at least 62 known moons , although the exact number is debatable since Saturn 's rings are made up of vast numbers of independently orbiting objects of varying sizes . The largest of the moons is Titan , which holds the distinction of being the only moon in the Solar System with an atmosphere denser and thicker than that of Earth . Titan holds the distinction of being the only object in the Outer Solar System that has been explored with a lander , the Huygens probe deployed by the Cassini spacecraft . Uranus ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Uranus Uranus from Voyager 2 The exploration of Uranus has been entirely through the Voyager 2 spacecraft , with no other visits currently planned . Given its axial tilt of 97.77 ° , with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods , scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus . The closest approach to Uranus occurred on 24 January 1986 . Voyager 2 studied the planet 's unique atmosphere and magnetosphere . Voyager 2 also examined its ring system and the moons of Uranus including all five of the previously known moons , while discovering an additional ten previously unknown moons . Images of Uranus proved to have a very uniform appearance , with no evidence of the dramatic storms or atmospheric banding evident on Jupiter and Saturn . Great effort was required to even identify a few clouds in the images of the planet . The magnetosphere of Uranus , however , proved to be completely unique and proved to be profoundly affected by the planet 's unusual axial tilt . In contrast to the bland appearance of Uranus itself , striking images were obtained of the Moons of Uranus , including evidence that Miranda had been unusually geologically active . Picture of Neptune taken by Voyager 2 Triton as imaged by Voyager 2 Neptune ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Neptune The exploration of Neptune began with the 25 August 1989 Voyager 2 flyby , the sole visit to the system as of 2014 . The possibility of a Neptune Orbiter has been discussed , but no other missions have been given serious thought . Although the extremely uniform appearance of Uranus during Voyager 2 's visit in 1986 had led to expectations that Neptune would also have few visible atmospheric phenomena , the spacecraft found that Neptune had obvious banding , visible clouds , auroras , and even a conspicuous anticyclone storm system rivaled in size only by Jupiter 's small Spot. Neptune also proved to have the fastest winds of any planet in the Solar System , measured as high as 2,100 km / h . Voyager 2 also examined Neptune 's ring and moon system . It discovered 900 complete rings and additional partial ring `` arcs '' around Neptune . In addition to examining Neptune 's three previously known moons , Voyager 2 also discovered five previously unknown moons , one of which , Proteus , proved to be the last largest moon in the system . Data from Voyager 2 supported the view that Neptune 's largest moon , Triton , is a captured Kuiper belt object . Other objects in the Solar System ( edit ) New Horizons image of Pluto Pluto ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of Pluto New Horizons image of Charon ( 2015 ) The dwarf planet Pluto presents significant challenges for spacecraft because of its great distance from Earth ( requiring high velocity for reasonable trip times ) and small mass ( making capture into orbit very difficult at present ) . Voyager 1 could have visited Pluto , but controllers opted instead for a close flyby of Saturn 's moon Titan , resulting in a trajectory incompatible with a Pluto flyby . Voyager 2 never had a plausible trajectory for reaching Pluto . Pluto continues to be of great interest , despite its reclassification as the lead and nearest member of a new and growing class of distant icy bodies of intermediate size ( and also the first member of the important subclass , defined by orbit and known as `` plutinos '' ) . After an intense political battle , a mission to Pluto dubbed New Horizons was granted funding from the United States government in 2003 . New Horizons was launched successfully on 19 January 2006 . In early 2007 the craft made use of a gravity assist from Jupiter . Its closest approach to Pluto was on 14 July 2015 ; scientific observations of Pluto began five months prior to closest approach and continued for 16 days after the encounter . Asteroids and comets ( edit ) Main articles : Exploration of the asteroids and List of missions to comets Comet 103P / Hartley Asteroid 4 Vesta , imaged by the Dawn spacecraft Until the advent of space travel , objects in the asteroid belt were merely pinpricks of light in even the largest telescopes , their shapes and terrain remaining a mystery . Several asteroids have now been visited by probes , the first of which was Galileo , which flew past two : 951 Gaspra in 1991 , followed by 243 Ida in 1993 . Both of these lay near enough to Galileo 's planned trajectory to Jupiter that they could be visited at acceptable cost . The first landing on an asteroid was performed by the NEAR Shoemaker probe in 2000 , following an orbital survey of the object . The dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroid 4 Vesta , two of the three largest asteroids , were visited by NASA 's Dawn spacecraft , launched in 2007 . Although many comets have been studied from Earth sometimes with centuries - worth of observations , only a few comets have been closely visited . In 1985 , the International Cometary Explorer conducted the first comet fly - by ( 21P / Giacobini - Zinner ) before joining the Halley Armada studying the famous comet . The Deep Impact probe smashed into 9P / Tempel to learn more about its structure and composition and the Stardust mission returned samples of another comet 's tail . The Philae lander successfully landed on Comet Churyumov -- Gerasimenko in 2014 as part of the broader Rosetta mission . Hayabusa was an unmanned spacecraft developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to return a sample of material from the small near - Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa to Earth for further analysis . Hayabusa was launched on 9 May 2003 and rendezvoused with Itokawa in mid-September 2005 . After arriving at Itokawa , Hayabusa studied the asteroid 's shape , spin , topography , color , composition , density , and history . In November 2005 , it landed on the asteroid to collect samples . The spacecraft returned to Earth on 13 June 2010 . Deep space exploration ( edit ) Main article : Deep space exploration This high - resolution image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field includes galaxies of various ages , sizes , shapes , and colors . The smallest , reddest galaxies , are some of the most distant galaxies to have been imaged by an optical telescope . Deep space exploration is the branch of astronomy , astronautics and space technology that is involved with the exploration of distant regions of outer space . Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights ( deep - space astronautics ) and by robotic spacecraft . Some of the best candidates for future deep space engine technologies include anti-matter , nuclear power and beamed propulsion . The latter , beamed propulsion , appears to be the best candidate for deep space exploration presently available , since it uses known physics and known technology that is being developed for other purposes . Chandra , Hubble , and Spitzer image NGC 1952 Star cluster Pismis 24 and NGC 6357 Whirlpool Galaxy ( Messier 51 ) Future of space exploration ( edit ) Concept art for a NASA Vision mission Artistic image of a rocket lifting from a Saturn moon The United States ' planned Space Launch System concept art The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 2000s , several plans for space exploration were announced ; both government entities and the private sector have space exploration objectives . China has announced plans to have a 60 - ton multi-module space station in orbit by 2020 . The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 provided a re-prioritized list of objectives for the American space program , as well as funding for the first priorities . NASA proposes to move forward with the development of the Space Launch System ( SLS ) , which will be designed to carry the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle , as well as important cargo , equipment , and science experiments to Earth 's orbit and destinations beyond . Additionally , the SLS will serve as a back up for commercial and international partner transportation services to the International Space Station . The SLS rocket will incorporate technological investments from the Space Shuttle program and the Constellation program in order to take advantage of proven hardware and reduce development and operations costs . The first developmental flight is targeted for the end of 2017 . Ai in space exploration ( edit ) The idea of using high level automated systems for space missions has become a desirable goal to space agencies all around the world . Such systems are believed to yield benefits such as lower cost , less human oversight , and ability to explore deeper in space which is usually restricted by long communications with human controllers . Autonomous System ( edit ) Autonomy is defined by three requirements : Being able to sense the world and their state , make decisions , and carry them out on their own Can interpret the given goal as a list of actions to take Fail flexibly Benefits ( edit ) Autonomous technologies would be able to perform beyond predetermined actions . They would analyze all possible states and events happening around them and come up with a safe response . In addition , such technologies can reduce launch cost and ground involvement . Performance would increase as well . Autonomy would be able to quickly respond upon encountering an unforeseen event , especially in deep space exploration where communication back to Earth would take too long . NASA 's autonomous science experiment ( edit ) NASA began its autonomous science experiment ( ASE ) on Earth Observing 1 ( EO - 1 ) which is NASA 's first satellite in the new millennium program Earth - observing series launched on 21 November 2000 . The autonomy of ASE is capable of on - board science analysis , replanning , robust execution , and later the addition of model - based diagnostic . Images obtained by the EO - 1 are analyzed on - board and downlinked when a change or an interesting event occur . The ASE software has successfully provided over 10,000 science images . Asteroids in space exploration ( edit ) An article in science magazine Nature suggested the use of asteroids as a gateway for space exploration , with the ultimate destination being Mars . In order to make such an approach viable , three requirements need to be fulfilled : first , `` a thorough asteroid survey to find thousands of nearby bodies suitable for astronauts to visit '' ; second , `` extending flight duration and distance capability to ever - increasing ranges out to Mars '' ; and finally , `` developing better robotic vehicles and tools to enable astronauts to explore an asteroid regardless of its size , shape or spin . '' Furthermore , using asteroids would provide astronauts with protection from galactic cosmic rays , with mission crews being able to land on them in times of greater risk to radiation exposure . Rationales ( edit ) Main article : Space advocacy Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , had a personal Communion service when he first arrived on the surface of the Moon . The research that is conducted by national space exploration agencies , such as NASA and Roscosmos , is one of the reasons supporters cite to justify government expenses . Economic analyses of the NASA programs often showed ongoing economic benefits ( such as NASA spin - offs ) , generating many times the revenue of the cost of the program . It is also argued that space exploration would lead to the extraction of resources on other planets and especially asteroids , which contain billions of dollars worth of minerals and metals . Such expeditions could generate a lot of revenue . As well , it has been argued that space exploration programs help inspire youth to study in science and engineering . Another claim is that space exploration is a necessity to mankind and that staying on Earth will lead to extinction . Some of the reasons are lack of natural resources , comets , nuclear war , and worldwide epidemic . Stephen Hawking , renowned British theoretical physicist , said that `` I do n't think the human race will survive the next thousand years , unless we spread into space . There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet . But I 'm an optimist . We will reach out to the stars . '' NASA has produced a series of public service announcement videos supporting the concept of space exploration . Overall , the public remains largely supportive of both manned and unmanned space exploration . According to an Associated Press Poll conducted in July 2003 , 71 % of U.S. citizens agreed with the statement that the space program is `` a good investment '' , compared to 21 % who did not . Arthur C. Clarke ( 1950 ) presented a summary of motivations for the human exploration of space in his non-fiction semi-technical monograph Interplanetary Flight . He argued that humanity 's choice is essentially between expansion off Earth into space , versus cultural ( and eventually biological ) stagnation and death . Topics ( edit ) Delta - v 's in km / s for various orbital maneuvers Spaceflight ( edit ) Main article : Spaceflight Spaceflight is the use of space technology to achieve the flight of spacecraft into and through outer space . Spaceflight is used in space exploration , and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications . Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories , reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites . A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch , which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of Earth . Once in space , the motion of a spacecraft -- both when unpropelled and when under propulsion -- is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics . Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely , some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry , and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact . Satellites ( edit ) Main article : Satellite Satellites are used for a large number of purposes . Common types include military ( spy ) and civilian Earth observation satellites , communication satellites , navigation satellites , weather satellites , and research satellites . Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites . Commercialization of space ( edit ) Main article : Commercialization of space Current examples of the commercial use of space include satellite navigation systems , satellite television and satellite radio . Space tourism is the recent phenomenon of space travel by individuals for the purpose of personal pleasure . Alien life ( edit ) Main articles : Astrobiology and Extraterrestrial life Astrobiology is the interdisciplinary study of life in the universe , combining aspects of astronomy , biology and geology . It is focused primarily on the study of the origin , distribution and evolution of life . It is also known as exobiology ( from Greek : έξω , exo , `` outside '' ) . The term `` Xenobiology '' has been used as well , but this is technically incorrect because its terminology means `` biology of the foreigners '' . Astrobiologists must also consider the possibility of life that is chemically entirely distinct from any life found on Earth . In the Solar System some of the prime locations for current or past astrobiology are on Enceladus , Europa , Mars , and Titan . Living in space ( edit ) Main articles : Space colonization , Space habitat , and Space Station The European Space Agency 's Columbus Module at the International Space Station , launched into space on the US Space Shuttle mission STS - 122 in 2008 Artist 's conception of the interior of a Bernal sphere Space colonization , also called space settlement and space humanization , would be the permanent autonomous ( self - sufficient ) human habitation of locations outside Earth , especially of natural satellites or planets such as the Moon or Mars , using significant amounts of in - situ resource utilization . To date , the longest human occupation of space is the International Space Station which has been in continuous use for 7003618700000000000 ♠ 16 years , 343 days . Valeri Polyakov 's record single spaceflight of almost 438 days aboard the Mir space station has not been surpassed . Long - term stays in space reveal issues with bone and muscle loss in low gravity , immune system suppression , and radiation exposure . Many past and current concepts for the continued exploration and colonization of space focus on a return to the Moon as a `` stepping stone '' to the other planets , especially Mars . At the end of 2006 NASA announced they were planning to build a permanent Moon base with continual presence by 2024 . Beyond the technical factors that could make living in space more widespread , it has been suggested that the lack of private property , the inability or difficulty in establishing property rights in space , has been an impediment to the development of space for human habitation . Since the advent of space technology in the latter half of the twentieth century , the ownership of property in space has been murky , with strong arguments both for and against . In particular , the making of national territorial claims in outer space and on celestial bodies has been specifically proscribed by the Outer Space Treaty , which had been , as of 2012 , ratified by all spacefaring nations . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Main article : Outline of space exploration Tupan Patera on Io Ganymede ( moon ) Discovery and exploration of the Solar System In - space propulsion technologies List of missions to Mars List of missions to the outer planets Robotic space exploration programs ( edit ) Robotic spacecraft Timeline of planetary exploration Landings on other planets Pioneer program Luna program Zond program Venera program Mars probe program Ranger program Mariner program Surveyor program Viking program Voyager program Vega program Phobos program Discovery program Chandrayaan Program Mangalyaan Program Chang'e Program Private Astrobotic Technology Program Living in space ( edit ) Interplanetary contamination Animals in space ( edit ) Animals in space Monkeys in space Russian space dogs Humans in space ( edit ) Astronauts List of human spaceflights List of human spaceflights by program Vostok program Mercury program Voskhod program Gemini program Soyuz program Apollo program Salyut program Skylab Space Shuttle program Mir International Space Station Vision for Space Exploration Aurora Programme Tier One Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space architecture Space archaeology flexible path destinations set Recent and future developments ( edit ) Asia 's Space Race Energy development Crew Exploration Vehicle Exploration of Mars Space tourism Private spaceflight Space colonization Interstellar spaceflight Deep space exploration Human outpost Mars to Stay NewSpace Other ( edit ) Spaceflight List of spaceflights Timeline of Solar System exploration List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces Space station Space telescope Sample return mission Atmospheric reentry Space and survival Ozone depletion by rocket launches Space disasters Religion in space Militarization of space French space program Russian explorers U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roston , Michael ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Next Horizon in Space '' . 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Nature . 514 ( 7524 ) : 559 -- 561 . Bibcode : 2014Natur. 514 ... 559B . doi : 10.1038 / 514559a . Jump up ^ `` Astronauts Could Ride Asteroids to Mars , Study Says '' . 2011 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hertzfeld , H.R. ( 2002 ) . `` Measuring the Economic Returns from Successful NASA Life Sciences Technology Transfers '' . The Journal of Technology Transfer. 27 ( 4 ) : 311 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020207506064 . Jump up ^ Elvis , Martin ( 2012 ) . `` Let 's mine asteroids -- for science and profit '' . Nature . Jump up ^ `` Is Space Exploration Worth the Cost ? A Freakonomics Quorum '' . Freakonomics . freakonomics.com . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Highfield , Roger ( 15 October 2001 ) . `` Colonies in space may be only hope , says Hawking '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NASA `` Reach '' Public Service Announcement for Space Exploration `` . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Human Life -- USA Today / Gallup Poll '' . Pollingreport.com. 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Arthur C. ( 1950 ) . `` 10 '' . Interplanetary Flight -- An Introduction to Astronautics . New York : Harper & Brothers . Jump up ^ `` NASA Astrobiology '' . Astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` X '' . Aleph.se. 11 March 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fears and dreads '' . World Wide Words. 31 May 1997 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` iTWire -- Scientists will look for alien life , but Where and How ? '' . Itwire.com.au. 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astrobiology '' . Biocab.org . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Peter ( 8 December 2006 ) . `` Launching the Alien Debates '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Astrobiology : the quest for extraterrestrial life '' . Spacechronology.com. 29 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . NASA . 4 December 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Simberg , Rand ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Property Rights in Space '' . The New Atlantis ( 37 ) : 20 -- 31 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Launius , R.D. ; et al. `` Spaceflight : The Development of Science , Surveillance , and Commerce in Space '' . Proceedings of the IEEE. 100 ( special centennial issue ) : 1785 -- 1818 . doi : 10.1109 / JPROC. 2012.2187143 . An overview of the history of space exploration and predictions for the future . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Space exploration Wikimedia Commons has media related to Space exploration . Seth Shostak on Space Exploration Chronology of space exploration , astrobiology , exoplanets and news Space related news Space Exploration Network Nasa 's website on human space travel `` America 's Space Program : Exploring a New Frontier '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan The Soviet - Russian Spaceflight 's History Photoarchive The 21 Greatest Space Photos Ever -- slideshow by Life Magazine `` From Stargazers to Starships '' , extensive educational web site and course covering spaceflight , astronomy and related physics We Are The Explorers , NASA Promotional Video ( Press Release ) Spaceflight lists and timelines Timeline of spaceflight General Space exploration outline timeline Spaceflight records Space Race Asian Space Race Rocket and missile technology Human spaceflight General Manned spacecraft timeline Spaceflights 1961 -- 70 1971 -- 80 1981 -- 90 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 10 2011 -- present by program Soviet Russian Vostok Soyuz Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Shenzhou Spacelab Salyut Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Mir Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors ISS Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Shuttle Crews Missions timeline Rollbacks People Astronauts by name by year of selection by first flight Apollo Gemini Chinese European Cosmonauts female Jewish Muslim Arab African - American Space travelers by name Space travelers by nationality timeline EVA 1965 -- 1999 2000 -- 2014 2015 -- present Cumulative spacewalk records Spacewalkers Solar System exploration Timeline Interplanetary voyages Landings on other planets artificial objects Objects at Lagrangian points Probes active leaving the Solar System lunar probes Missions to the Moon Timeline of satellites Sample - return mission Mars Earth - orbiting satellites Climate research Communications satellite firsts CubeSats PocketQube Earth observation satellites timeline Geosynchronous orbit GOES Kosmos Magnetospheric NRO TDRS USA Vehicles Orbital launch systems Comparison Sounding rockets Spacecraft unmanned manned Upper stages Launches by rocket type Ariane Atlas Black Brant Falcon 9 and Heavy Long March Proton R - 7 ( including Semyorka , Molniya , Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz ) Scout Thor and Delta Titan V - 2 tests Zenit Launches by spaceport Satish Dhawan Agencies , companies and facilities Communications satellite companies comparison Private spaceflight companies Rocket launch sites Space agencies Spacecraft manufacturers Other mission lists and timelines First orbital launches by country NASA missions Constellation missions Timeline of private spaceflight Timeline of longest spaceflights Public - sector space agencies Africa ASAL GSSTC NARRS NASRDA SANSA Americas North America CSA AEM NASA AFSPC NRO USSTRATCOM South America CONAE AEB DCTA INPE ITA CCE ABAE IVIC Asia East Asia CNSA CALT CAST CCF CGWIC COSTIND JAXA ISAS NAL NASDA NICT USEF NRSC NADA KARI SaTReC NSPO Southeast Asia LAPAN MNSA PAGASA SSTA IN. 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GND : 4117629 - 7 NDL : 00574081 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_exploration&oldid=804807427 '' Categories : Space colonization Space exploration Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Use American English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with limited geographic scope from September 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 08 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first thing sent into space | [
"Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a \"Space Race\" between the Soviet Union and the United States. The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet Space Program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.[2]"
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"4 October 1957"
] |
5252242205430610880 | Medicine in ancient Rome | Medicine in Ancient Rome - wikipedia Medicine in Ancient Rome Jump to : navigation , search Medicine in ancient Rome combined various techniques using different tools , methodology , and ingredients . Roman medicine was highly influenced by Greek medicine . Greek physicians including Dioscorides and Galen practiced medicine and recorded their discoveries in the Roman Empire . These two physicians had knowledge of hundreds of herbal , among other , medicines . Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology . A variety of surgical procedures were carried out using many different instruments including forceps , scalpels and catheters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Greek influences on Roman medicine 3 Opposition to Greek medicine in Rome / Pre Physicians 4 Physicians 4.1 Dioscorides 4.2 Soranus 4.3 Galen 4.4 Asclepiades 5 Hospitals 5.1 The hospital building 6 Surgical instruments 7 Medicines 7.1 Diet 7.2 Herbal and other medicines 8 Treatments 8.1 Healing sanctuaries 8.2 Colostrum 9 Diagnostic methods 9.1 Dreams 10 Textual transmission 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Introduction ( edit ) Roman soldier removing an arrow from a fellow soldier 's leg with a pair of pinchers The Roman Empire was a complex and vigorous combination of Greek and Roman cultural elements forged through centuries of contact . Later Latin authors , notably Cato and Pliny , believed in a specifically Roman type of healing based on herbs , chants , prayers and charms easily available to any head of household . Greek medicine was introduced into Italy with the establishment and development of military and political contacts between the two regions . But it was not until the introduction of the healing god Asclepius in 291 BC and the arrival of the Greek doctor Archagathus in 219 BC that foreign medicine was publicly accepted in Rome . Setting aside some of the broader implications of the Greek influence on Roman society , the effect of Greek medicine , ethnography , and meteorology was particularly pertinent to two fields : architecture and health care . This was particularly important from the perspective of the Roman army , in which there were many medical advances . A medical corpus was established , permanent physicians were appointed , the valetudinaria ( military hospitals ) were established , and in Caesar 's time , the first traces of systematic care for the wounded appeared . The variety and nature of the surgical instruments discovered in Roman remains indicate a good knowledge of surgery . Greek influences on Roman medicine ( edit ) Roman medicine was highly influenced by the Greek medical tradition . The incorporation of Greek medicine into Roman society allowed Rome to transform into a monumental city by 100 BCE . Like Greek physicians , Roman physicians relied on naturalistic observations rather than on spiritual rituals ; but that does not imply an absence of spiritual belief . Tragic famines and plagues were often attributed to divine punishment ; and appeasement of the gods through rituals was believed to alleviate such events . Miasma was perceived to be the root cause of many diseases , whether caused by famine , wars , or plague . The concept of contagion was formulated , resulting in practices of quarantine and improved sanitation . One of the first prominent doctors in Rome was Galen . He became an expert on the human anatomy by dissecting animals , including monkeys , in Greece . Due to his prominence and expertise in ancient Rome , Galen became Emperor Marcus Aurelius ' personal physician . The Romans also conquered the city of Alexandria , which was an important center for learning ; its Great Library held countless volumes of ancient Greek medical information . The Romans adopted into their medical practices many of the practices and procedures they found in the Great Library . The caduceus is a winged staff with two snakes wrapped around it Greek symbols and gods greatly influenced ancient Roman medicine . The caduceus , pictured right , was originally associated with Hermes , the Greek god of commerce . He carried a staff wrapped with two snakes , known as the caduceus . This symbol later became associated with the Roman God , Mercury . Later , in the 7th century , the caduceus became associated with health and medicine due to its association with the Azoth , the alchemical `` universal solvent '' . Opposition to Greek medicine in Rome / pre physicians ( edit ) Cato the Elder despised every aspect of Greek society the Romans decided to mimic including sculptures , literature and medicine . Cato regarded the welcome given in Rome to Greek medicine and physicians as a major threat . In Rome , before there were doctors , the paterfamilias ( head of the family ) was responsible for treating the sick . Cato the Elder himself examined those who lived near him , often prescribing cabbage as a treatment for many ailments ranging from constipation to deafness . He would issue precise instructions on how to prepare the cabbage for patients with specific ailments . He also used cabbage in liquid form . For example , a mixture of cabbage , water , and wine would be embedded in a deaf man 's ear to allow his hearing to be restored . Cato would treat fractured or broken appendages with two ends of a cut reed that were bandaged around the injury . Physicians ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many Greek doctors came to Rome . Many of them strongly believed in achieving the right balance of the four humors and restoring the natural heat of patients . Around 200 BCE many wealthy families in Rome had personal Greek physicians . By around 50 BCE , it was more common than not to have a Greek physician . Dioscorides ( edit ) Main article : Pedanius Dioscorides Pedanius Dioscorides ( c. 40 -- 90 CE ) , was a Greek botanist , pharmacologist and physician who practised in Rome during the reign of Nero . He became a famous army doctor . Dioscorides wrote a 5 - volume encyclopedia , De Materia Medica , which listed over 600 herbal cures , forming an influential and long - lasting pharmacopoeia . De Materia Medica was used extensively by doctors for the following 1500 years . Soranus ( edit ) Main article : Soranus of Ephesus Soranus was a Greek physician , born in Ephesus , who lived during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian ( 98 -- 138 CE ) . According to the Suda , he practised in Alexandria and subsequently in Rome . He was the chief representative of the Methodic school of physicians . His treatise Gynaecology is extant ( first published in 1838 , later by V. Rose , in 1882 , with a 6th - century Latin translation by Muscio , a physician of the same school ) . Galen ( edit ) Main article : Galen Galen ( 129 CE -- c. 200 or 216 CE ) of Pergamon was a prominent Greek physician , whose theories dominated Western medical science for well over a millennium . By the age of 20 , he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ( `` attendant '' or `` associate '' ) of the god Asclepius . Although Galen studied the human body , dissection of human corpses was against Roman law , so instead he used pigs , apes , and other animals . Galen moved to Rome in 162 . There he lectured , wrote extensively , and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge . He soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician , attracting to his practice a large number of patients . Among them was the consul Flavius Boethius , who introduced him to the imperial court , where he became a physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius . Despite being a member of the court , Galen reputedly shunned Latin , preferring to speak and write in his native Greek , a tongue that was actually quite popular in Rome . He treated Roman luminaries such as Lucius Verus , Commodus , and Septimius Severus . In 166 Galen returned to Pergamon , but went back to Rome for good in 169 . Galen followed Hippocrates ' theory of the four humours , believing that one 's health depended on the balance between the four main fluids of the body ( blood , yellow bile , black bile and phlegm ) . Food was believed to be the initial object that allowed the stabilization of these humours . By contrast , drugs , venesection , cautery and surgery were drastic and were to be used only when diet could no longer help . The survival and amendment of Hippocratic medicine is attributed to Galen . He writes that a physician `` must be skilled at reasoning about the problems presented to him , must understand the nature and function of the body within the physician world and must `` practice temperance and despise all money '' . The ideal physician treats both the poor and elite fairly and is a student of all that affects health . Galen references Hippocrates throughout his writings , saying that Hippocratic literature is the basis for physicians ' conduct and treatments . The writings of Galen survived more than other medical writings in antiquity . Asclepiades ( edit ) Main article : Asclepiades of Bithynia Asclepiades studied to be a physician in Alexandria and practiced medicine in Asia Minor as well as Greece before he moved to Rome in the 1st century BCE . His knowledge of medicine allowed him to flourish as a physician . Asclepiades was a leading physician in Rome and was a close friend of Cicero . He developed his own version of the molecular structure of the human body . Asclepiades ' atomic model contained multi-shaped atoms that passed through bodily pores . The two were required to be in sync in order to avoid disease . Asclepiades strongly believed in hot and cold baths as a remedy for illness ; his techniques purposely did not inflict severe pain upon the patient . His other remedies included : listening to music to induce sedation , and consuming wine to cure headache and to cure a fever . Asclepiades is the first documented physician in Rome to use massage therapy . Hospitals ( edit ) Plan of Valetudinarium , near Düsseldorf , Germany . Late 1st century The Roman medical system saw the establishment of the first hospitals ; these were reserved for slaves and soldiers . Physicians were assigned to follow armies or ships , tending to the injured . Medical care for the poor was almost non-existent , so the poor had to resort to spiritual aid . The earliest known Roman hospitals of the Roman Empire were built in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD , in the reign of the emperor Trajan . The army 's expansion beyond the Italian Peninsula meant that the wounded could no longer be cared for in private homes . For this reason the valetudinarium was established . The valetudinaria ( plural of valetudinarium ) were field hospitals or flying military camps and began as a small cluster of tents and fortresses dedicated to wounded soldiers . Over time , the temporary forts developed into permanent facilities . The original hospitals were built along major roads , and soon became part of Roman fort architecture . They were usually placed near the outer wall in a quiet part of the fortification . The hospital building ( edit ) A standard valetudinarium was a rectangular building consisting of four wings , connected by an entrance hall that could be used as a triage center . Each legion 's hospital was constructed to accommodate 6 % to 10 % of the legion 's 5,000 men . The building also included a large hall , reception ward , dispensary , kitchen , staff quarters , and washing and latrine facilities . Surgical instruments ( edit ) Roman surgical instruments found at Pompeii . Roman surgical instruments ; from the `` Surgeon 's House '' in Ariminum ( Rimini , Italy ) . Ancient Roman bronze catheters ( 1st century CE ) A variety of surgical instruments are known from archaeology and Roman medical literature , including : Rectal speculum An instrument mentioned by Hippocrates , which allowed physicians to examine the rectal cavity of a patient . Bone levers A tool used to leverage bones back into their proper place in a limb . Cupping vessels Containers used for bloodletting . Vessels of different sizes were used depending on how much blood was expected . Tubes After surgery , a bronze or lead tube would be inserted into the patient to prevent adhesion or contractions . Tile cautery A physician 's `` bread and butter '' tool . This instrument was used for several purposes , such as stopping bleeding , cutting flesh or removing growths . Surgical scissors Hair cutting was actually considered a medical procedure . Spatula probes A double sided instrument used by almost every physician . One end was used for mixing medications , while the other end was flat and used to spread the medications onto the patient . Scalpels Could be made of either steel or bronze . Ancient scalpels had almost the same form and function as those of today . The most usual type of scalpels were the longer , steel scalpels . These could be used to make a variety of incisions , but they seem to be particularly suited for deep or long cuts . Smaller , bronze scalpels , referred to as bellied scalpels , were also used frequently since the shape allowed delicate and precise cuts to be made . Obstetrical hooks A common instrument used by Roman and Greek doctors . There were two basic types of hooks : sharp hooks and blunt hooks . Blunt hooks were used primarily as probes for dissection and for raising blood vessels . Sharp hooks , on the other hand , were used to hold and lift small pieces of tissue so that they could be extracted , and to retract the edges of wounds . Bone drills Driven in their rotary motion by means of a thong in various configurations . They were used to remove diseased bone tissue from the skull and to remove foreign objects ( such as a weapon ) from a bone . Bone forceps Used to extract small fragments of bone which could not be grasped by the fingers . Male catheters Used in order to open up a blocked urinary tract to let urine pass freely from the body . Early catheters were hollow tubes made of steel or bronze , and had two basic designs . There were catheters with a slight S curve for male patients and a straighter one for females . There were similar shaped devices called bladder sounds that were used to probe the bladder in search of calcifications . Uvula ( crushing ) forceps These finely toothed jawed forceps were designed for the amputation of the uvula . The physician crushed the uvula with forceps before cutting it off in order to reduce bleeding . Vaginal specula Among the most complex instruments used by Roman and Greek physicians . Most of the vaginal specula discovered consist of a screw device which , when turned , forces a cross-bar to push the blades outwards . Spatula Used to mix and apply various ointments . Surgical saw Used to cut through bones , e.g. in amputations . Medicines ( edit ) Diet ( edit ) Correct diet was seen as essential to healthy living . Food was perceived to have a healing effect or a causative effect on disease , determined by its impact on the humors ; as well as preventing disease . Moderation of foods was key to healthy living and gave rise to healthy eating philosophies . When diet no longer promoted health , drugs , phlebotomy , cautery , or surgery were used . Patients having control of their lives , managing their own preventative medical diets , and the freedom to seek physicians , indicates that patient autonomy was valued . Herbal and other medicines ( edit ) Roman physicians used a wide range of herbal and other medicines . Their ancient names , often derived from Greek , do not necessarily correspond to individual modern species , even if these have the same names . Known medicines include : Roman medicines , according to Dioscorides Probable substance Latin / Greek name Indication and Effects Reference Fennel Ippomarathron Cures painful urination ; expels menstrual flow ; stops bowel discharge ; brings out breast milk ; breaks kidney and urinary stones Rhubarb Ra For flatulence , convulsions , internal disorders ( stomach , spleen , liver , kidneys , womb , peritoneum ) , sciatica , asthma , rickets , dysentery , etc . Gentian Gentiane Warming , astringent ; for poisonous bites , liver disorders ; induces abortion ; treats deep ulcers , eye inflammation Birthwort Aristolochia Poisonous ; assists in childbirth Liquorice Glukoriza Calms stomach ; chest , liver , kidney and bladder disorders Aloe Aloe Heals wounds ( applied dry ) ; removes boils ; purgative ; treats alopecia Statues and healing shrines were sites of prayer and sacrifice for both the poor and the elite , and were common throughout the Roman Empire . Reverence for shrines and statues reflected a search for healing , guidance , and alternatives to ineffectual human physicians and drugs . Treatments ( edit ) Healing sanctuaries ( edit ) A physician 's overall goal was to help those afflicted by disease or injury as best as they could ; the physician 's credibility rested on their successful cures . Of course they could not reliably cure ailments ; sometimes the best they could hope for was that their treatments did not worsen their patients ' problems . Many physicians were criticised by their peers for their inability to cure an apparently simple illness . Gaps in physician - provided care were filled with several types of supernatural healthcare ; the Romans believed in the power of divine messages and healing . There have been descriptions of many gods from multiple religions that dealt with destruction or healing . Scattered across Greco - Roman and Egyptian history are descriptions of healing sanctuaries dedicated to the various healing gods . Sick or injured Romans would often flock to temples dedicated to Asclepius , the god of healing , as it was believed that the god actually inhabited the sanctuary and would provide divine healing to supplicants . The process itself was simple : the sick person would give a specified donation to the temple , and then undergo a process called `` incubation '' in which they would relocate to a special room where the god would be able to contact them , often through dreams in which the god would either prescribe care or provide it themselves . Often the type of cure prescribed would be rather similar to the actual medical practices of physicians of the time . This type of supernatural care did not conflict with mainstream healthcare . Physicians would often recommend that patients go to a healing sanctuary when they were afflicted by an illness that the physician could not cure . This allowed the reputation of the physician to remain unharmed , as it was seen more as a referral than as a failure . Colostrum ( edit ) Both Greek and Roman medical texts prescribe the use of a variety of substances , of varying medical and religious significance . Several substances , such as sulfur , asphalt and animal excrement , were associated with the practice of human purification . The practice of using a woman 's breast milk as a medicine has very early roots in Egyptian medical texts . In several such texts there are references to the use of the milk of a woman who has given birth to a male child . This practice is said to be based on depictions in several statues of the goddess Isis breastfeeding her son , the god Horus . Both Egyptian and Greek texts state that the milk used for medicinal purposes should be strictly from a woman who has borne a male child . The treatments using breast milk differed vastly between Greek and Roman culture . In Greek medicine , milk was very rarely actually consumed . Instead , it was used in recipes for ointments and washes that would treat burns and other skin - related maladies . These treatments were exclusively given to women , as women 's bodies were viewed as `` polluted '' in some sense . In stark contrast , the Roman use of colostrum was more widespread and varied . The milk was instead ingested by the patient , and the treatment was given to both men and women . In general , the Romans seemed less concerned about the so - called `` pollution '' of a woman 's body . The bodies of both men and women were viewed as analogous . It has been shown in modern times that having patients ingest mother 's milk ( or colostrum ) is actually a rather effective treatment . Colostrum has been shown to prevent the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria , which are a known cause of several types of infection . Colostrum is about half as effective as some antibiotics prescribed to patients today . Colostrum is also effective against the bacterium chlamydia ; this is the cause of a sexually transmitted disease and also can cause severe sight impairment , if not blindness . Thus , colostrum was a rather effective treatment in the ancient world -- perhaps that is why it was viewed as a divine treatment . Diagnostic methods ( edit ) Dreams ( edit ) The interpretation of dreams was another avenue for treatment of illnesses by physicians . Often the interpretations of a patient 's dreams would actually determine what treatment they received . A Hippocratic work called Regimen details much of the principles outlined by Galen : specifically the humors and examples of how they could be used to prescribe treatment . The theme of this method is knowing the patient . To know how to treat a person , the physician must become familiar with and interpret the important aspects of their lives : the climate , their food intake , how much they sleep , how much they drink , any injuries . They would then draw conclusions about the patient and what must be done to set them back to equilibrium . The fourth book of the Regimen is the earliest mention of the topic of dream medicine . Dreams were used by physicians in diagnosis . They added another layer of depth to the physician 's investigation of the patient . The soul was thought to serve the purpose that the brain has been discovered to serve . Sensation , pain , motion and other physiological concepts were thought to be the work of the soul . It was also thought that the soul continues the work of bodily upkeep even when a person is sleeping . Thus , dreams would show what ailed a person . There were two types of dreams associated with medicine : prophetic and diagnostic . Prophetic dreams were divine in origin and foretold good or bad tidings for the future . Diagnostic dreams were a result of the soul telling what afflicted the body . If the dreams were of normal everyday events , their body was healthy and in equilibrium . The farther from the norm , and the more chaotic the dreams were , the more ill the patient was . The treatments that were recommended addressed what the dreams showed , and attempted to set the body right through consumption of food that carried the correct humor characteristics . Textual transmission ( edit ) Galen , a prominent ancient Roman physician of Greek descent Galenic medical texts embody the written medical tradition of classical antiquity . Little written word has survived from before that era . The volume of Galen 's extant written works , however , is nearly 350 -- far surpassing any other writer of the period . Prior to Galen , much of medical knowledge survived through word of mouth . The tradition of transmission and translation originated with the De Materia Medica , an encyclopedia written by Pedanius Dioscorides between 50 AD and 70 AD . Dioscorides was a Roman physician of Greek descent . The manuscripts classified and illustrated over 1000 substances and their uses . De Materia Medica influenced medical knowledge for centuries , due to its dissemination and translation into Greek , Arabic , and Latin . Galen wrote in Greek , but Arabic and Syriac translations survived as well . He referenced and challenged written works by Hippocratic physicians and authors , which gave insight into other popular medical philosophies . Herophilus , known for his texts on anatomy through dissection , and Erasistratus , also known for anatomy and physiology , survive through Galenic reference . Galen also referenced the written works of Methodist physician Soranus , known for his four - book treatise on gynecology . His synthesis of earlier medical philosophies and broad range of subjects produced the textual legacy that Galen left for the medical community for the next 1500 years . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magner , Lois N. ( 1992 - 03 - 17 ) . A History of Medicine . CRC Press . pp. 80 -- 90 . ISBN 9780824786731 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence 1 ( 2009 ) . The Western medical tradition . ( 1 ) : 800 BC to AD 1800 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . pp. 33 -- 58 . ISBN 9780521475648 . Jump up ^ Grmek , Mirko D. ; Fantini , Bernardino ; Shugaar , Antony ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) . Western Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages . Harvard University Press . pp. 111 -- 120 . ISBN 9780674007956 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I. ; Medicine , Wellcome Institute for the History of ( 1995 - 08 - 17 ) . The Western Medical Tradition : 800 BC to AD 1800 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 39 -- 45 . ISBN 9780521475648 . ^ Jump up to : Israelowich , Ido ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . Patients and Healers in the High Roman Empire . JHU Press . pp. 90 -- 100 . ISBN 9781421416281 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Eugene Hugh ( Apr 1910 ) . `` Medicine in the Roman Army '' . The Classical Journal . The Classical Association of the Middle West and South . JSTOR 3286964 . ^ Jump up to : Nutton , Vivian ( 2009 ) . Ancient medicine . London : Routledge . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 36848 - 3 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I. ( 1998 ) . The Western medical tradition , 800 BC to AD 1800 ( Reprinted . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 0521475643 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is Ancient Roman Medicine ? '' . www.medicalnewstoday.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hermes '' . www.greekmythology.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Household Medicine In Ancient Rome . '' The British Medical Journal , vol. 1 , no . 2140 , 1902 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` Greek Medicine '' . National Institutes of Health , USA . 16 September 2002 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Medicine '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Galen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . IV . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1984 . p. 385 . Jump up ^ Galen of Pergamum Jump up ^ Galen ( 2000 ) . Galen : on food and diet . Translator : Grant , Mark . London and New York : Routledge . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0415232325 . Jump up ^ Jonsen , Albert R. ( 2000 ) . A short history of medical ethics . Oxford University Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I . The Western medical tradition , 800 BC to AD 1800 . p. 60 . ISBN 0521475643 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Fashionable Physician Of Ancient Rome . '' The British Medical Journal , vol. 2 , no . 1763 , 1894 , pp. 820 -- 820 . ^ Jump up to : McCallum , Jack Edward ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Military Medicine : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century . ABC - CLIO . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 9781851096930 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Eugene Hugh ( 1910 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Medicine in the Roman Army '' . The Classical Journal . 5 ( 6 ) : 267 -- 272 . JSTOR 3286964 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel , Richard A. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . Man and Wound in the Ancient World : A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople . Potomac Books , Inc . pp. 168 -- 173 . ISBN 9781597978484 . Jump up ^ Retief , F.P. ; Cilliers , L. ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The evolution of hospitals from antiquity to the Renaissance '' . Acta Theologica. 26 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 232 . ISSN 1015 - 8758 . doi : 10.4314 / actat. v26i2. 52575 . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Richard A. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . The Ancient World . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 9780313333484 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome '' . University of Virginia Claude Moore Health Services Library . 2007 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Mark ( 2000 ) . Galen on food and diet . London : Routledge . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23232 - 5 . Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.82 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.2 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.3 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.4 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.7 Jump up ^ Osbaldeston 2000 , 3.25 Jump up ^ Conrad , Lawrence I . The Western medical tradition , 800 BC to AD 1800 . pp. 47 -- 52 . ISBN 0521475643 . Jump up ^ Scarborough , John ( 1997 - 02 - 01 ) . On the Understanding of Medicine Among the Romans . The Historian . pp. 459 -- 464 . Jump up ^ Holowchak , Andrew ( 2001 - 10 - 01 ) . Interpreting Dreams for Corrective Regimen . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . pp. 382 -- 399 . Jump up ^ Laskaris , Julie ( 2008 ) . Nursing Mothers in Greek and Roman Medicine . American Journal of Archaeology . pp. 459 -- 464 . JSTOR 20627484 . Jump up ^ VM , Avery ( 1991 ) . Antibacterial Properties of Breast Milk . US Library of medicine . pp. 1034 -- 1039 . Jump up ^ Holowchak , Andrew ( 2001 - 10 - 01 ) . Interpreting Dreams for Corrective Regimen . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . pp. 382 -- 399 . JSTOR 24623949 . Jump up ^ Bliquez , Lawrence ( 1981 - 04 - 01 ) . Greek and Roman Medicine . Archaeology . pp. 10 -- 17 . JSTOR 41727119 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - GCSE Bitesize : Overview '' . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ King , Helen ( 2002 ) . Greek and Roman medicine . London : Bristol Classical . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85399 - 545 - 3 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ; Komaroff , Linda ( 2005 ) . `` Illustrated Books May Be Hazardous to Your Health : A New Reading of the Arabic Reception and Rendition of the '' Materia Medica '' of Dioscorides `` . Ars Orientalis 35 : 8 Jump up ^ Nutton , Vivian ( 2009 ) . The Western medical tradition : 800 BC to AD 1800 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47564 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nutton , Vivian ( 2009 ) . Ancient medicine . London : Routledge . p. 201. ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 36848 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ralph ( 1988 ) . Doctors and diseases in the Roman Empire . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2167 - 3 . Sources ( edit ) Medical News Today : Ancient Roman Medicine Osbaldeston , Tess Anne ( translator ) ( 2000 ) . Dioscorides . Johannesburg : Ibidis Press . Dean - Jones , David E. ( 1993 ) . Galen On the Constitution of the Art of Medicine : Introduction , Translation , and Commentary . University of Texas , Austin . Dissertation . Brodersen , Kai ( 2015 ) . Plinius ' Kleine Reiseapotheke ( Medicina Plinii , Latin and German ) . Stuttgart : Franz - Steiner - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 11026 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) CN Trueman ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Medicine In Ancient Rome '' . historylearningsite.co.uk . The History Learning Site . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Nordqvist , Christian ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` What Is Ancient Roman Medicine ? '' . Medical News Today . MediLexicon International Ltd . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Rymer , Eric . Medicine and Health in Ancient Rome . History Link 101 . History Source LLC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Scarborough , John ( 1996 ) . Drugs and Medicine in the Roman World ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) ( in French ) ( in English ) Antique medicine website Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome Claude Moore Health Sciences Library , University of Virginia Roman Medicine Roadshow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicine_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=803705410 '' Categories : Ancient Roman medicine History of ancient medicine Ancient Roman culture Roman science Ancient Roman society European traditional medicine Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Português Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what advances in medicine did the romans add to society | [
"Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology. A variety of surgical procedures were carried out using many different instruments including forceps, scalpels and catheters."
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"medicine was divided into specializations such as ophthalmology and urology. A variety of surgical procedures were carried out using many different instruments including forceps, scalpels and catheters."
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1003106416118286606 | Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady | Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady - Wikipedia Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Steve Johnson and Kayla Brady '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Steve and Kayla Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans as Steve and Kayla Duration 1986 -- 90 , 2006 -- 09 , 2015 - Introduced by Betty Corday Ken Corday Al Rabin Profile Other names Stayla & Payla ( show ) Family Family Brady Johnson Spouse 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 2012 , 2017 -- Children Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson Steve `` Patch '' Earl Johnson and Dr. Kayla Caroline Brady are a supercouple on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives . Steve is portrayed by Stephen Nichols and Kayla is portrayed by Mary Beth Evans . On the Internet message boards ( 5 ) the couple is often referred to by the portmanteau `` Stayla '' ( for Steve and Kayla ) . The couple was initially popular from 1986 through 1990 until the `` death '' of Steve . Both characters have recently returned : after Steve being presumed dead for 16 years , Steve returned to the show on June 9 , 2006 ; Kayla returned on June 12 , 2006 . Steve and Kayla were dropped off canvas in February 2009 . Kayla returned in December 2011 . In August 2015 , Steve returned to Salem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 1.1 1986 - 1990 1.2 Sixteen years later 1.3 Impact 2 See also 3 External links Storyline ( edit ) 1986 - 1990 ( edit ) Steve Johnson was a former Merchant Marine who came to Salem working as a mercenary . He had a vendetta against his former best friend , Bo Brady ( Kayla 's brother ) who had gouged out his eye during a fight long ago . His bad boy image and criminal actions were no match for the beautiful good girl , Kayla Brady . One night , he rescued her from a street gang and left a note with his number on her car , and eventually , the two fell in love . Kayla pushed Steve away , but he was undeterred . He kept trying to convince her that they were meant to be together . Kayla 's family were opposed to the pairing , most especially Bo Brady , who believed Steve to be dangerous . Steve received an incredible shock when his sister came to town . Adrienne had been born after Steve 's mother had brought Steve and baby Billy to an orphanage . Steve had been 5 , Billy had been a young baby . Jo Johnson ( Steve 's mother ) was afraid her husband Duke would kill the children ( or vice versa ) due to Duke 's extremely violent nature . Steve wanted nothing to do with Adrienne or Jo , but deep down , he was yearning for the mother he had loved and hoped to see again . Duke ended up raping his virgin daughter , Adrienne , when she refused to tell him where to find her mother . She shot him in self - defense when he staggered over to her to do it again , and then she blocked out the memory of the rape and the killing . Steve tried to take the blame and developed a strong protectiveness towards his sister . Adrienne remembered what had happened just in time , during the trial , and Steve was exonerated . He started to push Kayla even further away , blaming her at first for not letting him kill Duke when he had had a chance ( before the rape ) and then fearing that he would be just like Duke , after his mother angrily told her children that Duke had n't always been so bad when they confronted her on her decision to ever hook up with a man like him . She told Steve that Steve reminded her of Duke in many ways , not realizing how painful those words would be . Their relationship would be challenged by the news that Steve had a wife . While taken aback and hurt by the news , Kayla continued the relationship . Then Kayla 's boyfriend , Jack , shows up . Jack is madly in lovely with Kayla but Kayla does not return the feelings . Jack hopefully pursued Kayla because he thought eventually he would win her over . The Deveraux Family hired Kayla to be Jack 's private nurse when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's Disease and quite ill . Steve learned the truth that Jack was his own brother , Billy . When he did , he shunned Kayla , hoping she would end up with Jack so his brother would have someone special with whom to spend his seemingly final days . Believing Steve was no longer interested in her , Kayla accepted a marriage proposal from Jack . Jack ( now played by Matthew Ashford ) recovered , but Kayla rebuffed every one of his attempts to consummate the marriage , unable to let her love for Steve go . Jack assumed Kayla was just nervous because they did n't know each other all that well . He knew she did n't love him , suspected that there were still feelings between Steve and Kayla , but he still remained hopeful that she would someday love him . Months later , Steve discovered Kayla was being poisoned . Suspecting it to be someone in the Deveraux house , and heartbroken that it could be his baby brother , he kidnapped her and the two * almost made love . They carried on their affair in secret . Kayla wanted to get out of her marriage , but Jo and Steve begged her to wait until Jack 's political election had passed . On New Year 's Eve / Day , Jack planned a romantic evening for them , and Kayla feigned illness so she and Steve could be together that night . A photographer snapped pictures of them kissing on New Year 's Eve , while at the same time , a disconsolate Jack was searching for his wife at a party to do the new years countdown together . Worried what they were doing was wrong , the two said a heartfelt goodbye , something they would do over and over again . A few weeks later , Jack won the political election and an unscrupulous reporter gave him the compromising pictures , intending to blackmail him . Enraged by her behavior and believing that Kayla and Steve had deliberately set out to hurt him , Jack confronted Kayla , and angrily raped her . Steve discovered this , fought his brother , and nearly killed him when Jack fell off the roof where they were fighting . In the aftermath , as Jack suffered from failing kidneys , Steve donated one of his own to save his brother 's life . Jack resented - and even harassed - Steve and Kayla , but the revelation that he was Steve 's brother and that his own father Harper had been a serial killer ( who had tried to poison Kayla ) would change his life , eventually for the better . Steve saved Kayla from Harper once more , but Kayla ended up losing her ability to speak following surgery to repair her hearing . When Jack discovered that Kayla was deaf and that part of the reason she was deaf was the stresses in her life , including his own violent behavior , he sadly granted her a divorce . Steve learned to use sign language to communicate with her . Kayla 's speech returned on her wedding day when she said `` I do '' to marrying Steve . A couple of years later , Steve 's supposedly dead wife Marina resurfaced , and she was pregnant with Steve 's baby . She wanted to get back together with Steve , but instead asked for his help in finding a special key . A pregnant Kayla thought it was the best thing to do in the hopes Marina would grant Steve a divorce so they could truly be married . Marina had every intent of rekindling things with Steve , but Jack , who was now well on his way to reforming did his level best to bring Steve and Kayla back together , despite Steve and Kayla 's insistence that he stay away from them . After going all the way to Italy and back , Marina ended up dead and Kayla was accused of the murder . Due to doctored videotape evidence , Kayla was sentenced to prison for ten years . She gave birth to a daughter , Stephanie , who Steve would raise while Kayla was in prison . However , a deranged nanny kidnapped Stephanie . Kayla escaped prison and she and Steve followed the kidnapper to Australia where , along with Bo and Hope , they were able to recover their baby . Now a newspaper man , Jack Deveraux worked with Jennifer Horton ( his employee and future wife ) to help push public opinion Kayla 's way and help find out who really killed Marina . The evidence against Kayla was soon discovered to be a fraud when Isabella , Marina 's sister remembered that she had killed her sister during a violent altercation and Kayla was allowed to return to Salem , a free woman . Steve and Kayla were married again in 1990 , this time with Jack Deveraux as best man . The incident with Marina had changed his relationship with Steve and Kayla and Steve was tentatively trying to welcome his brother into his life . Kayla , while always uncomfortable around Jack , tried to make peace with their past and allow the relationship to grow between the brothers . Tragedy would strike , however , when Steve was caught in an explosion aboard Bo Brady 's boat . It was no accident ; the explosion was meant to kill Bo and was planned by the evil oil baron Lawrence Alamain . Steve survived the blast , but because he thought Steve had evidence against him , Lawrence had Steve 's IV poisoned . With a grief - stricken Kayla at his side , Steve died . However , an empty coffin was buried in his grave . Sixteen years later ( edit ) Presumed dead after his car went into a river , Jack Deveraux was on his deathbed in a hospice . He was awaiting death , and refusing to let his wife Jennifer , daughter Abigail and mother Jo know he was still alive , hoping to spare them the agony of losing him ( yet again , as he has ' died ' more than once ) . A caring orderly tried to see if he wanted anything to eat or drink and a delirious Jack was shocked to see that it was his brother Steve Johnson ! Jack could not believe his eyes . Steve believed himself to be a man by the name of Nick Stockton , but a DNA test proved otherwise . Intrigued by the possibilities , and driven by his brother 's earnest pleadings that he return home , he convinced Jack to return home as well . On the day of Jennifer 's wedding to Frankie Brady , Steve and Jack arrived . Everyone was shocked when Jack interrupted the ceremony . Meanwhile , overwhelmed by the pain of returning to Salem where she had enjoyed such a short time of joy with Steve , Kayla was crying at Steve 's graveside at the cemetery at the church , unable to sit through the wedding without breaking down . Suddenly , Steve approached her from behind , asking her if she was okay . The shock of seeing her long lost love caused Kayla to faint , but when she awoke , her wildest dreams were confirmed : Steve has returned . Kayla was overjoyed and has tried not to pressure Steve , who is clearly suffering from amnesia . He has shared the memories he does have , but continually tells Kayla he has no memory of her . Kayla and Steve have spent a lot of time together trying to stir up memories , she explained to him why the sky was blue and the meaning of e = mc2 , but upon a visit to Cincinnati , Ohio - Nick Stockton 's old stomping grounds - it appeared as though Steve was giving up on those missing memories and on Kayla . She returned to Salem , and Steve would almost immediately follow her . Steve 's daughter Stephanie also proved to be a great draw for him , as the young woman joyfully welcomed her thought - dead father into her life . Steve began to push Kayla away again , trying instead to make a love connection with Billie Reed whom he thought to be more like himself than the classy Dr. Kayla Brady . At the same time , his brother Jack made a complete recovery and left with wife and son to head up the London Spectator news office . Jack begged his brother to give his love with Kayla a chance , telling him that Kayla and Steve were meant to be together , which was full circle from the times he tried to tear them apart . Having no memories of his darker past with his brother , Steve was moved and affected by the younger man 's words and outpouring of brotherly affection , but he still could not make the move towards a life with Kayla . His daughter roundly scolded him for bringing Billie with him to watch her race ( she races cars ) and Steve blamed himself when Stephanie was critically injured during the race . Tearfully at her bedside , he had a flashback to holding her as a baby . He still does n't remember Kayla , but now he remembers Stephanie and he 's terrified of how much it hurts to love her , especially as she lies near deaths door . Steve and Kayla were poisoned by a biotoxin a month later , in November 2006 . Steve recovered , but Kayla , hovering near death , fell into a coma . Steve pretended to get his memory back ( with the help of notes of his history with Kayla , provided by Bo and Hope ) to give her the will to carry on ; it worked , and Kayla woke up , weak but responsive . Before John and Marlena could get back from Canada with the antidote for Kayla , she flatlined , and Steve became hysterical ; he lifted her up and gave her a long kiss , and miraculously , her heart started to beat again . John and Marlena got to the hospital , the antidote was administered , and Kayla began to recover . After Kayla was released from the hospital , Steve remained by her side , but was distant ; because of her fragile , still - recovering state , he was hesitant to tell her that his memory had not really returned . However , Kayla suspected the truth , as he was distant . To find out for certain , she asked Steve to take a trip with her to the bungalow where they had hid from Victor Kiriakis nearly two decades earlier ; she wanted to ' test ' his memory there . Steve , not knowing that Kayla suspected the truth , reluctantly agreed . Once at the bungalow , Steve decided to tell Kayla the truth : his memory did not return -- and he remembered a life with a separate family , a different wife and daughter . However , he cared about Kayla and he was just determined to keep Kayla alive , and wanted to give her the will to live . Heartbroken but strong , Kayla surprised Steve by telling him that she had already knew that this was the case . She excused herself , going to another room to silently cry . Steve promptly fell asleep on the bed , and began to have flashes of memories and dreams of Kayla . Waking up in the middle of a dream , he thought that he and Kayla were on the run from Victor Kiriakis , something that had happened nearly 20 years prior . Entering the room Kayla was in , he frantically vowed to protect her , as Kayla , shocked , did n't understand what was going on . The flashes of memory became more intense , and Steve , with Kayla holding on to him in an attempt to snap him out of his erratic state , fell ; catching his breath , he realized Kayla could be the love of his life , his memory had returned , telling Kayla tearfully , `` I remember loving you ! '' Kayla was skeptical , but Steve , at first , was oblivious ; he was so overjoyed at having his memory back , trying to tell her every memory at once . He soon noticed that she was crying , and was shocked , asking her what was wrong . Kayla replied that she did n't know if she could believe that he had really gotten his memory back , especially not after how he had previously pretended to remember her . Horrified , Steve grabbed her and assured her that he , Steven Earl Johnson , her `` one - eyed tomcat '' was indeed back . Overcome , Kayla ran out of the bungalow , crying , with Steve chasing her . Coming back , she nearly fainted -- still recovering from the biotoxin poisoning -- and he caught her , holding her close and assuring her that everything would be fine . After more desperate pleas from Steve to believe in him , and after he signed ' courage ' to her as he did on their wedding day , Kayla relented ; they reunited passionately . Over the next year , 2007 , Steve and Kayla would overcome the consequences of Steve 's brainwashing by Stefano DiMera , who had used him as a pawn . Kayla deprogrammed him after several months of pain and terror . That summer , Steve would act as a go - between for the DiMera family and the Bradys , as he attempted to discover what the DiMeras were up to by infiltrating their mansion as an undercover agent . Also around this time , Kayla began thinking about adopting a child so she and Steve could experience raising one together . Kayla was working at the hospital when she discovered an abandoned baby boy there , and instantly fell in love with him . With some convincing , Steve agreed that they would become the foster parents of the baby boy , nicknamed `` Pocket '' by Kayla . After a couple of months , however , Pocket began getting sick , and had to be hospitalized . During this time , Philip Kiriakis discovered he had a son , an in - vitro baby with Mimi Lockhart . Steve , Kayla , and Philip all learned that Pocket was really Philip and Mimi 's son , whose real name was Tyler , and who had been abandoned by the surrogate who gave birth to him . In the end , a young couple who had been caring for the baby after he was taken away from Steve and Kayla expressed a desire to adopt him , and Steve and Kayla , though heartbroken to lose the little boy , agreed that the child would be well off with the adoptive parents , as did Philip . Steve and Kayla then had to deal with the rape of their daughter , Stephanie , by Ford Decker , who afterwards died in an accidental fall . In February 2008 , Kayla learned that she was pregnant with the couple 's second child . On May 16 , 2008 , in an emotionally charged episode , Kayla gave birth to her and Steve 's baby boy , who arrived three months prematurely , and was not breathing at birth ; he was immediately transported to the NICU of Salem University Hospital . Devastated yet hopeful , his parents are now dealing with the aftermath . The baby boy has been named Joseph , to be known as ' Joe ' Johnson . Impact ( edit ) Steve and Kayla were part of a growing `` supercouple '' phenomenon on Days of our Lives , largely starting after Luke Spencer and Laura Webber from General Hospital took the daytime world by storm and enthralled viewers with their adventurous and romantic storylines . Steve and Kayla were a classic good girl / bad boy story , with Steve battling his inner demons , stemming from the resentment he felt at being left to live in an orphanage , his abusive parents , and his general disdain for any type of romantic relationship . In contrast , Kayla had been raised in a happy , content family , and grew up with loving parents and siblings . At times , Steve felt it impossible for them to really have anything in common . However , the show stuck by the couple and their pairing was and remains one of the most successful partnerships in DAYS history . They were ranked number 19 on the We Love Soaps list of 50 greatest soap opera couples of all time . In addition to being popular with viewers , Steve and Kayla were also featured regularly in soap opera magazines , appearing on numerous Soap Opera Digest covers , and also appearing in the now - defunct magazines Daytime Television and Soap Opera Update . Their wedding in 1988 , occurring over the course of two episodes , caused Days of Our Lives to go to number one in the ratings , something that had not happened for 14 years . They were honored with many accolades , including an honor bestowed by Soap Opera Digest , Favorite Couple , in 1989 . Stephen Nichols has also received Best Actor honors from Soap Opera Digest . In the Best & Worst 1988 issue , they were singled out as having the best wedding . Nichols was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy in 1988 . Many fellow actors and co-stars have praised the magic of their partnership , with one writer from Soap Opera Update quoting that `` There was Bogie and Bacall , Tracy and Hepburn , and Scarlett and Rhett . Then there was Patch and Kayla . '' See also ( edit ) List of supercouples External links ( edit ) Stephen Nichols official website Marybeth Evans official website Steve / Patch at soapcentral.com Kayla at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Nicole Walker Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Holly Walker Nicole Walker Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Johnson_and_Kayla_Brady&oldid=785286415 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Soap opera supercouples Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2010 All articles lacking sources Articles with topics of unclear notability from January 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was patch married to on days of our lives | [
"Steve \"Patch\" Earl Johnson and Dr. Kayla Caroline Brady are a supercouple on the American soap opera Days of Our Lives. Steve is portrayed by Stephen Nichols and Kayla is portrayed by Mary Beth Evans. On the Internet message boards[5] the couple is often referred to by the portmanteau \"Stayla\" (for Steve and Kayla). The couple was initially popular from 1986 through 1990 until the \"death\" of Steve. Both characters have recently returned: after Steve being presumed dead for 16 years, Steve returned to the show on June 9, 2006; Kayla returned on June 12, 2006. Steve and Kayla were dropped off canvas in February 2009. Kayla returned in December 2011. In August 2015, Steve returned to Salem."
] | [
"Dr. Kayla Caroline Brady"
] |
-3548437338750594699 | Kindle Fire | Kindle Fire - Wikipedia Kindle Fire `` Amazon Fire '' redirects here . For the smartphone , see Fire Phone . For the media player , see Amazon Fire TV . Amazon Fire Tablet Developer Amazon.com , Inc . Manufacturer Quanta Computer Type Tablet computer Generation 1st Release date November 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 15 ) ( US ) September 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) ( Europe ) December 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) ( Japan ) Units sold 7 million ( as of October 2012 ) Operating system Based on Android OS 2.3. 3 Gingerbread ( customized : 6.3. 2_user_4110520 ) ( 1st gen . ) Based on Android 4.0. 3 ( customized : 10.5. 1_user_5172420 ) ( 2nd gen . ) System - on - chip used Texas Instruments OMAP 4 4430 CPU 1.2 GHz dual - core Cortex - A9 ( ARMv7 ) Memory 512 MB RAM ( 1st gen . ) 1 GB RAM ( 2nd gen . ) Storage 8 GB Display 7 inch multi-touch Gorilla Glass display , 1024 × 600 at 169 ppi , 16 million colors . Capacitive touch sensitive . Graphics PowerVR SGX 540 Sound 3.5 mm stereo audio jack , top - mounted stereo speakers Camera None Connectivity Micro-USB 2.0 ( type B ) 3.5 mm stereo socket 802.11 b / g / n Wi - Fi Online services Amazon Prime , Amazon Cloud Storage , Amazon Cloud Player , Amazon Video , Amazon Silk , Amazon App Store , Amazon Kindle Store Dimensions 190 mm ( 7.5 in ) H 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) W 11.4 mm ( 0.45 in ) D Weight 413 g ( 14.6 oz ) Successor Fire HD Website Amazon Kindle Fire Kindle Fire showing components , back cover removed The Fire Tablet , formerly called the Kindle Fire , is a tablet computer developed by Amazon.com . Built with Quanta Computer , the Kindle Fire was first released in November 2011 , featuring a color 7 - inch multi-touch display with IPS technology and running a custom version of Google 's Android operating system called Fire OS . The Kindle Fire HD followed in September 2012 , and the Kindle Fire HDX in September 2013 . In September 2014 , when the fourth generation was introduced , the name `` Kindle '' was dropped . In September 2015 , the fifth generation Fire 7 was released , followed by the sixth generation Fire HD 8 , in September 2016 . The seventh generation Fire 7 was released in June 2017 . On September 7 , 2012 , upgrades to the device were announced with consumer availability to those European countries with a localized version of Amazon 's website ( United Kingdom , France , Germany , Italy and Spain ) . The original Kindle Fire retailed for US $199 in 2011 . Estimates of the device 's initial bill of materials cost ranged from $150 to $202 . Amazon 's business strategy was stated in 2011 as making money through sales of digital content on the Fire , rather than through sales of the device itself . As of October 2012 , the Kindle Fire was the second best selling tablet after Apple 's iPad , with about 7 million units sold according to estimates by Forrester Research and as of 2013 Amazon 's tablets were the fourth best selling . On September 6 , 2012 , the Kindle Fire was upgraded to the second generation , and its price was reduced to US $159 , RAM upgraded to 1 GB and processor clock speed upgraded to 1.2 GHz . A more powerful and video - friendly version , the Kindle Fire HD ( 7 and 8.9 inch versions ) was also made available , initially priced at $199 and $299 . On September 25 , 2013 , the Kindle Fire HD was upgraded as the third generation Fire , priced at US $139 , and the Kindle Fire HDX was introduced . The Kindle Fire HDX had an improved graphics engine , double the memory , and triple the processor speed of the previous model . The 7 - inch and 8.99 - inch versions were introduced at US $229 and US $379 respectively . In September 2014 , the Fire HDX 8.9 and the Fire HD were upgraded to the fourth generation of Fire tablets , removing the `` Kindle '' adjective in the naming scheme . There was also the Fire HD 6 that has a six - inch screen with a quad - core processor priced at US $99 . In September 2015 , Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7 , priced at US $49.99 for the 8GB version that displays advertisements on the lock screen . As of March 2016 it was the lowest - priced Amazon tablet . In June 2016 , its price was dropped briefly to US $39.99 . This fifth generation tablet includes for the first time a micro SD card slot for extra storage . In September 2016 , Amazon announced the release of the Fire HD 8 which includes the virtual assistant Alexa , priced at US $89.99 . Fortune reported that , `` As with most of Amazon 's devices , the aim is n't to make money off of the hardware but instead to sell digital content such as books , movies , and TV shows to users '' . A slightly improved Fire 7 was released in June 2017 , keeping the US $49.99 price point . Contents 1 Design 1.1 Hardware 1.2 Software 2 Reception 3 Sales 4 Models 5 Gallery 6 Generations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Design ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Kindle Fire hardware was originally manufactured by Quanta Computer ( an Original Design Manufacturer ) , which had also helped design the BlackBerry PlayBook , using it as a hardware template for the Kindle Fire . First - generation Kindle Fire devices employed a 1 - GHz Texas Instruments OMAP 4430 dual - core processor . The device has a 2 - point multi-touch color LCD screen with a diagonal length of 7 inches ( 180 mm ) and a 600 × 1024 - pixel resolution ( 160 dpi density ) . Connectivity is through 802.11 n Wi - Fi and USB 2.0 ( Micro-B connector ) . The device includes 8 GB of internal storage -- said to be enough for 80 applications , plus either 10 movies or 800 songs or 6,000 books . According to Amazon the first - generation Kindle Fire 's 4400 mAh battery sustains up to 8 hours of consecutive reading and up to 7.5 hours of video playback with wireless off ; later generations all offered around 7 -- 8 hours Of the 8 GB internal storage available in the first - generation Kindle Fire , approximately 6.5 GB was available for content . The first - generation Kindle Fire has a sensor on the upper left - hand corner of the screen . This was widely considered to be an ambient - light sensor , disabled since an early software upgrade . Color display technologies consume much more power than monochrome electronic paper ( E-ink ) types ; Fire offer a typical battery life of 8 hours of mixed usage , while monochrome Kindles offer 15 to 30 hours ' use without WiFi -- `` battery lasts weeks on a single charge '' -- with a much lower - capacity battery . Software ( edit ) The first generation of Kindle Fire devices run a customized Android 2.3. 3 Gingerbread OS . The second - generation Kindle Fire HD runs a customized Android 4.0. 3 Ice Cream Sandwich OS . Along with access to Amazon Appstore , the Fire includes a cloud - accelerated `` split browser '' , Amazon Silk , using Amazon EC2 for off - device cloud computation ; including webpage layout and rendering , and Google 's SPDY protocol for faster webpage content transmission . The user 's Amazon digital content is given free storage in Amazon Cloud 's web - storage platform , 5 GB music storage in Amazon Cloud Drive , and a built - in email application allows webmail ( Gmail , Yahoo ! , Hotmail , AOL Mail , etc . ) to be merged into one inbox . The subscription - based Amazon Prime , which includes unlimited streaming of movies and TV shows , is available with a free 30 - day trial period . Content formats supported by the first - generation Kindle Fire were Kindle Format 8 ( KF8 ) , Kindle Mobi (. azw ) , TXT , PDF , unrestricted MOBI , PRC natively , Audible ( Audible Enhanced ( AA , AAX ) ) , DOC , DOCX , JPEG , GIF , PNG , BMP , non-DRM AAC , MP3 , MIDI , OGG , WAV , MP4 , VP8 . Because of Amazon 's USB driver implementation , the first - generation Kindle Fire suffered from slow USB transfer speeds . For example , transferring an 800MB video file may have taken more than three minutes in 2011 . It is possible to convert a Kindle Fire to a tablet running standard Android , with some loss of Amazon - related functionality , and lacking features such as Bluetooth , microphone , camera , and memory expansion . Reception ( edit ) Analysts had projected the device to be a strong competitor to Apple 's iPad , and that other Android device makers would suffer lost sales . In a 2012 review published by Project Gutenberg , the Kindle Fire was called a `` huge step back in freedom from the Kindle 3 '' ; the reviewer noted that Amazon introduced a `` deliberate limitation '' into the Fire that did n't exist in the previous version : it is no longer possible to download free e-books from websites such as Project Gutenberg , Internet Archive and Google Books and have them stored permanently in the same places where books from Amazon are kept . Sales ( edit ) Customers began receiving Kindle Fires on November 15 , 2011 , and in December 2012 , customers had purchased over a million Kindle devices per week . International Data Corporation ( IDC ) estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011 . The Amazon Kindle Fire helped the company beat their 2012 first quarter estimates and boosted the company 's stock in extended trading . As of May 2013 , about 7 million units had been sold according to estimates . Statistics for FY2014 or Q1&2 2015 are not yet available . Models ( edit ) Generation ( within Amazon tablets ) 1st generation ( 2011 ) 2nd generation ( 2012 ) 5th generation ( 2015 ) 7th generation ( 2017 ) Model Kindle Fire Fire Fire 7 Release date November 15 , 2011 September 14 , 2012 September 30 , 2015 June 7 , 2017 Status Discontinued Available Current OS Based on Android 2.3. 3 Based on Android 4.0. 3 Fire OS 5 System Version 6.3. 4 10.5. 1 5.6. 1.0 Screen Size ( diagonal ) 7 '' Resolution 1024 × 600 Density 169 ppi 171 ppi CPU Maker Texas Instruments MediaTek Kind Dual - core OMAP 4 Quad - core Model 4430 HS MT8127D MT8127B Cores 2 × ARM Cortex - A9 @ 1.0 GHz 2 × ARM Cortex - A9 @ 1.2 GHz 4 × ARM Cortex - A7 @ 1.3 GHz Width 32 - bit GPU Designer Imagination Technologies ARM Holdings Kind PowerVR Mali Model SGX540 450 450 MP4 Clock 304 MHz 384 MHz 600 MHz ? RAM 512 MiB 1 GiB Storage Internal 8 GB 8 GB , 16 GB , or 32 GB External N / A At least up to 128 GB microSDXC At least up to 256 GB microSDXC Camera Back 2 MP Front 0.3 MP VGA Microphone Yes Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 LE Bluetooth 4.1 LE Wireless Wi - Fi 802.11 b / g / n 802.11 a / b / g / n ( dual band ) + Cellular N / A Location N / A Wi - Fi based Proximity N / A Compass Light sensor Accelerometer Yes Gyroscope N / A Barometer Weight 413 g ( 14.6 oz ) 400 g ( 14 oz ) 313 g ( 11.0 oz ) 295 g ( 10.4 oz ) Dimensions 190 × 120 × 11.4 mm ( 7.48 × 4.72 × 0.45 in ) 189 × 120 × 11.5 mm ( 7.44 × 4.72 × 0.45 in ) 191 × 115 × 10.6 mm ( 7.52 × 4.53 × 0.42 in ) 192 × 115 × 9.6 mm ( 7.56 × 4.53 × 0.38 in ) Battery 4400 mAh 2980 mAh 8 hours Gallery ( edit ) The Kindle Fire in horizontal position displaying web page Kindle Fire 7 in ( 180 mm ) size relative to a hand The iPad ( left ) compared with the Kindle Fire ( right ) The Kindle Fire ( left ) compared with the iPod Touch ( right ) The Kindle Fire ( left ) compared with the iPad Mini ( center ) and the Nexus 7 ( 2012 version ) ( right ) Generations ( edit ) There have been seven generations of Kindle Fire tablets , spread across three different models : Fire , Fire HD and Fire HDX . There have also been different - sized tablets within the Fire HD and Fire HDX models . Items in bold are currently available . 1st Gen ( 2011 ) 2nd Gen ( 2012 ) Gen 2.5 ( 2012 ) 3rd Gen ( 2013 ) 4th Gen ( 2014 ) 5th Gen ( 2015 ) 6th Gen ( 2016 ) 7th Gen ( 2017 ) Fire Kindle Fire ( 7 `` ) Kindle Fire ( 7 `` ) Fire ( 7 `` ) Fire ( 7 `` ) Fire HD Kindle Fire HD ( 7 `` ) Kindle Fire HD ( 8.9 `` ) Kindle Fire HD ( 7 `` ) Fire HD ( 6 `` ) Fire HD ( 7 `` ) Fire HD ( 8 `` ) Fire HD ( 10 `` ) Fire HD ( 8 `` ) Fire HD ( 8 `` ) Fire HD ( 10 `` ) Fire HDX Kindle Fire HDX ( 7 `` ) Kindle Fire HDX ( 8.9 `` ) Fire HDX ( 8.9 `` ) See also ( edit ) Fire HD , the ' mid-market ' version of the Kindle Fire , with improved specifications , including higher resolution screens and improved processors . Fire HDX , the ' high - end ' version of the Kindle Fire , the mostly highly specified Fire , with improved resolution and faster processors . Comparison of : Tablet computers E-book readers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lai , Marcus ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon to burn new tablet this week , says report '' . Punch Jump . Punch Jump LL C. Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brian X . Chen ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) . `` How Are 7 - Inch Tablets Doing ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire Device and Feature Specifications '' . Amazon Mobile app distribution . Amazon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Tyler ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire unveiled '' . Ubergizmo . Blogzilla LLC . Jump up ^ Shahbaaz ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Unveils Kindle Fire Android Tablet ( $199 ) & Kindle Touch ( $99 ) , Kindle 2011 Priced at $79 ! '' . tnerd.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kindle Fire - the Amazon Tablet with Full Color 7 '' Multi-Touch Display , Wi - Fi `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kindle Fire Amazon description Accessed : 11 / 23 / 2011 Jump up ^ Grabham , Dan ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire : what you need to know Updated : Kindle tablet release date , specs , features and more '' . TechRadar UK . Future Publishing Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire Comes to the UK -- Introducing the All - New Kindle Fire HD and Kindle Fire '' . Press releases . Amazon.co.uk. 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire to go on sale in Europe ( AFP ) '' . Phys.org. 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire tablet to sell at $199 , challenging iPad '' . Chicago Tribune . 28 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Merritt , Rick ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Kindle Fire profitable at estimated $150 BoM '' . eetimes.com . eetimes . Jump up ^ Olivarez - Giles , Nathan ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Amazons 199 Kindle Fire costs 201.70 to build , report says '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Myslewski , Rik ( 30 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire is sold at a loss '' . theregister.co.uk . The Register . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon to lose $50 on each Kindle Fire , says analyst '' . news.cnet.com . CNET . Jump up ^ Naughton , John ( 2 October 2011 ) . `` Kindle Fire : the tablet that knows your next move '' . The Guardian / The Observer . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Martin , James . `` Amazon Kindle Fire '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Kindle Fire HD at Amazon.com store Jump up ^ Franklin , Eric . `` Amazon Kindle Fire HDX 7 - Tablets - CNET Reviews '' . Reviews.cnet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wilson Rothman ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire HDX tablets pose real threat to iPad dominance '' . NBC News.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new with Amazon 's Fire OS 4.0 `` Sangria '' ? `` . AndroidGuys . Jump up ^ Amazon Fire HD 6 review CNET Jump up ^ `` Amazon Fire tablets '' . Amazon . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . List of current Fire tablets on Amazon , sorted by price . Jump up ^ `` You can actually get a brand new Amazon Fire tablet right now for $40 '' . bgr.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Tablets MicroSD Card How To Guide -- Everything You Need to Know '' . ebook reader . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's new Fire HD 8 is its first tablet with Alexa '' . engadget.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Debuts Its First Fire Tablet With Virtual Assistant Alexa '' . fortune.com . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Fire 7 ( 2017 ) '' . PCMag UK . 2017 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Amazon tablet will look like a PlayBook - because it basically is '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire tablet unveiled : Android - based , 7 - inch display , $199 price tag '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon Kindle Fire vs. iPad 2 vs. Nook Color : by the numbers '' . This Is My Next . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire - Full Color 7 '' Multi-Touch Display with Wi - Fi `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fire HD 6 - Amazon site '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . See `` Compare Fire Tablets '' section : New HD6 , HD8 , and HD10 all claim `` Up to 8 hours of reading , surfing the web , watching video , and listening to music '' ; 7 '' Fire claims 7 hours . Google search < site : www.amazon.com `` compare fire tablets '' > for latest information . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christopher ( 17 November 2011 ) . `` Kindle Fire : Edu holy grail or one more DRM - ridden toy ? '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Bergman - Terrell 's Blog '' . Ericbt.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kindle e-reader -- Amazon 's Official Site -- Learn More '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire UI : it 's Android , but not quite '' . This Is My Next . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getting Started with Kindle Fire '' . Jump up ^ Tung , Liam ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Amazon opens global Appstore by stealth '' . Itnews.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Boulton , Clint ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Amazon EC2 Underlies Kindle Tablet ' Silk ' Browser '' . www.eweekeurope.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Amazon Silk '' . amazon.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ ' Amazon Silk team ' ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` Introducing Amazon Silk '' . amazonsilk.wordpress.com . Archived from the original on 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ku , Andrew ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Storage Performance : Slightly Faster Than USB 1.0 ? ! : The Amazon Kindle Fire : Benchmarked , Tested , And Reviewed '' . Tom 's Hardware : Hardware News , Tests and Reviews . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rick Broida ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Turn your Kindle Fire into an Android 4.2 tablet '' . Cnet.com . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Letzing , John ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon to Challenge iPad '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's Kindle Fire Will ' Vaporize ' Android But Leave Apple Unscathed '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lee Brodie , ed. ( 28 September 2011 ) . Gene Munster : Samsung , Others Should Worry about Kindle Fire . cnbc.com . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Kindle Fire Review '' . Project Gutenberg. 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . You can get free ebooks to the Fire too , but the process is so cumbersome that it is n't worth the trouble given the alternative of buying a Nexus 7 , which handles free ebooks with ease . To be specific , there is no way to download free books from the web and have the Kindle Fire store them permanently or in the same places where your books from Amazon are kept . This was easy with the Kindle 3 . No more . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Appstore Presentation at CES '' . Amazon Appstore Developer Blog . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Claburn ( 2012 - 04 - 07 ) . `` iPad Mini : 6 Reasons Apple Must Do It '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan . `` Kindle Fire helps Amazon beat 1Q estimates '' . Yahoo News - Tech . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kindle Fire ( 1st Generation ) Software Updates Jump up ^ Kindle Fire ( 2nd Generation ) Software Updates Jump up ^ Kindle Fire ( 5th Generation ) Software Updates ^ Jump up to : `` Device and Feature Specifications - Amazon Apps & Services Developer Portal '' . developer.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Amazon 's Kindle Fire HD : Better ; Can It Compete With The Nexus 7 ? Jump up ^ `` Macro photo of the Amazon Fire 2015 motherboard '' . forum.xda-developers.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon Kindle Fire . 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"In September 2015, Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7, priced at US$49.99 for the 8GB version that displays advertisements on the lock screen. As of March 2016[update] it was the lowest-priced Amazon tablet.[24] In June 2016, its price was dropped briefly to US$39.99.[25] This fifth generation tablet includes for the first time a micro SD card slot for extra storage.[26]\n"
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-5442597567342390886 | Yellowstone Caldera | Yellowstone caldera - wikipedia Yellowstone caldera Yellowstone Caldera The northeastern part of Yellowstone Caldera , with the Yellowstone River flowing through Hayden Valley and the caldera rim in the distance Highest point Elevation 9,203 ft ( 2,805 m ) Coordinates 44 ° 24 ′ N 110 ° 42 ′ W / 44.400 ° N 110.700 ° W / 44.400 ; - 110.700 ( Yellowstone Caldera ) Coordinates : 44 ° 24 ′ N 110 ° 42 ′ W / 44.400 ° N 110.700 ° W / 44.400 ; - 110.700 ( Yellowstone Caldera ) Geography Location Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming , United States Parent range Rocky Mountains Topo map USGS Yellowstone National Park Geology Age of rock 2,100,000 -- 70,000 years Mountain type Caldera and supervolcano Climbing Easiest route Hike / auto / bus The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States , sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano . The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming . The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles ( 55 by 72 km ) . The caldera formed during the last of three supereruptions over the past 2.1 million years : the Huckleberry Ridge eruption 2.1 million years ago ( which created the Island Park Caldera and the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff ) ; the Mesa Falls eruption 1.3 million years ago ( which created the Henry 's Fork Caldera and the Mesa Falls Tuff ) ; and the Lava Creek eruption approximately 630,000 years ago ( which created the Yellowstone Caldera and the Lava Creek Tuff ) . Contents 1 Volcanism at Yellowstone 2 Yellowstone hotspot origin 3 Hazards 3.1 Earthquakes 3.2 Volcanoes 3.3 Hydrothermal explosions 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Volcanism at Yellowstone Yellowstone sits on top of four overlapping calderas . ( US NPS ) Volcanism at Yellowstone is relatively recent , with calderas that were created during large eruptions that took place 2.1 million , 1.3 million , and 630,000 years ago . The calderas lie over a hotspot where light and hot magma ( molten rock ) from the mantle rises toward the surface . While the Yellowstone hotspot is now under the Yellowstone Plateau , it did help to create the eastern Snake River Plain ( to the west of Yellowstone ) through a series of huge volcanic eruptions . The hotspot appears to move across terrain in the east - northeast direction , but in fact the hotspot is much deeper than terrain and remains stationary while the North American Plate moves west - southwest over it . Over the past 18 million years or so , this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basaltic lava . Together these eruptions have helped create the eastern part of the Snake River Plain from a once - mountainous region . At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they are classified as supereruptions . Volcanic eruptions sometimes empty their stores of magma so swiftly that the overlying land collapses into the emptied magma chamber , forming a geographic depression called a caldera . The oldest identified caldera remnant straddles the border near McDermitt , Nevada -- Oregon , although there are volcaniclastic piles and arcuate faults that define caldera complexes more than 60 km ( 37 mi ) in diameter in the Carmacks Group of southwest - central Yukon , Canada , which are interpreted to have been formed 70 million years ago by the Yellowstone hotspot . Progressively younger caldera remnants , most grouped in several overlapping volcanic fields , extend from the Nevada -- Oregon border through the eastern Snake River Plain and terminate in the Yellowstone Plateau . One such caldera , the Bruneau - Jarbidge caldera in southern Idaho , was formed between 10 and 12 million years ago , and the event dropped ash to a depth of one foot ( 30 cm ) 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away in northeastern Nebraska and killed large herds of rhinoceros , camel , and other animals at Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park . The United States Geological Survey ( `` USGS '' ) estimates there are one or two major caldera - forming eruptions and 100 or so lava extruding eruptions per million years , and `` several to many '' steam eruptions per century . The loosely defined term `` supervolcano '' has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions . Thus defined , the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot ; it also produced one additional smaller eruption , thereby creating the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake 174,000 years ago . The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million , 1.3 million , and approximately 630,000 years ago , forming the Island Park Caldera , the Henry 's Fork Caldera , and Yellowstone calderas , respectively . The Island Park Caldera supereruption ( 2.1 million years ago ) , which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff , was the largest , and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption . The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera ( ~ 630,000 years ago ) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff . The Henry 's Fork Caldera ( 1.2 million years ago ) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff , but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain - Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today . Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less - violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone caldera since the last supereruption . The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago , while a violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago . Smaller steam explosions occur as well : an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake ( located in the center of the caldera ) . Currently , volcanic activity is exhibited via numerous geothermal vents scattered throughout the region , including the famous Old Faithful Geyser , plus recorded ground - swelling indicating ongoing inflation of the underlying magma chamber . The volcanic eruptions , as well as the continuing geothermal activity , are a result of a great cove of magma located below the caldera 's surface . The magma in this cove contains gases that are kept dissolved by the immense pressure under which the magma is contained . If the pressure is released to a sufficient degree by some geological shift , then some of the gases bubble out and cause the magma to expand . This can cause a chain reaction . If the expansion results in further relief of pressure , for example , by blowing crust material off the top of the chamber , the result is a very large gas explosion . According to analysis of earthquake data in 2013 , the magma chamber is 80 km ( 50 mi ) long and 20 km ( 12 mi ) wide . It also has 4,000 km ( 960 cu mi ) underground volume , of which 6 -- 8 % is filled with molten rock . This is about 2.5 times bigger than scientists had previously imagined it to be ; however , scientists believe that the proportion of molten rock in the chamber is much too low to allow another supereruption . Yellowstone hotspot origin Main article : Yellowstone hotspot The source of the Yellowstone hotspot is controversial . Some geoscientists hypothesize that the Yellowstone hotspot is the effect of an interaction between local conditions in the lithosphere and upper mantle convection . Others suggest an origin in the deep mantle ( mantle plume ) . Part of the controversy is the relatively sudden appearance of the hotspot in the geologic record . Additionally , the Columbia Basalt flows appeared at the same approximate time in the same place , causing speculation about their common origin . As the Yellowstone hotspot traveled to the east and north , the Columbia disturbance moved northward and eventually subsided . An alternate theory to the mantle plume model was proposed in 2018 . It is suggested that the volcanism may be caused by upwellings from the lower mantle resulting from water - rich fragments of the Farallon plate descending from the Cascadia subduction region , sheared off at a subducted spreading rift . Hazards Earthquakes Number of earthquakes in Yellowstone National Park region ( 1973 -- 2014 ) Volcanic and tectonic actions in the region cause between 1,000 and 2,000 measurable earthquakes annually . Most are relatively minor , measuring a magnitude of 3 or weaker . Occasionally , numerous earthquakes are detected in a relatively short period of time , an event known as an earthquake swarm . In 1985 , more than 3,000 earthquakes were measured over a period of several months . More than 70 smaller swarms were detected between 1983 and 2008 . The USGS states these swarms are likely caused by slips on pre-existing faults rather than by movements of magma or hydrothermal fluids . In December 2008 , continuing into January 2009 , more than 500 quakes were detected under the northwest end of Yellowstone Lake over a seven - day span , with the largest registering a magnitude of 3.9 . Another swarm started in January 2010 , after the Haiti earthquake and before the Chile earthquake . With 1,620 small earthquakes between January 17 , 2010 , and February 1 , 2010 , this swarm was the second - largest ever recorded in the Yellowstone Caldera . The largest of these shocks was a magnitude 3.8 that occurred on January 21 , 2010 . This swarm reached the background levels by February 21 . On March 30 , 2014 , at 6 : 34 AM MST , a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Yellowstone , the largest recorded there since February 1980 . In February 2018 , more than 300 earthquakes occurred , with the largest being a magnitude 2.9 . Volcanoes Diagram of the Yellowstone Caldera The last full - scale eruption of the Yellowstone Supervolcano , the Lava Creek eruption which happened approximately 640,000 years ago , ejected approximately 240 cubic miles ( 1,000 km ) of rock , dust and volcanic ash into the sky . Geologists are closely monitoring the rise and fall of the Yellowstone Plateau , which has been rising as fast as 0.6 inches ( 1.5 cm ) per year , as an indication of changes in magma chamber pressure . The upward movement of the Yellowstone caldera floor between 2004 and 2008 -- almost 3 inches ( 7.6 cm ) each year -- was more than three times greater than ever observed since such measurements began in 1923 . From 2004 to 2008 , the land surface within the caldera moved upward as much as 8 inches ( 20 cm ) at the White Lake GPS station . By the end of 2009 , the uplift had slowed significantly and appeared to have stopped . In January 2010 , the USGS stated that `` uplift of the Yellowstone Caldera has slowed significantly '' and that uplift continues but at a slower pace . The U.S. Geological Survey , University of Utah and National Park Service scientists with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory maintain that they `` see no evidence that another such cataclysmic eruption will occur at Yellowstone in the foreseeable future . Recurrence intervals of these events are neither regular nor predictable . '' This conclusion was reiterated in December 2013 in the aftermath of the publication of a study by University of Utah scientists finding that the `` size of the magma body beneath Yellowstone is significantly larger than had been thought '' . The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory issued a statement on its website stating , Although fascinating , the new findings do not imply increased geologic hazards at Yellowstone , and certainly do not increase the chances of a ' supereruption ' in the near future . Contrary to some media reports , Yellowstone is not ' overdue ' for a supereruption . Other media reports were more hyperbolic in their coverage . A study published in GSA Today , the monthly news and science magazine of the Geological Society of America , identified three fault zones on which future eruptions are most likely to be centered . Two of those areas are associated with lava flows aged 174,000 -- 70,000 years , and the third is a focus of present - day seismicity . In 2017 , NASA conducted a study to determine the feasibility of preventing the volcano from erupting . The results suggested that cooling the magma chamber by 35 percent would be enough to forestall such an incident . NASA proposed introducing water at high pressure 10 kilometers underground . The circulating water would release heat at the surface , possibly in a way that could be used as a power source . If enacted , the plan would cost about $3.46 billion . Nevertheless , according to Brian Wilson of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , a completed project might trigger , instead of prevent , an eruption . Hydrothermal explosions Path of the Yellowstone hot spot over the past 16 million years Further information : Hydrothermal explosion Studies and analysis may indicate that the greater hazard comes from hydrothermal activity which occurs independently of volcanic activity . Over 20 large craters have been produced in the past 14,000 years , resulting in such features as Mary Bay , Turbid Lake , and Indian Pond which was created in an eruption about 1300 BC . In a 2003 report , USGS researchers proposed that an earthquake may have displaced more than 77 million cubic feet ( 2,200,000 m ) ( 576,000,000 US gallons ) of water in Yellowstone Lake , creating colossal waves that unsealed a capped geothermal system and led to the hydrothermal explosion that formed Mary Bay . Further research shows that very distant earthquakes reach and have effects upon the activities at Yellowstone , such as the 1992 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake in California 's Mojave Desert that triggered a swarm of quakes from more than 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) away , and the 2002 7.9 magnitude Denali fault earthquake 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) away in Alaska that altered the activity of many geysers and hot springs for several months afterward . In 2016 , the United States Geological Survey announced plans to map the subterranean systems responsible for feeding the area 's hydrothermal activity . According to the researchers , these maps could help predict when another supereruption occurs . See also Iceland hotspot and Iceland plume describes aspects of volcanic processes Long Valley Caldera , Valles Caldera , La Garita Caldera : examples of other calderas close to but not related to Yellowstone . References Jump up ^ USGS . `` Yellowstone Volcano Observatory '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lowenstern , Jacob B. ; Christiansen , Robert L. ; Smith , Robert B. ; Morgan , Lisa A. ; Heasler , Henry ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Steam Explosions , Earthquakes , and Volcanic Eruptions -- What 's in Yellowstone 's Future ? -- U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005 -- 3024 '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ as determined by geological field work conducted by Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey in the 1960s and 1970s . Jump up ^ Naomi E Matthews et al. , 2015 , `` Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at Yellowstone based on 40Ar / 39Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals '' DOI : 10.1002 / 2015GC005881 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Caldera , Wyoming -- USGS '' . Cascade Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . January 22 , 2003 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Stephen T. ; Wynne , P. Jane ; Francis , Don ; Hart , Craig J.R. ; Enkin , Randolph J. ; Engebretson , David C. ( 1996 ) . `` Yellowstone in Yukon : The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group '' . Geology. 24 ( 11 ) : 997 , 998 . Bibcode : 1996Geo ... 24 ... 997J . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1996 ) 024 < 0997 : YIYTLC > 2.3.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone hotspot track '' . Lamont - Doherty Earth Observatory . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yellowstone Volcanic Hazards , USGS . Volcanoes.usgs.gov ( March 1 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West Thumb Lake is not to be confused with West Thumb Geyser Basin . The caldera created West Thumb Lake , and the underlying Yellowstone hotspot keeps West Thumb Geyser Basin active . See Fig. 22 Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also File : Yellowstone Caldera map2. JPG . Jump up ^ Newhall , Christopher G. ; Dzurisin , Daniel ( 1988 ) Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World : U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1855 Jump up ^ This qualitative statement is easily verified by reviewing the Yellowstone area in Google Earth Jump up ^ `` Origin and evolution of silicic magmatism at Yellowstone '' ( PDF ) . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Secrets of supervolcanoes '' ( PDF ) . University of Oregon . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to hydrothermal ( steam ) explosions in Yellowstone '' . Yellowstone National Park . Yellowstone Net . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( 2013 ) . `` Large magma reservoir gets bigger '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2013.14036 . Jump up ^ `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program -- Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Featured Articles Archive '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foulger , Gillian ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` Yellowstone '' . MantlePlumes.org . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christiansen , Robert L. ; Foulger , G.R. ; Evans , John R. ( 2002 ) . `` Upper - mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 114 ( 10 ) : 1245 -- 1256 . Bibcode : 2002GSAB ... 114.1245 C . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 1245 : UMOOTY > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ See list of off - line references in mantleplumes.org/CRB.html Jump up ^ Ivanov , Alexei V. ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Columbia River Flood Basalts : Consequence of subduction - related processes '' . MantlePlumes.org . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zhou , Ying ( 2018 ) , `` Anomalous mantle transition zone beneath the Yellowstone hotspot track '' , Nature , 11 : 449 -- 453 , doi : 10.1038 / s41561 - 018 - 0126 - 4 , retrieved July 31 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park Earthquake listings '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone Earthquake Swarms '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 2010 Yellowstone Seismicity Summary '' . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2009 '' . Jump up ^ `` UUSS Webicorder ( Seismogram ) at Lake for December 31 , 2008 '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` Hundreds of Quakes Are Rattling Yellowstone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Laura . `` Yellowstone National Park rattled by largest earthquake in 34 years '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Gedeon , Jacqueline ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` 4.8 magnitude earthquake hits Yellowstone National Park '' . KECI . Montana . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Zachos , Elaina ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` Earthquake Swarms Are Shaking Yellowstone 's Supervolcano . Here 's What That Means '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Bartels , Meghan ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Yellowstone Supervolcano Earthquake Swarm Hits 200 Shakes In Less Than Two Weeks '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Undine Falls , Lava Creek , Yellowstone National Park '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Timmer ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone recharges '' . arstechnica.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Chang , Wu - Lung ; Siegel , Lee ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Yellowstone rising : Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate '' . University of Utah Public Relations ( Press release ) . EurekAlert ! ( American Association for the Advancement of Science ) . Jump up ^ Molten Rock Fills Yellowstone Volcano at Record Rate Newswise , Retrieved on September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recent ups and downs of the Yellowstone Caldera '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Robert B. ; Jordan , Michael ; Steinberger , Bernhard ; Puskas , Christine M. ; Farrell , Jamie ; Waite , Gregory P. ; Husen , Stephan ; Chang , Wu - Lung ; O'Connell , Richard ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume : Seismic and GPS imaging , kinematics and mantle flow '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 188 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 26 -- 56 . Bibcode : 2009JVGR ... 188 ... 26S . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2009.08. 020 . Jump up ^ Alert Archive Search . volcanoes.usgs.gov Jump up ^ Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes . volcano.wr.usgs.gov Jump up ^ GPS Station : WLWY -- Data Products -- Time Series Plots . unavco.org Jump up ^ `` Monitoring Upgrades Result in New Insight Into Yellowstone 's Magma System '' ( Press release ) . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory ( USGS ) . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Jim ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Reactions To Yellowstone Supervolcano Study Ranged From Hysteria To Ho - Hum '' . National Parks Traveller . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Richard A. Lovett ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Yellowstone Supervolcano Discovery -- Where Will It Erupt ? '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Nasa 's ambitious plan to save earth from a supervolcano Jump up ^ No , NASA Is n't Going to Drill to Stop Yellowstone from Erupting Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake '' . Yellowstone Volcano Observatory . United States Geological Survey . September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami linked to Yellowstone crater '' . USA Today . January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Quake in Alaska Changed Yellowstone Geysers '' . University of Utah . May 27 , 2004 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` We 're About to Find Out What 's Rumbling Below The Yellowstone Supervolcano '' . Science Alert . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Further reading Breining , Greg ( 2007 ) . Super Volcano : The Ticking Time Bomb beneath Yellowstone National Park . St. Paul , MN : Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2925 - 2 . A popularized scientific look at the Yellowstone area 's geological past and potential future Vazquez , J.A. ; Reid , M.R. ( 2002 ) . `` Time scales of magma storage and differentiation of voluminous rhyolites at Yellowstone caldera '' . Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology . Wyoming . 144 ( 3 ) : 274 -- 285 . Bibcode : 2002CoMP ... 144 ... 274V . doi : 10.1007 / s00410 - 002 - 0400 - 7 . Sutherland , Wayne ; Sutherland , Judy ( 2003 ) . Yellowstone Farewell . Spur Ridge . A novel looking at an eruption in the Yellowstone Caldera written by a practicing Wyoming geologist . Contains a wealth of technical details on the geology of western Wyoming External links The Snake River Plain and the Yellowstone Hot Spot Yellowstone Volcano Observatory FAQ relating to the supervolcano Supervolcano documentary from BBC Interactive : When Yellowstone Explodes from National Geographic Canales , Manuel ; Chung , Daisy ; Santamarina , Daniela ; Paniagua , Ronald ; Preppernau , Charles ; Canellas , Hernan ; Umentum , Andrew ; Conant , Eve ; Sickley , Theodore A. ( May 2016 ) . `` Inside Yellowstone 's Supervolcano '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust ( 46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowstone_Caldera&oldid=855439573 '' Categories : Yellowstone Caldera Landforms of Park County , Wyoming Landforms of Teton County , Wyoming Landforms of Yellowstone National Park Active volcanoes Supervolcanoes Extinction events Complex volcanoes Hotspot volcanoes VEI - 8 volcanoes Volcanism of Wyoming Volcanism of Idaho Volcanoes of Wyoming Volcanoes of Idaho Calderas of the United States Snake River Potentially active volcanoes Yellowstone hotspot Climate forcing agents Geological hazards Hidden categories : Articles using GVP links in vnum format Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 09 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the volcano in yellowstone national park called | [
"The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 km).[4] \n"
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"The Yellowstone Caldera"
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1134785560963712081 | Twelve Days of Christmas | Twelve Days of Christmas - wikipedia Twelve Days of Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religious period . For the Christmas song , see The Twelve Days of Christmas ( song ) . For the album of Ross O'Carroll - Kelly , see The Twelve Days of Christmas ( album ) . Twelve days of Christmas The Adoration of the Magi . Fresco in the Lower Church of the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi in Assisi , Italy Observed by Christians Type Christian Observances Varies by denomination , culture , and nation Date 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive Frequency annual Related to Christmas Day , Christmastide , Twelfth Night , Epiphany , and Epiphanytide The Twelve Days of Christmas , also known as Twelvetide , is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ . In most Western ecclesiastical traditions , `` Christmas Day '' is considered the `` First Day of Christmas '' and the Twelve Days are 25 December -- 5 January , inclusive . For many Christian denominations ; for example , the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church , the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide , but for others , e.g. , the Roman Catholic Church , `` Christmastide '' lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eastern Christianity 1.1 Eastern Orthodoxy 2 Western Christianity 2.1 Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages 2.2 England 2.3 Colonial North America 3 Modern Western customs 3.1 United Kingdom and Commonwealth 3.2 United States of America 4 References Eastern christianity ( edit ) Because the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Birth and Baptism of Christ on the same day , they do not have a series of twelve days between a feast of Christmas and a feast of Epiphany . The Oriental Orthodox , other than the Armenians , the Eastern Orthodox , and the Eastern Catholics who follow the same traditions do have the interval of twelve days between the two feasts . If they use the Julian Calendar , they celebrate Christmas on what is for them 25 December , but is 7 January of the Gregorian Calendar , and they celebrate Epiphany on what is for them 6 January , but is 19 January of the Gregorian Calendar . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) For the Eastern Orthodox , both Christmas and Epiphany are among the Twelve Great Feasts that are only second to Easter in importance . The period between Christmas and Epiphany is fast - free . During this period one celebration leads into another . The Nativity of Christ is a three - day celebration : the formal title of the first day ( i . e . Christmas Eve ) is `` The Nativity According to the Flesh of our Lord , God and Saviour Jesus Christ '' , and celebrates not only the Nativity of Jesus , but also the Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem and the arrival of the Magi ; the second day is referred to as the `` Synaxis of the Theotokos '' , and commemorates the role of the Virgin Mary in the Incarnation ; the third day is known as the `` Third Day of the Nativity '' , and is also the feast day of the Protodeacon and Protomartyr Saint Stephen . 29 December is the Orthodox Feast of the Holy Innocents . The Afterfeast of the Nativity ( similar to the Western octave ) continues until 31 December ( that day is known as the Apodosis or `` leave - taking '' of the Nativity ) . Russian icon of the Theophany . The Saturday following the Nativity is commemorated by special readings from the Epistle ( 1 Tim 6 : 11 - 16 ) and Gospel ( Matt 12 : 15 - 21 ) during the Divine Liturgy . The Sunday after the Nativity has its own liturgical commemoration in honour of `` The Righteous Ones : Joseph the Betrothed , David the King and James the Brother of the Lord '' . Another of the more prominent festivals that are included among the Twelve Great Feasts is that of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January . On this same day is the feast day of Saint Basil the Great , and so the service celebrated on that day is the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil . On 2 January begins the Forefeast of the Theophany . The Eve of the Theophany on 5 January is a day of strict fasting , on which the devout will not eat anything until the first star is seen at night . This day is known as Paramony ( Greek Παραμονή `` Eve '' ) , and follows the same general outline as Christmas Eve . That morning is the celebration of the Royal Hours and then the Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil combined with Vespers , at the conclusion of which is celebrated the Great Blessing of Waters , in commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River . There are certain parallels between the hymns chanted on Paramony and those of Good Friday , to show that , according to Orthodox theology , the steps that Jesus took into the Jordan River were the first steps on the way to the Cross . That night the All - Night Vigil is served for the Feast of the Theophany . Western christianity ( edit ) Within the Twelve Days of Christmas , there are celebrations both secular and religious . Christmas Day , if it is considered to be part of the Twelve Days of Christmas and not as the day preceding the Twelve Days , is celebrated by Christians as the liturgical feast of the Nativity of the Lord . It is a public holiday in many nations , including some where the majority of the population is not Christian . On this see the articles on Christmas and Christmas traditions . 26 December is `` St. Stephen 's Day '' , a feast day in the Western Church . In Great Britain and its former colonies , it is also the secular holiday of Boxing Day . In some parts of Ireland it is denominated `` Wren Day '' . New Year 's Eve on 31 December is the feast of Pope St. Sylvester I and is known also as `` Silvester '' . The transition that evening to the new year is an occasion for secular festivities in many nations , and in several languages is known as `` St. Sylvester Night '' ( `` Notte di San Silvestro '' in Italian , `` Silvesternacht '' in German , `` Réveillon de la Saint - Sylvestre '' in French , and `` סילבסטר '' in Hebrew ) . New Year 's Day on 1 January is an occasion for further secular festivities or for rest from the celebrations of the night before . In the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church , it is the Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God , liturgically celebrated on the Octave Day of Christmas . It has also been celebrated , and still is in some denominations , as the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ , because according to Jewish tradition He would have been circumcised on the eighth day after His Birth , inclusively counting the first day and last day . This day , or some day proximate to it , is also celebrated by the Pope and Roman Catholics as World Day of Peace . In many nations , e.g. , the United States , the Solemnity of Epiphany is transferred to the first Sunday after 1 January , which can occur as early as 2 January . That solemnity , then , together with customary observances associated with it , usually occur within the Twelve Days of Christmas , even if these are considered to end on 5 January rather than 6 January . Other Roman Catholic liturgical feasts on the General Roman Calendar that occur within the Octave of Christmas and therefore also within the Twelve Days of Christmas are the Feast of St. Stephen , Proto - Martyr on 26 December ; Feast of St. John , Apostle and Evangelist on 27 December ; the Feast of the Holy Innocents on 28 December ; Memorial of St. Thomas Becket , Bishop and Martyr on 29 December ; and the Feast of the Holy Family of Jesus , Mary , and Joseph on the Sunday within the Octave of Christmas or , if there is no such Sunday , on 30 December . Outside the Octave , but within the Twelve Days of Christmas , there are the feast of Sts . Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus on 2 January and the Memorial of the Holy Name of Jesus on 3 January . Other saints are celebrated at a local level . Late antiquity and the Middle Ages ( edit ) The Second Council of Tours of 567 noted that , in the area for which its bishops were responsible , the days between Christmas and Epiphany were , like the month of August , taken up entirely with saints ' days . Monks were therefore in principle not bound to fast on those days . However , the first three days of the year were to be days of prayer and penance so that faithful Christians would refrain from participating in the idolatrous practices and debauchery associated with the new year celebrations . The Fourth Council of Toledo ( 633 ) ordered a strict fast on those days , on the model of the Lenten fast . England ( edit ) Twelfth Night ( The King Drinks ) by David Teniers c. 1634 - 1640 In England in the Middle Ages , this period was one of continuous feasting and merrymaking , which climaxed on Twelfth Night , the traditional end of the Christmas season . In Tudor England , Twelfth Night itself was forever solidified in popular culture when William Shakespeare used it as the setting for one of his most famous stage plays , titled Twelfth Night . Often a Lord of Misrule was chosen to lead the Christmas revels . Some of these traditions were adapted from the older pagan customs , including the Roman Saturnalia and the Germanic Yuletide . Some also have an echo in modern - day pantomime where traditionally authority is mocked and the principal male lead is played by a woman , while the leading older female character , or ' Dame ' , is played by a man . Colonial North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The early North American colonists brought their version of the Twelve Days over from England , and adapted them to their new country , adding their own variations over the years . For example , the modern - day Christmas wreath may have originated with these colonials . A homemade wreath would be fashioned from local greenery and fruits , if available , were added . Making the wreaths was one of the traditions of Christmas Eve ; they would remain hung on each home 's front door beginning on Christmas Night ( 1st night of Christmas ) through Twelfth Night or Epiphany morning . As was already the tradition in their native England , all decorations would be taken down by Epiphany morning and the remainder of the edibles would be consumed . A special cake , the king cake , was also baked then for Epiphany . Modern Western customs ( edit ) United Kingdom and Commonwealth ( edit ) Many in the UK and other Commonwealth nations still celebrate some aspects of the Twelve Days of Christmas . Boxing Day , 26 December , is a national holiday in many Commonwealth nations . Victorian era stories by Charles Dickens , and others , particularly A Christmas Carol , hold key elements of the celebrations such as the consumption of plum pudding , roasted goose and wassail . These foods are consumed more at the beginning of the Twelve Days in the UK . Twelfth Night is the last day for decorations to be taken down , and it is held to be bad luck to leave decorations up after this . This is in contrast to the custom in Elizabethan England , when decorations were left up until Candlemas ; this is still done in some other Western European countries such as Germany . United States of America ( edit ) Twelfth Night costumers in New Orleans In the United States , Christmas Day is a holiday for Christians and for some non-Christians . The traditions of the Twelve Days of Christmas have been nearly forgotten in the United States . Contributing factors include the popularity of the stories of Charles Dickens in nineteenth - century America , with their emphasis on generous giving ; introduction of secular traditions in the 19th and 20th centuries , e.g. , the American Santa Claus ; and increase in the popularity of secular New Year 's Eve parties . Presently , the commercial practice treats the Solemnity of Christmas , 25 December , the first day of Christmas , as the last day of the `` Christmas '' marketing season , as the numerous `` after - Christmas sales '' that commence on 26 December demonstrate . The commercial calendar encourages the error that the Twelve Days of Christmas terminate on Christmas Day and therefore begin on 14 December . Many American Christians still celebrate the traditional liturgical seasons of Advent and Christmas , especially Amish , Anglo - Catholics , Episcopalians , Lutherans , Mennonites , Methodists , Moravians , Orthodox Christians , Presbyterians , and Roman Catholics . In Anglicanism , the designation of the `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' is used liturgically in the Episcopal Church in the US , having its own invitatory antiphon in the Book of Common Prayer for Matins . Christians who celebrate the Twelve Days may give gifts on each of them , with each of the Twelve Days representing a wish for a corresponding month of the new year . They may feast on traditional foods and otherwise celebrate the entire time through the morning of the Solemnity of Epiphany . Contemporary traditions include lighting a candle for each day , singing the verse of the corresponding day from the famous The Twelve Days of Christmas , and lighting a yule log on Christmas Eve and letting it burn some more on each of the twelve nights . For some , the Twelfth Night remains the night of the most festive parties and exchanges of gifts . Some households exchange gifts on the first ( 25 December ) and last ( 5 January ) days of the Twelve Days . As in former times , the Twelfth Night to the morning of Epiphany is the traditional time during which Christmas trees and decorations are deposed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . ISBN 9780824205935 . January 5th : Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve . Twelfth Night , the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas , has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Middle Ages . ^ Jump up to : Bratcher , Dennis ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` The Christmas Season '' . Christian Resource Institute . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . The Twelve Days of Christmas ... in most of the Western Church are the twelve days from Christmas until the beginning of Epiphany ( January 6th ; the 12 days count from December 25th until January 5th ) . In some traditions , the first day of Christmas begins on the evening of December 25th with the following day considered the First Day of Christmas ( December 26th ) . In these traditions , the twelve days begin December 26 ( th ) and include Epiphany on January 6 ( th ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Common Prayer '' ( PDF ) . New York : Church Publishing Incorporated . January 2007 . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . On the Twelve Days of Christmas Alleluia . Unto us a child is born : O come , let us adore Him . Alleluia . Jump up ^ Truscott , Jeffrey A. Worship . Armour Publishing . p. 103 . ISBN 9789814305419 . As with the Easter cycle , churches today celebrate the Christmas cycle in different ways . Practically all Protestants observe Christmas itself , with services on 25 December or the evening before . Anglicans , Lutherans and other churches that use the ecumenical Revised Common Lectionary will likely observe the four Sundays of Advent , maintaining the ancient emphasis on the eschatological ( First Sunday ) , ascetic ( Second and Third Sundays ) , and scriptural / historical ( Fourth Sunday ) . Besides Christmas Eve / Day , they will observe a 12 - day season of Christmas from 25 December to 5 January . Jump up ^ Bl . Pope Paul VI , Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year , # 33 ( 14 February 1969 ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F ( 2010 ) . Joseph F. Kelly , The Feast of Christmas ( Liturgical Press 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81463932 - 0 ) . ISBN 9780814639320 . ^ Jump up to : Kallistos Ware , The Orthodox Church Jump up ^ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , `` World Day of Peace '' Jump up ^ Jean Hardouin ; Philippe Labbé ; Gabriel Cossart ( 1714 ) . `` Christmas '' . Acta Conciliorum et Epistolae Decretales ( in Latin ) . Typographia Regia , Paris . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . De Decembri usque ad natale Domini , omni die ieiunent . Et quia inter natale Domini et epiphania omni die festivitates sunt , itemque prandebunt . Excipitur triduum illud , quo ad calcandam gentilium consuetudinem , patres nostri statuerunt privatas in Kalendariis Ianuarii fieri litanias , ut in ecclesiis psallatur , et hora octava in ipsis Kalendis Circumcisionis missa Deo propitio celebretur . ( Translation : `` In December until Christmas , they are to fast each day . Since between Christmas and Epiphany there are feasts on each day , they shall have a full meal , except during the three - day period on which , in order to tread Gentile customs down , our fathers established that private litanies for the Calends of January be chanted in the churches , and that on the Calends itself Mass of the Circumcision be celebrated at the eighth hour for God 's favour . '' ) Jump up ^ Christopher Labadie , `` The Octave Day of Christmas : Historical Development and Modern Liturgical Practice '' in Obsculta , vol. 7 , issue 1 , art . 8 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Adolf Adam , The Liturgical Year ( Liturgical Press 1990 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81466047 - 8 ) , p. 139 Jump up ^ Frazer , James ( 1922 ) . The Golden Bough . New York : McMillan . ISBN 1 - 58734 - 083 - 6 . Bartleby.com Jump up ^ Count , Earl ( 1997 ) . 4,000 Years of Christmas . Ulysses Press . ISBN 1 - 56975 - 087 - 4 . Jump up ^ New York Times , 27 December 1852 : a report of holiday events mentions ' a splendid wreath ' as being among the prizes won . Jump up ^ In 1953 a correspondence in the letter pages of The Times discussed whether Christmas wreaths were an alien importation or a version of the native evergreen ' bunch ' / ' bough ' / ' garland ' / ' wassail bush ' traditionally displayed in England at Christmas . One correspondent described those she had seen placed on doors in country districts as either a plain bunch , a shape like a torque or open circle , and occasionally a more elaborate shape like a bell or interlaced circles . She felt the use of the words ' Christmas wreath ' had ' funereal associations ' for English people who would prefer to describe it as a ' garland ' . An advertisement in The Times of Friday , 26 December 1862 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 24439 ; col A , however , refers to an entertainment at Crystal Palace featuring ' Extraordinary decorations , wreaths of evergreens ... ' , and in 1896 the special Christmas edition of The Girl 's Own Paper was titled ' Our Christmas Wreath ' : The Times Saturday , 19 December 1896 ; pg. 4 ; Issue 35078 ; col C. There is a custom of decorating graves at Christmas with somber wreaths of evergreen , which is still observed in parts of England , and this may have militated against the circle being the accepted shape for door decorations until the re-establishment of the tradition from America in the mid-to - late 20th century . Jump up ^ `` Epiphany in United Kingdom '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sirvaitis , Karen ( 1 August 2010 ) . The European American Experience . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 52 . ISBN 9780761340881 . Christmas is a major holiday for Christians , although some non-Christians in the United States also mark the day as a holiday . Jump up ^ HumorMatters.com Twelve Days of Christmas ( reprint of a magazine article ) . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . `` Christmas '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 22 December 2005 . Primarily subhead Popular Merrymaking under Liturgy and Custom . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . Catholic Culture . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Primarily subhead 12 Days of Christmas under Catholic and Culture . Bowler , Gerald ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Toronto : M&S . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 1531 - 1 . OCLC 44154451 . Caulkins , Mary ; Jennie Miller Helderman ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trivia : 200 Fun & Fascinating Facts About Christmas . New York : Gramercy . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 22070 - 2 . OCLC 49627774 . Collins , Ace ; Clint Hansen ( 2003 ) . Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 24880 - 4 . OCLC 52311813 . Evans , Martin Marix ( 2002 ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas . White Plains , New York : Peter Pauper Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88088 - 776 - 2 . OCLC 57044650 . Wells , Robin Headlam ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Humanism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82438 - 5 . OCLC 62132881 . Hoh , John L. , Jr. ( 2001 ) . The Twelve Days of Christmas : A Carol Catechism . Vancouver : Suite 101 eBooks . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmastide . Look up Twelve Days of Christmas in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Days_of_Christmas&oldid=819365901 '' Categories : Christmastide December observances Eastern Orthodox liturgical days January observances Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Use dmy dates from December 2016 Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Italiano 日本 語 Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the 12th day of christmas start | [
"The Twelve Days of Christmas, also known as Twelvetide, is a festive Christian season celebrating the Nativity of Jesus Christ. In most Western ecclesiastical traditions, \"Christmas Day\" is considered the \"First Day of Christmas\" and the Twelve Days are 25 December – 5 January, inclusive.[1] For many Christian denominations; for example, the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church, the Twelve Days are identical to Christmastide,[2][3][4] but for others, e.g., the Roman Catholic Church, \"Christmastide\" lasts longer than the Twelve Days of Christmas.[5]"
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"5 January"
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-8681664094576551820 | 1973 Chilean coup d'état | 1973 Chilean coup d'état - wikipedia 1973 Chilean coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Part of the history of Chile , Operation Condor , and the Cold War The bombing of La Moneda on 11 September 1973 by the Chilean Armed Forces Date 11 September 1973 Location Chile Action Armed forces put the country under military control . Little and unorganised civil resistance . Result Popular Unity government overthrown Death of Salvador Allende ( suicide ) Military Junta Government led by General Augusto Pinochet assumed power Belligerents Chilean Government Revolutionary Left Movement `` Group of Personal Friends '' Other working - class militants Chilean Armed Forces Chilean Army Chilean Navy Chilean Air Force Carabineros de Chile Supported by : Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : United States Australia Commanders and leaders Salvador Allende † Max Marambio Miguel Enríquez Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza Casualties and losses 46 GAP 60 in total during the coup Operation Condor Background histories Argentina Bolivia Brazil ( 1960s ) Chile ( 1973 coup d'état ) Paraguay Peru Uruguay Events Dirty War National Reorganization Process Operation Colombo Operation Charly Operation Gladio Night of the Pencils Operation Independence Ezeiza massacre Margarita Belén massacre Death flights Desaparecidos ( the `` disappeared '' ) 1973 Chilean coup d'état Government leaders Jorge Anaya Hugo Banzer Basilio Lami Dozo João Figueiredo Leopoldo Galtieri Augusto Pinochet Alfredo Stroessner Jorge Rafael Videla Targeted militias Montoneros Tupamaros People 's Revolutionary Army ( ERP ) Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR ) Principal operatives Alfredo Astiz Orlando Bosch Hugo Campos Hermida Manuel Contreras Stefano Delle Chiaie José López Rega Virgilio Paz Romero Luis Posada Carriles Paul Schäfer Michael Townley Organizations responsible Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) Caravan of Death Batallón de Inteligencia 601 Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations ( CORU ) National Intelligence Service of Brazil ( SNI ) School of the Americas ( SOA ) Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare ( SISMI ) Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ( `` Triple A '' ) Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) Places Esmeralda Estadio Nacional de Chile Villa Grimaldi Colonia Dignidad Navy Petty - Officers School of Mechanics ( ESMA ) Laws Full stop Due Obedience Archives and reports Archives of Terror Rettig Report Valech Report National Security Archive Reactions National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons ( CONADEP ) Trial of the Juntas Augusto Pinochet 's arrest and trial Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949 -- 1953 Albania 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras 1982 Chad 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2000 Yugoslavia 2004 Haiti 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore view talk The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War . Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition - controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende , as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon , Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police . The military deposed Allende 's Popular Unity government and later established a junta that suspended all political activity in Chile and repressed left - wing movements , especially the Communist and socialist parties and the Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR ) . Allende 's appointed army chief , Augusto Pinochet , rose to supreme power within a year of the coup , formally assuming power in late - 1974 . The United States government , which had worked to create the conditions for the coup , promptly recognized the junta government and supported it in consolidating power . During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup , Allende gave his final speech , in which he vowed to stay in the presidential palace , refusing offers of safe passage should he choose exile over confrontation . Direct witness accounts of Allende 's death agree that he killed himself in the palace . Before the coup , Chile had been hailed as a beacon of democracy and political stability for decades ; whilst the rest of South America had been plagued by military juntas and Caudillismo . The collapse of Chilean democracy ended a streak of democratic governments in Chile , which had held democratic elections since 1932 . Historian Peter Winn characterised the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in the history of Chile . A weak insurgent movement against the Pinochet regime was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government . An internationally supported plebiscite in 1988 held under the auspices of the military government was followed by a peaceful transition to an elected civilian government . Contents 1 Political background 1.1 The military prior to the coup 2 Crisis 2.1 Chamber of Deputies ' resolution 2.2 President Allende 's response 3 U.S. involvement 4 Australian involvement 5 Military action 6 Casualties 7 Allende 's death 8 Aftermath 8.1 Installing a new regime 8.2 Continued violence 8.3 International reaction 9 Commemoration 9.1 40th anniversary 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Political background ( edit ) History of Chile Early history ( show ) Monte Verde Early Mapuches Incas in Chile Colonial times ( show ) Conquest Colonial Chile Captaincy General Arauco War Nation - building ( show ) Patria Vieja War of Independence Reconquest Patria Nueva Civil war ( 1829 -- 30 ) War of the Confederation Republican period ( show ) Conservative Republic Liberal Republic War of the Pacific Parliamentary period ( show ) 1891 Chilean Civil War Parliamentary Republic 1924 coup d'état Presidential period ( show ) 1925 coup d'état Presidential Republic Radical governments Allende and UP era Pinochet regime ( show ) 1973 coup d'état Military dictatorship Contemporary ( show ) Transition to democracy Chilean protests Politics of Chile Related topics ( show ) Economic history Maritime history Mining history Chilean coups d'état Political scandals Main article : Presidency of Salvador Allende Allende contested the 1970 Chilean presidential election with Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez of the National Party and Radomiro Tomic of the Christian Democratic Party . Allende received 36.6 % of the vote . Alessandri was a very close second with 35.3 % , and Tomic third with 28.1 % . Although Allende received the highest number of votes , according to the Chilean constitution and since none of the candidates won by an absolute majority , the National Congress had to decide among the candidates . The Chilean constitution did not allow a person to sit as president for two consecutive terms . Therefore , the incumbent president , Eduardo Frei Montalva , was ineligible as a candidate . The CIA 's `` Track I '' operation was a plan to influence the Congress to choose Alessandri , who would resign after a short time in office , forcing a second election . Frei would then be eligible to run . Alessandri announced on 9 September that if Congress chose him , he would resign . Congress then decided on Allende . Soon after hearing news of his win , Allende signed a Statute of Constitutional Guarantees , which stated that he would follow the constitution during his presidency . The U.S. feared the example of a `` well - functioning socialist experiment '' on the region and exerted diplomatic , economic , and covert pressure upon Chile 's elected socialist government . At the end of 1971 , the Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro made a four - week state visit to Chile , alarming Western observers worried about the `` Chilean Way to Socialism '' . In 1972 , economics minister Pedro Vuskovic adopted monetary policies that increased the amount of circulating currency and devalued the escudo , which increased inflation to 140 percent in 1972 and engendered a black market economy . In October 1972 , Chile suffered the first of many strikes . Among the participants were small - scale businessmen , some professional unions , and student groups . Its leaders -- Vilarín , Jaime Guzmán , Rafael Cumsille , Guillermo Elton , Eduardo Arriagada -- expected to depose the elected government . Other than damaging the national economy , the principal effect of the 24 - day strike was drawing Army head , Gen. Carlos Prats , into the government as Interior Minister , an appeasement to the right wing . ( Gen. Prats had succeeded Army head Gen. René Schneider after his assassination on 24 October 1970 by a group led by Gen. Roberto Viaux , whom the Central Intelligence Agency had not attempted to discourage . ) Gen. Prats supported the legalist Schneider Doctrine and refused military involvement in a coup d'état against President Allende . Despite the declining economy , President Allende 's Popular Unity coalition increased its vote to 43.2 % in the March 1973 parliamentary elections ; but , by then , the informal alliance between Popular Unity and the Christian Democrats ended . The Christian Democrats allied with the right - wing National Party , who were opposed to Allende 's government ; the two right - wing parties formed the Confederation of Democracy ( CODE ) . The internecine parliamentary conflict , between the legislature and the executive branch , paralyzed the activities of government . The CIA paid some U.S. $6.8 -- $8 million to right - wing opposition groups to `` create pressures , exploit weaknesses , magnify obstacles '' and hasten Allende 's ouster . Allende began to fear his opponents , convinced they were plotting his assassination . Using his daughter as a messenger , he explained the situation to Fidel Castro . Castro gave four pieces of advice : convince technicians to stay in Chile , only sell copper for US dollars , avoid extreme revolutionary acts which would give opponents an excuse to wreck or control the economy , and maintain a proper relationship with the Chilean military until local militias could be established and consolidated . Allende attempted to follow Castro 's advice , but the latter two recommendations proved difficult . The military prior to the coup ( edit ) Prior to the coup , the Chilean military had undergone a process of de-politicization since the 1920s , when military personnel participated in government positions . Subsequently , most military officers remained under - funded , having only subsistence salaries . Because of the low salaries the military spent much time in military leisure - time facilities ( e.g. country clubs ) where they met other officers and their families . The military remained apart from society , being to some degree an endogamous group as officers frequently married the sisters of their comrades or the daughters of high - ranked older officers . Many officers had also relatives in the military . In 1969 elements of the military made their first act of rebellion in 40 years when they participated in the Tacnazo . The Tacnazo was not a proper coup , but a protest against under - funding . In retrospect General Carlos Prats considered that Christian Democrats who were in power in 1969 committed the error of not taking the military 's grievances seriously . Governments of Argentina ( 1966 ) , Bolivia ( 1969 ) , Brazil ( 1964 ) and Peru ( 1968 ) were all overthrown in coups and replaced by military governments . In June 1973 Uruguay joined the coup d'état wave that swept through the region . The poor conditions of the Chilean military contrasted with the change of fortune the military of neighboring countries experienced as they came to power in coups . During the decades previous to the coup , the military became influenced by the United States ' anti-communist ideology in the context of various cooperation programs including the US Army School of the Americas . Crisis ( edit ) See also : Tanquetazo On 29 June 1973 , Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the La Moneda presidential palace with his tank regiment and failed to depose the Allende Government . That failed coup d'état -- known as the Tanquetazo tank putsch -- had been organized by the nationalist `` Fatherland and Liberty '' paramilitary group . In August 1973 , a constitutional crisis occurred ; the Supreme Court publicly complained about the government 's inability to enforce the law of the land . On 22 August , the Chamber of Deputies ( with the Christian Democrats united with the National Party ) accused the government of unconstitutional acts and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order . For months , the government had feared calling upon the Carabineros national police , suspecting them of disloyalty . On 9 August , Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence . He was forced to resign both as defence minister and as the Army commander - in - chief on 24 August 1973 , embarrassed by the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest of the wives of his generals at his house . General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander - in - chief the same day . In late August 1973 , 100,000 Chilean women congregated at Plaza de la Constitución to protest against the government for the rising cost and increasing shortages of food and fuels , but they were dispersed with tear gas . Chamber of Deputies ' resolution ( edit ) On 22 August 1973 , with the support of the Christian Democrats and National Party members , the Chamber of Deputies passed 81 -- 47 a resolution that asked `` the President of the Republic , Ministers of State , and members of the Armed and Police Forces '' to `` put an immediate end '' to `` breach ( es of ) the Constitution ... with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation , and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans . '' The resolution declared that the Allende Government sought `` ... to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the State ... ( with ) the goal of establishing a totalitarian system '' , claiming it had made `` violations of the Constitution ... a permanent system of conduct . '' Essentially , most of the accusations were about the government disregarding the separation of powers , and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government . Finally , the resolution condemned the creation and development of government - protected armed groups , which ... are headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces . President Allende 's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterised as notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends , destroy their institutional hierarchy , and politically infiltrate their ranks . It can be argued that the resolution called upon the armed forces to overthrow the government if it did not comply , as follows `` ... To present the President of the Republic , Ministers of State , and members of the Armed and Police Forces with the grave breakdown of the legal and constitutional order ... it is their duty to put an immediate end to all situations herein referred to that breach the Constitution and the laws of the land with the aim of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law . '' President Allende 's response ( edit ) Two days later , on 24 August 1973 , President Allende responded , characterising the Congress ' declaration as `` destined to damage the country 's prestige abroad and create internal confusion '' , predicting `` It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors '' . He noted that the declaration had not obtained the two - thirds Senate majority `` constitutionally required '' to convict the president of abuse of power : essentially , the Congress was `` invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically elected government '' and `` subordinat ( ing ) political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions , which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will '' . Allende argued he had obeyed constitutional means for including military men to the cabinet `` at the service of civic peace and national security , defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism '' . In contrast , he said that Congress was promoting a coup d'état or a civil war with a declaration `` full of affirmations that had already been refuted before - hand '' and which , in substance and process ( directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President ) violated a dozen articles of the Constitution . He further argued that the legislature was usurping the government 's executive function . President Allende wrote : `` Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people . It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes , and it will be defended by those who , with sacrifices accumulated over generations , have imposed it ... With a tranquil conscience ... I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside ... I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences ... Parliament has made itself a bastion against the transformations ... and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions , sterilizing all creative initiatives '' . Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country 's current crisis , and that the Congress was obstructing said means -- having already `` paralyzed '' the State -- they sought to `` destroy '' it . He concluded by calling upon `` the workers , all democrats and patriots '' to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the `` revolutionary process '' . U.S. involvement ( edit ) See also : U.S. intervention in Chile § The 1973 coup Like Caesar peering into the colonies from distant Rome , Nixon said the choice of government by the Chileans was unacceptable to the president of the United States . The attitude in the White House seemed to be , `` If in the wake of Vietnam I can no longer send in the Marines , then I will send in the CIA . '' -- Senator Frank Church , 1976 Many people in different parts of the world immediately suspected U.S. of foul play . In early newspaper reports , the U.S. denied any involvement or previous knowledge of the coup . Prompted by an incriminating New York Times article , the U.S. Senate opened an investigation into possible U.S. interference in Chile . A report prepared by the United States Intelligence Community in 2000 , at the direction of the National Intelligence Council , that echoed the Church committee , states that Although CIA did not instigate the coup that ended Allende 's government on 11 September 1973 , it was aware of coup - plotting by the military , had ongoing intelligence collection relationships with some plotters , and -- because CIA did not discourage the takeover and had sought to instigate a coup in 1970 -- probably appeared to condone it . The report stated that the CIA `` actively supported the military Junta after the overthrow of Allende but did not assist Pinochet to assume the Presidency . '' After a review of recordings of telephone conversations between Nixon and Henry Kissinger , Robert Dallek concluded that both of them used the CIA to actively destabilize the Allende government . In one particular conversation about the news of Allende 's overthrow , Kissinger complains about the lack of recognition of the American role in the overthrow of a `` communist '' government , upon which Nixon remarked , `` Well , we did n't -- as you know -- our hand does n't show on this one . '' . A later CIA report contended that US agents maintained close ties with the Chilean military to collect intelligence but no effort was made to assist them and `` under no circumstances attempted to influence them . '' Historian Peter Winn found `` extensive evidence '' of United States complicity in the coup . He states that its covert support was crucial to engineering the coup , as well as for the consolidation of power by the Pinochet regime following the takeover . Winn documents an extensive CIA operation to fabricate reports of a coup against Allende , as justification for the imposition of military rule . Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the coup , citing documents declassified by the Clinton administration . Other authors point to the involvement of the Defense Intelligence Agency , agents of which allegedly secured the missiles used to bombard the La Moneda Palace . The U.S. Government 's hostility to the election of Allende in Chile was substantiated in documents declassified during the Clinton administration , which show that CIA covert operatives were inserted in Chile in order to prevent a Marxist government from arising and for the purpose of spreading anti-Allende propaganda . As described in the Church Committee report , the CIA was involved in multiple plots designed to remove Allende and then let the Chileans vote in a new election where he would not be a candidate . The first , non-military , approach involved attempting a constitutional coup . This was known as the Track I approach , in which the CIA , with the approval of the 40 Committee , attempted to bribe the Chilean legislature , tried to influence public opinion against Allende , and provided funding to strikes designed to coerce him into resigning . It also attempted to get congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the presidential election . Alessandri , who was an accessory to the conspiracy , was ready to then resign and call for fresh elections . The other approach of the CIA , also known as the Track II approach , was an attempt to encourage a military coup by creating a climate of crisis across the country . False flag operatives contacted senior Chilean military officers and informed them that the U.S. would actively support a coup , but would revoke all military aid if such a coup did not happen . In addition , the CIA gave extensive support for black propaganda against Allende , channeled mostly through El Mercurio . Financial assistance was also given to Allende 's political opponents , and for organizing strikes and unrest to destabilize the government . By 1970 , the U.S. manufacturing company ITT Corporation owned 70 % of Chitelco ( the Chilean Telephone Company ) , and also funded El Mercurio . The CIA used ITT as a means of disguising the source of the illegitimate funding Allende 's opponents received . On 28 September 1973 , ITT 's headquarters in New York City was bombed , allegedly for its involvement in Allende 's overthrow . Australian involvement ( edit ) An Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) station was established in Chile out of the Australian embassy in July 1971 at the request of the CIA and authorised by then Liberal Party Foreign Minister William McMahon . Newly - elected Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was informed of the operation in February 1973 and signed a document ordering the closure of the operation several weeks later . It appears , however , the last ASIS agent did not leave Chile until October 1973 , one month after the CIA - backed coup d'état had brought down the Allende Government . There were also two officers of Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ( ASIO ) , Australia 's internal security service , who were based in Santiago working as migration officers during this period . The failure of timely closure of Australia 's covert operations was one of the reasons for the sacking of the Director of ASIS on 21 October 1975 . This took effect on 7 November , just four days before Prime Minister 's Whitlam 's own dismissal in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis with allegations of CIA political interference . Military action ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) By 7 : 00 am on the 11th of September 1973 , a date chosen to match the historical coup of September 11th , 1924 , the Navy captured Valparaíso , strategically stationing ships and marine infantry in the central coast and closed radio and television networks . The Province Prefect informed President Allende of the Navy 's actions ; immediately , the president went to the presidential palace with his bodyguards , the `` Group of Personal Friends '' ( GAP ) . By 8 : 00 am , the Army had closed most radio and television stations in Santiago city ; the Air Force bombed the remaining active stations ; the President received incomplete information , and was convinced that only a sector of the Navy conspired against him and his government . President Allende and Defence minister Orlando Letelier were unable to communicate with military leaders . Admiral Montero , the Navy 's commander and an Allende loyalist , was rendered incommunicado ; his telephone service was cut and his cars were sabotaged before the coup d'état , to ensure he could not thwart the opposition . Leadership of the Navy was transferred to José Toribio Merino , planner of the coup d'état and executive officer to Adm. Montero . Augusto Pinochet , General of the Army , and Gustavo Leigh , General of the Air Force , did not answer Allende 's telephone calls to them . The General Director of the Carabineros ( uniformed police ) , José María Sepúlveda , and the head of the Investigations Police ( plain clothes detectives ) , Alfredo Joignant answered Allende 's calls and immediately went to the La Moneda presidential palace . When Defence minister Letelier arrived at the Ministry of Defense , controlled by Adm. Patricio Carvajal , he was arrested as the first prisoner of the coup d'état . Despite evidence that all branches of the Chilean armed forces were involved in the coup , Allende hoped that some units remained loyal to the government . Allende was convinced of Pinochet 's loyalty , telling a reporter that the coup d'état leaders must have imprisoned the general . Only at 8 : 30 am , when the armed forces declared their control of Chile and that Allende was deposed , did the president grasp the magnitude of the military 's rebellion . Despite the lack of any military support , Allende refused to resign his office . At approx. 9 : 00 the carabineros of the La Moneda left the building . By 9 : 00 am , the armed forces controlled Chile , except for the city centre of the capital , Santiago . Allende refused to surrender , despite the military 's declaring they would bomb the La Moneda presidential palace if he resisted being deposed . The Socialist Party along with his Cuban advisors proposed to Allende that he escape to the San Joaquín industrial zone in southern Santiago , to later re-group and lead a counter-coup d'état ; the president rejected the proposition . According to Tanya Harmer , Allende 's refusal to lead an insurgency against the coup is evidence of his unrelenting desire to bring about change through non-violent methods . The military attempted negotiations with Allende , but the President refused to resign , citing his constitutional duty to remain in office . Finally , Allende gave a farewell speech , telling the nation of the coup d'état and his refusal to resign his elected office under threat . Leigh ordered the presidential palace bombed , but was told the Air Force 's Hawker Hunter jet aircraft would take forty minutes to arrive . Pinochet ordered an armoured and infantry force under General Sergio Arellano to advance upon the La Moneda presidential palace . When the troops moved forward , they were forced to retreat after coming under fire from GAP snipers perched on rooftops . General Arellano called for helicopter gunship support from the commander of the Chilean Army Puma helicopter squadron and the troops were able to advance again . Chilean Air Force aircraft soon arrived to provide close air support for the assault ( by bombing the Palace ) , but the defenders did not surrender until nearly 2 : 30 pm . First reports said the 65 - year - old president had died fighting troops , but later police sources reported he had committed suicide . Estadio Nacional de Chile after the coup . Casualties ( edit ) Main article : Forced disappearance § Chile In the first months after the coup d'état , the military killed thousands of Chilean leftists , both real and suspected , or forced their `` disappearance '' . The military imprisoned 40,000 political enemies in the National Stadium of Chile ; among the tortured and killed desaparecidos ( disappeared ) were the U.S. citizens Charles Horman , and Frank Teruggi . In October 1973 , the Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara , and 70 other political killings were perpetrated by the death squad , Caravan of Death ( Caravana de la Muerte ) . The government arrested some 130,000 people in a three - year period ; the dead and disappeared numbered thousands in the first months of the military government . Those include the British physician Sheila Cassidy , who survived to publicize to the UK the human rights violations in Chile . Among those detained was Alberto Bachelet ( father of future Chilean President Michelle Bachelet ) , an Air Force official ; he was tortured and died on 12 March 1974 , the right - wing newspaper , El Mercurio ( The Mercury ) , reported that Mr Bachelet died after a basketball game , citing his poor cardiac health . Michelle Bachelet and her mother were imprisoned and tortured in the Villa Grimaldi detention and torture centre on 10 January 1975 . After Gen. Pinochet lost the election in the 1988 plebiscite , the Rettig Commission , a multi-partisan truth commission , in 1991 reported the location of torture and detention centers , among others , Colonia Dignidad , the tall ship Esmeralda and Víctor Jara Stadium . Later , in November 2004 , the Valech Report confirmed the number as less than 3,000 killed , and reduced the number of cases of forced disappearance ; but some 28,000 people were arrested , imprisoned , and tortured . Sixty individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September , although the MIR and GAP continued to fight the following day . In all , 46 of Allende 's guard ( the GAP , Grupo de Amigos Personales ) were killed , some of them in combat with the soldiers that took the Moneda . Allende 's Cuban - trained guard would have had about 300 elite commando - trained GAP fighters at the time of the coup , but the use of brute military force , especially the use of Hawker Hunters , may have handicapped many GAP fighters from further action . According to official reports prepared after the return of democracy , at La Moneda only two people died : President Allende and the journalist Augusto Olivares ( both by suicide ) . Two more were injured , Antonio Aguirre and Osvaldo Ramos , both members of President Allende 's entourage ; they would later be allegedly kidnapped from the hospital and disappeared . In November 2006 , the Associated Press noted that more than 15 bodyguards and aides were taken from the palace during the coup and are still unaccounted for ; in 2006 Augusto Pinochet was indicted for two of their deaths . On the military side , there were 34 deaths : two army sergeants , three army corporals , four army privates , 2 navy lieutenants , 1 navy corporal , 4 naval cadets , 3 navy conscripts and 15 carabineros . In mid-September , the Chilean military junta claimed its troops suffered another 16 dead and 100 injured by gunfire in mopping - up operations against Allende supporters , and Pinochet said : `` sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking , which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them . '' A press photographer also died in the crossfire while attempting to cover the event . On 23 October 1973 , 23 - year - old army corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz , who was serving with the Cazadores , became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper . The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973 . While fatalities in the battle during the coup might have been relatively small , the Chilean security forces sustained 162 dead in the three following months as a result of continued resistance , and tens of thousands of people were arrested during the coup and held in the National Stadium . This was because the plans for the coup called for the arrest of every man , woman and child on the streets the morning of 11 September . Of these approximately 40,000 to 50,000 perfunctory arrests , several hundred individuals would later be detained , questioned , tortured , and in some cases murdered . While these deaths did not occur before the surrender of Allende 's forces , they occurred as a direct result of arrests and round - ups during the coup 's military action . Allende 's death ( edit ) Main article : Death of Salvador Allende President Allende died in La Moneda during the coup . The junta officially declared that he committed suicide with a rifle given to him by Fidel Castro , two doctors from the infirmary of La Moneda stated that they witnessed the suicide , and an autopsy labelled Allende 's death a suicide . Vice Admiral Patricio Carvajal , one of the primary instigators of the coup , claimed that `` Allende committed suicide and is dead now . '' Patricio Guijon , one of the president 's doctors , had testified to witnessing Allende shoot himself under the chin with the rifle while seated on a sofa . At the time , few of Allende 's supporters believed the explanation that Allende had killed himself . Allende 's body was exhumed in May 2011 . The exhumation was requested by members of the Allende family , including his daughter Isabel who viewed the question of her father 's death as `` an insult to scientific intelligence . '' A scientific autopsy was performed and the autopsy team delivered a unanimous finding on 19 July 2011 that Allende committed suicide using an AK - 47 rifle . The team was composed of international forensic experts to assure an independent evaluation . However , on 31 May 2011 , Chile 's state television station reported that a top - secret military account of Allende 's death had been discovered in the home of a former military justice official . The 300 - page document was only found when the house was destroyed in the 2010 Chilean earthquake . After reviewing the report , two forensic experts told TVN `` that they are inclined to conclude that Allende was assassinated . '' Two forensics experts said they believed he was shot with a small - calibre weapon prior to the AK - 47 . One expert , Luis Ravanal , noted the lack of blood on his collar , sweater and throat suggested someone else fired the AK - 47 when he was already dead . Allende 's widow and family escaped the military government and were accepted for exile in Mexico , where they remained for 17 years . Aftermath ( edit ) Installing a New regime ( edit ) Main article : Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) Original members of the Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) On 13 September , the Junta dissolved Congress . At the same time , it outlawed the parties that had been part of the Popular Unity coalition , and all political activity was declared `` in recess '' . The military government took control of all media including the radio broadcasting that Allende attempted to use to give his final speech to the nation . It is not known how many Chileans actually heard the last words of Allende as he spoke them , but a transcript and audio of the speech survived the military government . Chilean scholar Lidia M. Baltra details how the military took control of the media platforms and turned them into their own `` propaganda machine . '' The only two newspapers that were allowed to continue publishing after the military takeover were El Mercurio and La Tercera de la Hora , both of which were anti-Allende under his leadership . The dictatorship 's silencing of the leftist point of view extended past the media and into `` every discourse that expressed any resistance to the regime . '' An example of this is the torturing and death of folk singer Victor Jara . The military government detained Jara in the days following the coup . He , along with many other leftists , was held in Estadio Nacional , or the National Stadium of Chile in the capital of Santiago . Initially , the Junta tried to silence him by crushing his hands but ultimately he was murdered . Immediately after the coup the military sought after television host Don Francisco to have him report on the events . Don Francisco declined the offer encouraging the captain that had approached him to take the role of reporter himself . Initially , there were four leaders of the junta : In addition to General Augusto Pinochet , from the Army , there were General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán , of the Air Force ; Admiral José Toribio Merino Castro , of the Navy ( who replaced Constitutionalist Admiral Raúl Montero ) ; and General Director César Mendoza Durán , of the National Police ( Carabineros de Chile ) ( who replaced Constitutionalist General Director José María Sepúlveda ) . Coup leaders soon decided against a rotating presidency and named General Pinochet permanent head of the junta . In the months that followed the coup , the junta , with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and admiral Patricio Carvajal , published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile ( commonly known as El Libro Blanco , `` The White Book of the Change of Government in Chile '' ) , where they attempted to justify the coup by claiming that they were in fact anticipating a self - coup ( the alleged Plan Zeta , or Plan Z ) that Allende 's government or its associates were purportedly preparing . Historian Peter Winn states that the Central Intelligence Agency had an extensive part to play in fabricating the conspiracy and in selling it to the press , both in Chile and internationally . Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda , some Chilean historians pointed to the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy . Continued Violence ( edit ) See also : Armed resistance in Chile ( 1973 -- 90 ) Pictures of persons missing after the 1973 Chilean coup The newspaper La Tercera published on its front page a photograph showing prisoners at the Quiriquina Island Camp who had been captured during the fighting in Concepción . The photograph 's caption stated that some of the detained were local leaders of the `` Unidad Popular '' while others were `` extremists who had attacked the armed forces with firearms '' . The photo is reproduced in Docuscanner . This is consistent with reports in newspapers and broadcasts in Concepción about the activities of the Armed Forces , which mentioned clashes with `` extremists '' on several occasions from 11 to 14 September . Nocturnal skirmishes took place around the Hotel Alonso De Ercilla in Colo Colo and San Martino Street , one block away from the Army and military police administrative headquarters . A recently published testimony about the clashes in Concepcion offers several plausible explanations for the reticence of witnesses to these actions . Besides political leaders and participants , the coup also affected many everyday Chilean citizens . Thousands were killed , went missing , and were injured . Because of the political instability in their country , many relocated elsewhere . Canada , among other countries , became a main point of refuge for many Chilean citizens . Through an operation known as `` Special Movement Chile '' , more than 7,000 Chileans were relocated to Canada in the months following September 11 , 1973 . These refugees are now known as Chilean Canadian people and have a population of over 38,000 . The U.S. view of the coup continues to spark controversy . Beginning in late 2014 in response to a request by then Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin , United States Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies ( CHDS ) , located at the National Defense University in Washington , D.C. , has been under investigation by the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General . Insider national security whistleblower complaints included that the Center knowingly protected a CHDS professor from Chile who was a former top advisor to Pinochet after belonging to the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional / DINA state terrorist organization ( whose attack against a former Chilean foreign minister in 1976 in Washington , D.C. resulted in two deaths , including that of an American ) . `` Reports that NDU hired foreign military officers with histories of involvement in human rights abuses , including torture and extra-judicial killings of civilians , are stunning , and they are repulsive , '' said Sen. Patrick Leahy , D - Vermont , the author of the `` Leahy Law '' prohibiting U.S. assistance to military units and members of foreign security forces that violate human rights . Roberto Theime , the military leader of Fatherland and Liberty , who was imprisoned on September 11 was shocked to hear about the degree of violence the coup was carried out with . Despite being an arduous opponent of Unidad Popular he had expected a cleaner coup . International reaction ( edit ) President of Argentina Juan Domingo Perón condemned the coup calling it a `` fatality for the continent '' . Before the coup Perón had warned the more radical of his followers to stay calm and `` not do as Allende '' . Argentine students protested the coup at the Chilean embassy in Buenos Aires , where part of them chanted that they were `` available to cross the Andes '' ( dispuestos a cruzar la cordillera ) . Commemoration ( edit ) The commemoration of the coup is associated to competing narratives on its cause and effects . The coup has been commemorated by detractors and supporters in various ways . On September 11 of 1975 Pinochet lit the Llama de la Libertad ( lit . Flame of Liberty ) to commemorate the coup . This flame was extinguished in 2004 . Avenida Nueva Providencia in Providencia , Santiago , was renamed Avenida 11 de Septiembre in 1980 . In the 30th anniversary of the coup President Ricardo Lagos inaugurated the Morandé 80 entrance to La Moneda . This entrance to the presidential palace had been erased during the repairs the dictatorship did to the building after the bombing . 40th anniversary ( edit ) The 40th anniversary of the coup in 2013 was particularly intense . That year the name of Avenida 11 de Septiembre was reversed to the original Avenida Nueva Providencia . The Association of Chilean Magistrates issued a public statement in early September 2013 recognizing the past unwillingness of judges to protect those persecuted by dictatorship . On September 11 , 2013 hundreds of Chileans posed as dead in the streets of Santiago in remembrance of the ones `` disappeared '' by the dictatorship . The centre - left opposition refused to attend the commemoration event organized by Sebastián Piñera 's right - wing government organizing instead a separate event . Osvaldo Andrade of the Socialist Party explained that attendance was not viable as Piñera 's government was `` packed with passive accomplices '' of the dictatorship . Some right - wing politicians also declined the invitation . President candidate Michelle Bachelet planned to spend the day visiting Museum of Memory and Human Rights and commented that `` it is not fair to talk about the coup as something unavoidable '' . President Piñera held an unusual speech in which he denounced `` passive accomplices '' like news reporters who deliberately changed or omitted the truth and judges who rejected recursos de amparos that could have saved lives . People who knew things or could have known things but decided to stay quiet were also criticized as passive accomplices in Piñera 's speech . A number of new films , theatre plays , and photography expositions were held to cast light on the abuses and censorship of the dictatorship . The number of new books published on the subject in 2013 was such that it constituted an editorial boom . The Museum of Memory and Human Rights also displayed a collection of declassified CIA , FBI , Defense Department , and White House records illustrating the U.S. role in the dictatorship and the coup . Conferences and seminaries on the subject of coup were also held . Various series and interviews with politicians on the subject of the coup and the dictatorship were aired on Chilean TV in 2013 . See also ( edit ) Chilean presidential election , 1970 Cuban packages -- arms smuggling from Cuba Government Junta of Chile ( 1924 ) Government Junta of Chile ( 1973 ) Machuca Marjorie Agosín Missing ( 1982 film ) Operation Condor Operation TOUCAN ( KGB ) -- secret KGB operations in Chile Patio 29 Project FUBELT -- secret CIA operations to unseat Allende . René Schneider Rettig Report The Battle of Chile The Black Pimpernel The House of the Spirits United States intervention in Chile Valech Report Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , George ( 2005 ) . Negotiated Revolutions . p. 182 . The only armed resistance came in a handful of factories , the La Legua poblacion in Santiago and in isolated gunfights with MIR activists . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Peter Kornbluh . `` Chile and the United States : Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup , September 11 , 1973 '' . Jump up ^ `` Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet ... Gen. Augusto Pinochet , who overthrew Chile 's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup ... '' Archived 16 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Christian Science Monitor , 11 December 2006 Jump up ^ `` CHILE : The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream '' , Time Magazine , Quote : `` ... Allende 's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile . His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America ... '' Jump up ^ Genaro Arriagada Herrera ( 1988 ) . Pinochet : The Politics of Power . Allen & Unwin . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 497061 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Winn , Peter ( 2010 ) . Grandin & Joseph , Greg & Gilbert , ed . A Century of Revolution . Duke University Press . pp. 239 -- 275 . 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The political action program under consideration called for the Embassy and Station to influence the Chilean Congress as it took up the matter . This involved encouraging Congress to vote for Alessandri for President in spite of the fact Allende received a slightly higher popular vote . ( Allende won 36.3 percent of the vote on 4 September -- a plurality , not the majority required by the Constitution to avoid Congressional reaffirmation of the victory . ) The Station and the Embassy , working through intermediaries , urged Frei to use his influence with Congress to convince non-leftist forces to vote for Alessandri . The scenario was to have Congress elect Alessandri as President ; he would then resign , thereby allowing Frei to run as a candidate against Allende in a new election . Jump up ^ Régis Debray ( 1972 ) . The Chilean Revolution : Conversations with Allende . New York : Vintage Books . 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Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 02 . , part of series `` Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia '' on LaTercera.cl . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` mun6 '' . Jornada.unam.mx . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Development and Breakdown of Democracy , 1830 -- 1973 , United States Library of Congress Country Studies : Chile . Undated ; according to Preface , `` The body of the text reflects information available as of 31 March 1994 . '' Accessed 22 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Spanish ) `` Se desata la crisis '' . Archived from the original on 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . , part of series `` Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia '' on LaTercera.cl . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . 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Liberators , patriots , and leaders of Latin America 32 biographies ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. pp. 213 -- 214 . ISBN 9780786455522 . ^ Jump up to : Sagredo , Rafael ; Gazmuri , Cristián , eds. ( 2005 ) , Historia de la vida privada en Chile ( in Spanish ) , 3 : El Chile contemporáneo . De 1925 a nuestros días ( 4th ed . ) , Santiago de Chile : Aguilar Chilena de Ediciones , ISBN 956 - 239 - 337 - 2 Jump up ^ González 2013 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ González 2013 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : González 2013 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Lessa , Alfonso ( 1996 ) . Estado de guerra - de la gestación del golpe del 73 a la caída de Bordaberry . Editorial Fin de Siglo . Jump up ^ `` Second coup attempt : El Tanquetazo ( the tank attack ) '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2004 . Retrieved 2004 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , originally on RebelYouth.ca . Unsigned , but with citations . Archived on Internet Archive 13 October 2004 . 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La Nación. 13 September 1973 -- via Google Newspapers . ^ Jump up to : Gustafson , Kristian ( 2007 ) . Hostile Intent : U.S. Covert Operations in Chile , 1964 -- 1974 . Washington , D.C. : Potomac Books . pp. 12 , 203 . Jump up ^ CIA Activities in Chile , 2000 - 09 - 18 , archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 12 , To respond to Section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( referred to hereafter as the Hinchey Amendment ) , the Intelligence Community ( IC ) , led by the National Intelligence Council , reviewed ( ... ) Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( 2007 - 04 - 18 ) , `` Robert Dallek on Nixon and Kissinger '' , New York Times , archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 14 , ( ... ) phone call reacting to news of the 1973 coup in Chile ( ... ) Kissinger grumbled ( ... ) that American newspapers , ' instead of celebrating , ' were ' bleeding because a pro-Communist government has been overthrown . ' ' Is n't that something ? ' Nixon remarked . ' In the Eisenhower period , we would be heroes , ' Kissinger said . ' Well , we did n't -- as you know -- our hand does n't show on this one , ' the president said . ^ Jump up to : Kornbluh , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 936 - 1 . Jump up ^ Axelsson , Sun Chili , le Dossier Noir . ( Chile : The Black File ) Paris , France : Gallimard , 1974 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Ad Hoc Interagency Working Group on Chile ( 4 December 1970 ) . `` Memorandum for Mr. Henry Kissinger '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Dept. of State FOIA Electronic Reading Room -- Hinchey Report ( CIA Activities in Chile ) '' . Foia.state.gov . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( 30 January 2003 ) . `` Edward Korry , 81 , Is Dead ; Falsely Tied to Chile Coup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . 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Retrieved 30 October 2016 . pp78 - 92 , 2015 in 40 Years are Nothing : History and memory of the 1973 coups d'état in Uruguay and Chile Edited by Pablo Leighton and Fernando López , ISBN 1443876429 Jump up ^ Suich , Max ( 20 March 2010 ) . `` Spymaster stirs spectre of covert foreign activities '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El balcón del adiós Reportajes '' . La Tercera Edición Impresa . Jump up ^ Harmer , Tanya ( 2011 ) . Odd Arne Westad , ed . Allende 's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War . Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA : The University of North Carolina Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3495 - 4 . Jump up ^ La misión era matar : el juicio a la caravana Pinochet - Arellano , By Jorge Escalante Hidalgo , Page 43 , LOM Ediciones , 2000 Jump up ^ `` ROME NEWS TRIBUNE Sep 11 , 1973 '' . Google . 11 September 1973 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Evans . `` National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 33 '' . 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A personal testimony '' . Stockholm ( 2008 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Foster , John ; Carty , Bob . `` Chile 's 1972 Coup , 40 Years Later : Observances , Part 2 '' . Opencanada.org . Canadian International Council . Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` unknown '' . www12.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martin Edwin Andersen Unpunished U.S. Southern Command role in ' 09 Honduran military coup May 24 , 2016 , Academia.edu Jump up ^ Marisa Taylor and Kevin G. Hall , For years , Pentagon paid professor despite revoked visa and accusations of torture in Chile March 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ Julia Hart and R. Jeffrey Smith Flagship military university hired foreign officers linked to human rights abuses in Latin America Jump up ^ McClatchyDC , Chilean 70 's torture survivor seeks justice March 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ González 2013 , p. 385 . 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Marxism and democracy in Chile : From 1932 to the fall of Allende , New Haven : Yale University Press . Ignacio González Camus , ed. ( 1988 ) . El día en que murió Allende ( The day that Allende Died ) , Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies ( ICHEH ) / CESOC . González , Mónica ( 2013 ) . La Conjura : Los mil y un días del golpe ( in Spanish ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Santiago de Chile : Catalonia . ISBN 978 - 956 - 324 - 134 - 1 . Anke Hoogvelt ( 1997 ) . Globalisation and the postcolonial world , London : Macmillan . Thomas Karamessines ( 1970 ) . Operating guidance cable on coup plotting in Chile , Washington : National Security Council . Jeane Kirkpatrick ( 1979 ) . `` Dictatorships and Double Standards '' , Commentary , November , pp 34 -- 45 . Henry Kissinger ( 1970 ) . National Security Decision 93 : Policy Towards Chile , Washington : National Security Council . Richard Norton - Taylor ( 1999 ) . `` Truth will out : Unearthing the declassified documents in America which give the lie to Lady Thatcher 's outburst '' , The Guardian , 8 July 1999 , London . Alec Nove ( 1986 ) . Socialism , Economics and Development , London : Allen & Unwin . James F. Petras & Morris H. Morley ( 1974 ) . How Allende fell : A study in U.S. -- Chilean relations , Nottingham : Spokesman Books . Sigmund , P.E. ( 1986 ) . `` Development Strategies in Chile , 1964 -- 1983 : The Lessons of Failure '' , Chapter 6 in I.J. Kim ( Ed . ) , Development and Cultural Change : Cross-Cultural Perspectives , New York : Paragon House Publishers , pp. 159 -- 178 . Valenzuela , J.S. , & Valenzuela , A. ( 1993 ) . `` Modernisation and Dependency : Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin - American Underdervelopment '' , in M.A. Seligson & J.T. Pass - Smith ( Eds . ) , Development and Underdevelopment : The Political Economy of Inequality , Boulder : Lynnes Rienner , pp. 203 -- 216 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Intelligence Memorandum : Allende 's Chile : The Widening Supply - Demand Gap Wikiquote has quotations related to : 1973 Chilean coup d'état CIA acknowledges involvement in Allende 's overthrow Pinochet 's rise , CNN . Cronología , Salvador-Allende.cl , originally published in Archivo Salvador Allende , number 14 . An extensive Spanish - language site providing a day - by - day chronology of the Allende era . This is clearly a partisan , pro-Allende source , but the research and detail are enormous . ( in Spanish ) National Security Archive 's Chile Documentation Project which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile , beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet US Dept. of State FOIA Church Report ( Covert Action in Chile ) 11 September 1973 , When US - Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile -- video report by Democracy Now ! The Coup in Chile . Jacobin. 11 September 2015 . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` 1973 Chilean coup d'état '' dated 2017 - 11 - 27 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles 1973 Chilean coup d'état Background United States intervention in Chile Schneider Doctrine 1970 election Project FUBELT Presidency of Salvador Allende Carlos Prats Alejandrina Cox incident Carlos Altamirano Tanquetazo Participants Salvador Allende Augusto Pinochet José Toribio Merino Gustavo Leigh César Mendoza Aftermath Government Junta of Chile Miguel Enriquez Operation Condor Assassination of Carlos Prats Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton Assassination of Orlando Letelier Chile under Pinochet Chicago Boys Indictment and arrest of Pinochet Controversies Death of Salvador Allende Criticisms of Salvador Allende Human rights violations under Pinochet Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Western Sahara War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution Sino - Vietnamese War New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Chile articles History Timeline Early Mapuches Inca rule Spanish invasion Colonial Chile Captaincy General Arauco War Independence Expansionism War of the Confederation Chincha Islands War War of the Pacific Occupation of Araucanía Parliamentary Era ( 1891 -- 1925 ) Arms race with Argentina Dreadnought race with Argentina , Brazil Presidential Republic ( 1925 -- 73 ) Presidency of Salvador Allende 1973 coup Pinochet regime Transition to democracy Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environment Extreme points Fjords , channels , sounds and straits Geology Islands National parks Natural regions Provinces Regions Rivers Lakes Volcanoes Lighthouses Politics National Congress Elections Foreign relations Government Political parties President Ministries Law Civil Code Constitution Copyright law Human rights LGBT Intersex LGBT history Law enforcement Nationality law Passport Supreme Court Constitutional Court Comptroller General of Chile Investigations Police of Chile Military Air Force Army Navy Carabineros Ministry of Defence Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history Peso ( currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages People Religion Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Arts Beauty pageants Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Mythology Newspapers Public holidays Sports Television Outline Index Category Portal Augusto Pinochet Life and politics 1973 Chilean coup d'état Government Junta of Chile Rule over Chile Indictment and arrest Policies Miracle of Chile Economic policy 1980 Constitution DINA Operation Condor Operation Colombo Perceptions Chicago Boys Rettig Report Valech Report Caravan of Death Family Lucía Hiriart ( spouse ) Lucía Pinochet ( daughter ) Opposition Families of the Detained - 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coup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_Chilean_coup_d % 27état&oldid = 866353763 '' Categories : 1970s coups d'état and coup attempts 1973 in Chile Central Intelligence Agency operations Presidency of Salvador Allende Military dictatorship of Chile ( 1973 -- 90 ) Chile -- United States relations Imperialism Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1973 Dirty wars Military coups in Chile Revolutions in Chile Cold War in Latin America False flag operations Henry Kissinger September 1973 events 1970s in Santiago , Chile Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from September 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced quotes Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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"The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed moment in both the history of Chile and the Cold War. Following an extended period of social unrest and political tension between the opposition-controlled Congress of Chile and the socialist President Salvador Allende, as well as economic warfare ordered by US President Richard Nixon,[4] Allende was overthrown by the armed forces and national police.[5][6]\n"
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"Salvador Allende"
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-6425330578901053017 | Hans Christian Ørsted | Hans Christian Ørsted - wikipedia Hans Christian Ørsted Jump to : navigation , search `` Ørsted '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ørsted ( disambiguation ) . Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1777 - 08 - 14 ) 14 August 1777 Rudkøbing , Denmark 9 March 1851 ( 1851 - 03 - 09 ) ( aged 73 ) Copenhagen , Denmark Nationality Danish Alma mater University of Copenhagen ( PhD , 1799 ) Known for Discovery of electromagnetism Awards Copley Medal ( 1820 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Institutions University of Copenhagen Influences Immanuel Kant Signature Hans Christian Ørsted ( / ˈɜːrstɛd / ; Danish : ( hans kʁæsdjan ˈɶɐ̯sdɛð ) ; often rendered Oersted in English ; 14 August 1777 -- 9 March 1851 ) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields , which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism . He is still known today for Oersted 's Law . He shaped post-Kantian philosophy and advances in science throughout the late 19th century . In 1824 , Ørsted founded Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse ( SNU ) , a society to disseminate knowledge of the natural sciences . He was also the founder of predecessor organizations which eventually became the Danish Meteorological Institute and the Danish Patent and Trademark Office . Ørsted was the first modern thinker to explicitly describe and name the thought experiment . A leader of the so - called Danish Golden Age , Ørsted was a close friend of Hans Christian Andersen and the brother of politician and jurist Anders Sandøe Ørsted , who eventually served as Danish prime minister ( 1853 -- 54 ) . The oersted ( Oe ) , the cgs unit of magnetic H - field strength , is named after him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and studies 2 Electromagnetism 3 Later years 4 Legacy 4.1 Toponomy 4.2 Monuments and memorials 4.3 Awards and lectures 5 Writings 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life and Studies ( edit ) The young H.C. Ørsted Ørsted was born in Rudkøbing . As a young boy Ørsted developed his interest in science while working for his father , who owned a pharmacy . He and his brother Anders received most of their early education through self - study at home , going to Copenhagen in 1793 to take entrance exams for the University of Copenhagen , where both brothers excelled academically . By 1796 Ørsted had been awarded honors for his papers in both aesthetics and physics . He earned his doctorate in 1799 for a dissertation based on the works of Kant entitled `` The Architectonics of Natural Metaphysics '' . In 1801 Ørsted received a travel scholarship and public grant which enabled him to spend three years travelling across Europe . In Germany he met Johann Wilhelm Ritter , a physicist who believed there was a connection between electricity and magnetism . This made sense to Ørsted since he believed in Kantian ideas about the unity of nature and that deep relationships existed between natural phenomena . Their conversations drew Ørsted into the study of physics . He became a professor at the University of Copenhagen in 1806 and continued his research with electric currents and acoustics . Under his guidance the University developed a comprehensive physics and chemistry program and established new laboratories . In 1800 , Alessandro Volta invented a galvanic battery inspiring Ørsted to think about the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments . Between 1800 and 1803 , he visited Germany , France and Holland for lectures . Ørsted welcomed William Christopher Zeise to his family home in autumn 1806 ; taking the then young chemist ( and fellow son of a pharmacist ) under his care and giving him encouragement while offering him a position as his lecturing assistant . In 1812 he again visited Germany and France after publishing a manual called Videnskaben om Naturens Almindelige Love and Første Indledning til den Almindelige Naturlære ( 1811 ) . In Berlin he wrote his famous essay on the identity of chemical and electrical forces in which he first stated the connection existing between magnetism and electricity . Then , in Paris he translated that essay into Latin with Marcel de Serres . The Royal Society of London gave him the Copley Medal and the French Academy awarded him with 3,000 gold francs . Ørsted was just 43 when he made this great discovery . He established the Royal Polytechnic Institute in 1829 of which he was the first director . Electromagnetism ( edit ) Hans Christian Ørsted , Der Geist in der Natur , 1854 Play media A compass needle with a wire , showing the effect Ørsted discovered . Demonstrated by Prof. Oliver Zajkov , Physics Institute at the Ss . Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje , Macedonia . Der Geist in der Natur , v. 1 ( 1854 ) On 21 April 1820 , during a lecture , Ørsted noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched on and off , confirming a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism . His initial interpretation was that magnetic effects radiate from all sides of a wire carrying an electric current , as do light and heat . Three months later he began more intensive investigations and soon thereafter published his findings , showing that an electric current produces a circular magnetic field as it flows through a wire . This discovery was not due to mere chance , since Ørsted had been looking for a relation between electricity and magnetism for several years . The special symmetry of the phenomenon was possibly one of the difficulties that retarded the discovery . It is sometimes claimed that Italian Gian Domenico Romagnosi was the first person who found a relationship between electricity and magnetism , about two decades before Ørsted 's 1820 discovery of electromagnetism . Romagnosi 's experiments showed that an electric current from a voltaic pile could deflect a magnetic needle . His researches were published in two Italian newspapers and were largely overlooked by the scientific community . Ørsted 's findings stirred much research into electrodynamics throughout the scientific community , influencing French physicist André - Marie Ampère 's developments of a single mathematical formula to represent the magnetic forces between current - carrying conductors . Ørsted 's work also represented a major step toward a unified concept of energy . In 1822 , he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1849 a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. . Later years ( edit ) In 1825 , Ørsted made a significant contribution to chemistry by producing aluminium for the first time . While an aluminium - iron alloy had previously been developed by British scientist and inventor Humphry Davy , Ørsted was the first to isolate the element via a reduction of aluminium chloride . In 1829 , Ørsted founded Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt ( ' College of Advanced Technology ' ) which was later renamed the Technical University of Denmark ( DTU ) . Ørsted died at Copenhagen in 1851 , aged 73 , and was buried in the Assistens Cemetery in the same city . Legacy ( edit ) The centimetre - gram - second system ( CGS ) unit of magnetic induction ( oersted ) is named for his contributions to the field of electromagnetism . Toponomy ( edit ) The Ørsted Park in Copenhagen was named after Ørsted in 1879 . The streets H.C. Ørsteds Vej in Frederiksberg and H.C. Ørsteds Allé is located in Galten are also named after him . The buildings that are home to the Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Mathematical Sciences at the University of Copenhagen 's North Campus are named the H.C. Ørsted Institute , after him . A dormitory named H.C. Ørsted Kollegiet is located in Odense . The first Danish satellite , launched 1999 , was named after Ørsted . Monuments and memorials ( edit ) Statue of Ørsted in Ørstedsparken , in Copenhagen . A statue of Hans Christian Ørsted was installed in the Ørsted Park in 1880 . A commemorative plaque is located above the gate on the building in Studiestræde where he lived and worked . The 100 danske kroner note issued from 1950 to 1970 carried an engraving of Ørsted . Awards and lectures ( edit ) Two medals are awarded in Ørsted 's name : the Oersted Medal for notable contributions in the teaching of physics in America , awarded by American Association of Physics Teachers , along with the H.C. Ørsted Medal for Danish scientists , awarded by the Danish Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse ( Society for the Dissemination of Natural Science ) , which Ørsted founded . The H.C. Ørsted Lectureship is awarded to two prominent researchers annually , and has been bestowed upon the following scientists : Upcoming H.C. Ørsted Lecture : Dr. Jack Connerney , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , USA : `` Mars Crustal Magnetism : Through The Lens Sharply '' . Previous H.C. Ørsted Lecturers : Professor Michaël Grätzel , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , EPFL Professor Pierre - Gilles de Gennes , Collège de France , Nobel Laureate in Physics Professor Ivar Giaever , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Nobel Laureate in Physics Professor Paul F. Hoffman , Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology , Harvard University Professor Leroy Hood , William Gates III Professor , Institute for Systems Biology Professor Sir Harold Kroto , University of Sussex , Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Professor Hugo de Man , Catholic University of Leuven Professor Sir Roger Penrose , University of Oxford Professor Julius Rebek , Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at The Scripps Research Institute Professor Cees Dekker , Nanophysics , TU Delft Professor Subra Suresh , Materials Science and Biological Engineering , MIT Professor Everett Peter Greenberg , Microbiology , University of Washington Honorary Professor Sir John Meurig Thomas , University of Cambridge Professor Ahmed Zewail , California Institute of Technology , Nobel Laureate in Chemistry Professor Nathan S. Lewis , Chemistry , California Institute of Technology Professor Sajeev John , University of Toronto Professor Howard A. Stone , Fluid Mechanics , Princeton University Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics Lene Vestergaard Hau , Harvard University Professor Stanley N. Cohen , School of Medicine , Stanford University Professor Juan de Pablo , Chemical Engineering , University of Wisconsin - Madison Professor Mario Molina , University of California , San Diego , Nobel Prize Winner . Writings ( edit ) Ørsted was a published writer and poet . His poetry series Luftskibet ( `` The Airship '' ) was inspired by the balloon flights of fellow physicist and stage magician Étienne - Gaspard Robert . Shortly before his death , he submitted a collection of articles for publication under the title `` The Soul in Nature '' . The book presents Ørsted 's life philosophy and views on a wide variety of issues . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Oersted 's law James Clerk Maxwell Michael Faraday Thought experiment References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : rare-earth-magnets.com Jump up ^ `` Oersted '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Brian , R.M. & Cohen , R.S. ( 2007 ) . Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science , Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , Vol. 241 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hans Christian Ørsted '' . Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hans Christian Ørsted ( 1997 ) . Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , translators from Danish to English . Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 , pp. 421 - 445 Jump up ^ Martins , Roberto de Andrade , `` Resistance to the discovery of electromagnetism : Ørsted and the symmetry of the magnetic field '' , in : Fabio Bevilacqua & Enrico Giannetto ( eds . ) , Volta and the History of Electricity , Pavia / Milano , Università degli Studi di Pavia / Editore Ulrico Hoepli , 2003 , pp. 245 - 265 . ( Collana di Storia della Scienza ) ISBN 88 - 203 - 3284 - 1 Jump up ^ Martins , Roberto de Andrade , `` Romagnosi and Volta 's pile : early difficulties in the interpretation of Voltaic electricity '' , in Fabio Bevilacqua & Lucio Fregonese ( eds . ) , Nuova Voltiana : Studies on Volta and his Times , Pavia / Milano , Università degli Studi di Pavia / Ulrico Hoepli , 2001 , vol. 3 , pp. 81 - 102 . Jump up ^ Stringari , Sandro ; Robert R. Wilson . Romagnosi and the discovery of electromagnetism . Accademia dei Lincei . Jump up ^ `` Book of Members , 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter O '' ( PDF ) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of DTU '' . Technical University of Denmark . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hugo de Man Jump up ^ Juan de Pablo Jump up ^ The H.C. Ørsted Lectures Jump up ^ National Museum of Denmark . `` The Soul in Nature : 1802 '' . Accessed 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Hans Christian , Ørsted ( 1852 ) . The soul in nature : with supplementary contributions . H.G. Bohn . Further reading ( edit ) Brain , R.M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Hans Christian Ørsted and the Romantic Legacy in Science . Ideas , Disciplines , Practices . Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , 241 . Dordrecht . pp. 273 -- 338 . Christensen , D.C. ( 2013 ) . Hans Christian Ørsted . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966926 - 4 . Bern Dibner ( 1962 ) Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism , New York , Blaisdell . Ole Immanuel Franksen ( 1981 ) H.C. Ørsted -- a man of the two cultures , Strandbergs Forlag , Birkerød , Denmark . ( Note : Both the original Latin version and the English translation of his 1820 paper `` Experiments on the effect of a current of electricity on the magnetic needle '' can be found in this book . ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Hans Christian Ørsted at Wikimedia Commons Physics Tree : Hans Christian Ørsted Details Interactive Java Tutorial on Oersted 's Compass Experiment National High Magnetic Field Laboratory The soul in nature : with supplementary contributions , London : H.G. Bohn , 1852 . Hans Christian Ørsted at Find a Grave `` Oersted , Hans Christian '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . 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Reitzel 's Bookshop Nysø Manor Sophienholm ( Friederike Brun ) Sølyst ( Charlotte Schimmelmann ) `` Age of Enlightenment Modern Breakthrough '' Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Anders Jonas Ångström Alexander Graham Bell Marie Curie Pierre Curie John Dalton Peter Debye Loránd Eötvös Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Galileo Galilei Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss William Gilbert Heinrich Kayser Johann Heinrich Lambert Samuel Pierpont Langley Heinrich Mache James Clerk Maxwell John Napier Hans Christian Ørsted Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille William John Macquorn Rankine René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Wilhelm Röntgen Sir George Stokes , 1st Baronet John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh Joseph John Thomson Evangelista Torricelli Scientists whose names are used as SI units Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Scientists whose names are used in physical constants VIAF : 39490755 LCCN : n82158403 ISNI : 0000 0001 0890 0052 GND : 118786784 SELIBR : 291440 SUDOC : 060747013 BNF : cb125467444 ( data ) NLA : 35914159 BNE : XX1648638 IATH : w6515v6n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hans_Christian_Ørsted&oldid = 797774019 '' Categories : 1777 births 1851 deaths 19th - century Danish scientists People from Langeland Municipality Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Danish chemists Danish physicists Discoverers of chemical elements Independent scientists Recipients of the Copley Medal University of Copenhagen alumni Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences People associated with electricity 18th - century Danish people 19th - century Danish people Foreign Members of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Magneticians 19th - century chemists Aluminium Rectors of the University of Copenhagen Pantheists Hidden categories : Biography with signature Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who discovered the magnetic effect of electric current | [
"Hans Christian Ørsted (/ˈɜːrstɛd/;[2] Danish: [hans kʁæsdjan ˈɶɐ̯sdɛð]; often rendered Oersted in English; 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. He is still known today for Oersted's Law. He shaped post-Kantian philosophy and advances in science throughout the late 19th century.[3]"
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"Hans Christian Ørsted"
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-1338664365620406700 | Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives | Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political party leaders of the House . For the Speaker , see Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Current leaders Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Party Leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives , also known as floor leaders , are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot . With the Republicans holding a majority of seats and the Democrats holding a minority , the current leaders are : Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , Majority Whip Steve Scalise , Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , and Minority Whip Steny Hoyer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Job description 2 Selection 3 Duties 4 History 5 Minority Leader 5.1 Responsibilities 5.2 Origin of the post 5.2. 1 Minority Party Nominees for Speaker , 1865 -- 1897 5.2. 2 Trends 5.3 Institutional functions 5.4 Party functions 6 Party whips and assistant party leaders 6.1 Whips 6.2 Assistant party leaders 7 List of party leaders and whips 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Job description ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader , the House Majority Leader 's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House . Typically , the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor . In some cases , Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker ; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert . In addition , Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor . The current Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi , of the United States House of Representatives serves as floor leader of the opposition party , and is the counterpart to the Majority Leader . Unlike the Majority Leader , the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress . If the Minority Leader 's party takes control of the House , and the party officers are all re-elected to their seats , the Minority Leader is usually the party 's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress , while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader . The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to discuss agreements on controversial issues . The Speaker , Majority Leader , Minority Leader , Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol . Selection ( edit ) The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed - door caucus by secret ballot . The Speaker - elect is also chosen in a closed - door session although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes . Like the Speaker of the House , the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position . When Nancy Pelosi , D - CA , became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress , she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress . When her predecessor , Richard Gephardt , D - MO , became minority leader in the 104th House , he had been in the House for almost 20 years , had served as chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years , had been a 1988 presidential candidate , and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November 1994 elections . Gephardt 's predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel , R - IL , who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House . Michel 's predecessor , Republican John Rhodes of Arizona , was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service . By contrast , party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber , such as Lyndon B. Johnson , William F. Knowland , and Bill Frist . Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rise to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history . Duties ( edit ) The House Majority Leader 's duties vary , depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus . In several recent sessions of Congress with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership , the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor 's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees . One statutory duty , per 19 U.S.C. § 2191 ( c ) ( 1 ) , stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the United States for a fast - track negotiating authority ( trade promotion authority ) trade agreement must be introduced ( by request ) in the House by the Majority Leader of the House . History ( edit ) Before 1899 , the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , the most powerful committee in the House , as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution as the House 's unique power . The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne . Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker , as the role of Speaker had become more prominent , and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356 . Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 , and continued through the Democrats ' control of the House from 1931 to 1995 , save for Republican majorities in 1947 -- 49 and 1953 -- 55 , all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent . The only exceptions during this period were Charles A. Halleck who became Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 1959 to 1965 , Hale Boggs who died in a plane crash , and Dick Gephardt who became the Democrats ' House leader but as Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections . Since 1995 , the only Majority Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner , though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections . He subsequently served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011 . In 1998 , with Speaker Newt Gingrich announcing his resignation , both Majority Leader Dick Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay did not contest the Speakership which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert . Traditionally , the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House , with the Majority Leader as second - in - command . For instance , when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections , Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader . Despite this , Cantor and his successor , Kevin McCarthy , have been reckoned as the second - ranking Republicans in the House , since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans . However , there have been some exceptions . The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006 . In contrast , the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party . When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . When the Majority Leader 's party loses control of the House , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the House party leadership , as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress . In 2014 , Eric Cantor became the first House Majority Leader to lose a primary election . Following his primary defeat , Cantor announced his resignation as Majority Leader , effective July 31 , 2014 , and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress . Minority leader ( edit ) This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Responsibilities ( edit ) From an institutional perspective , the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader . For example , Rule XII , clause 6 , grant the minority leader ( or their designee ) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions ; Rule II , clause 6 , states the Inspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker , majority leader , and minority leader ; and Rule XV , clause 6 , provides that the Speaker , after consultation with the minority leader , may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar . The minority leader also has other institutional duties , such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities . From a party perspective , the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments , all geared toward retaking majority control of the House . Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader . The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers . The minority leader devises strategies , in consultation with other partisan colleagues , that advance party objectives . For example , by stalling action on the majority party 's agenda , the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a `` do - nothing Congress . '' The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party 's agenda . The minority leader , if their party controls the White House , confers regularly with the President and the President 's aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally . The minority leader strives to promote party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success . The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well - defined . To a large extent , the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom . A minority leader from 1931 to 1939 , Representative Bertrand Snell , R-N. Y. , provided this `` job description '' : `` He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies . He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority 's rights . It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority , and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation . '' Since Snell 's description , other responsibilities have been added to the job . These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions . Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader , it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position . Origin of the post ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas To a large extent , the minority leader 's position is a 20th - century innovation . Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized , so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader . Decades went by before anything like the modern two - party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders . However , from the beginning days of Congress , various House members intermittently assumed the role of `` opposition leader . '' Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first `` minority leader '' because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies . During this early period , it was more usual that neither major party grouping ( Federalists and Democratic - Republicans ) had an official leader . In 1813 , for instance , a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 `` to represent a party comprising a distinct minority '' and `` to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause . '' In 1828 , a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill : I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called , in England , Leaders , on either side of the House ... It is true , that certain members do take charge of administration questions , and certain others of opposition questions ; but all this so obviously without concert among themselves , actual or tacit , that nothing can be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory , disjointed . Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader . For instance , `` seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field . Thirty - six competed in 1839 , ninety - seven in 1849 , ninety - one in 1859 , and 138 in 1855 . '' With so many candidates competing for the speakership , it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of `` minority leader . '' The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not `` nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five . The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership . '' In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley , since 1883 `` the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader . '' However , this assertion is subject to dispute . On December 3 , 1883 , the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker . Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio , who was Speaker the previous Congress . Clearly , Keifer was not the Republicans ' minority leader . He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out `` choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries . '' Keifer received `` the empty honor of the minority nomination . But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership , he was deserted by his ( partisan ) associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously . '' Representative Thomas Reed , R - ME , who later became Speaker , assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer 's stead . `` ( A ) lthough Keifer was the minority 's candidate for Speaker , Reed became its acknowledged leader , and ever after , so long as he served in the House , remained the most conspicuous member of his party . Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883 . On the Democratic side , `` there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873 , '' indicating that the `` nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership . '' Further , when Republicans were in the minority , the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers , including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875 , former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio , in 1876 , 1877 , and 1879 , and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883 . `` It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority , and nominate him for this office when in the minority , and not look to him for legislative guidance . '' This was not the case , according to some observers , with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer . In brief , there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position . Nonetheless , it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century , a period of strong party organization and professional politicians . This era was `` marked by strong partisan attachments , resilient patronage - based party organizations , and ... high levels of party voting in Congress . '' Plainly , these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure . Minority party nominees for Speaker , 1865 -- 1897 ( edit ) While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899 , the minority 's nominees for Speaker ( at the beginning of each Congress ) may be considered their party 's leaders before that time . 1865 : James Brooks ( D - NY ) 1867 : Samuel S. Marshall ( D - IL ) 1869 : Michael C. Kerr ( D - IN ) 1871 : George W. Morgan ( D - OH ) 1873 : Fernando Wood ( D - NY ) 1875 : James Gillespie Blaine ( R - ME ) 1877 , 1879 : James Abram Garfield ( R - OH ) 1881 : Samuel Jackson Randall ( D - PA ) 1883 : Joseph Warren Keifer ( R - OH ) 1885 , 1887 : Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - ME ) 1889 : John Griffin Carlisle ( D - KY ) 1891 , 1893 : Thomas Brackett Reed ( R - ME ) 1895 : Charles F. Crisp ( D - GA ) 1897 : Joseph W. Bailey ( D - TX ) Sources : Fighting for the Speakership : The House and the Rise of Party Government , by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com Trends ( edit ) Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention . First , until the 61st Congress ( 1909 -- 1910 ) , `` it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees , Rules and Ways and Means . '' Today , the minority leader no longer serves on these committees ; however , he or she appoints the minority members of the Rules Committee and influences the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee . Second , Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status . Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , for instance , Republicans bypassed James R. Mann , R - IL , who had been minority leader for eight years , and elected Frederick Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann `` had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor ; '' also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon , R - IL ( 1903 -- 1911 ) , and many Members `` suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford , Richard Gephardt , Nancy Pelosi , and John Boehner . Institutional functions ( edit ) The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements , including personality and contextual factors , such as the size and cohesion of the minority party , whether their party controls the White House , the general political climate in the House , and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda . Despite the variability of these factors , there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position . Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book . Others have devolved upon the position in other ways . To be sure , the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources -- beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative -- to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions . Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader , because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda , partisan ratios on committees , staff resources , administrative operations , and the day - to - day schedule and management of floor activities . Under the rules of the House , the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities . They include the following : Drug Testing . Under Rule I , clause 9 , the `` Speaker , in consultation with the Minority Leader , shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House . '' Inspector General . Rule II , clause 6 , states that the `` Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker , the Majority Leader , and the Minority Leader , acting jointly . '' This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general . Questions of Privilege . Under Rule IX , clause 2 , a resolution `` offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn . '' This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions . Oversight Plans . Under Rule X , clause 2 , not later `` than March 31 in the first session of a Congress , after consultation with the Speaker , the Majority Leader , and the Minority Leader , the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans '' of the standing committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees ' oversight plans . Committee on Standards of Official Conduct : Investigative Subcommittees . Rule X , clause 5 , stipulates : `` At the beginning of a Congress , the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members , Delegates , or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress . '' Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . `` The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum . '' In addition , each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties . ( Rule X , clause 11 ) . Motion to Recommit with Instructions . Under Rule XIII , clause 6 , the Rules Committee may not ( except in certain specified circumstances ) issue a `` rule '' that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions . In addition , the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions . For instance , the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities ; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors ; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions ; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission ; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission ; and he or she may , after consultation with the Speaker , convene an early organizational party caucus or conference . Informally , the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible . Party functions ( edit ) The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities . Formally , the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader . For example , under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress , the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus . He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council ; chairs the Policy Committee ; and heads the Steering Committee . Examples of other assignments are making `` recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees '' and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration . Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader . Informally , the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments . Lewis Deschler , the late House Parliamentarian ( 1928 -- 1974 ) , summarized the diverse duties of a party 's floor leader : A party 's floor leader , in conjunction with other party leaders , plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs . They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House , or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party . They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party 's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation . They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration . Such information is derived in part from the floor leader 's contacts with his party 's members serving on House committees , and with the members of the party 's whip organization . These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader 's overarching objective : retake majority control of the House . `` I want to get ( my ) members elected and win more seats , '' said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt , D - MO . `` That 's what ( my partisan colleagues ) want to do , and that 's what they want me to do . '' Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal . Provide Campaign Assistance . Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers . There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention . For example , they assist in recruiting qualified candidates ; they establish `` leadership PACs '' to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party ; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend ; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees ; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates ; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates ; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party 's campaign committee . `` The amount of time that ( Minority Leader ) Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) is unheard of , '' noted a Democratic lobbyist. `` No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support . '' Devise Minority Party Strategies . The minority leader , in consultation with other party colleagues , has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives . The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances , such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party . For instance , a majority party riven by internal dissension , as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and `` regular '' Republicans were at loggerheads , may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion . Among the variable strategies available to the minority party , which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process , are the following : Cooperation . The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor . Inconsequential Opposition . The minority party offers opposition , but it is of marginal significance , typically because the minority is so small . Withdrawal . The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue , perhaps because of intraparty divisions . Innovation . The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf . Partisan Opposition . The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own . Constructive Opposition . The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes . Participation . The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority - building role with respect to his priorities . A look at one minority leadership strategy -- partisan opposition -- may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances . The purposes of obstruction are several , such as frustrating the majority party 's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party . `` We know how to delay , '' remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn , appeals of the presiding officer 's ruling , or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time - consuming parliamentary tactics . By stalling action on the majority party 's agenda , the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a `` do - nothing Congress '' and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House . To be sure , the minority leader recognizes that `` going negative '' carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public . Promote and Publicize the Party 's Agenda . An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters . Despite the minority leader 's restricted ability to set the House 's agenda , there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities . For example , the minority leader may employ , or threaten to use , discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor . If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters , he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership . As a GOP minority leader once said , the challenges he confronted are to `` keep our people together , and to look for votes on the other side . '' Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party 's priorities and to criticize the opposition 's . For instance , to keep their party colleagues `` on message , '' they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or `` talking points '' for constituent meetings in their districts ; they help to organize `` town meetings '' in Members ' districts around the country to publicize the party 's agenda or a specific priority , such as health care or education ; they sponsor party `` retreats '' to discuss issues and assess the party 's public image ; they create `` theme teams '' to craft party messages that might be raised during the one - minute , morning hour , or special order period in the House ; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences ; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users ; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public . House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate -- and with the president if their party controls the White House . The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy , to share ideas and information , and to present a united front on issues . Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House ; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country , and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements . They must also be prepared `` to debate on the floor , ad lib , no notes , on a moment 's notice , '' remarked Minority Leader Michel . In brief , minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party 's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition 's arguments and proposals . Confer With the White House . If their party controls the White House , the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress , the Administration 's agenda , and political events generally . Strategically , the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party . In general , minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party 's President in Congress . When Robert Michel , R - IL , was minority leader ( 1981 -- 1995 ) , he typically functioned as the `` point man '' for Republican presidents . President Ronald Reagan 's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic - controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel 's effectiveness in wooing so - called `` Reagan Democrats '' to support , for instance , the Administration 's landmark budget reconciliation bill . There are occasions , of course , when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President . On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district , Michel stated that he might `` abdicate my leadership role ( on this issue ) since I ca n't harmonize my own views with the administration 's . '' Minority Leader Gephardt , as another example , has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton 's legislative initiatives from `` fast track '' trade authority to various budget issues . When the White House is controlled by the House majority party , then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party . `` As Minority Leader during ( President Lyndon Johnson 's ) Democratic administration , my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives , '' said Minority Leader Gerald Ford , R - MI . Greatly outnumbered in the House , Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection . As Ford explained : `` We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate , '' he said . When we got to the amendment phase , we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal . If we lost in the Committee of the Whole , then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that . And if we lost on the motion to recommit , our Republican members had a choice : They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative . Or they could vote for it and make the same argument . Usually we lost ; but when you 're only 140 out of 435 , you do n't expect to win many . Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen , R - IL , to act as national spokesmen for their party . They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting . Ford 's predecessor as minority leader , Charles Halleck , R - IN , probably received more visibility in this role , because the press and media dubbed it the `` Ev and Charlie Show . '' In fact , the `` Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference . '' Foster Party Harmony . Minority status , by itself , is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together , to accommodate different interests , and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements . To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank - and - file Members and with different factional groupings . As Minority Leader Gephardt said : We have weekly caucus meetings . We have daily leadership meetings . We have weekly ranking Member meetings . We have party effectiveness meetings . There 's a lot more communication . I believe leadership is bottom up , not top down . I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up , and involve people in figuring out what that is . Gephardt added that `` inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance '' from the minority party . Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues ; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure ; and daily meetings in the Leader 's office ( or at breakfast , lunch , or dinner ) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party . Party whips and Assistant party leaders ( edit ) Whips ( edit ) A whip manages their party 's legislative program on the House floor . The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon . The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on , and garner support for , proposed legislation . The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters . However , the U.S. House of Representatives does not use the term `` minority whip , '' instead calling the position `` Republican Whip '' or `` Democratic Whip '' depending on the minority party . The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip , who is the chief vote counter for their party . The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry . Within the House Republican Conference , the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership . The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips , led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip , which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus . The current senior chief deputy minority whip , John Lewis , has held his post since 1991 . List of Republican chief deputy whips : David F. Emery , 1981 -- 1983 ( Minority ) Tom Loeffler , 1983 -- 1987 ( Minority ) Edward Rell Madigan , 1987 -- 1989 ( Minority ) Robert Smith Walker , 1989 -- 1995 ( Minority ) Dennis Hastert , 1995 -- 1999 ( Majority ) Roy Blunt , 1999 -- 2003 ( Majority ) Eric Cantor , 2003 -- 2009 ( Majority , 2003 -- 2007 ) ( Minority , 2007 -- 2009 ) Kevin McCarthy , 2009 -- 2011 ( Minority ) Peter Roskam , 2011 -- 2014 ( Majority ) Patrick McHenry , 2014 -- present ( Majority ) List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Dan Rostenkowski ( 1981 -- 1987 ) Bill Alexander ( 1987 -- 1991 ) David Bonior ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Barbara Kennelly , Butler Derrick , & John Lewis ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Barbara Kennelly , Butler Derrick , John Lewis , & Bill Richardson ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Rosa DeLauro , John Lewis , & Bill Richardson ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Rosa DeLauro , Chet Edwards , John Lewis , & Robert Menendez ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Chet Edwards , John Lewis , Ed Pastor & Maxine Waters ( 2002 -- 2003 ) John Lewis , Ed Pastor , Max Sandlin & Maxine Waters ( 2003 -- 2005 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Joe Crowley , Baron Hill , Ron Kind , Ed Pastor , Max Sandlin , Jan Schakowsky , & Maxine Waters ( 2005 -- 2007 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Joe Crowley , Diana DeGette , Ron Kind , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , John Tanner & Maxine Waters ( 2007 -- 2011 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , G.K. Butterfield , Joe Crowley , Diana DeGette , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , John Tanner , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , & Maxine Waters ( 2011 -- 2013 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) , Maxine Waters , Ed Pastor , Jan Schakowsky , Joseph Crowley , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Jim Matheson , & Peter Welch ( 2013 -- 2015 ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Ben Ray Lujan , Terri Sewell , Jan Schakowsky , Keith Ellison , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Jim Matheson , & Peter Welch ( 2015 -- present ) John Lewis ( Senior Chief Deputy Whip ) Jan Schakowsky , Diana DeGette , G.K. Butterfield , Debbie Wasserman Schultz , Keith Ellison , Terri Sewell , Kyrsten Sinema , Joaquin Castro & Peter Welch Assistant party leaders ( edit ) The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established on January 3 , 2011 and filled by Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then - Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then - Majority Whip Jim Clyburn . It is said to replace the Assistant to the Leader post previously held by Chris Van Hollen , who had attended all leadership meetings but was not in the leadership hierarchy . List of party leaders and whips ( edit ) ( ≥ and names in Bold indicate the Majority Leader and Majority whip ) Congress Years Democratic whip Democratic leader Speaker Republican leader Republican whip 56 1899 -- 1901 Oscar Underwood ( Alabama ) James D. Richardson ( Tennessee ) David B. Henderson ( R , Iowa ) ≥ Sereno E. Payne ( New York ) ≥ James Albertus Tawney ( Minnesota ) 57 1901 -- 1903 James Tilghman Lloyd ( Missouri ) 58 1903 -- 1905 John Sharp Williams ( Mississippi ) Joe Cannon ( R , Illinois ) 59 1905 -- 1907 ≥ James E. Watson ( Indiana ) 60 1907 -- 1908 1908 -- 1909 61 1909 -- 1911 None Champ Clark ( Missouri ) ≥ John W. Dwight ( New York ) 62 1911 -- 1913 None ≥ Oscar Underwood ( Alabama ) Champ Clark ( D , Missouri ) James Mann ( Illinois ) John W. Dwight ( New York ) 63 1913 -- 1915 ≥ Thomas M. Bell ( Georgia ) Charles H. Burke ( South Dakota ) 64 1915 -- 1917 None ≥ Claude Kitchin ( North Carolina ) Charles M. Hamilton ( New York ) 65 1917 -- 1919 66 1919 -- 1921 None Champ Clark ( Missouri ) Frederick H. Gillett ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Frank W. Mondell ( Wyoming ) ≥ Harold Knutson ( Minnesota ) 67 1921 -- 1923 William A. Oldfield ( Arkansas ) Claude Kitchin ( North Carolina ) 68 1923 -- 1925 Finis J. Garrett ( Tennessee ) ≥ Nicholas Longworth ( Ohio ) ≥ Albert H. Vestal ( Indiana ) 69 1925 -- 1927 Nicholas Longworth ( R , Ohio ) ≥ John Q. Tilson ( Connecticut ) 70 1927 -- 1929 71 1929 -- 1931 John McDuffie ( Alabama ) John Nance Garner ( Texas ) 72 1931 -- 1933 ≥ John McDuffie ( Alabama ) ≥ Henry T. Rainey ( Illinois ) John Nance Garner ( D , Texas ) Bertrand Snell ( New York ) Carl G. Bachmann ( West Virginia ) 73 1933 -- 1935 ≥ Arthur H. Greenwood ( Indiana ) ≥ Jo Byrns ( Tennessee ) Henry T. Rainey ( D , Illinois ) Harry L. Englebright ( California ) 74 1935 -- 1936 ≥ Patrick J. Boland ( Pennsylvania ) ≥ William Bankhead ( Alabama ) Jo Byrns ( D , Tennessee ) 1936 -- 1937 ≥ Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) William B. Bankhead ( D , Alabama ) 75 1937 -- 1939 76 1939 -- 1940 Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) 1940 -- 1941 ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) 77 1941 -- 1942 1942 -- 1943 ≥ Robert Ramspeck ( Georgia ) 78 1943 -- 1943 1943 -- 1945 Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 79 1945 -- 1945 1946 -- 1947 ≥ John Sparkman ( Alabama ) 80 1947 -- 1949 John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) Joe Martin ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) ≥ Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 81 1949 -- 1951 ≥ Percy Priest ( Tennessee ) ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 82 1951 -- 1953 83 1953 -- 1955 John McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( Texas ) Joe Martin ( R , Massachusetts ) ≥ Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) ≥ Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 84 1955 -- 1957 ≥ Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) ≥ John W. McCormack ( Massachusetts ) Sam Rayburn ( D , Texas ) Joe Martin ( Massachusetts ) Leslie Arends ( Illinois ) 85 1957 -- 1959 86 1959 -- 1961 Charles Halleck ( Indiana ) 87 1961 -- 1962 1962 -- 1963 ≥ Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) ≥ Carl Albert ( Oklahoma ) John W. McCormack ( D , Massachusetts ) 88 1963 -- 1965 89 1965 -- 1967 Gerald Ford ( Michigan ) 90 1967 -- 1969 91 1969 -- 1971 92 1971 -- 1973 ≥ Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) ≥ Hale Boggs ( Louisiana ) Carl Albert ( D , Oklahoma ) 93 1973 -- 1973 ≥ John J. McFall ( California ) ≥ Tip O'Neill ( Massachusetts ) 1973 -- 1975 John Rhodes ( Arizona ) 94 1975 -- 1977 Bob Michel ( Illinois ) 95 1977 -- 1979 ≥ John Brademas ( Indiana ) ≥ Jim Wright ( Texas ) Tip O'Neill ( D , Massachusetts ) 96 1979 -- 1981 97 1981 -- 1983 ≥ Tom Foley ( Washington ) Bob Michel ( Illinois ) Trent Lott ( Mississippi ) 98 1983 -- 1985 99 1985 -- 1987 100 1987 -- 1989 ≥ Tony Coelho ( California ) ≥ Tom Foley ( Washington ) Jim Wright ( D , Texas ) 101 1989 -- 1989 Dick Cheney ( Wyoming ) 1989 -- 1991 ≥ William H. Gray III ( Pennsylvania ) ≥ Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) Tom Foley ( D , Washington ) Newt Gingrich ( Georgia ) 102 1991 -- 1991 1991 -- 1993 ≥ David Bonior ( Michigan ) 103 1993 -- 1995 104 1995 -- 1997 David Bonior ( Michigan ) Dick Gephardt ( Missouri ) Newt Gingrich ( R , Georgia ) ≥ Dick Armey ( Texas ) ≥ Tom DeLay ( Texas ) 105 1997 -- 1999 106 1999 -- 2001 Dennis Hastert ( R , Illinois ) 107 2001 -- 2002 2002 -- 2003 Nancy Pelosi ( California ) 108 2003 -- 2005 Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( California ) ≥ Tom DeLay ( Texas ) ≥ Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) 109 2005 -- 2005 2005 -- 2006 ≥ Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) ( acting ) 2006 -- 2007 ≥ John Boehner ( Ohio ) 110 2007 -- 2009 ≥ Jim Clyburn ( South Carolina ) ≥ Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( D , California ) John Boehner ( Ohio ) Roy Blunt ( Missouri ) 111 2009 -- 2011 Eric Cantor ( Virginia ) 112 2011 -- 2013 Steny Hoyer ( Maryland ) Nancy Pelosi ( California ) John Boehner ( R , Ohio ) ≥ Eric Cantor ( Virginia ) ≥ Kevin McCarthy ( California ) 113 2013 -- 2014 2014 -- 2015 ≥ Kevin McCarthy ( California ) ≥ Steve Scalise ( Louisiana ) 114 2015 -- 2015 2015 -- 2017 Paul Ryan ( R , Wisconsin ) 115 2017 -- 2019 Congress Years Democratic whip Democratic leader Speaker Republican leader Republican whip See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Party leaders of the United States Senate Presidents of the United States and control of Congress References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` The Role of the House Minority Leader : An Overview '' by Walter J. Oleszek . ^ Jump up to : `` N.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner '' . Politico . November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Majority leader , vus ist ? '' . JTA . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( April 24 , 2017 ) . Party Leaders in the House : Election , Duties , and Responsibilities ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. 2 -- 3 . RS20881 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` A Brief History of Congressional Leadership '' . The Green Papers ( self - published website & blog ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Majority Leaders of the House ( 1899 to present ) '' . U.S. House History , Art & Archives . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best & Worst of Congress - News & Features '' . washingtonian.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi wants to remain leader '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Memoli , Michael A. ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Eric Cantor will leave House leadership post after stunning loss '' . CNN . June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ; Parkinson , John ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor Stepping Down as House Majority Leader '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Kim , Clare ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor loses GOP primary to tea party challenger Dave Brat '' . MSNBC . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cantor 's Loss : A Stunning Upset '' . The Atlantic . Politico.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ostermeier , Eric ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor 1st House Majority Leader to Lose Renomination Bid in History '' . Smart Politics . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He 'll Resign in August '' . NBCNews.com . August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Riddick , Floyd M. ( 1941 ) . Congressional Procedure . Boston : Chapman and Grimes . p. 346 . Jump up ^ See Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Young , James Sterling ( 1966 ) . The Washington Community , 1800 - 1828 . New York : Harcourt Brace . pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Young , James Sterling ( 1966 ) . The Washington Community , 1800 - 1828 . New York : Harcourt Brace . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 18 ... Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 28n . Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . p. 28 . Jump up ^ 1883 Congressional Record , Vol. 29 , Page 4 - 5 ( December 3 , 1883 ) Jump up ^ McNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : David McKay Co. p. 70 . Jump up ^ Herbert Bruce Fuller , The Speakers of the House ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1909 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander , History and Procedure of the House of Representatives ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1916 ) , p. 131 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Garrison ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Leadership Position - Holding in the United States House of Representatives '' . Capitol Studies ( 4 ) : 19 . Jump up ^ Randall Strahan , `` Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Party Government , '' in Roger Davidson , et al. , eds. , Masters of the House ( Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 1998 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ See Polsby , Nelson ( September 1968 ) . `` The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . American Political Science Review . pp. 144 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Office of the Historian : Minority Leaders of the House ( 1899 to present ) Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , The Minority Party in Congress ( Boston : Little , Brown and Co. , 1970 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Ripley , Randall B. ( 1967 ) . Party Leaders in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. : The Brookings Institution . pp. 98 -- 99 ... Jump up ^ Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , Vol. 1 ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1977 ) , pp. 211 - 212 . Jump up ^ Guy Gugliotta , `` For Minority Leader , A Matter of Consensus ; Inquiry Vote Tests Gephardt 's Skills , '' The Washington Post , October 8 , 1998 , pp. A18 . Jump up ^ Barnes , James A. ; Stone , Peter H. ( February 26 , 2000 ) . `` A Rich Harvest on the Hill '' . National Journal . p. 640 . Jump up ^ These strategic options have been modified to a degree and come from Jones , The Minority Party in Congress , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Babson , Jennifer ( July 15 , 1995 ) . `` Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Power '' . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . Congressional Quarterly . p. 2037 . Jump up ^ Wallison , Ethan ( May 17 , 1999 ) . `` Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy '' . Roll Call . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Arieff , Irwin ( February 28 , 1981 ) . `` Inside Congress '' . Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report . Congressional Quarterly . p. 379 . Jump up ^ 1989 Congressional Record , Vol. 135 , Page E3000 ( September 12 , 1989 ) Jump up ^ William F. Connelly , Jr. and John J. Pitney , Jr. , Congress ' Permanent Minority ? Republicans in the U.S. House ( Lanham , Maryland : Littlefield Adams , 1994 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Collin , `` Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S. , '' Chicago Tribune , August 16 , 1982 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ See Jim Vande Hei , `` White House Sidesteps Gephardt 's Leadership , '' Roll Call , July 7 , 1997 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ James M. Cannon , `` Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives , 1965 - 1973 , '' in Masters of the House , p. 275 . Jump up ^ James M. Cannon , `` Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives , 1965 - 1973 , '' in Masters of the House , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Burdette Loomis , `` The Consummate Minority Leader : Everette M. Dirksen , '' in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson , eds. , First Among Equals ( Washington , D.C. : CQ Press , 1991 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Eliza Newlin Carney , `` Do n't Count Us Out , '' National Journal , April 29 , 1995 , p. 1024 . Jump up ^ Davidson , et al. , Masters of the House , pp. 323 . Jump up ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served as Whip : One indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901 . See `` Democratic Whips '' . Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Another indicates that he served only during 1901 . See Heitshusen , Valerie ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Party Leaders in Congress , 1789 - 2007 : Vital Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service : CRS -- 11 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 According to a contemporary newspaper article , `` Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position ( Democratic whip ) since Congress convened '' ( December 4 , 1899 ) . See `` Call for a Democratic Caucus '' . The New York Times . January 9 , 1900 . p. 8 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | top 5 leadership positions in the house of representatives | [
"The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.",
"The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.",
"The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.",
"The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol.",
"The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the United States Capitol."
] | [
"Speaker",
"Majority Leader",
"Minority Leader",
"Majority Whip",
"Minority Whip"
] |
-1039193323633487888 | Tuner (radio) | Tuner ( radio ) - wikipedia Tuner ( radio ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2012 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Opened VHF / UHF tuner of a television set . The antenna connector is on the right . A tuner is a subsystem that receives radio frequency ( RF ) transmissions like radio broadcasts and converts the selected carrier frequency and its associated bandwidth into a fixed frequency that is suitable for further processing , usually because a lower frequency is used on the output . Broadcast FM / AM transmissions usually feed this intermediate frequency ( IF ) directly into a demodulator that convert the radio signal into audio - frequency signals that can be fed into an amplifier to drive a loudspeaker . More complex transmissions like PAL / NTSC ( TV ) , DAB ( digital radio ) , DVB - T / DVB - S / DVB - C ( digital TV ) etc. use a wider frequency bandwidth , often with several subcarriers . These are transmitted inside the receiver as an intermediate frequency ( IF ) . The next step is usually either to process subcarriers like real radio transmissions or to sample the whole bandwidth with A / D at a rate faster than the Nyquist rate that is at least 2 times the IF frequency . The tuner can also refer to a radio receiver or standalone audio component that are part of an audio system , to be connected to a separate amplifier . The verb tuning in radio contexts means adjusting the radio receiver to receive the desired radio signal carrier frequency that a particular radio station uses . Contents 1 Design 2 Restoration 3 AM / FM 4 Television 5 Electronic tuner 6 See also 7 References Design ( edit ) Inductively coupled crystal radio receiver The simplest tuner consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel , where the capacitor or inductor is made to be variable . This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current at one frequency . Combined with a detector , also known as a demodulator ( diode D1 in the circuit ) , it becomes the simplest radio receiver , often called a crystal set . Older models would realize manual tuning by means of mechanically operated ganged variable capacitors . Often several sections would be provided on a tuning capacitor , to tune several stages of the receiver in tandem , or to allow switching between different frequency bands . A later method used a potentiometer supplying a variable voltage to varactor diodes in the local oscillator and tank circuits of front end tuner , for electronic tuning . Modern radio tuners use a superheterodyne receiver with tuning selected by adjustment of the frequency of a local oscillator . This system shifts the radio frequency of interest to a fixed frequency so that it can be tuned with fixed - frequency band - pass filter . Still later , phase locked loop methods were used , with microprocessor control . In a self - contained radio receiver for audio , the signal from the detector after the tuner is run through a volume control and to an amplifier stage . The amplifier feeds either an internal speaker or headphones . In a tuner component of an audio system ( for example , a home high - fidelity system or a public address system in a building ) , the output of the detector is connected to a separate external system of amplifiers and speakers . The broadcast audio FM band ( 88 - 108 MHz in most countries ) is around 100 times higher in frequency than the AM band and provides enough space for a bandwidth of 50 kHz . This bandwidth is sufficient to transmit both stereo channels with almost the full hearing range . Sometimes , additional subcarriers are used for unrelated audio or data transmissions . The left and right audio signals must be combined into a single signal which is applied to the modulation input of the transmitter ; this is done by the addition of an inaudible subcarrier signal to the FM broadcast signal . FM stereo allows left and right channels to be transmitted . The availability of FM stereo , a quieter VHF broadcast band , and better fidelity led to the specialization of FM broadcasting in music , tending to leave AM broadcasting with spoken - word material . Restoration ( edit ) Standalone audio stereo FM tuners are sought after for audiophile and TV / FM DX applications , especially those produced in the 1970s and early 1980s , when performance and manufacturing standards were among the highest . In many instances the tuner may be modified to improve performance . A growing hobby trend is the electronics specialists that buy , collect and restore these vintage FM or AM / FM audio tuners . The restoration usually begins with replacing the electrolytic capacitors that may age over time . The tuner is outfitted with improved tolerance and better sounding upgraded parts . Prices have increased relative to the increasing demand for the older audio tuners . Those with the most value are the best sounding , most rare ( collectible ) , the best DX capable ( distance reception ) and the known build quality of the component , as it left the factory . AM / FM ( edit ) Most of the early tuner models were designed and manufactured to receive only the AM broadcast band . As FM became more popular , the limitations of AM became more apparent , and FM became the primary listening focus , especially for stereo and music broadcasting . Few companies even manufacture dedicated FM or AM / FM tuners now , as these bands are most often included in a low cost chip for A / V systems , more as an afterthought , rather than designed for the critical FM listener . In Europe , where a second AM broadcast band is used for longwave broadcasting , tuners may be fitted with both the standard medium wave and the additional longwave band . However , radios with only medium wave are also common , especially in countries where there are no longwave broadcasters . Rarely , radios are sold with only FM and longwave , but no medium wave band . Some tuners may also be equipped with one or more short wave bands . Television ( edit ) A TV Tuner plugged into Sega Game Gear . A television tuner converts a radio frequency analog television or digital television transmission into audio and video signals which can be further processed to produce sound and a picture . Different tuners are used for different television standards such as PAL , NTSC , ATSC , SECAM , DVB - C , DVB - T , DVB - T2 , ISDB , T - DMB , open cable . An example frequency range is 48.25 MHz - 855.25 MHz ( E2 - E69 ) , with a tuning frequency step size of 31.25 , 50 or 62.5 kHz . Modern solid - state internal TV - tuner modules typically weigh around 45 g . Before the use of solid - state frequency synthesizers , covering the broad range of TV signal frequencies with a single tuned circuit and sufficient precision was uneconomic . Television channel frequencies were non-contiguous , with many non-broadcast services interleaved between VHF channels 6 and 7 in North America , for example . Instead , TV tuners of the era incorporated multiple sets of tuned circuits for the main signal path and local oscillator circuit . These `` turret '' tuners mechanically switched the receiving circuits by rotating a knob to select the desired channel . Channels were presented in fixed sequence , with no means to skip channels unused in a particular area . When UHF TV broadcasting was made available , often two complete separate tuner stages were used , with separate tuning knobs for selection of VHF band and UHF band channels . To allow for a small amount of drift or misalignment of the tuner with the actual transmitted frequency , tuners of that era included a `` fine tuning '' knob to allow minor adjustment for best reception . The combination of high frequencies , multiple electrical contacts , and frequent changing of channels in the tuner made it a high maintenance part of the television receiver , as relatively small electrical or mechanical problems with the tuner would make the set unusable . Analog tuners can tune only analog signals . An ATSC tuner is a digital tuner that tunes digital signals only . Some digital tuners provide an analog bypass . VHF / UHF TV tuners are rarely found as a separate component , but are incorporated into television sets . Cable boxes and other set top boxes contain tuners for digital TV services , and send their output via SCART or other connector , or using an RF modulator ( typically on channel 36 in Europe and channel 3 / 4 in North America ) to TV receivers that do not natively support the services . They provide outputs via composite , S - video , or component video . Many can be used with video monitors that do not have a TV tuner or direct video input . They are often part of a VCR or digital video recorder ( DVR , PVR ) . Many home computers in the 1970s and 1980s used an RF modulator to connect to a TV set . Personal computers may be fitted with expansion cards ( typically with PCI or USB interface ) providing a TV tuner and digital signal processor ( DSP ) . They may be dedicated TV tuner cards , or incorporated into a video card . These cards allow a computer to display and capture television programs . Many earlier models were stand - alone tuners , designed only to deliver TV pictures through a VGA connector ; this allowed viewing television on a computer display , but did not support recording television programs . Smartphone and tablets can use a Micro USB DVB - T receiver to watch DVB - T TV . Electronic tuner ( edit ) An electronic tuner is a device which tunes across a part of the radio frequency spectrum by the application of a voltage or appropriate digital code words . This type of tuner supersedes mechanical tuners , which were tuned by manual adjustment of capacitance or inductance in the tuned circuits . In a more practical and everyday sense , a radio or television set which is tuned by manually turning a knob or dial contains a manual tuner into which the shaft of that knob or dial extends . Early model televisions and radios were tuned by a rack of buttons ; some of the earlier types were purely mechanical and adjusted the capacitance or inductance of the tuned circuit to a preset number of positions corresponding to the frequencies of popular local stations . Later electronic types used the varactor diode as a voltage controlled capacitance in the tuned circuit , to receive a number of preset voltages from the rack of buttons tuning the device instantly to local stations . The mechanical button rack was popular in car radios of the 1960s and 1970s . The electronic button rack controlling the new electronic varactor tuner was popular in television sets of the 1970s and 1980s . Modern electronic tuners also use varactor diodes as the actual tuning elements , but the voltages which change their capacitance are obtained from a digital to analog converter ( DAC ) driven by a microprocessor or phase locked loop ( PLL ) arrangement . This modern form allows for very precise tuning and locking - in on weak signals , as well as a numerical display of the tuned frequency . See also ( edit ) Analog passthrough ATSC tuner Bandspread Cable converter box Digital television adapter ( DTA ) Minimum detectable signal Mini PC QAM tuner Radio antenna Receiver ( radio ) Set - top box Television antenna Television set TV tuner card Network TV Tuner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ amfmdx.net - FM Tuner Mods Archived 2008 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ivtvdriver.org - FM1216ME ( MK3 family ) . 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Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web List Portal Commons WikiProject GND : 4195851 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuner_(radio)&oldid=855147577 '' Categories : Receiver ( radio ) Set - top box Wireless tuning and filtering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Slovenčina Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 07 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of circuit is used to tune a radio | [
"The simplest tuner consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel, where the capacitor or inductor is made to be variable. This creates a resonant circuit which responds to an alternating current at one frequency. Combined with a detector, also known as a demodulator (diode D1 in the circuit), it becomes the simplest radio receiver, often called a crystal set.\n"
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"a resonant circuit"
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-445984701862945902 | Minister of Finance (India) | Minister of Finance ( India ) - Wikipedia Minister of Finance ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Minister of Finance Emblem of India Incumbent Arun Jaitley since 26 May 2014 Ministry of Finance Style The Honourable Member of Cabinet Cabinet Committee on Security Appointer President on the advice of the Prime Minister Inaugural holder Liaquat Ali Khan Formation 29 October 1946 The Minister of Finance ( or simply , finance minister ) is the head of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India . One of the senior-most offices in the Union Cabinet , the finance minister is responsible for the fiscal policy of the government . As part of this , a key duty of the Finance Minister is to present the annual Union Budget in Parliament , which details the government 's plan for taxation and spending in the coming financial year . Through the Budget , the finance minister also outlines the allocations to different ministries and departments . Occasionally , he is assisted by the Minister of State for Finance and the lower - ranked Deputy Minister of Finance . The first finance minister of independent India was R.K. Shanmukham Chetty , who also presented its first Budget . The incumbent Arun Jaitley , of the Bharatiya Janata Party , has held office since 26 May 2014 . As of September 2017 , Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram 's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee 's 8 . Yashwant Sinha , Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets . As of February 2018 , four Finance Ministers have gone on to become the Prime Minister who are : Morarji Desai , Charan Singh , V.P. Singh and Manmohan Singh . Lists of finance ministers ( edit ) Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan ( Interim government ) 29 October 1946 14 August 1947 All - India Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru ( Vice President of the interim govt ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 15 August 1947 1949 Indian National Congress Jawaharlal Nehru John Mathai 1949 1950 C.D. Deshmukh 29 May 1950 1957 T.T. Krishnamachari 1957 13 February 1958 Jawaharlal Nehru 13 February 1958 13 March 1958 Morarji Desai 13 March 1958 29 August 1963 T.T. Krishnamachari 29 August 1963 1965 Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Sachindra Chaudhuri 1965 13 March 1967 Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai 13 March 1967 16 July 1969 Indira Gandhi Indira Gandhi 1970 1971 Yashwantrao Chavan 1971 Chidambaram Subramaniam 1977 Haribhai M. Patel 24 March 1977 24 January 1979 Janata Party Morarji Desai Charan Singh 24 January 1979 28 July 1979 Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 Janata Party ( Secular ) Charan Singh R. Venkataraman 14 January 1980 15 January 1982 Indian National Congress Indira Gandhi Pranab Mukherjee 15 January 1982 31 December 1984 V.P. Singh 31 December 1984 24 January 1987 Rajiv Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi 24 January 1987 25 July 1987 N.D. Tiwari 25 July 1987 25 June 1988 Shankarrao Chavan 25 June 1988 2 December 1989 Madhu Dandavate 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 Janata Dal ( National Front ) V.P. Singh Yashwant Sinha 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 Samajwadi Janata Party ( National Front ) Chandra Shekhar Manmohan Singh 21 June 1991 16 May 1996 Indian National Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao Jaswant Singh 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 Bharatiya Janata Party Atal Bihari Vajpayee P. Chidambaram 1 June 1996 21 April 1997 Tamil Maanila Congress ( United Front ) H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 21 April 1997 1 May 1997 Janata Dal ( United Front ) I.K. Gujral P. Chidambaram 1 May 1997 19 March 1998 Tamil Maanila Congress ( United Front ) Yashwant Sinha 19 March 1998 1 July 2002 Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Jaswant Singh 1 July 2002 22 May 2004 P. Chidambaram 22 May 2004 30 November 2008 Indian National Congress ( United Progressive Alliance ) Manmohan Singh Manmohan Singh 30 November 2008 24 January 2009 Pranab Mukherjee 24 January 2009 26 June 2012 Manmohan Singh 26 June 2012 31 July 2012 P. Chidambaram 31 July 2012 26 May 2014 Arun Jaitley 26 May 2014 Incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party ( National Democratic Alliance ) Narendra Modi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Finance Ministry , Official website Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Home Affairs Finance External Affairs Defence Railways Health and Family Welfare HRD Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Parliamentary Affairs Science and Technology Tribal Affairs North Eastern Region Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(India)&oldid=824352457 '' Categories : Finance Ministers of India Union ministers of India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first finance minister of independent india | [
"\n\nMinister of Finance\n\n\n\nEmblem of India\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nArun Jaitley\nsince 26 May 2014\n\n\n\nMinistry of Finance\n\n\nStyle\nThe Honourable\n\n\nMember of\nCabinet\nCabinet Committee on Security\n\n\nAppointer\nPresident on the advice of the Prime Minister\n\n\nInaugural holder\nLiaquat Ali Khan\n\n\nFormation\n29 October 1946\n\n"
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"Liaquat Ali Khan"
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-8789651048329010699 | Hamilton (musical) | Hamilton ( musical ) - Wikipedia Hamilton ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Broadway musical . For the 2015 Broadway cast recording , see Hamilton ( album ) . For the 2016 album inspired by the show , see The Hamilton Mixtape . Hamilton An American Musical Broadway promotional poster Music Lin - Manuel Miranda Lyrics Lin - Manuel Miranda Book Lin - Manuel Miranda Basis Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow Premiere January 20 , 2015 : The Public Theater , New York City Productions 2013 Workshop 2015 Off - Broadway 2015 Broadway 2016 Chicago 2017 First US Tour Awards List of awards ( show ) Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Musical Obie Award for Best New American Theatre Work Pulitzer Prize for Drama Drama League Award for Distinguished Production of a Musical Broadway.com Audience Award for Favorite Musical Hamilton : An American Musical is a sung - and rapped - through musical about the life of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton , with music , lyrics and book by Lin - Manuel Miranda , inspired by the 2004 biography Alexander Hamilton by historian Ron Chernow . Notably incorporating hip - hop , rhythm and blues , pop music , traditional - style show tunes and color - conscious casting of non-white actors as the Founding Fathers and other historical figures , the musical achieved both critical acclaim and box office success . The musical made its Off - Broadway debut at The Public Theater in February 2015 , where its engagement was sold out . The show transferred to Broadway in August 2015 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre . On Broadway , it received enthusiastic critical reception and unprecedented advance box office sales . In 2016 , Hamilton received a record - setting 16 Tony nominations , winning 11 , including Best Musical , and was also the recipient of the 2016 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album and the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Drama . The prior off - Broadway production of Hamilton won the 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical as well as seven other Drama Desk Awards out of 14 total nominated categories . The Chicago production of Hamilton began preview performances at the PrivateBank Theatre in September 2016 and officially opened the following month . The first U.S. national tour of the show began performances in March 2017 . A production of Hamilton will open in the West End in December 2017 at the Victoria Palace Theatre . A second U.S. tour is also set to begin performances in early 2018 . On February 14 , 2017 , Miranda confirmed that a film adaptation based on the musical is in the works . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act One 1.2 Act Two 2 Roles and principal casts 2.1 Original production casts 2.2 Broadway cast replacements 2.3 Other notable production cast replacements 3 Musical numbers 3.1 Recordings 3.1. 1 Original Broadway cast album ( 2015 ) 3.1. 2 The Hamilton Mixtape ( 2016 ) 4 Background 5 Productions 5.1 Off - Broadway ( 2015 ) 5.2 Broadway ( 2015 -- present ) 5.3 Chicago ( 2016 -- present ) 5.4 U.S. touring productions ( 2017 ) 5.5 West End ( 2017 ) 6 Box office and business 7 Critical response 8 Honors and awards 8.1 Original Off - Broadway production 8.2 Original Broadway production 8.3 Accolades 9 Concept 9.1 Casting diversity 9.2 Historical accuracy 9.2. 1 Chronology and events 9.2. 2 Critical analysis and scholarship 9.3 Use in education 10 Legacy and impact 10.1 $10 bill 10.2 Hamilton : The Revolution 10.3 Hamilton 's America 10.4 2016 Vice President -- elect Pence controversy 10.5 Parodies 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) The musical begins with the company summarizing Alexander Hamilton 's early life as an orphan in the Caribbean ( `` Alexander Hamilton '' ) . Hamilton was born out of wedlock in the West Indies -- his father abandoned him at an early age and his mother died when Hamilton was twelve . By nineteen , Hamilton has made his way to the American colonies , a dedicated supporter of American independence . In the summer of 1776 in New York City , Hamilton seeks out Aaron Burr . Burr advises the overenthusiastic Hamilton to `` talk less ; smile more '' . Hamilton is unable to understand why Burr would rather exercise caution than fight for his beliefs ( `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' ) . Hamilton bonds with three fellow revolutionaries : abolitionist John Laurens , the flamboyant Frenchman Marquis de Lafayette , and the tailor 's apprentice Hercules Mulligan. Hamilton dazzles them with his rhetorical skills ( `` My Shot '' ) and they dream of laying down their lives for their cause ( `` The Story of Tonight '' ) . Meanwhile , the wealthy Schuyler sisters -- Angelica , Eliza , and Peggy -- wander the streets of New York , excited by the spirit of revolution in the air ( `` The Schuyler Sisters '' ) . Samuel Seabury , a vocal Loyalist , preaches against the American Revolution , and Hamilton refutes and ridicules his statements ( `` Farmer Refuted '' ) . A message arrives from King George III , reminding the colonists that he is able and willing to fight for their submission ( `` You 'll Be Back '' ) . The revolution is underway , and Hamilton , Burr , and their friends join the Continental Army . As the army retreats from New York City , General George Washington realizes he needs help to win the war . Though Hamilton desires a command and to fight on the front lines , he recognizes the opportunity Washington offers him , and accepts a position as his aide - de-camp ( `` Right Hand Man '' ) . In the winter of 1780 , the men attend a ball given by Philip Schuyler , and Hamilton sets his sights on the man 's daughters ( `` A Winter 's Ball '' ) . Eliza falls instantly in love , and after being introduced by Angelica , Eliza and Hamilton soon wed ( `` Helpless '' ) . Angelica is also smitten with Hamilton , but swallows her feelings for the sake of her sister 's happiness ( `` Satisfied '' ) . Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette and Mulligan drunkenly celebrate the marriage when Burr arrives to offer congratulations . After Laurens teases him , Burr admits that he is having an affair with Theodosia Bartow Prevost , the wife of a British officer ( `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) '' ) . Hamilton urges Burr to make the relationship public . Burr , however , prefers to wait and see what life has in store for him rather than take any drastic measures ( `` Wait For It '' ) . As the revolution continues , Hamilton repeatedly petitions Washington to give him command , but Washington refuses , instead promoting Charles Lee . This decision proves disastrous at the Battle of Monmouth , where Lee orders a retreat against Washington 's orders , which prompts the commander to remove him from command in favor of Lafayette . Disgruntled , Lee spreads slanderous and vindictive rumors about Washington ( `` Stay Alive '' ) . Hamilton is offended , but Washington orders Hamilton to ignore the comments . Hamilton does not wish to do so , but can not disobey a direct order ; instead , Laurens duels Lee , with Hamilton as his second , and Burr as Lee 's second . Laurens is satisfied after he injures Lee and Lee yields ( `` Ten Duel Commandments '' ) . Washington is angered by the duel , and orders Hamilton to return home to his wife ( `` Meet Me Inside '' ) . When Hamilton returns home , Eliza tells him she is pregnant . She reassures a hesitant Hamilton that he does n't need fame or fortune to live a happy life by her side ( `` That Would Be Enough '' ) . Lafayette takes a larger leadership role in the revolution , persuading France to join the American cause , and the balance shifts in favor of the Continental Army . Washington and Lafayette realize they can win the war by cutting off the British navy at Yorktown , but they will need Hamilton to do so , and the general offers him his long - desired command ( `` Guns and Ships '' ) . On the eve of battle , Washington recalls his disastrous first command , and advises Hamilton that no man can control how he is remembered ( `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' ) . After several days of fighting , the Continental Army is victorious . The British surrender in the last major battle of the war ( `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' ) . His forces defeated , King George asks the rebels how they expect to successfully govern on their own ( `` What Comes Next ? '' ) . Soon after the victory at Yorktown , Hamilton 's son Philip is born , while Burr has a daughter , Theodosia ( `` Dear Theodosia '' ) . Hamilton receives word that Laurens has been killed in a seemingly pointless battle ( the Battle of the Combahee River ) and throws himself into his work . ( `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' ) . Hamilton and Burr both return to New York to finish their studies and pursue careers as lawyers . Burr is in awe of Hamilton 's unyielding work ethic and becomes increasingly irritated by his success . Hamilton is chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787 . Hamilton enlists James Madison and John Jay to write The Federalist Papers after Burr refuses . Angelica announces that she has found a husband and will be moving to London . The newly elected President Washington enlists Hamilton for the job of Treasury Secretary , despite Eliza 's protests ( `` Non-Stop '' ) . Act two ( edit ) In 1789 , Thomas Jefferson returns to the U.S. from France , where he spent most of the Articles of Confederation era as an ambassador . Immediately upon returning , he briefly addresses Sally Hemings , asking her to open a letter from Washington , requesting that he become the first secretary of State under the new Constitution . Upon Jefferson 's arrival in New York , James Madison asks for Jefferson 's help to stop Hamilton 's financial plan , which Madison believes gives the government too much control ( `` What 'd I Miss ? '' ) . Jefferson and Hamilton debate the merits of Hamilton 's financial plan during a Cabinet meeting . Washington pulls Hamilton aside , and tells him to figure out a compromise to win over Congress ( `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' ) . While Hamilton is working at home , Eliza reminds him that Philip , their son , is turning nine years old . Philip presents Hamilton with a short rap he composed , amazing his father . Angelica advises Hamilton to convince Jefferson of his plan so Congress will accept it . She also mentions a letter recently received from Hamilton , in which he referred to her as his `` dearest , '' and wondering if it was intentional . Later , Eliza and Angelica try to persuade Hamilton to accompany them on vacation for the summer , but Hamilton refuses , saying that he has to work on his plan for Congress , staying in New York while the family goes upstate ( `` Take a Break '' ) . While alone , Hamilton is visited by Maria Reynolds , who claims she has been deserted by her husband . When Hamilton offers to help her , they begin an affair . Maria 's husband James Reynolds blackmails Hamilton , who is furious with Maria but pays Reynolds and continues the affair ( `` Say No To This '' ) . Hamilton discusses his plan with Jefferson and Madison over a private dinner , which results in the Compromise of 1790 , giving support to Hamilton 's financial plan in exchange for moving the United States capital from New York to Washington , D.C. , a site much closer to Jefferson 's home in Virginia . Burr is envious of Hamilton 's sway in the government and wishes he had similar power ( `` The Room Where It Happens '' ) . Burr switches political parties and defeats Eliza 's father , Philip Schuyler , in a race for Schuyler 's seat in the Senate . This drives a wedge between Burr and Hamilton -- the latter believes that Burr holds no loyalties and will stop at nothing to gain influence ( `` Schuyler Defeated '' ) . In another Cabinet meeting , Jefferson and Hamilton argue over whether the United States should assist France in its conflict with Britain . Washington ultimately agrees with Hamilton 's argument for remaining neutral ( `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' ) . After the meeting , Burr , Jefferson , and Madison share their envy of Washington 's perennial support of Hamilton 's policies . They begin to seek a way to damage Hamilton 's public image ( `` Washington on Your Side '' ) . Washington tells Hamilton that Jefferson has resigned from his position in order to run for president , and that Washington himself is stepping down . Hamilton is shocked , but Washington convinces him that it is the right thing to do , and they write a farewell address ( `` One Last Time '' ) . In England , King George III receives word that Washington is stepping down and will be replaced with John Adams . The king exits merrily , ready to enjoy the United States ' suffering through the political turmoil caused by transitions in leadership , and Adams ' inexperience ( `` I Know Him '' ) . Hamilton is fired by Adams and publishes an inflammatory critique of the new president as a response ( `` The Adams Administration '' ) . Jefferson , Madison and Burr believe they have found proof that Hamilton embezzled government money , effectively committing treason . When confronted , Hamilton admits to his affair with Maria Reynolds and his furtive payments to James Reynolds ( `` We Know '' ) . Though the men swear to keep his secret , Burr reminds Hamilton that rumors grow , and Hamilton worries that the truth will get out . He reflects on how writing openly and honestly has saved him in the past ( `` Hurricane '' ) , and publishes a public admission about the affair , hoping to snuff out rumors of embezzlement and save his political legacy . His personal reputation , however , is ruined following the publication of his Observations ( `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' ) . Heartbroken by his infidelity , Eliza tearfully burns the letters Hamilton has written her over the years , destroying Hamilton 's chance at being redeemed by `` future historians '' and keeping the world from knowing how she reacted by `` erasing herself from the narrative '' ( `` Burn '' ) . Years pass , and Philip , now grown , challenges George Eacker to a duel for insulting his father . Following Alexander 's advice , Philip aims for the sky at the beginning of the duel , hoping the gesture would cause Eacker to stand down , but at the count of seven , Eacker shoots him ( `` Blow Us All Away '' ) . Philip is taken to a doctor , who is unable to save him . Hamilton and Eliza separately arrive not long before Philip dies ( `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) '' ) . In the aftermath of Philip 's death , the family moves uptown. Hamilton asks for Eliza 's forgiveness for his mistakes , which he eventually receives ( `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' ) . The presidential election of 1800 results in President John Adams ' defeat , with Jefferson and Burr tied to win . Hamilton is upset that Burr holds no apparent principles , and so endorses Jefferson , who wins the presidency ( `` The Election of 1800 '' ) . Burr , angered , challenges Hamilton to a duel via an exchange of letters ( `` Your Obedient Servant '' ) . Before sunrise on the morning of the duel , Eliza , unaware of the duel , asks Hamilton to come back to bed . Hamilton tells her he has an appointment , and tells her that he loves her ( `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' ) . Burr and Hamilton travel to Weehawken , New Jersey for the duel. Hamilton aims his pistol at the sky and is struck in the chest by Burr 's bullet . Hamilton soliloquizes on death , his relationships , and his legacy . He dies soon after , with his wife and Angelica at his side . Burr laments that even though he survived , he is cursed to be the villain in history , remembered as the man who killed Alexander Hamilton ( `` The World Was Wide Enough '' ) . The company congregates to close the story . Washington enters and reminds the audience that they have no control over how they will be remembered . Jefferson and Madison collectively admit the genius of their rival 's financial plans . Eliza explains her role in preserving her husband 's legacy over the next 50 years and frets that she has still not done enough . Addressing Hamilton directly , she tells him that she has established a private orphanage in his honor and she `` ca n't wait to see ( him ) again '' ( `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' ) . Roles and principal casts ( edit ) Original production casts ( edit ) Character Vassar Workshop Off - Broadway Broadway Chicago First U.S. Tour West End Alexander Hamilton Lin - Manuel Miranda Miguel Cervantes Michael Luwoye Jamael Westman Aaron Burr Utkarsh Ambudkar Leslie Odom , Jr . Joshua Henry Giles Terera Eliza Schuyler Hamilton Ana Nogueira Phillipa Soo Ari Afsar Solea Pfeiffer Rachelle Ann Go Angelica Schuyler Anika Noni Rose Renée Elise Goldsberry Karen Olivo Emmy Raver - Lampman Rachel John Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson Daveed Diggs Chris De'Sean Lee Jordan Donica Jason Pennycooke George Washington Christopher Jackson Jonathan Kirkland Isaiah Johnson Obioma Ugoala King George III Joshua Henry Brian d'Arcy James Jonathan Groff Alexander Gemignani Rory O'Malley Michael Jibson John Laurens / Philip Hamilton Javier Muñoz Anthony Ramos José Ramos Rubén J. Carbajal Cleve September Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds Presilah Nunez Jasmine Cephas Jones Samantha Marie Ware Amber Iman Christine Allado Hercules Mulligan / James Madison Joshua Henry Okieriete Onaodowan Wallace Smith Mathenee Treco Tarinn Callender Alexander Hamilton ( alternate ) N / A Javier Muñoz Joseph Morales Ryan Alvarado Ash Hunter Broadway cast replacements ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton : Javier Muñoz ; Jevon McFerrin Alexander Hamilton ( Alternate ) : Michael Luwoye ; Jon Rua ; Jevon McFerrin Aaron Burr : Brandon Victor Dixon ; Daniel Breaker Eliza Schuyler Hamilton : Lexi Lawson Angelica Schuyler : Mandy Gonzalez Marquis de Lafayette / Thomas Jefferson : Seth Stewart ; James Monroe Iglehart George Washington : Nicholas Christopher ; Bryan Terrell Clark King George III : Andrew Rannells ; Rory O'Malley ; Taran Killam ; Brian d'Arcy James ; Euan Morton John Laurens / Philip Hamilton : Jordan Fisher ; Anthony Lee Medina Peggy Schuyler / Maria Reynolds : Alysha Deslorieux Hercules Mulligan / James Madison : J. Quinton Johnson Other notable production cast replacements ( edit ) Aaron Burr -- Chicago : Wayne Brady ; Daniel Breaker ; Gregory Treco Angelica Schuyler -- Chicago : Montego Glover Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Alexander Hamilton '' -- Full company ( except King George III ) `` Aaron Burr , Sir '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , Lafayette , and Mulligan `` My Shot '' -- Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Burr , Company `` The Story of Tonight '' -- Hamilton , Laurens , Lafayette , and Mulligan `` The Schuyler Sisters '' -- Angelica , Eliza , Peggy , Burr , and Company `` Farmer Refuted '' -- Samuel Seabury and Hamilton `` You 'll Be Back '' -- King George III `` Right Hand Man '' -- Washington , Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , and Company `` A Winter 's Ball '' -- Burr , Hamilton , and Company men `` Helpless '' -- Eliza , Hamilton , Angelica , and Company women `` Satisfied '' -- Angelica , Eliza , Hamilton , and Company `` The Story of Tonight '' ( reprise ) -- Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Hamilton , and Burr `` Wait for It '' -- Burr and Company `` Stay Alive '' -- Hamilton , Washington , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , Eliza , Angelica , Lee , and Company `` Ten Duel Commandments '' -- Laurens , Hamilton , Lee , Burr , and Company `` Meet Me Inside '' -- Washington , Hamilton , Burr , Laurens , and Company `` That Would Be Enough '' -- Eliza and Hamilton `` Guns and Ships '' -- Lafayette , Burr , Washington , and Company `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' -- Washington and Company `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' -- Hamilton , Lafayette , Laurens , Mulligan , Washington , and Company `` What Comes Next ? '' -- King George III `` Dear Theodosia '' -- Burr and Hamilton `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' -- Laurens , ( Eliza , Hamilton ) † `` Non-Stop '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Eliza , Angelica , Washington , and Company † `` Tomorrow There 'll Be More of Us '' , a second reprise to `` The Story of Tonight '' , is not included on the original Broadway cast recording . Miranda considers it `` more of a scene rather than a song '' . It is the only scene not featured in the cast album . ‡ Previously titled `` One Last Ride '' in the Off - Broadway production . Act II `` What 'd I Miss '' -- Jefferson , Burr , Madison , Washington , Hamilton , and Company `` Cabinet Battle # 1 '' -- Jefferson , Hamilton , Washington , and Madison `` Take a Break '' -- Eliza , Philip , Hamilton , and Angelica `` Say No to This '' -- Hamilton , Maria Reynolds , James Reynolds , and Company `` The Room Where It Happens '' -- Burr , Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , and Company `` Schuyler Defeated '' -- Philip , Eliza , Hamilton , and Burr `` Cabinet Battle # 2 '' -- Washington , Jefferson , Hamilton , and Madison `` Washington on Your Side '' -- Burr , Jefferson , and Madison `` One Last Time '' -- Washington , Hamilton , and Company ‡ `` I Know Him '' -- King George III `` The Adams Administration '' -- Burr , Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , and Company `` We Know '' -- Hamilton , Burr , Jefferson , and Madison `` Hurricane '' -- Hamilton and Company `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' -- Hamilton , Jefferson , Madison , Burr , Angelica , and Company `` Burn '' -- Eliza `` Blow Us All Away '' -- Philip , Hamilton , Eacker , Dolly , Martha and Company `` Stay Alive '' ( reprise ) -- Philip , Hamilton , Eliza , Doctor , and Company `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' -- Angelica , Hamilton , Eliza , and Company `` The Election of 1800 '' -- Jefferson , Madison , Burr , Hamilton , and Company `` Your Obedient Servant '' -- Burr and Hamilton `` Best of Wives and Best of Women '' -- Eliza and Hamilton `` The World Was Wide Enough '' -- Burr , Hamilton , and Company `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' -- Eliza , Washington , Burr , Jefferson , Madison , Angelica , Laurens , Lafayette , Mulligan , and Company Recordings ( edit ) Original Broadway cast Album ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The original Broadway cast recording for Hamilton was made available to listeners by NPR on September 21 , 2015 . It was released by Atlantic Records digitally on September 25 , 2015 , and physical copies were released on October 16 , 2015 . The cast album has also been released on vinyl . The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , the highest entrance for a cast recording since 1963 . It went on to reach number 3 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Billboard Rap albums chart . The original cast recording has won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . The Hamilton Mixtape ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The Hamilton Mixtape , a collection of remixes , covers , and samples of the musical 's songs , was released on December 2 , 2016 . The Mixtape debuted in the number 1 spot on the Billboard 200 . Background ( edit ) Play media Lin - Manuel Miranda performs at the White House Poetry Jam in 2009 . External audio Lin - Manuel Miranda Talks ' Hamilton ' : Once A ' Ridiculous ' Pitch , Now A Revolution , interview with Scott Simon , NPR , April 9 , 2016 While on vacation from performing in his hit Broadway show In the Heights , Lin - Manuel Miranda bought a copy of Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow , a biography of Alexander Hamilton , at an airport . After finishing the first few chapters , Miranda began to envision the life of Hamilton as a musical , and researched whether a stage musical of Hamilton 's life had been created . All he found was that a play of Hamilton 's story had been done on Broadway in 1917 , starring George Arliss as Alexander Hamilton . Miranda therefore began a project entitled The Hamilton Mixtape . On May 12 , 2009 , Miranda was invited to perform music from In the Heights at the White House Evening of Poetry , Music and the Spoken Word . Instead , he performed the first song from The Hamilton Mixtape , a rough version of what would later become `` Alexander Hamilton , '' Hamilton 's opening number . He spent a year after that working on `` My Shot '' , another early number from the show . Miranda performed in a workshop production of the show , then titled The Hamilton Mixtape , at the Vassar Reading Festival on July 27 , 2013 . The workshop production was directed by Thomas Kail and musically directed by Alex Lacamoire . The workshop consisted of the entirety of the first act of the show and three songs from the second act . The workshop was accompanied by Lacamoire on the piano . Of the original workshop cast , only three principal cast members played in the Off - Broadway production : Miranda , Daveed Diggs , and Christopher Jackson . Most of the original Off - Broadway cast moved to Broadway , except Brian d'Arcy James , who was replaced by Jonathan Groff as King George III . Productions ( edit ) Off - Broadway promotional poster . Off - Broadway ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Directed by Thomas Kail and choreographed by Andy Blankenbuehler , the musical received its world premiere Off - Broadway at The Public Theater , under the supervision of the Public 's Artistic Director Oskar Eustis , with previews starting on January 20 , 2015 and officially opening on February 17 . The production was extended twice , first to April 5 and then to May 3 . Chernow served as historical consultant to the production . The show opened to universal acclaim according to review aggregator Did He Like It . Broadway ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Hamilton premiered on Broadway at the Richard Rodgers Theatre ( also home to Miranda 's 2008 Broadway debut In the Heights ) on July 13 , 2015 in previews , and opened on August 6 , 2015 . The production is produced by Jeffrey Seller and features scenic design by David Korins , costumes by Paul Tazewell , lighting by Howell Binkley and sound by Nevin Steinberg , who all reprised their roles from the off - Broadway production . The production was critically acclaimed by many theater analysts . Chicago ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Hamilton opened at the PrivateBank Theatre in Chicago on October 19 , 2016 , following previews from September 27 , 2016 . It is currently booking through April 29 , 2018 . According to lead producer Jeffrey Seller , the show may be in residence for two years or more . On its opening , attended by author Miranda , the Chicago production received strongly positive reviews . Miranda praised the Chicago casts ' performance during a later television interview . U.S. touring productions ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Plans for a national tour of Hamilton emerged near the end of January 2016 . The tour was initially announced with over 20 stops , scheduled from 2017 through at least 2020 . Tickets to the tour 's run in San Francisco -- its debut city -- sold out within 24 hours of release ; the number of people who entered the online waiting room to purchase tickets surpassed 110,000 . The first national touring production began preview performances at San Francisco 's SHN Orpheum Theatre on March 10 , 2017 and officially opened on March 23 . The production ran in San Francisco until August 5 , when it transferred to Los Angeles ' Hollywood Pantages Theatre for a run from August 11 to December 30 , 2017 . Just days after the first U.S. tour began performances in San Francisco , news emerged that a second U.S. tour of Hamilton would begin in Seattle for a six - week limited engagement before touring North America concurrently with the first tour . To distinguish the first and second touring productions , the production team has labeled them , respectively , the `` Angelica tour '' and the `` Philip tour . '' The Angelica tour alone requires 14 truckloads of cargo and a core group of over 60 traveling cast , crew , and musicians . The production team insisted that each tour must be able to duplicate the original Broadway show 's choreography , which literally revolves around two concentric turntables on the stage . This led to the construction of four portable sets , two for each tour , so that one set can be assembled well in advance at the next stop while the tour is still playing at the last stop . West End ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Cameron Mackintosh will produce a London production which will re-open the Victoria Palace Theatre ( currently undergoing a refurbishment following the closure of Billy Elliot the Musical ) on December 21 , 2017 , following previews from December 6 . Initial principal casting was announced on January 26 , 2017 . Box office and business ( edit ) The musical 's engagement at the Off - Broadway Public Theater was sold out . When the musical opened on Broadway , it had a multimillion - dollar advance in ticket sales , reportedly taking in $30 million before its official opening . Hamilton was the second - highest - grossing show on Broadway for the Labor Day week ending September 6 , 2015 ( behind only The Lion King ) . As of September 2015 , the show has been sold out for most of its Broadway engagement . Hamilton , like other Broadway musicals , offers a lottery before every show . Twenty - one front row seats and occasional standing room are given out in the lottery . Chosen winners are able to purchase two tickets at $10 each . Unlike other Broadway shows , Hamilton 's lottery process drew in large crowds of people that created a significant congestion problems for West 46th Street . Even though many people were not able to win the lottery , Hamilton creator Lin - Manuel Miranda prepared mini-performances , right before the lotteries were drawn . They were dubbed the ' # Ham4Ham ' shows , due to the fact that if you won , you gave a Hamilton ( a $10 bill ) in exchange for seeing the show . People were then able to experience a part of the show even when they did not win the lottery . The lottery was eventually placed online to avoid increasing crowds and dangerous traffic conditions . On its first day , more than 50,000 people entered , which resulted in the website crashing . Trevor Boffone in his essay on HowlRound wrote : `` Ham4Ham follows a long tradition of Latina / o ( or the ancestors of present - day Latina / os ) theatremaking that dates back to when the events in Hamilton were happening . ( ... ) The philosophy behind this is simple . If the people wo n't come to the theatre , then take the theatre to the people . While El Teatro Campesino 's ' taking it to the streets ' originated from a place of social protest , Ham4Ham does so to create accessibility , tap into social media , and ultimately generate a free , self - functioning marketing campaign . In this way , Ham4Ham falls into a lineage of accessibility as a Latina / o theatremaking aesthetic . '' Following Miranda 's departure from the show on July 9 , 2016 , Rory O'Malley , then playing King George III , took over as the host of Ham4Ham . The Ham4Ham show officially ended on August 31 , 2016 , after over a year of performances , though the lottery still continues daily . Hamilton set a Broadway box office record for the most money grossed in a single week in New York City . In late November 2016 , it grossed $3.3 million for an eight performance week , the first show to break $3 million in eight performances . Critical response ( edit ) Marilyn Stasio , in her review of the Off - Broadway production for Variety , wrote , `` The music is exhilarating , but the lyrics are the big surprise . The sense as well as the sound of the sung dialogue has been purposely suited to each character . George Washington , a stately figure in Jackson 's dignified performance , sings in polished prose ... But in the end , Miranda 's impassioned narrative of one man 's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation , a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from . '' The Hamilton cast and crew greets President Barack Obama on July 18 , 2015 . In his review of the Off - Broadway production , Jesse Green in New York wrote , `` The conflict between independence and interdependence is not just the show 's subject but also its method : It brings the complexity of forming a union from disparate constituencies right to your ears ... Few are the theatergoers who will be familiar with all of Miranda 's touchstones . I caught the verbal references to Rodgers and Hammerstein , Gilbert and Sullivan , Sondheim , West Side Story , and 1776 , but other people had to point out to me the frequent hat - tips to hip - hop ... Whether it 's a watershed , a breakthrough , and a game changer , as some have been saying , is another matter . Miranda is too savvy ( and loves his antecedents too much ) to try to reinvent all the rules at once ... Those duels , by the way -- there are three of them -- are superbly handled , the highlights of a riveting if at times overbusy staging by the director Thomas Kail and the choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler . '' Although giving a positive review , Elisabeth Vincentelli , of The New York Post ( which was founded by Hamilton himself ) , wrote that Hamilton and Burr 's love / hate relationship `` fails to drive the show -- partly because Miranda lacks the charisma and intensity of the man he portrays , '' and that `` too many of the numbers are exposition - heavy lessons , as if this were ' Schoolhouse Rap ! ' The show is burdened with eye - glazingly dull stretches , especially those involving George Washington . '' Ben Brantley in reviewing the Broadway production in The New York Times , wrote , `` I am loath to tell people to mortgage their houses and lease their children to acquire tickets to a hit Broadway show . But Hamilton , directed by Thomas Kail and starring Mr. Miranda , might just about be worth it ... Washington , Jefferson , Madison -- they 're all here , making war and writing constitutions and debating points of economic structure . So are Aaron Burr and the Marquis de Lafayette . They wear the clothes ( by Paul Tazewell ) you might expect them to wear in a traditional costume drama , and the big stage they inhabit has been done up ( by David Korins ) to suggest a period - appropriate tavern , where incendiary youth might gather to drink , brawl and plot revolution . '' David Cote in his review of the Broadway production for Time Out New York wrote , `` I love Hamilton . I love it like I love New York , or Broadway when it gets it right . And this is so right ... A sublime conjunction of radio - ready hip - hop ( as well as R&B , Britpop and trad showstoppers ) , under - dramatized American history and Miranda 's uniquely personal focus as a first - generation Puerto Rican and inexhaustible wordsmith , Hamilton hits multilevel culture buttons , hard ... The work 's human drama and novelistic density remain astonishing . '' He chose Hamilton as a Critics ' Pick , and gave the production five out of five stars . A review in The Economist notes that the production enjoys `` near - universal critical acclaim '' . Barack Obama joked that admiration for the musical is `` the only thing Dick Cheney and I agree on . '' Honors and Awards ( edit ) Original Off - Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2015 Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Director Thomas Kail Won Outstanding Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Leslie Odom , Jr . Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Won Brian d'Arcy James Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Outstanding Costume Design Paul Tazewell Won Outstanding Lighting Design Howell Binkley Won Outstanding Sound Design Nevin Steinberg Won Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Outstanding New Score Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Thomas Kail Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Nominated Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Daveed Diggs Nominated Lin - Manuel Miranda Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Leslie Odom , Jr . Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Thomas Kail Won Outstanding Music Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Outstanding Lyrics Won Outstanding Book of a Musical Won Outstanding Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Nominated Outstanding Set Design David Korins Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Paul Tazewell Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design Howell Binkley Nominated Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical Nevin Steinberg Won Special Award ‡ Andy Blankenbuehler Won New York Drama Critics ' Circle Awards Best Musical Won Off Broadway Alliance Awards Best New Musical Won Theatre World Awards Outstanding Debut Performance Daveed Diggs Won Clarence Derwent Awards Most Promising Female Performer Phillipa Soo Won Obie Awards Best New American Theatre Work Lin - Manuel Miranda , Thomas Kail , Andy Blankenbuehler , Alex Lacamoire Won Edgerton Foundation New American Play Awards Won ‡ Blankenbuehler received a Special Drama Desk Award for `` his inspired and heart - stopping choreography in Hamilton , which is indispensible ( sic ) to the musical 's storytelling . His body of work is versatile , yet a dynamic and fluid style is consistently evident . When it 's time to ' take his shot , ' Blankenbuehler hits the bull 's - eye . '' Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2016 Tony Awards Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Best Original Score Won Best Actor in a Musical Nominated Leslie Odom , Jr . Won Best Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Nominated Best Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Won Jonathan Groff Nominated Christopher Jackson Nominated Best Featured Actress in a Musical Renée Elise Goldsberry Won Best Scenic Design of a Musical David Korins Nominated Best Costume Design of a Musical Paul Tazewell Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Howell Binkley Won Best Direction of a Musical Thomas Kail Won Best Choreography Andy Blankenbuehler Won Best Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Won Distinguished Performance Daveed Diggs Nominated Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Pulitzer Prize Drama Won Grammy Awards Best Musical Theater Album Daveed Diggs , Renée Elise Goldsberry , Jonathan Groff , Christopher Jackson , Jasmine Cephas Jones , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Leslie Odom , Jr. , Okieriete Onaodowan , Anthony Ramos & Phillipa Soo ( principal soloists ) ; Alex Lacamoire , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Bill Sherman , Ahmir Thompson & Tariq Trotter ( producers ) ; Lin - Manuel Miranda ( composer & lyricist ) Won Fred and Adele Astaire Awards Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Best Choreographer Andy Blankenbuehler Won Best Male Dancer Daveed Diggs Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Duo , Group or Collaboration Original Broadway Cast Nominated Dramatists Guild of America Awards Frederick Loewe Award for Dramatic Composition Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Edward M. Kennedy Prize Drama Inspired by American History Won Broadway.com Audience Awards Favorite New Musical Won Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical Lin - Manuel Miranda Won Leslie Odom Jr . Nominated Favorite Leading Actress in a Musical Phillipa Soo Won Favorite Breakthrough Performance ( female ) Won Jasmine Cephas Jones Nominated Favorite Featured Actress in a Musical Nominated Renee Elise Goldsberry Won Favorite Featured Actor in a Musical Daveed Diggs Nominated Christopher Jackson Nominated Anthony Ramos Nominated Jonathan Groff Won Favorite Diva Performance Won Favorite Funny Performance Won Daveed Diggs Nominated Favorite Breakthrough Performance Won Anthony Ramos Nominated Okieriete Onaodowan Nominated Favorite Onstage Pair Lin - Manuel Miranda & Leslie Odom Jr . Won Lin - Manuel Miranda & Phillipa Soo Nominated Favorite Replacement ( Male ) Andrew Rannells Nominated Rory O'Malley Nominated Favorite New Song `` Alexander Hamilton '' Nominated `` My Shot '' Nominated `` The Schuyler Sisters '' Nominated `` Satisfied '' Won `` The Room Where It Happens '' Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Soundtrack Nominated Accolades ( edit ) Publication Accolade Rank Billboard 25 Best Albums of 2015 Rolling Stone 50 Best Albums of 2015 8 Concept ( edit ) The names of many main characters , including that of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , are given a unique melodic motif that is repeated throughout the musical Hamilton in various keys , tempos , and timbres depending on the context . This is one example of how Hamilton weaves melodic and lyrical reprises into later songs in the score in order to cue an emotional response . According to an article in The New Yorker , the show is `` an achievement of historical and cultural reimagining . '' The costumes and set reflect the period , with `` velvet frock coats and knee britches . The set ... is a wooden scaffold against exposed brick ; the warm lighting suggests candlelight '' . The musical is mostly sung and rapped all the way through , with little dialogue isolated outside of the musical score . Casting Diversity ( edit ) Miranda said that the portrayal of Hamilton , Thomas Jefferson , George Washington , and other white historical figures by black and Hispanic actors should not require any substantial suspension of disbelief by audience members . `` Our cast looks like America looks now , and that 's certainly intentional '' , he said . `` It 's a way of pulling you into the story and allowing you to leave whatever cultural baggage you have about the founding fathers at the door . '' He noted `` We 're telling the story of old , dead white men but we 're using actors of color , and that makes the story more immediate and more accessible to a contemporary audience . '' The pro-immigration message of Hamilton is at the forefront , as the show revolves around the life of one of the Founding Fathers of America , Alexander Hamilton , and how he made his mark in American politics as an immigrant . Instead of being characterized as a white person , Alexander Hamilton 's immigrant status would be referenced throughout the whole show , alongside with the virtue and prowess of Hamilton ( `` by working a lot harder , by being a lot smarter , by being a self - starter , '' described in the show 's opening ) , in order to foster a positive image of immigrants . Alongside this , the casting of Black , Latino , and Asian American leads allowed audiences to literally view America as a nation of immigrants , with the intention of showing how irrelevant the Founding Fathers ' whiteness is to their claim on the country . `` Hamilton is a story about America , and the most beautiful thing about it is ... it 's told by such a diverse cast with a such diverse styles of music , '' according to Renee Elise Goldberry , who played Angelica Schuyler . `` We have the opportunity to reclaim a history that some of us do n't necessarily think is our own . '' Miranda has stated that he is `` totally open '' to women playing the Founding Fathers . Casting for the British production is expected to feature predominantly black British artists . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Chronology and events ( edit ) Although Hamilton was based on true events , Miranda did use some dramatic license in retelling the story . For example , while Angelica did have a strong relationship with Hamilton , it was exaggerated in the show . During `` Satisfied '' , Angelica explains why Hamilton is not suitable for her despite wanting him . In particular , she states , `` I 'm a girl in a world in which my only job is to marry rich . My father has no sons so I 'm the one who has to social climb for one . '' In actuality , Angelica had less pressure on her to do this . Philip Schuyler actually had fifteen children , including two sons who survived into adulthood ( one of whom was New York State Assemblyman Philip Jeremiah Schuyler ) , and Angelica had eloped with John Barker Church three years before she met Hamilton at her sister 's wedding , when she was already mother of two of her eight children with Church . Miranda stated that he chose to do this because it is stronger dramatically if Angelica is available but can not marry him . In addition , in Act I , Burr 's role in Hamilton 's life is overstated , and much of the early interactions between the two men in the show are fictionalized . For example , while Burr was present at the Battle on Monmouth , Burr did not serve as Charles Lee 's second in his duel with John Laurens as seen in `` Ten Duel Commandments '' , Lee 's second was Evan Edwards Hamilton also never approached Burr to help write the Federalist Papers as portrayed in `` Non-Stop '' . During Act I , the character of Aaron Burr says that `` ... Martha Washington named her feral tomcat after him ! ( Hamilton ) '' , to which Alexander Hamilton replies : `` That 's true ! '' In fact it is false . The idea of Hamilton as a serial adulterer has been one of the biggest mischaracterizations of the real Alexander Hamilton for centuries , with celebrated authors repeating the story over and over again , notwithstanding that the sexual connotation of tomcat as a womanizer did not appear in dictionaries until the first half of the 20th century . The `` tomcat '' story has been previously discredited by author Stephen Knott , and refuted by historian and author Michael E. Newton at the `` Alexander Hamilton Discoveries and Findings '' talk held by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society at Liberty Hall ( Kean University ) as part of the 2016 CelebrateHAMILTON events . In Act II , there are multiple inaccuracies throughout Hamilton 's decline , probably due to time constraints and narrative arc . While it is true that John Adams and Hamilton did not particularly get along , John Adams did not fire Hamilton as told in the show . Hamilton tendered his resignation from his position as Secretary of the Treasury on December 1 , 1794 , two years before Adams became president . However , Hamilton remained close friends with Washington and highly influential in the political sphere . In addition , Jefferson , Madison and Burr did not approach Hamilton about his affair , it was actually James Monroe , Frederick Muhlenberg and Abraham Venable in December 1792 . Monroe was a close friend of Jefferson 's and shared the information of Hamilton 's affair with him . In the Summer of 1797 , journalist James Callender broke the story of Hamilton 's infidelity . Hamilton blamed Monroe , and the altercation nearly ended in a duel . With nothing left to do , Hamilton then published the Reynolds pamphlet . In `` Blow Us All Away '' , George Eacker and Philip Hamilton engage in a duel , before the events of the 1800 presidential election . The duel actually occurred in 1801 , with Philip Hamilton dying on November 24 . In the show , Eacker fires on Philip at the count of seven , while what happened in real - life is almost the opposite ; both men refused to fire for over a minute before Eacker shot Philip in the hips . Lastly , it was not the presidential election of 1800 that led to Burr and Hamilton 's duel . Burr did become Jefferson 's vice-president , but when Jefferson decided to not run with Burr for reelection in 1804 , Burr opted to run for Governor of New York instead . Burr lost to Morgan Lewis in a landslide . Afterwards , a letter was published from Charles D. Cooper to Philip Schuyler , claiming that Hamilton called Burr , `` a dangerous man , and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government '' , and that he knew of `` a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr. Burr . '' This led to the letters between Burr and Hamilton as seen in the show in `` Your Obedient Servant . '' Critical analysis and scholarship ( edit ) The show has been critiqued for a simplistic depiction of Hamilton and vilification of Jefferson . Joanne B. Freeman , a history professor at Yale , contrasted the show 's Hamilton to the `` real Hamilton ( who ) was a mass of contradictions : an immigrant who sometimes distrusted immigrants , a revolutionary who placed a supreme value on law and order , a man who distrusted the rumblings of the masses yet preached his politics to them more frequently and passionately than many of his more democracy - friendly fellows . '' Australian historian Shane White found the framing of the show 's story `` troubling , '' stating that he and many historian colleagues `` would like to imagine that Hamilton is a last convulsion of the founding father mythology . '' According to White , Miranda 's depiction of the founding of the United States `` infuses new life into an older view of American history '' that centered on the Founding Fathers , instead of joining the many historians who were `` attempting to get away from the Great Men story '' by incorporating `` ordinary people , African - Americans , Native Americans and women '' into a `` more inclusive and nuanced '' historical narrative in which Hamilton has a `` cameo rather than leading role . '' Rutgers University professor Lyra Monteiro criticized the show 's multi-ethnic casting as obscuring a complete lack of identifiable enslaved or free persons of color as characters in the show . Monteiro identified other commentators , such as Ishmael Reed , who criticized the show for making Hamilton and other historical personages appear more progressive on racial injustice than they really were . According to Reed , `` ( Hamilton 's ) reputation has been shored up as an abolitionist and someone who was opposed to slavery , '' which Reed stated was untrue . In The Baffler , policy analyst Matt Stoller criticized the musical 's portrayal of Hamilton as an idealist committed to democratic principles , in contrast to what he characterized as the historical record of Hamilton 's reactionary , anti-democratic politics and legacy . For example , Stoller cited Hamilton as a leader involved in the Newburgh conspiracy ( a military coup plot against the Continental Congress in 1783 ) ; his development of a national financial system which , in Stoller 's view , empowered the plutocratic elite ; and his use of military force , indefinite detention , and mass arrests against dissenters during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791 . In 2007 , history writer William Hogeland criticized Chernow 's biography of Hamilton on similar grounds in the Boston Review . Use in Education ( edit ) KQED News wrote of a `` growing number of intrepid U.S. history teachers ... who are harnessing the Hamilton phenomenon to inspire their students . '' The Cabinet rap battles provide a way to engage students with topics that have traditionally been considered uninteresting . An elective course for 11th and 12th graders on the musical Hamilton was held at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York . KQED News added that `` Hamilton is especially galvanizing for the student who believes that stories about 18th century America are distant and irrelevant '' as it shows the Founding Fathers were real humans with real feeling and real flaws , rather than `` bloodless , two - dimensional cutouts who devoted their lives to abstract principles . '' A high school teacher from the Bronx noted his students were `` singing these songs the way they might sing the latest release from Drake or Adele . '' One teacher focused on Hamilton 's ability to write his way out of trouble and toward a higher plane of existence : `` skilled writing is the clearest sign of scholarship -- and the best way to rise up and alter your circumstance . '' Hamilton 's producers have made a pledge to allow 20,000 New York City public high school students from low - income families to get subsidized tickets to see Hamilton on Broadway by reducing their tickets to $70 for students , and the Rockefeller Foundation provided $1.5 million to further lower ticket prices to $10 per student . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History created a study guide to accompany the student - ticket program . The website EducationWorld writes that Hamilton is `` being praised for its revitalization of interest in civic education . '' Northwestern University announced plans to offer course work in 2017 inspired by Hamilton , in history , Latino studies , and interdisciplinary studies . In 2016 , Moraine Valley Community College started a Hamilton appreciation movement , Straight Outta Hamilton , hosting panels and events that talk about the musical itself and relate them to current events . Legacy and impact ( edit ) $10 bill ( edit ) In 2015 , the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced a redesign to the $10 bill , with plans to replace Hamilton with a then - undecided woman from American history . Because of Hamilton 's surging popularity , almost exclusively due to the musical , United States Treasury Secretary Jack Lew reversed the plans to replace Hamilton 's portrait , instead deciding to replace Andrew Jackson with Harriet Tubman on the $20 bill . Hamilton : the revolution ( edit ) On April 12 , 2016 , Miranda and Jeremy McCarter 's book , Hamilton : The Revolution , was released , detailing Hamilton 's journey from an idea to a successful Broadway musical . It includes an inside look at not only Alexander Hamilton 's revolution , but the cultural revolution that permeates the show . It also has footnotes from Miranda and stories from behind the scenes of the show . Hamilton 's America ( edit ) After premiering on the New York Film Festival on October 1 , 2016 , PBS ' Great Performances exhibited on October 21 , 2016 the documentary Hamilton 's America . Directed by Alex Horwitz , it `` delves even deeper into the creation of the show , revealing Miranda 's process of absorbing and then adapting Hamilton 's epic story into groundbreaking musical theater . Further fleshing out the story is newly shot footage of the New York production with its original cast , trips to historic locations such as Mt . Vernon and Valley Forge with Miranda and other cast members , and a surprising range of interviews with prominent personalities , experts , politicians , and musicians . '' The film featured interviews with American historians and Hamilton authorities Ron Chernow and Joanne B. Freeman 2016 Vice President -- elect Pence controversy ( edit ) Following a performance on November 18 , 2016 , with Vice President - elect Mike Pence in the audience , Brandon Victor Dixon addressed Pence from the stage with a statement jointly written by the cast , show creator Lin - Manuel Miranda and producer Jeffrey Seller . Dixon began by quieting the audience , and stated : Vice President - elect Pence , we welcome you and we truly thank you for joining us here at Hamilton : An American Musical , we really do . We , sir , -- we -- are the diverse America who are alarmed and anxious that your new administration will not protect us , our planet , our children , our parents , or defend us and uphold our inalienable rights , sir . But we truly hope that this show has inspired you to uphold our American values and to work on behalf of all of us . All of us . Again , we truly thank you truly for seeing this show , this wonderful American story told by a diverse group of men and women of different colors , creeds and orientations . '' Pence listened to the expression of concern about President - elect Donald Trump 's upcoming administration and later expressed that he was not offended . However , Trump demanded an apology for what he described , on Twitter , as the cast having `` harassed '' Pence . This led to an online campaign called `` # BoycottHamilton , '' which became widely mocked as the show is already sold - out months in advance . Trump was criticized by The Washington Post , who noted the division between white and non-white America in the 2016 Presidential election and suggested Trump could have offered `` assurances that he would be a president for all Americans -- that he would respect everybody regardless of race or gender or creed '' ; instead , as Presidential historian Robert Dallek expressed , Trump 's Twitter response was a `` striking act of divisiveness by an incoming president struggling to heal the nation after a bitter election '' , with the Hamilton cast a proxy for those fearful of Trump 's policies and rhetoric . Jeffrey Seller , the show 's lead producer , said that while Trump has not seen Hamilton or inquired about tickets , he is `` welcome to attend '' . Parodies ( edit ) In April 2016 , Jeb ! The Musical , subtitled An American Disappointment appeared on the Internet with Jeb Bush in the place of Alexander Hamilton , with political figures like Donald Trump and Chris Christie holding supporting roles . A staged reading , given `` just as much preparation as Jeb 's campaign , '' was staged at Northwestern University in June of that year . The parody was crowdsourced , with contributions coming from a range of writers . A number of writers were drawn from Yale University , Boston University , McGill University and the University of Michigan . These writers met in a Facebook group named `` Post Aesthetics '' . In 2016 , Gerard Alessandrini , the creator of Forbidden Broadway , wrote the revue Spamilton which premiered at the Triad Theater in New York and also played at the Royal George Theatre in Chicago . It parodies Hamilton and other Broadway shows and caricatures various Broadway stars . On October 12 , 2016 , the American sitcom Modern Family released the episode `` Weathering Heights '' . The episode features a scene where Manny applies for college . To do so he records a parody of `` Alexander Hamilton '' as part of his application , complete with rewritten lyrics to accompany to his own life . It is revealed that most of the other applications are also Hamilton parodies . See also ( edit ) Musical theatre portal Book : Hamilton ( musical ) 1776 , a 1969 musical about the signing of the Declaration of Independence Assassins , a 1990 musical about several plots to assassinate U.S. presidents Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson , a 2010 historical rock musical about America 's seventh President , Andrew Jackson , and the founding of the Democratic Party References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Hamilton , ' Young Rebels Changing History and Theater '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . 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Alysha Deslorieux , Taran Killam , Anthony Lee Medina and More Will Join Broadway 's HAMILTON This Winter '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : Andrew Rannells Will Inherit King George 's Crown in ' Hamilton ' on Broadway '' Archived October 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , broadwayworld.com , October 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jonathan Groff departing ' Hamilton , ' Rory O'Malley to replace him '' . EW.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , David . `` It 's Official ! Brian d'Arcy James Sets Hamilton Return Date '' . TheaterMania.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Euan Morton Is Hamilton 's Next King George on Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . 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SFGate . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew and Gioia , Michael . `` ' Hamilton ' Opens with Multi-Million Dollar Advance '' Playbill , August 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael . `` In the Heights : ' Hamilton ' Reaches Top Tier at Broadway Box Office '' Archived September 22 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times , September 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Hamilton 's # Ham4Ham Ticket Lottery Will Go Digital '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Show Is Nonstop '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Gordon ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Hamilton 's # Ham4Ham Ticket Lottery Will Go Digital '' . TheaterMania.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Blay , Zeba ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` No , The ' Hamilton ' Casting Call For ' Non-White ' Actors Is Not Reverse Racism '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why History Has Its Eyes on Hamilton 's Diversity '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' casting call wants women to play Washington and Burr '' . March 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ staff , Guardian ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hamilton : first cast members revealed for West End production '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` The Lovesick Colonel '' Jump up ^ Genius ( November 2 , 2015 ) . Hamilton : Lin - Manuel Miranda On The Play 's Historical Inaccuracies . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Satsified Lyrics and Commentary '' . Genius . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carra , Mallory ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` How Historically Accurate Is ' Hamilton ' ? A Breakdown of the Musical 's Events & What Really Happened So Long Ago '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` A Frenzy of Valor '' Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` Publius '' Jump up ^ `` A Winter 's Ball '' . www.genius.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knott , Stephen F. `` ' Hamilton : An American Musical ' echoes John and Abigail Adams 's accusations that Alexander Hamilton was a serial adulterer . He was n't . '' . thefederalist.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hamilton Tale Too Tall ? Group Disputes Tomcat Story '' . www.nytimes.com . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rubino , Jennifer . `` Hamilton myths disproved at Kean presentation '' . www.unionnewsdaily.com . Union News Daily . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . `` Letter from Alexander Hamilton to George Washington , 1 December 1794 '' . Founders Online . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Hamilton ( 1789 -- 1795 ) '' . www.treasury.gov . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . `` Printed Version of the `` Reynolds Pamphlet '' , 1797 `` . Founders Online . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` Too Near The Sun '' Jump up ^ Serratore , Angela . `` Alexander Hamilton 's Adultery and Apology '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron Chernow , Alexander Hamilton , 2004 , chapter `` A World Full of Folly '' Jump up ^ Flemming , Thomas ( 1999 ) . Duel : Alexander Hamilton , Aaron Burr , and the Future of America . New York : Basic Books . pp. 233 -- 284 . ISBN 0465017371 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumna 's Research Guided Fiery Lyrics and Duels of Broadway Hit ' Hamilton ' '' . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Joanne B. ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Hamilton Uses History '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Shane . `` The Other New York Hamilton '' . Observer . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Monteiro , Lyra D. ( February 2016 ) . `` Race - Conscious Casting and the Erasure of the Black Past in Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Hamilton '' ( PDF ) . The Public Historian ( Review Essays ) . 38 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 98 . doi : 10.1525 / tph. 2016.38. 1.89 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ishmael ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hamilton : the Musical ' : Black Actors Dress Up like Slave Traders ... and It 's Not Halloween '' . CounterPunch . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stoller , Matt ( 2017 ) . `` ' The Hamilton Hustle ' : Why liberals have embraced our most dangerously reactionary founder '' . The Baffler . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , William ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Inventing Alexander Hamilton ' -- The Troubling Embrace of the Founder of American Finance '' . Boston Review . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Teachers Are Using ' Hamilton ' the Musical in the Classroom '' . MindShift . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton , ' The Biggest Thing on Broadway , Is Being Taught in Classrooms All Over '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Teachers Captivate Students by Using ' Hamilton ' the Musical in the Classroom '' . Education World . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marcius , Chelsia Rose ; Chapman , Ben . `` NYC high school students to see ' Hamilton ' on Broadway '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schussler , Jennifer ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' and History : Are They in Sync ? '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Education World : Broadway Musical ' Hamilton ' Revitalizes Civic Education '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Inspires New Courses at Northwestern University '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' Co-Author Jeremy McCarter To Speak at Moraine Valley '' . Palos , IL Patch . March 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harms , Eric . `` One Book , One College -- Moraine Valley Community College '' . onebook.morainevalley.edu . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Change for a $20 : Tubman Ousts Jackson '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton : The Revolution ' Races Out of Bookstores , Echoing the Musical 's Success '' . The New York Times . May 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Became ' The Place Where it Happened ' as 3.6 Million Watched HAMILTON 'S AMERICA on PBS Stations Last Weekend '' . PBS . October 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katherine Brooks . `` Inside The History Documentary Every ' Hamilton ' Fan Will Want To See '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Eliot ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Pence 's ' Hamilton ' Recollection Conflicts with Donald Trump 's Take '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pence : ' I was n't offended ' by message of ' Hamilton ' cast '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , Sam ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Is Really Upset Mike Pence Got Booed At ' Hamilton ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Cast 's Appeal to Pence Ignites Showdown With Trump '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pence says he ' was n't offended ' by ' Hamilton ' as Trump continues to demand an apology '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rucker , Philip ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Trump and Pence vs. ' Hamilton ' cast : A collision of two Americas '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mele , Christopher ; Healy , Patrick ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Had Some Unscripted Lines for Pence . Trump Was n't Happy . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Internet wrote a full - length , Jeb Bush - inspired version of Hamilton '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Michael ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Crowdsourced Jeb ! musical is ingenious parody of Broadway hit Hamilton '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hamilton ' parody ' Jeb ! An American Disappointment ' spoofs presidential campaign '' . AM New York . April 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Facebook event for the staged reading '' . June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silberling , Amanda . `` UPDATE : HOW FACEBOOK 'S LARGEST MEME GROUP WAS OVERTHROWN IN ONE CLICK '' . Paper . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vine , Hannah . `` Photos ! Spamilton the Hamilton Parody Celebrates Opening Night '' Archived March 5 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Spamilton Extends Again , Will Continue Friendly Roast Off - Broadway Through December '' Archived March 5 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , BroadwayWorld.com , September 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Modern Family ' Recap : Nathan Fillion Makes a Guest Appearance as Vain Weatherman Rainer Shine '' . ew.com . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Miranda , Lin - Manuel ; McCarter , Jeremy ( 2016 ) . Hamilton : The Revolution . Hachette . ISBN 9781455539741 . Thelwell , Chinua ( 2016 ) . `` Chapter 9 : Who tells your story ? Hamilton , Future aesthetics and Haiti '' . In Thelwell , Chinua . Theater and Cultural Politics for a New World : An Anthology . Routledge . ISBN 9781317398790 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHamilton ( musical ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database Hamilton at the Internet off - Broadway Database Book Discussion on Hamilton with Jeremy McCarter , C - SPAN Television ( hide ) Hamilton : An American Musical Songs Act 1 `` Alexander Hamilton '' `` My Shot '' `` The Story of Tonight '' `` The Schuyler Sisters '' `` You 'll Be Back '' `` Helpless '' `` Satisfied '' `` Wait for It '' `` Ten Duel Commandments '' `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) '' `` Dear Theodosia '' Act 2 `` Cabinet Battle # 1 & # 2 '' `` Say No to This '' `` One Last Time '' `` The Room Where It Happens '' `` The Reynolds Pamphlet '' `` It 's Quiet Uptown '' `` Your Obedient Servant '' `` The World Was Wide Enough '' `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Related Alexander Hamilton Cast album The Hamilton Mixtape Lin - Manuel Miranda Ron Chernow Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! 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Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton , Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Links to related articles Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. 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( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. 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Freedman ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Steven Levenson ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score ( 2001 -- 2025 ) The Producers by Mel Brooks ( 2001 ) Urinetown by Mark Hollmann and Greg Kotis ( 2002 ) Hairspray by Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman ( 2003 ) Avenue Q by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx ( 2004 ) The Light in the Piazza by Adam Guettel ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone by Lisa Lambert and Greg Morrison ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater ( 2007 ) In the Heights by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2008 ) Next to Normal by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey ( 2009 ) Memphis by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker , Robert Lopez and Matt Stone ( 2011 ) Newsies by Alan Menken and Jack Feldman ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots by Cyndi Lauper ( 2013 ) The Bridges of Madison County by Jason Robert Brown ( 2014 ) Fun Home by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron ( 2015 ) Hamilton by Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_(musical)&oldid=801594841 '' Categories : Hamilton ( musical ) 2015 musicals Alexander Hamilton Biographical musicals Broadway musicals Cultural depictions of George III Cultural depictions of George Washington Cultural depictions of Marquis de Lafayette Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson Drama Desk Award - winning musicals Musicals inspired by real - life events Off - Broadway musicals Plays about the American Revolution Plays set in New York City Plays set in the 18th century Plays set in the 19th century Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning musicals Rap operas Sung - through musicals Tony Award for Best Musical Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages with timeline metadata All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2017 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays alexander hamilton in the original broadway cast | [
"Alexander Hamilton: Javier Muñoz;[21] Jevon McFerrin[22]",
"Alexander Hamilton: Javier Muñoz;[21] Jevon McFerrin[22]"
] | [
"Javier Muñoz",
"Jevon McFerrin"
] |
-6407090477828605430 | Ruthenium | Ruthenium - wikipedia Ruthenium Jump to : navigation , search Ruthenium , Ru General properties Pronunciation / ruːˈθiːniəm / ( roo - THEE - nee - əm ) Appearance silvery white metallic Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002101070000000000 ♠ 101.07 ( 2 ) Ruthenium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Fe ↑ Ru ↓ Os technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium Atomic number ( Z ) 44 Group group 8 Period period 5 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Kr ) 4d 5s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 15 , 1 Physical properties Melting point 2607 K ( 2334 ° C , 4233 ° F ) Boiling point 4423 K ( 4150 ° C , 7502 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 12.45 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 10.65 g / cm Heat of fusion 38.59 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 619 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 24.06 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388 Atomic properties Oxidation states - 4 , - 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ( a mildly acidic oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.2 Ionization energies 1st : 710.2 kJ / mol 2nd : 1620 kJ / mol 3rd : 2747 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 134 pm Covalent radius 146 ± 7 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) Speed of sound thin rod 5970 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 6.4 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 117 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 71 nΩ m ( at 0 ° C ) Magnetic ordering paramagnetic Magnetic susceptibility + 43.2 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 447 GPa Shear modulus 173 GPa Bulk modulus 220 GPa Poisson ratio 0.30 Mohs hardness 6.5 Brinell hardness 2160 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 18 - 8 History Naming after Ruthenia ( Latin for : medieval Kyivska Rus ' region ) Discovery and first isolation Karl Ernst Claus ( 1844 ) Main isotopes of ruthenium Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Ru 5.54 % stable Ru syn 2.9 d ε Tc γ -- Ru 1.87 % stable Ru 12.76 % stable Ru 12.60 % stable Ru 17.06 % stable Ru 31.55 % stable Ru syn 39.26 d β Rh γ -- Ru 18.62 % stable Ru syn 373.59 d β Rh view talk references in Wikidata Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44 . It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table . Like the other metals of the platinum group , ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals . The Russian - born scientist of Baltic - German ancestry and a member of the Russian Academy of Science Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University in Russia and named it after the Latin name of his homeland , Rus . Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores ; the annual production is about 20 tonnes . Most ruthenium produced is used in wear - resistant electrical contacts and thick - film resistors . A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Physical properties 1.2 Isotopes 1.3 Occurrence 2 Production 3 Chemical compounds 3.1 Oxides and chalcogenides 3.2 Halides and oxyhalides 3.3 Coordination and organometallic complexes 4 History 5 Applications 5.1 Catalysis 5.1. 1 Homogeneous catalysis 5.1. 2 Heterogeneous catalysis 5.2 Emerging applications 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Physical properties ( edit ) Gas phase grown crystals of ruthenium metal . A polyvalent hard white metal , ruthenium is a member of the platinum group and is in group 8 of the periodic table : Z Element No. of electrons / shell 26 iron 2 , 8 , 14 , 2 44 ruthenium 2 , 8 , 18 , 15 , 1 76 osmium 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 14 , 2 108 hassium 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 32 , 14 , 2 Whereas all other group 8 elements have 2 electrons in the outermost shell , in ruthenium , the outermost shell has only one electron ( the final electron is in a lower shell ) . This anomaly is observed in the neighboring metals niobium ( 41 ) , molybdenum ( 42 ) , and rhodium ( 45 ) . Ruthenium has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish unless subject to high temperatures . Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis to give ruthenates ( RuO ) , is not attacked by acids ( even aqua regia ) but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures . Indeed , ruthenium is most readily attacked by oxidizing agents . Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium . The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium . The metal can be plated by electroplating and by thermal decomposition . A ruthenium - molybdenum alloy is known to be superconductive at temperatures below 10.6 K. Ruthenium is the last of the 4d transition metals that can assume the group oxidation state + 8 , and even then it is less stable there than the heavier congener osmium : this is the first group from the left of the table where the second and third - row transition metals display notable differences in chemical behavior . Like iron but unlike osmium , ruthenium can form aqueous cations in its lower oxidation states of + 2 and + 3 . Ruthenium is the first in a downward trend in the melting and boiling points and atomization enthalpy in the 4d transition metals after the maximum seen at molybdenum , because the 4d subshell is more than half full and the electrons are contributing less to metallic bonding . ( Technetium , the previous element , has an exceptionally low value that is off the trend due to its half - filled ( Kr ) 4d 5s configuration , though the small amount of energy needed to excite it to a ( Kr ) 4d 5s configuration indicates that it is not as far off the trend in the 4d series as manganese in the 3d transition series . ) Unlike the lighter congener iron , ruthenium is paramagnetic at room temperature , as iron also is above its Curie point . The reduction potentials in acidic aqueous solution for some common ruthenium ions are shown below : 0.455 V Ru + 2e ↔ Ru 0.249 V Ru + e ↔ Ru 1.120 V RuO + 4H + 2e ↔ Ru + 2H O 1.563 V RuO + 8H + 4e ↔ Ru + 4H O 1.368 V RuO + 8H + 5e ↔ Ru + 4H O 1.387 V RuO + 4H + 4e ↔ RuO + 2H O Isotopes ( edit ) Main article : Isotopes of ruthenium Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven stable isotopes . Additionally , 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered . Of these radioisotopes , the most stable are Ru with a half - life of 373.59 days , Ru with a half - life of 39.26 days and Ru with a half - life of 2.9 days . Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89.93 u ( Ru ) to 114.928 u ( Ru ) . Most of these have half - lives that are less than five minutes except Ru ( half - life : 1.643 hours ) and Ru ( half - life : 4.44 hours ) . The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope , Ru , is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission . The primary decay product before Ru is technetium and the primary decay product after is rhodium . Occurrence ( edit ) See also : category : Ruthenium minerals As the 74th most abundant element in Earth 's crust , ruthenium is relatively rare , found in about 100 parts per trillion . This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America . Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa . The native form of ruthenium is a very rare mineral ( Ir replaces part of Ru in its structure ) . Production ( edit ) Roughly 12 tonnes of ruthenium are mined each year with world reserves estimated at 5,000 tonnes . The composition of the mined platinum group metal ( PGM ) mixtures varies widely , depending on the geochemical formation . For example , the PGMs mined in South Africa contain on average 11 % ruthenium while the PGMs mined in the former USSR contain only 2 % ( 1992 ) . Ruthenium , osmium , and iridium are considered the minor platinum group metals . Ruthenium , like the other platinum group metals , is obtained commercially as a by - product from nickel , and copper , and platinum metals ore processing . During electrorefining of copper and nickel , noble metals such as silver , gold , and the platinum group metals precipitate as anode mud , the feedstock for the extraction . The metals are converted to ionized solutes by any of several methods , depending on the composition of the feedstock . One representative method is fusion with sodium peroxide followed by dissolution in aqua regia , and solution in a mixture of chlorine with hydrochloric acid . Osmium , ruthenium , rhodium , and iridium are insoluble in aqua regia and readily precipitate , leaving the other metals in solution . Rhodium is separated from the residue by treatment with molten sodium bisulfate . The insoluble residue , containing Ru , Os , and Ir is treated with sodium oxide , in which Ir is insoluble , producing dissolved Ru and Os salts . After oxidation to the volatile oxides , RuO is separated from OsO by precipitation of ( NH ) RuCl with ammonium chloride or by distillation or extraction with organic solvents of the volatile osmium tetroxide . Hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder . The product is reduced using hydrogen , yielding the metal as a powder or sponge metal that can be treated with powder metallurgy techniques or argon - arc welding . Chemical compounds ( edit ) See also : Category : Ruthenium compounds The oxidation states of ruthenium range from 0 to + 8 , and − 2 . The properties of ruthenium and osmium compounds are often similar . The + 2 , + 3 , and + 4 states are the most common . The most prevalent precursor is ruthenium trichloride , a red solid that is poorly defined chemically but versatile synthetically . Oxides and chalcogenides ( edit ) Ruthenium can be oxidized to ruthenium ( IV ) oxide ( RuO , oxidation state + 4 ) which can in turn be oxidized by sodium metaperiodate to the volatile yellow tetrahedral ruthenium tetroxide , RuO , an aggressive , strong oxidizing agent with structure and properties analogous to osmium tetroxide . Like osmium tetroxide , ruthenium tetroxide is a potent fixative and stain for electron microscopy of organic materials , and is mostly used to reveal the structure of polymer samples . Dipotassium ruthenate ( K RuO , + 6 ) , and potassium perruthenate ( KRuO , + 7 ) are also known . Unlike osmium tetroxide , ruthenium tetroxide is less stable and is strong enough as an oxidising agent to oxidise dilute hydrochloric acid and organic solvents like ethanol at room temperature , and is easily reduced to ruthenate ( RuO ) in aqueous alkaline solutions ; it decomposes to form the dioxide above 100 ° C. Unlike iron but like osmium , ruthenium does not form oxides in its lower + 2 and + 3 oxidation states . Ruthenium forms dichalcogenides only when reacted directly with the chalcogens , which are diamagnetic semiconductors crystallizing in the pyrite structure and thus must contain ruthenium ( II ) . Like iron , ruthenium does not readily form oxoanions , and prefers to achieve high coordination numbers with hydroxide ions instead . Ruthenium tetroxide is reduced by cold dilute potassium hydroxide to form black potassium perruthenate , KRuO , with ruthenium in the + 7 oxidation state . Potassium perruthenate can also be produced by oxidising potassium ruthenate , K RuO , with chlorine gas . The perruthenate ion is unstable and is reduced by water to form the orange ruthenate . Potassium ruthenate may be synthesized by reacting ruthenium metal with potassium hydroxide and potassium nitrate . Some mixed oxides are also known , such as M Ru O , Na Ru O , Na Ru O , and M Ln Ru O . Halides and oxyhalides ( edit ) The highest known ruthenium halide is the hexafluoride , a dark brown solid that melts at 54 ° C. It hydrolyzes violently upon contact with water and easily disproportionates to form a mixture of lower ruthenium fluorides , releasing fluorine gas . Ruthenium pentafluoride is a tetrameric dark green solid that is also readily hydrolyzed , melting at 86.5 ° C. The yellow ruthenium tetrafluoride is probably also polymeric and can be formed by reducing the pentafluoride with iodine . Among the binary compounds of ruthenium , these high oxidation states are known only in the oxides and fluorides . Ruthenium trichloride is a well - known compound , existing in a black α - form and a dark brown β - form : the trihydrate is red . Of the known trihalides , trifluoride is dark brown and decomposes above 650 ° C , tetrabromide is dark - brown and decomposes above 400 ° C , and triiodide is black . Of the dihalides , difluoride is not known , dichloride is brown , dibromide is black , and diiodide is blue . The only known oxyhalide is the pale green ruthenium ( VI ) oxyfluoride , RuOF . Coordination and organometallic complexes ( edit ) Main article : Organoruthenium chemistry Tris ( bipyridine ) ruthenium ( II ) chloride . Grubbs ' catalyst , which earned a Nobel Prize for its inventor , is used in alkene metathesis reactions . Ruthenium forms a variety of coordination complexes . Examples are the many pentammine derivatives ( Ru ( NH ) L ) that often exist for both Ru ( II ) and Ru ( III ) . Derivatives of bipyridine and terpyridine are numerous , best known being the luminescent tris ( bipyridine ) ruthenium ( II ) chloride . Ruthenium forms a wide range compounds with carbon - ruthenium bonds . Grubbs ' catalyst is used for alkene metathesis . Ruthenocene is analogous to ferrocene structurally , but exhibits distinctive redox properties . The colorless liquid ruthenium pentacarbonyl converts in the absence of CO pressure to the dark red solid triruthenium dodecacarbonyl . Ruthenium trichloride reacts with carbon monoxide to give many derivatives including RuHCl ( CO ) ( PPh ) and Ru ( CO ) ( PPh ) ( Roper 's complex ) . Heating solutions of ruthenium trichloride in alcohols with triphenylphosphine gives tris ( triphenylphosphine ) ruthenium dichloride ( RuCl ( PPh ) ) , which converts to the hydride complex chlorohydridotris ( triphenylphosphine ) ruthenium ( II ) ( RuHCl ( PPh ) ) . History ( edit ) Though naturally occurring platinum alloys containing all six platinum - group metals were used for a long time by pre-Columbian Americans and known as a material to European chemists from the mid-16th century , not until the mid-18th century was platinum identified as a pure element . That natural platinum contained palladium , rhodium , osmium and iridium was discovered in the first decade of the 19th century . Platinum in alluvial sands of Russian rivers gave access to raw material for use in plates and medals and for the minting of ruble coins , starting in 1828 . Residues from platinum production for coinage were available in the Russian Empire , and therefore most of the research on them was done in Eastern Europe . It is possible that the Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 ( which he called `` vestium '' after the asteroid Vesta discovered shortly before ) from South American platinum ores in 1807 . He published an announcement of his discovery in 1808 . His work was never confirmed , however , and he later withdrew his claim of discovery . Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827 . They examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia . Berzelius did not find any unusual metals , but Osann thought he found three new metals , which he called pluranium , ruthenium , and polinium . This discrepancy led to a long - standing controversy between Berzelius and Osann about the composition of the residues . As Osann was not able to repeat his isolation of ruthenium , he eventually relinquished his claims . The name `` ruthenium '' was chosen by Osann because the analysed samples stemmed from the Ural Mountains in Russia . The name itself derives from Ruthenia , the Latin word for Rus ' , a historical area that included present - day western Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and parts of Slovakia and Poland . In 1844 , Karl Ernst Claus , a Russian scientist of Baltic German descent , showed that the compounds prepared by Gottfried Osann contained small amounts of ruthenium , which Claus had discovered the same year . Claus isolated ruthenium from the platinum residues of rouble production while he was working in Kazan University , Kazan , the same way its heavier congener osmium had been discovered four decades earlier . Claus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia . Choosing the name for the new element , Claus stated : `` I named the new body , in honour of my Motherland , ruthenium . I had every right to call it by this name because Mr. Osann relinquished his ruthenium and the word does not yet exist in chemistry . '' Applications ( edit ) Because it hardens platinum and palladium alloys , ruthenium is used in electrical contacts , where a thin film is sufficient to achieve the desired durability . With similar properties and lower cost than rhodium , electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium . The plate is applied to the base by electroplating or sputtering . Ruthenium dioxide with lead and bismuth ruthenates are used in thick - film chip resistors . These two electronic applications account for 50 % of the ruthenium consumption . Ruthenium is seldom alloyed with metals outside the platinum group , where small quantities improve some properties . The added corrosion resistance in titanium alloys led to the development of a special alloy with 0.1 % ruthenium . Ruthenium is also used in some advanced high - temperature single - crystal superalloys , with applications that include the turbines in jet engines . Several nickel based superalloy compositions are described , such as EPM - 102 ( with 3 % Ru ) , TMS - 162 ( with 6 % Ru ) , TMS - 138 , and TMS - 174 , the latter two containing 6 % rhenium . Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with ruthenium alloy . From 1944 onward , the famous Parker 51 fountain pen was fitted with the `` RU '' nib , a 14K gold nib tipped with 96.2 % ruthenium and 3.8 % iridium . Ruthenium is a component of mixed - metal oxide ( MMO ) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures , and for electrolytic cells for such processes as generating chlorine from salt water . The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen , finding use in optode sensors for oxygen . Ruthenium red , ( ( NH ) Ru - O - Ru ( NH ) - O - Ru ( NH ) ) , is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy . The beta - decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors , mainly malignant melanomas of the uvea . Ruthenium - centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties . Compared with platinum complexes , those of ruthenium show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors . Ruthenium tetroxide exposes latent fingerprints by reacting on contact with fatty oils or fats with sebaceous contaminants and producing brown / black ruthenium dioxide pigment . Catalysis ( edit ) Many ruthenium - containing compounds exhibit useful catalytic properties . The catalysts are conveniently divided into those that are soluble in the reaction medium , homogeneous catalysts , and those that are not , which are called heterogeneous catalysts . Homogeneous Catalysis ( edit ) Solutions containing ruthenium trichloride are highly active for olefin metathesis . Such catalysts are used commercially for the production of polynorbornene for example . Well defined ruthenium carbene and alkylidene complexes show comparable reactivity and provide mechanistic insights into the industrial processes . The Grubbs ' catalysts for example have been employed in the preparation of drugs and advanced materials . RuCl3 - catalyzed ring - opening metathesis polymerization reaction giving polynorbornene ... Ruthenium complexes are highly active catalyst for transfer hydrogenations ( sometimes referred to as `` borrowing hydrogen '' reactions ) . This process is employed for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones , aldehydes , and imines . This reaction exploits using chiral ruthenium complexes introduced by Ryoji Noyori. For example , ( cymene ) Ru ( S , S - Ts DPEN ) catalyzes the hydrogenation of benzil into ( R , R ) - hydro benzoin . In this reaction , formate and water / alcohol serve as the source of H : ( RuCl ( S , S - TsDPEN ) ( cymene ) ) - catalysed ( R , R ) - hydrobenzoin synthesis ( yield 100 % , ee > 99 % ) A Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2001 to Ryōji Noyori for contributions to the field of asymmetric hydrogenation . Heterogeneous Catalysis ( edit ) Ruthenium - promoted cobalt catalysts are used in Fischer - Tropsch synthesis . Emerging applications ( edit ) Some ruthenium complexes absorb light throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched for solar energy technologies . For example , Ruthenium - based compounds have been used for light absorption in dye - sensitized solar cells , a promising new low - cost solar cell system . Many ruthenium - based oxides show very unusual properties , such as a quantum critical point behavior , exotic superconductivity , and high - temperature ferromagnetism . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthenium : ruthenium ( I ) fluoride compound data '' . OpenMOPAC.net . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds '' . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 1934 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schutz , R.W. ( 1996 ) . `` Ruthenium Enhanced Titanium Alloys '' ( PDF ) . Platinum Metals Review . 40 ( 2 ) : 54 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth generation nickel base single crystal superalloy . TMS - 138 / 138A '' ( PDF ) . High Temperature Materials Center , National Institute for Materials Science , Japan . July 2006 . Jump up ^ Koizumi , Yutaka ; et al. `` Development of a Next - Generation Ni - base Single Crystal Superalloy '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Congress , Tokyo 2 -- 7 November 2003 . Jump up ^ Walston , S. ; Cetel , A. ; MacKay , R. ; O'Hara , K. ; Duhl , D. ; Dreshfield , R. ( December 2004 ) . `` Joint Development of a Fourth Generation Single Crystal Superalloy '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Jump up ^ Bondarenko , Yu . A. ; Kablov , E.N. ; Surova , V.A. ; Echin , A.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Effect of high - gradient directed crystallization on the structure and properties of rhenium - bearing single - crystal alloy '' . Metal Science and Heat Treatment . 48 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 360 . Bibcode : 2006MSHT ... 48 ... 360B . doi : 10.1007 / s11041 - 006 - 0099 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mottishaw , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Notes from the Nib Works -- Where 's the Iridium ? '' . The PENnant . XIII ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Cardarelli , François ( 2008 ) . `` Dimensionally Stable Anodes ( DSA ) for Chlorine Evolution '' . Materials Handbook : A Concise Desktop Reference . London : Springer . pp. 581 -- 582 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84628 - 668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Varney , Mark S. ( 2000 ) . `` Oxygen Microoptode '' . Chemical sensors in oceanography . Amsterdam : Gordon & Breach . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5699 - 255 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hayat , M.A. ( 1993 ) . `` Ruthenium red '' . Stains and cytochemical methods . New York , NY : Plenum Press . pp. 305 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44294 - 0 . Jump up ^ Wiegel , T. ( 1997 ) . Radiotherapy of ocular disease , Ausgabe 13020 . Basel ; Freiburg : Karger . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8055 - 6392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richards , A.D. ; Rodger , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Synthetic metallomolecules as agents for the control of DNA structure '' . Chem. Soc. Rev. 36 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 483 . doi : 10.1039 / b609495c . PMID 17325786 . Jump up ^ NCJRS Abstract -- National Criminal Justice Reference Service . Ncjrs.gov . Retrieved on 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lionel Delaude , Alfred F. Noels ( 2005 ) . `` Metathesis '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961. metanoel. a01 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Fürstner , Alois ( 2000 ) . `` Olefin Metathesis and Beyond '' . Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 39 ( 17 ) : 3012 -- 3043 . doi : 10.1002 / 1521 - 3773 ( 20000901 ) 39 : 17 < 3012 : : AID - ANIE3012 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - G. PMID 11028025 . Jump up ^ Noyori , R. ; Ohkuma , T. ; Kitamura , M. ; Takaya , H. ; Sayo , N. ; Kumobayashi , H. ; Akutagawa , S. ( 1987 ) , `` Asymmetric hydrogenation of . beta. - keto carboxylic esters . A practical , purely chemical access to . beta. - hydroxy esters in high enantiomeric purity '' , Journal of the American Chemical Society , 109 : 5856 , doi : 10.1021 / ja00253a051 Jump up ^ Takao Ikariya , Shohei Hashiguchi , Kunihiko Murata , and Ryōji Noyori ( 2005 ) . `` Preparation of Optically Active ( R , R ) - Hydrobenzoin from Benzoin or Benzil '' . Organic Syntheses : 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fei Chen ; Zi - Yuan Ding ; Yan - Mei He ; Qing - Hua Fan ( 2015 ) . `` Synthesis of Optically Active 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - Tetrahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using Iridium - Diamine Catalyst '' . Org . Syn. 92 : 213 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 092.0213 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Hans ( 1999 ) . `` Short history and present trends of Fischer -- Tropsch synthesis '' . Applied Catalysis A : General . 186 : 3 . doi : 10.1016 / S0926 - 860X ( 99 ) 00160 - X . Jump up ^ Kuang , Daibin ; Ito , Seigo ; Wenger , Bernard ; Klein , Cedric ; Moser , Jacques - E ; Humphry - Baker , Robin ; Zakeeruddin , Shaik M. ; Grätzel , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` High Molar Extinction Coefficient Heteroleptic Ruthenium Complexes for Thin Film Dye - Sensitized Solar Cells '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 128 ( 12 ) : 4146 -- 54 . doi : 10.1021 / ja058540p . PMID 16551124 . Jump up ^ Perry , R. ; Kitagawa , K. ; Grigera , S. ; Borzi , R. ; MacKenzie , A. ; Ishida , K. ; Maeno , Y. ( 2004 ) . `` Multiple First - Order Metamagnetic Transitions and Quantum Oscillations in Ultrapure Sr.Ru O '' . Physical Review Letters. 92 ( 16 ) . arXiv : cond - mat / 0401371 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvL ... 92p6602P . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 92.166602 . Jump up ^ Maeno , Yoshiteru ; Rice , T. Maurice ; Sigrist , Manfred ( 2001 ) . `` The Intriguing Superconductivity of Strontium Ruthenate '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . 54 : 42 . Bibcode : 2001PhT ... 54a ... 42M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1349611 . Jump up ^ Shlyk , Larysa ; Kryukov , Sergiy ; Schüpp - Niewa , Barbara ; Niewa , Rainer ; De Long , Lance E. ( 2008 ) . `` High - Temperature Ferromagnetism and Tunable Semiconductivity of ( Ba , Sr ) M Ru O ( M = Fe , Co ) : A New Paradigm for Spintronics '' . Advanced Materials. 20 ( 7 ) : 1315 . doi : 10.1002 / adma. 200701951 . Bibliography ( edit ) Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ruthenium . Look up ruthenium in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ruthenium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Nano - layer of ruthenium stabilizes magnetic sensors ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Ruthenium compounds Ru ( 0 ) Ru ( CO ) Ru ( P ( C H ) ) ( CO ) Ru ( I ) ( C ( C H ) O ) H ( Ru ( CO ) ) H Ru ( II ) RuB Na Ru ( N C H ( C H SO ) ) ( Ru ( ( NC H ) ) ) Cl Ru ( P ( C H ) ) Cl Ru ( SO ( CH ) ) Cl ( RuCl C H CH CH ( CH ) ) RuClC H ( P ( C H ) ) ( C H ) Ru Ru ( III ) RuCl Ru ( IV ) RuO Sr RuO Ru ( V ) RuF Ru ( VI ) RuF Ru ( VII ) N ( C H ) RuO Ru ( VIII ) RuO LCCN : sh85116086 GND : 4178766 - 3 BNF : cb12226709p ( data ) NDL : 00569816 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&oldid=826935102 '' Categories : Ruthenium Chemical elements Noble metals Precious metals Transition metals Native element minerals Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 20 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is ruthenium found on the periodic table | [
"Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals. The Russian-born scientist of Baltic-German ancestry and a member of the Russian Academy of Science Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element in 1844 at Kazan State University in Russia and named it after the Latin name of his homeland, Rus. Ruthenium is usually found as a minor component of platinum ores; the annual production is about 20 tonnes.[5] Most ruthenium produced is used in wear-resistant electrical contacts and thick-film resistors. A minor application for ruthenium is in platinum alloys and as a chemistry catalyst."
] | [
"the platinum group"
] |
-8636792970043412417 | List of Ashes series | List of Ashes series - wikipedia List of Ashes series Jump to : navigation , search The Ashes urn , which remains at the MCC Museum at Lord 's . A replica urn is presented to the winning captain . The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia . The series have varied in length , consisting of between one and seven Test matches , but since 1998 have been consistently five matches . It is one of sport 's most celebrated rivalries and dates back to 1882 . It is generally played biennially , alternating between the United Kingdom and Australia . Australia are the current holders of the Ashes , having clinched the 2017 - 18 series in the third test in Perth . Although the first Test series played between England and Australia was in the 1876 -- 77 season , the Ashes originated from the solitary Test which the two nations contested in 1882 . England lost the match , played at The Oval , and a mock obituary was posted in The Sporting Times , declaring the death of English cricket . It stated that : `` The body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia . '' The Honourable Ivo Bligh adopted the term and , as captain of the English party that travelled to Australia the following winter , promised to bring the `` Ashes '' home . After their loss to Australia in 1882 , England won the next eight series between the two sides , during which time they lost only four of the 22 Tests . Australia won an Ashes series for the first time in 1891 -- 92 , when they beat England 2 -- 1 . The 1932 -- 33 tour was known as the `` Bodyline series '' as , in response to the talented Australian batsman Don Bradman , England developed a tactic of bowling quickly at the body of the batsmen with most of the fielders placed in a close ring on the leg side . England won the series , but the tactic prompted changes to the laws of cricket , and the Australians , buoyed by the batting of Bradman , regained the Ashes during the next series and then held them for six series , spanning nineteen years . It was during this period that the Australians travelled to England in 1948 , and remained unbeaten during the whole tour , gaining the nickname of `` The Invincibles '' . In addition to winning the five match Test series 4 -- 0 , Australia won or drew all of their 29 other matches against county and representative sides . Australia have won more Ashes Tests than England , winning 133 of the 328 matches , compared to England 's 106 victories . Australia also holds the edge in Ashes series won , having won on 33 occasions compared to England 's 32 . There have been five drawn series , and on four of these occasions , Australia have retained the Ashes due to being holders going into the series . England have retained the Ashes after a drawn series once . On only three occasions has a team won all the Tests in an Ashes series ; Australia won all five matches in 1920 -- 21 , then repeated the feat in 2006 -- 07 and in 2013 -- 14 . England 's largest winning margin in an Ashes series was in 1978 -- 79 , when they won 5 -- 1 . Both England and Australia have held the Ashes for eight series in a row , England doing so between 1882 -- 83 and 1890 , while Australia achieved the feat from 1989 to 2002 -- 03 . Since 1882 , a small number of Test series have been played between the two sides that have not been allocated as Ashes series ; those played in 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1980 and 1987 -- 88 , these series are not listed in the table below . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Ashes series 3 Summary of results 4 Notes and references 5 External links Key ( edit ) Years denotes the cricket season in which the series takes place . Host denotes the host country for the series . First match denotes the date on which the first match of the series commenced . Tests denotes how many Tests were played in the series , and in parentheses ( if different ) the number of Tests that were scheduled to be played in the series . Australia denotes how many matches in the series were won by Australia . England denotes how many matches in the series were won by England . Drawn denotes how many matches in the series were drawn . Result denotes which side won the series overall , or if it was drawn . Holder denotes which side was awarded ( or retained ) the Ashes at the end of the series of matches Ashes series ( edit ) The Honourable Ivo Bligh captained England during their first Ashes series . Jack Hobbs ( left ) and Herbert Sutcliffe were two of England 's most successful batsmen in the Ashes . Don Bradman ( left ) , who has scored more runs in the Ashes than any other player , at the toss of the first Test of the 1936 -- 37 Ashes with Gubby Allen . Shane Warne played for Australia in 14 years of Ashes Tests , taking a record 195 Test wickets . Series Years Host First match Tests Australia England Drawn Result Holder Ref 1882 -- 83 Australia 000000001882 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 1882 0 England England 1884 England 000000001884 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 1884 0 England England 1884 -- 85 Australia 000000001884 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1884 5 0 England England 1886 England 000000001886 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 1886 0 0 England England 5 1886 -- 87 Australia 000000001887 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1887 0 0 England England 6 1887 -- 88 Australia 000000001888 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 1888 0 0 England England 7 1888 England 000000001888 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 1888 0 England England 8 1890 England 000000001890 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 1890 2 ( 3 ) 0 0 England England 9 1891 -- 92 Australia 000000001892 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1892 0 Australia Australia 10 1893 England 000000001893 - 07 - 17 - 0000 17 July 1893 0 England England 11 1894 -- 95 Australia 000000001894 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1894 5 0 England England 12 1896 England 000000001896 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 1896 0 England England 13 1897 -- 98 Australia 000000001897 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1897 5 0 Australia Australia 14 1899 England 000000001899 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1899 5 0 Australia Australia 15 1901 -- 02 Australia 000000001901 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1901 5 0 Australia Australia 16 1902 England 000000001902 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 1902 5 Australia Australia 17 1903 -- 04 Australia 000000001903 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 1903 5 0 England England 18 1905 England 000000001905 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 1905 5 0 England England 19 1907 -- 08 Australia 000000001907 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1907 5 0 Australia Australia 20 1909 England 000000001909 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1909 5 Australia Australia 21 1911 -- 12 Australia 000000001911 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1911 5 0 England England 22 1912 England 000000001912 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1912 0 England England 23 1920 -- 21 Australia 000000001920 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1920 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 24 1921 England 000000001921 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 1921 5 0 Australia Australia 25 1924 -- 25 Australia 000000001924 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1924 5 0 Australia Australia 26 1926 England 000000001926 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 1926 5 0 England England 27 1928 -- 29 Australia 000000001928 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1928 5 0 England England 28 1930 England 000000001930 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 1930 5 Australia Australia 29 1932 -- 33 Australia 000000001932 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1932 5 0 England England 30 1934 England 000000001934 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1934 5 Australia Australia 31 1936 -- 37 Australia 000000001936 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1936 5 0 Australia Australia 32 1938 England 000000001938 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1938 4 ( 5 ) Drawn Australia 33 1946 -- 47 Australia 000000001946 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1946 5 0 Australia Australia 34 1948 England 000000001948 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1948 5 0 Australia Australia 35 1950 -- 51 Australia 000000001950 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1950 5 0 Australia Australia 36 1953 England 000000001953 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 1953 5 0 England England 37 1954 -- 55 Australia 000000001954 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1954 5 England England 38 1956 England 000000001956 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1956 5 England England 39 1958 -- 59 Australia 000000001958 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 1958 5 0 Australia Australia 40 1961 England 000000001961 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1961 5 Australia Australia 41 1962 -- 63 Australia 000000001962 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1962 5 Drawn Australia 42 1964 England 000000001964 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 1964 5 0 Australia Australia 43 1965 -- 66 Australia 000000001965 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1965 5 Drawn Australia 44 1968 England 000000001968 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 June 1968 5 Drawn Australia 45 1970 -- 71 Australia 000000001970 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1970 6 ( 7 ) 0 England England 46 1972 England 000000001972 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1972 5 Drawn England 47 1974 -- 75 Australia 000000001974 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1974 6 Australia Australia 48 England 000000001975 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 1975 0 Australia Australia 49 1977 England 000000001977 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 1977 5 0 England England 50 1978 -- 79 Australia 000000001978 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1978 6 5 0 England England 51 1981 England 000000001981 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1981 6 England England 52 1982 -- 83 Australia 000000001982 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1982 5 Australia Australia 53 1985 England 000000001985 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 1985 6 England England 54 1986 -- 87 Australia 000000001986 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1986 5 England England 55 1989 England 000000001989 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1989 6 0 Australia Australia 56 1990 -- 91 Australia 000000001990 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 1990 5 0 Australia Australia 57 1993 England 000000001993 - 06 - 03 - 0000 3 June 1993 6 Australia Australia 58 1994 -- 95 Australia 000000001994 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1994 5 Australia Australia 59 1997 England 000000001997 - 06 - 05 - 0000 5 June 1997 6 Australia Australia 60 1998 -- 99 Australia 000000001998 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1998 5 Australia Australia 61 2001 England 000000002001 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 2001 5 0 Australia Australia 62 2002 -- 03 Australia 000000002002 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 2002 5 0 Australia Australia 63 2005 England 000000002005 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 2005 5 England England 64 2006 -- 07 Australia 000000002006 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2006 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 65 2009 England 000000002009 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2009 5 England England 66 2010 -- 11 Australia 000000002010 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 2010 5 England England 67 2013 England 000000002013 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 2013 5 0 England England 68 2013 -- 14 Australia 000000002013 - 11 - 21 - 0000 21 November 2013 5 5 0 0 Australia Australia 69 2015 England 000000002015 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2015 5 0 England England 70 2017 -- 18 Australia 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2017 5 - - Australia Australia Summary of results ( edit ) Played Won by Australia Won by England Drawn All Tests 328 133 ( 7001405000000000000 ♠ 40.5 % ) 106 ( 7001322999999900000 ♠ 32.3 % ) 89 ( 7001271000000000000 ♠ 27.1 % ) Tests in Australia 165 85 ( 7001515000000000000 ♠ 51.5 % ) 56 ( 7001339000000000000 ♠ 33.9 % ) 24 ( 7001145000000000000 ♠ 14.5 % ) Tests in England 163 48 ( 7001294000000000000 ♠ 29.4 % ) 50 ( 7001307000000000000 ♠ 30.7 % ) 65 ( 7001399000000000000 ♠ 39.9 % ) All series 70 33 ( 7001471000000000000 ♠ 47.1 % ) 32 ( 7001457000000000000 ♠ 45.7 % ) 5 ( 7000710000000000000 ♠ 7.1 % ) Series in Australia 35 19 ( 7001543000000000000 ♠ 54.3 % ) 14 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % ) 2 ( 7000570000000000000 ♠ 5.7 % ) Series in England 35 14 ( 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % ) 18 ( 7001514000000000000 ♠ 51.4 % ) 3 ( 7000860000000000000 ♠ 8.6 % ) As of 18 December 2017 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Cricket is generally played during the summer months of the host country : therefore in England it is typically played between May and September , while in Australia it typically takes place between October and April . To reflect this , cricket seasons are listed as YYYY in England , and YYYY -- YY in Australia . References ^ Jump up to : `` The Ashes -- History '' . Marylebone Cricket Club . Archived from the original on 2013 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jack ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Ashes series set to reignite old rivalry '' . CNN Traveller . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Marks , Vic ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Return of Ashes spirit can lift England out of post-Pakistan mire '' . The Observer . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rivalries '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Match / series archive '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / England / Test matches / Series results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin . `` A short history of the Ashes '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Altham , H.S. ; Swanton , E.W. ( 1938 ) ( 1926 ) . `` England v Australia : 1882 -- 1890 '' . A History of Cricket ( Second ed . ) . London : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : ESPNcricinfo staff . `` A dummy 's guide to Bodyline '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes to Ashes : The Bradman years '' . Cricket365.com. 2010 - 11 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting greats -- Australia reveres and treasures its sporting heroes '' . Department of the Environment , Water , Heritage and the Arts . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . The 1948 Australian cricket team captained by Don Bradman , for example , became known as ' The Invincibles ' for their unbeaten eight - month tour of England . This team is one of Australia 's most cherished sporting legends . Jump up ^ `` Australians in England , 1948 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Originally published in : Preston , Hubert , ed. ( 1949 ) . Wisden Cricketer 's Almanack 1949 ( 86 ed . ) . London : Sporting Handbooks Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Six great Ashes batsmen '' . England and Wales Cricket Board . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ashes Legends XI : Sir Donald Bradman ( 1908 -- 2001 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne -- Five unforgettable Ashes balls that rocked England down the years '' . Daily Mail . London . 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1882 / 83 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1884 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1884 / 85 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1886 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1886 / 87 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1887 / 88 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1888 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1890 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1891 / 92 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1893 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1894 / 95 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1896 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1897 / 98 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1899 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1901 / 02 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1902 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1903 / 04 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1905 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1907 / 08 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1909 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1911 / 12 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1912 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1920 / 21 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1921 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1924 / 25 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1926 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1928 / 29 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1930 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1932 / 33 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1934 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1936 / 37 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1938 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1946 / 47 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1948 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1950 / 51 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1953 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1954 / 55 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1956 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1958 / 59 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1961 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1962 / 63 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1964 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1965 / 66 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1968 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1970 / 71 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1972 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1974 / 75 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1975 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1977 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1978 / 79 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1981 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1982 / 83 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1985 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1986 / 87 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1989 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1990 / 91 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1993 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1994 / 95 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1997 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 1998 / 99 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2001 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2002 / 03 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2005 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2006 / 07 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2009 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2010 / 11 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brettig , Daniel ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) . `` England retain Ashes on rainy day '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2013 / 14 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2015 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Ashes 2017 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Williamson , Martin . `` A short history of the Ashes '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . The Ashes List of Ashes series ( white -- in England , yellow -- in Australia ) 1850 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1882 -- 83 1884 -- 85 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1891 -- 92 1894 -- 95 1897 -- 98 1900 1902 1905 1909 1912 World War I 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 World War II 1948 1901 -- 02 1903 -- 04 1907 -- 08 1911 -- 12 1920 -- 21 1924 -- 25 1928 -- 29 1932 -- 33 1936 -- 37 1946 -- 47 1950 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 1950 -- 51 1954 -- 55 1958 -- 59 1962 -- 63 1965 -- 66 1970 -- 71 1974 -- 75 1978 -- 79 1982 -- 83 1986 -- 87 1990 -- 91 1994 -- 95 1998 -- 99 2000 2001 2005 2009 2013 2015 2002 -- 03 2006 -- 07 2010 -- 11 2013 -- 14 2017 -- 18 ( hide ) Non-Ashes Australia v England Test series 1876 -- 77 1878 -- 79 1880 1881 -- 82 1882 1945 1976 -- 77 1979 -- 80 1980 1987 -- 88 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ashes_series&oldid=816216353 '' Categories : Australian cricket lists English cricket lists The Ashes Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 35 . 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"The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The series have varied in length, consisting of between one and seven Test matches, but since 1998 have been consistently five matches. It is one of sport's most celebrated rivalries and dates back to 1882.[2][3][4] It is generally played biennially, alternating between the United Kingdom and Australia. Australia are the current holders of the Ashes, having clinched the 2017-18 series in the third test in Perth."
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3551964985183573931 | Little Witch Academia | Little Witch Academia - Wikipedia Little Witch Academia Jump to : navigation , search Little Witch Academia Promotional artwork リトル ウィッチ アカデミア ( Ritoru Witchi Akademia ) Genre Fantasy Anime film Directed by Yoh Yoshinari Produced by Naoko Tsutsumi Written by Masahiko Otsuka Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Trigger Licensed by Acttil Released March 2 , 2013 Runtime 25 minutes Manga Written by Yoh Yoshinari Illustrated by Terio Teri Published by Shueisha Demographic Seinen Magazine Ultra Jump Published August 19 , 2013 Volumes Anime film Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade Directed by Yoh Yoshinari Produced by Naoko Tsutsumi Written by Michiru Shimada Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Trigger Released October 9 , 2015 Runtime 53 minutes Manga Little Witch Academia : Tsukiyo no Ōkan Written by Yuka Fujiwara Published by Shueisha Demographic Shōjo Magazine Ribon Original run September 3 , 2015 -- December 28 , 2015 Volumes Anime television series Directed by Yoh Yoshinari Produced by Yoshihiro Furusawa Yoshiki Usa Kimi Suzuki Written by Michiru Shimada Music by Michiru Ōshima Studio Trigger Licensed by Netflix Original network Tokyo MX , BS11 , KTV Original run January 9 , 2017 -- June 26 , 2017 Episodes 25 ( List of episodes ) Video game Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time Anime and Manga portal Little Witch Academia ( リトル ウィッチ アカデミア , Ritoru Witchi Akademia ) is a Japanese anime franchise created by Yoh Yoshinari and produced by Trigger . The original short film , directed by Yoshinari and written by Masahiko Otsuka , was released in theaters on March 2 , 2013 as part of the Young Animator Training Project 's Anime Mirai 2013 project , and was later streamed with English subtitles on YouTube from April 19 , 2013 . A second short film partially funded through Kickstarter , Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade , was released on October 9 , 2015 . An anime television series aired in Japan between January and June 2017 , with its first 13 episodes available on Netflix ( and only Netflix for free ) worldwide beginning on June 30 , 2017 . The remaining 12 episodes of its first season was labeled as the show 's second season and was made available on the platform on August 15 , 2017 . Two manga series have been published by Shueisha . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Characters 3 Media 3.1 Manga 3.2 Anime 3.2. 1 Short films 3.2. 2 Television series 3.3 Video game 3.4 Other appearances 4 References 5 External links Story ( edit ) Little Witch Academia takes place at Luna Nova Magical Academy ( ルーナノヴァ 魔法 学校 , Rūna Nova Mahō Gakkō ) , a prestigious school for young girls training to become witches . Having been inspired by a witch named Shiny Chariot , a girl named Atsuko ( `` Akko '' ) Kagari enrolls at Luna Nova Magical Academy to become a witch , but struggles due to her non-magical background . This all changes when she discovers the Shiny Rod , a powerful magic relic left behind by Chariot . One of the main themes in the franchise is Akko trying to live up to Shiny Chariot 's ideals by showing the world that magic is still a wonderful thing , while Luna Nova struggles for its continual existence because the general public regards wizardry as outdated . In the TV series , this background element is expanded into a plotline in which magic is waning across the world . The secret to restoring the flow of magic lies within the forbidden Arcturus Forest , sealed inside a magical locale named the Grand Triskelion erected by the Nine Olde Witches , the legendary founders of the academy . The key to undoing the seal lies in a sequence of seven magical words and the Shiny Rod , an artifact which reacts only to the wielder 's genuine desire to spread joy and happiness . When Akko gains possession of the Rod , Chariot ( secretly one of her Luna Nova teachers and the Rod 's previous wielder ) tries to guide her on the path to restoring the power of magic to the world . However , Croix , Chariot 's former best friend , had also coveted - and was denied - the power sealed within the Triskelion due to her selfish ambitions . As a result , she schemes to unlock the Grand Triskelion using her technomagical abilities , willingly tapping into dark powers in the process . Characters ( edit ) Atsuko `` Akko '' Kagari ( 篝 敦子 ( アッコ ) , Kagari Atsuko ( Akko ) ) Voiced by : Megumi Han ( Japanese ) ; Erica Mendez ( English ) The main protagonist , Akko is an energetic , optimistic but very impulsive Japanese girl who attends Luna Nova after being inspired by the witch Shiny Chariot . Having come from a non-magical background , she struggles using magic much of the time , and is disappointed by the mundanity of her classes as opposed to Chariot 's more spectacular performances . However , her unshakable belief in magic and her genuine desire to use it for good enables her to wield the Shiny Rod , which accepts her as its new master , and gradually discover her own magical talent . Because of this quality , Akko is destined to play a key role in unlocking the Grand Triskelion and restoring the force of magic to the world . Lotte Jansson ( ロッテ ・ ヤンソン , Rotte Yanson ) Voiced by : Fumiko Orikasa ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) Akko 's friend and roommate , a kind and soft - spoken Finnish witch who worries about Akko 's well - being . She has orange hair and wears lower - framed glasses . Her magical specialty involves summoning and communicating with fairies and spirits residing in old , well - used items . Sucy Manbavaran ( スーシィ ・ マンババラン , Sūshi Manbabaran ) Voiced by : Michiyo Murase ( Japanese ) ; Rachelle Heger ( English ) ; Anastasia Muñoz ( Space Patrol Luluco ) Akko 's other friend and roommate , a cynical , mischievous witch from the Philippines who specializes in brewing potions with various bizarre effects . Her hair covers one of her eyes . She often uses Akko as a test subject , or to help her in gathering the poisonous or hazardous ingredients ( mushrooms in particular ) she needs . Ursula ( アーシュラ 先生 , Āshura - sensei ) / Chariot du Nord ( シャリオ ・ デュノール , Shario dyu Nōru ) Voiced by : Noriko Hidaka ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Nichols ( English ) Ursula Callistis ( アーシュラ ・ カリスティス , Āshura Karisutisu ) is an astrology teacher at Luna Nova whose real identity is Chariot du Nord , a famous witch and alumni of Luna Nova who performed under the name Shiny Chariot ( シャイニィ シャリオ , Shainī Shario ) and inspired Akko to become a witch . Her chosen mission was to use her magic skills to bring joy to people 's hearts . She mysteriously disappeared from the public eye ten years ago after her former friend Croix tricked her into employing a sinister type of magic , which stripped Akko of her latent magical powers as a child . Now living and teaching incognito at Luna Nova , she takes Akko as a personal student after she notices her strong desire to become a witch , which enables her to use the Shiny Rod and unseal the lost seven words to the Grand Triskelion , in order to make up for her guilt . Diana Cavendish ( ダイアナ ・ キャ ベン ディッシュ , Daiana Kyabendisshu ) Voiced by : Yōko Hikasa ( Japanese ) ; Laura Post ( English ) The top student of Luna Nova who is greatly admired by her classmates and teachers alike . She has light green and blond hair . Hailing from Great Britain as daughter of a noble family of witches , she has a serious and arrogant nature and oftentimes clashes with Akko , whom she holds in disdain for her impulsive nature and admiration of Shiny Chariot . Despite this , Diana is secretly a childhood fan of Chariot herself , and gradually develops a grudging respect for Akko . In the TV series , she is additionally revealed to be a descendant of one of the Nine Olde Witches . Hannah England ( ハンナ ・ イングランド , Hanna Ingurando ) and Barbara Parker ( バーバラ ・ パーカー , Bābara Pākā ) Voiced by : Eri Nakao ( Hannah ) and Chinatsu Akasaki ( Barbara ) ( Japanese ) ; Jennifer Alyx ( Hannah ) and Alexis Nichols ( Barbara ) ( English ) Diana 's two followers and friends that are always seen together . They both idolize Diana and praise her in synchronicity as well as bully Akko for her lack of magic ability and not coming from witch heritage . Amanda O'Neill ( アマンダ ・ オニール , Amanda Onīru ) Voiced by : Arisa Shida ( Japanese ) ; Marianne Miller ( English ) A delinquent Luna Nova witch student from the United States who has a penchant for stealing priceless artifacts and magical objects that catch her fancy . She excels at dancing and performing aerobatic stunts on her broomstick . Constanze Amalie von Braunschbank Albrechtsberger ( コンスタンツェ ・ アマーリエ ・ フォン ・ ブラウン シュ バンク = アルブレ ヒツ ベルガー , Konsutantse Amārie fon Buraunshubanku - Aruburehitsuberugā ) Voiced by : Rie Murakawa ( Japanese ) ; Jennifer Alyx ( English ) A silent , grumpy - looking German Luna Nova witch student who combines magic with machinery such as robots and laser guns , which are typically forbidden on the school premises . In the TV series , she has even set up a secret workshop in a disused part of the academy , which can only be entered by means of her own bed . Jasminka Antonenko ( ヤスミンカ ・ アントネンコ , Yasuminka Antonenko ) Voiced by : Reina Ueda ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) A friendly and laid - back Luna Nova witch student from Russia who has a passion for food and is always seen snacking on something , even during classes . She specializes in culinary magic . Croix Meridies ( クロワ ・ メリディエス , Kurowa Meridiesu ) Voiced by : Junko Takeuchi ( Japanese ) ; Caitlyn Elizabeth ( English ) The main antagonist of the television series . A new teacher at Luna Nova Magical Academy who specializes in technomagic . She was once close friends with Chariot and previously helped her in searching for the Grand Triskelion 's words , but grew spiteful towards her over not being chosen to wield the Shiny Rod . Andrew Hanbridge ( アンドリュー ・ ハン ブリッジ , Andoryū Hanburijji ) Voiced by : Ryōsuke Kanemoto ( Japanese ) ; Lucien Dodge ( English ) A regular human who appears in the television series . He is the son of Earl Paul Hanbridge and is childhood friends with Diana . Having grown up in a rich family , Andrew has an old - fashioned prejudice against witches , which gradually starts to change after he meets Akko . Media ( edit ) Manga ( edit ) A one - shot manga based on the anime , drawn by Terio Teri , was published in Shueisha 's Ultra Jump magazine on August 19 , 2013 . Another manga by Teri , featuring an original story , was serialized in Ultra Jump between August 19 , 2015 and November 20 , 2015 and was compiled in a single tankōbon volume released on January 19 , 2016 . Another series illustrated by Yuka Fujiwara , Little Witch Academia : Tsukiyo no Ōkan ( リトル ウィッチ アカデミア 月夜 の 王冠 , lit . `` Little Witch Academia : The Midnight Crown '' ) , began serialization in Shueisha 's Ribon magazine from September 3 , 2015 . Anime ( edit ) Short films ( edit ) Little Witch Academia was produced by Trigger as part of the Young Animator Training Project 's Anime Mirai 2013 project , which funds young animators , alongside other short films by Madhouse , Zexcs and Gonzo . The short was created and directed by Yoh Yoshinari and written by Masahiko Otsuka with music by Michiru Ōshima . The short , along with the other Anime Mirai shorts , opened in 14 Japanese theatres on March 2 , 2013 . Trigger later released the short on Niconico and with English subtitles on YouTube and Crunchyroll on April 19 , 2013 . The YouTube version received over 850,000 views up until it was taken down in August 2013 to promote the Blu - ray release . The short was later released on region - free Blu - ray Disc on October 24 , 2013 . On July 5 , 2013 , Trigger announced at Anime Expo that a second short film , titled Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade , would be developed in response to the reception the first short received . The project began production in 2014 following the airing of Kill la Kill . Whilst initially having the funds for a twenty - minute episode , Trigger launched a Kickstarter campaign to extend its runtime to fifty minutes . The Kickstarter was launched on July 9 , 2013 and met its $150,000 USD goal within five hours , finishing with a total of $625,518 . The short premiered at Anime Expo 2015 and was made available for Kickstarter backers on July 3 , 2015 and was subsequently released in Japanese theaters on October 9 , 2015 . Both films were later released on Netflix with an English - language dub on December 15 , 2015 . No . Title Original release date F1 `` Little Witch Academia '' `` Ritoru Witchi Akademia '' ( リトル ウィッチ アカデミア ) March 2 , 2013 Akko Kagari enrolls into Luna Nova Magical Academy , a school for young witches , after being inspired at a young age by a witch named Shiny Chariot , and often spends her days hanging with her classmates , Lotte Jansson and Sucy Manbavaran . However , she has trouble paying attention in class and performing magic , and is often looked down upon for admiring Chariot , whom many believe gives the wrong impression about witches . One day , as a teacher instructs the class to explore a dungeon and retrieve rare treasures , Akko finds the Shiny Rod that belonged to Chariot . Meanwhile , the top student , Diana Cavendish , inadvertently breaks a seal on a dragon that grows more powerful by absorbing magic . Noticing the Shiny Rod still has power after all these years , the teacher sends Akko and her friends to reach the Sorcerer 's Stone , the source of the academy 's power , before the dragon can devour it and become invincible . Arriving at the stone , the Shiny Rod absorbs some of its power , allowing Akko to fight against the dragon . Put into a desperate situation , Akko hears Chariot 's words coming from somewhere , that a believing heart is magic , and with renewed conviction she uses the full power of the Shiny Rod to destroy the dragon . F2 `` Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade '' `` Ritoru Witchi Akademia : Mahōjikake no Parēdo '' ( リトル ウィッチ アカデミア 魔法 仕掛け の パレード ) October 9 , 2015 Akko , Lotte and Sucy , having gotten in trouble yet again , are forced to team up with three other troublemakers - Amanda O'Neill , Constanze Braunschbank Albrechtsberger and Jasminka Antonenko - to make the school 's annual witch parade a success or else flunk the school year . Not content with how the festival revolves around the mockery and subjugation of witches , Akko becomes determined to make the festival a spectacle that would show off how awesome modern witches are and dispel their negative reputation . As Akko 's ambitions for the parade grow , however , she ends up arguing with her friends , who do not share her ideas . However , Akko remains determined to prove Shiny Chariot 's ideals of magic to everyone , using the Shiny Rod to borrow some magic from the Sorcerer 's Stone for the parade . During the parade , some delinquent kids try to steal the rod , only to be caught by a giant that was sealed away long ago . Luckily , Akko is assisted by the other witches , including the return of Lotte and Sucy . Making up with each other , the three witches combine their power and put a stop to the giant , resulting in the parade becoming a great success . Television series ( edit ) See also : List of Little Witch Academia episodes An anime television series of Little Witch Academia was announced on June 24 , 2016 following the final episode of Space Patrol Luluco . The series aired in Japan between January 9 , 2017 and June 26 , 2017 . For the first cour , the opening theme is `` Shiny Ray '' by YURiKA while the ending theme is `` Hoshi o Tadoreba '' ( 星 を 辿れ ば , If You Follow the Stars ) by Yuiko Ōhara . For the second cour , the opening theme is `` Mind Conductor '' by YURiKA while the ending theme is `` Tōmei na Tsubasa '' ( 透明 な 翼 , Invisible Wings ) by Ōhara . The series ran for 25 episodes released across nine BD / DVD volumes . Netflix began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30 , 2017 . The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15 ; but they were labeled as the show 's second season . During interviews , Yoshinari said he wishes to create a second season that explores the history of characters like Diana Cavendish and Amanda O'Neill . The director also wants to create an anime spinoff series focused on the witch Shiny Chariot . He even suggested that the Night Fall ( or Naito Foru ) books in the anime might work as a standalone anime series . Video Game ( edit ) Main article : Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time A video game developed by A+ Games and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment , titled Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time ( リトル ウィッチ アカデミア 時 の 魔法 と 七 不思議 , Ritoru Witchi Akademia : Toki no Mahō to Nana Fushigi , lit . Little Witch Academia : The Magic of Time and the Seven Wonders ) , is scheduled for release on PlayStation 4 in November 30 , 2017 in Japan , followed by a PS4 and Steam release in North America in early 2018 . A bonus game , Madō Senshi Gran Sharion ( 魔 導 戦士 グラン シャリオン , Magical Warrior Gran Sharion ) is available in Japan as a pre-order bonus . Other appearances ( edit ) A crossover short featuring characters from both Little Witch Academia and Inferno Cop premiered at AnimeNEXT 2015 on June 13 , 2015 and was also shown at Anime Expo 2015 on July 2 , 2015 . Both Akko ( in episode 13 ) and Sucy ( episode 8 ) make guest appearances in Trigger 's 2016 anime series , Space Patrol Luluco . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia : Tsukiyo no Ōkan Manga Ends in December '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger Posts Long Little Witch Academia Trailer '' . Anime News Network . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Little Witch Academia ' Season 2 Release Date on Netflix : Episode 14 soon ? Trigger Talks Season 3 Characters '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Staff / cast - TV アニメ 『 リトル ウィッチ アカデミア 』 公式 サイト - '' . tv.littlewitchacademia.jp . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendez , Erica ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Since it mysteriously just showed up on Netflix today ... I can announce that I voice Akko in Little Witch Academia ! pic.twitter.com/JGxSZvAiUk '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Witch Academia. 2013 . Event occurs at closing credits Cast ( English ) -- via Netflix . Jump up ^ `` TV Anime ' Little Witch Academia ' : Interview with Director Yoh Yoshinari '' ( in Japanese ) . AnimeAnime.jp . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ AX , Rachelle Heger ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` I am so thrilled to announce my FIRST anime role ! I voice Sucy in # LittleWitchAcademia now on Netflix ! I am so honored ! Dream come true ! '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.funimation.com/blog/2017/07/16/october-2017-home-video-releases/ Jump up ^ Post , Laura ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Very excited to announce I voice Diana Cavendish in the dub of # LittleWitchAcademia now on Netflix ! Please check it out ! I love the show ! '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tv.littlewitchacademia.jp/chara/10.html Jump up ^ Alyx , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Super excited to announce that I voice a slew of characters in # LittleWitchAcademia . I play Hannah , Constanze , Twins , & random Students . '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Alexis . `` Voice Over Artist ( LWA : Ursula , Shiny Chariot & Barbara English Dub ) '' . twitter.com . Jump up ^ Miller , Marianne ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` You can hear me in Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade as Amanda ! Hope you enjoy your waifus in English . '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade. 2015 . Event occurs at closing credits Cast ( English ) -- via Netflix . Jump up ^ Alyx , Jennifer ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Super excited to announce that I voice a slew of characters in # LittleWitchAcademia . I play Hannah , Constanze , Twins , & random Students . '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Caitlyn ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Thrilled and honored to announce that I voice Croix Meridies in the # LittleWitchAcademia dub that 's now on Netflix ! pic.twitter.com/7DMURSYbgV '' . twitter.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tv.littlewitchacademia.jp/chara/19.html Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/LucienDodge/status/881657412704378881 Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Gets Short Manga in Ultra Jump '' . Anime News Network . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Manga Ends in Ultra Jump '' . Anime News Network . November 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Inspires 2 New Manga Series '' . Anime News Network . July 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzo / ZEXCS / Trigger / Madhouse 's Full Anime Mirai Trailer '' . Anime News Network . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Mirai 2013 Slated for March 2 '' . Anime News Network . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger Streams Little Witch Academia Anime with English Subs '' . Anime News Network . April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Little Witch Academia via YouTube Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Blu - ray to Have English Subs '' . Anime News Network . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Blu - Ray '' . www.goodsmile.info . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia ( Blu - Ray ) product page '' . Trigger Online Shop . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger to Launch Kickstarter for New Little Witch Academia Episode '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Answering Fans ' Wishes with Kickstarter : Studio Trigger ( `` Little Witch Academia 2 '' ) Interview ( 1 / 3 ) `` . otakumode.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 17 : Getting started ! Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Trigger Launches Little Witch Academia 2 Kickstarter '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger 's Little Witch Academia 2 Meets Kickstarter Goal '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 4 : New stretch goal ( fix ) Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 9 : Stretch Goal achieved ! Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia 2 Kickstarter Ends With US $625,518 Pledged '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Streamed Again '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia 2 to Premiere at Anime Expo With Guests Hiroyuki Imaishi , Yoh Yoshinari '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update 5 : Message from Otsuka Masahiko Little Witch Academia 2 '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/LatestNews/News1/Little-Witch-Academia-Shorts-Now-on-Netflix-7203.aspx Jump up ^ `` '' Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade '' Streams on Netflix `` . crunchyroll.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger 's Little Witch Academia Gets TV Anime Series '' . Anime News Network . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` '' Little Witch Academia '' TV Anime Spotted For January 2017 `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia TV Anime Reveals More Cast , Staff , Visual '' . Anime News Network . October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia TV Anime 's Promo Video Reveals Song Artists , January 8 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia Anime 's Video Previews 2nd Half , New Theme Songs '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BD / DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Debuts Little Witch Academia TV Anime 's 1st 13 Episodes on June 30 '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to Stream Little Witch Academia TV Anime Series '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little Witch Academia ' Season 2 Release Date On Netflix : Episode 14 Soon ? Trigger Talks Season 3 Characters '' . Inquisitr . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia : The Witch of Time and the Seven Wonders announced for PS4 - Gematsu '' . gematsu.com . May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bandai Namco Ent . Reveals U.S. Release of Little Witch Academia : Chamber of Time Game for PS4 , Steam '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Witch Academia PS4 Game 's 2nd Ad Reveals November 30 Launch , Trigger 's Anime Footage , Bonus Game '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AnimeNEXT 2015 : Trigger '' . reversethieves.com . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trigger Teases New Project & New Inferno Cop / Little Witch Academia Crossover Short '' . animenewsnetwork.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( in Japanese ) Anime TV series official website ( in Japanese ) Little Witch Academia short film entry at Anime Mirai ( in Japanese ) Little Witch Academia ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Little Witch Academia on IMDb ( hide ) Ultra Super Pictures Sanzigen Television series Black Rock Shooter ( 2012 ) Wooser 's Hand - to - Mouth Life ( 2012 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation ( 2013 ) Arpeggio of Blue Steel - Ars Nova - ( 2013 ) Wooser 's Hand - to - Mouth Life : Kakusei - hen ( 2014 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 2 ( 2015 ) Wooser 's Hand - to - Mouth Life : Mugen - hen ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 3 ( 2015 ) BBK / BRNK ( 2016 ) BBK / BRNK : The Gentle Giants of the Galaxy ( 2016 ) ID - 0 ( 2017 ) Films 009 Re : Cyborg ( 2012 ) New Initial D the Movie ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Arpeggio of Blue Steel - Ars Nova DC - ( 2015 ) Arpeggio of Blue Steel - Ars Nova Cadenza - ( 2015 ) Ordet Television series Black Rock Shooter ( 2012 ) Senyu ( 2013 ) Senyu 2 ( 2013 ) Wake Up , Girls ! ( 2014 ) OVAs / ONAs Black Rock Shooter ( 2010 ) Blossom ( 2012 ) Miyakawa - ke no Kūfuku ( 2013 ) Wake Up , Girl ZOO ! ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Films Wake Up , Girls ! - Seven Idols ( 2014 ) Wake Up , Girls ! Seishun no Kage ( 2015 ) Wake Up , Girls ! Beyond the Bottom ( 2015 ) Studio Trigger Television series Kill la Kill ( 2013 -- 2014 ) When Supernatural Battles Became Commonplace ( 2014 ) Hacka Doll the Animation ( 2015 ) Space Patrol Luluco ( 2016 ) Kiznaiver ( 2016 ) Little Witch Academia ( 2017 ) Darling in the Franxx ( 2018 ) OVAs / ONAs Inferno Cop ( 2012 -- present ) Kill la Kill ( 2014 ) Japan Animator Expo ( 2015 ) Ninja Slayer From Animation ( 2015 ) Films Little Witch Academia ( 2013 ) Little Witch Academia : The Enchanted Parade ( 2015 ) Liden Films Television series Senyu ( 2013 ) Aiura ( 2013 ) Senyu 2 ( 2013 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation ( 2013 ) Terra Formars ( 2014 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan ( 2015 ) Yamada - kun and the Seven Witches ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 2 ( 2015 ) Miss Monochrome : The Animation 3 ( 2015 ) Sekkō Boys ( 2016 ) Schwarzesmarken ( 2016 ) Kanojo to Kanojo no Neko : Everything Flows ( 2016 ) Terra Formars : Revenge ( 2016 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan : Dust Storm Dance ( 2016 ) Poco 's Udon World ( 2016 ) Akashic Records of Bastard Magic Instructor ( 2017 ) Love and Lies ( 2017 ) Killing Bites ( 2018 ) OVAs / ONAs Terra Formars ( 2014 ) Yamada - kun and the Seven Witches ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Yankee - kun na Yamada - kun to Megane - chan to Majo ( 2015 ) Lost Song ( 2018 ) Films New Initial D the Movie ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Cardfight ! ! Vanguard : The Movie ( 2014 ) Monster Strike The Movie ( 2016 ) Production works Monster Strike ( 2015 -- present ) Video games Project X Zone ( 2012 ) Indivisible ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Witch_Academia&oldid=807291997 '' Categories : 2013 anime films Manga series 2015 anime films 2015 manga 2017 anime television series 2010s animated short films 2013 manga Anime short films Anime with original screenplays Crowdfunded films Fantasy anime and manga Tokyo Metropolitan Television shows Japanese films Japanese animated fantasy films Japanese - language films Kickstarter projects Magical girl anime and manga One - shot manga School anime and manga Shueisha manga Seinen manga Shōjo manga Trigger ( company ) Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes of little witch academia will there be | [
"An anime television series of Little Witch Academia was announced on June 24, 2016 following the final episode of Space Patrol Luluco.[44] The series aired in Japan between January 9, 2017 and June 26, 2017.[45][46] For the first cour, the opening theme is \"Shiny Ray\" by YURiKA while the ending theme is \"Hoshi o Tadoreba\" (星を辿れば, If You Follow the Stars) by Yuiko Ōhara.[47] For the second cour, the opening theme is \"Mind Conductor\" by YURiKA while the ending theme is \"Tōmei na Tsubasa\" (透明な翼, Invisible Wings) by Ōhara.[48] The series ran for 25 episodes released across nine BD/DVD volumes.[49] Netflix began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30, 2017.[50][51] The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15; but they were labeled as the show's second season.[3]"
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-5177938891067701771 | Shameless (season 5) | Shameless ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 5 ) DVD Cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network Showtime Original release January 11 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) -- April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The fifth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the award - winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , premiered on January 11 , 2015 on the Showtime television network . Executive producers are John Wells , Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn , and producer Michael Hissrich . Like all previous seasons , the season consisted of 12 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The season picks up from the season 4 finale two to three months after the events of finding out Ian 's bipolarity and Fiona 's release from prison . Fiona begins a new relationship with a skilled member of a rock ' n ' roll band while juggling her new job at Patsy 's Pies , where she has flirtatious encounters with her boss , Sean . Lip is home from college for the summer , and is torn between two worlds as his loyalty to the South Side is questioned while gentrification comes to the neighborhood . Ian 's declining mental health raises the concerns of Mickey and the rest of the Gallaghers , yet he remains in denial of his condition . Debbie continues to struggle with the pains of adolescence and Carl begins a new business venture as a drug - dealer . Sammi becomes more involved in the lives of her half - brothers and sisters while Frank struggles with sobriety following his recent liver transplant . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Pfender Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica `` V '' Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin `` Kev '' Ball Emma Kenney as Debbie Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich Emily Bergl as Samantha `` Sammi '' Slott Special guest stars ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Sheila Gallagher Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Steve Kazee as Gus Pfender Justin Chatwin as Jimmy Lishman / Steve Sasha Alexander as Helene Runyon Robinson Recurring ( edit ) Kellen Michael as Chuckie Slott Bojana Novakovic as Bianca Samson Chloe Webb as Monica Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Nichole Bloom as Amanda Emma Greenwell as Mandy Milkovich Dichen Lachman as Angela Alessandra Balazs as Jackie Scabello Axle Whitehead as Davis Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Patrick Fischler as Wade Shelton Stacy Edwards as Laura Shelton Michael Reilly Burke as Theo Wallace Robinson Luca Oriel as Derek Danika Yarosh as Holly Herkimer Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher J. Michael Trautmann as Iggy Milkovich Shel Bailey as Kenyatta Stephen Rider as G - Dogg James Allen McCune as Matty Miguel Izaguirre as Paco Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` Milk of the Gods '' Christopher Chulack Nancy M. Pimental January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) 1.77 It 's summer once again in Chicago . Fiona is engrossed in her job at Patsy 's Pie diner , Lip returns home from college to find his friends the same , but the neighborhood moving swiftly toward gentrification . Frank , still recovering from his liver transplant , is living with his wife Sheila and working on a secret project in her basement . At the Milkovich house , Ian helps a pregnant Svetlana take care of baby Yevgeny while Mickey and his brothers run a moving truck scam . Veronica , frustrated by her newborn babies and Kevin 's obsession with them , goes to work at The Alibi . Meanwhile , Debbie helps Frank gather supplies for his project . Ian , hypersexual as a result of his condition , has a few anonymous sexual encounters . 50 `` I 'm the Liver '' Sanaa Hamri Krista Vernoff January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 1.76 Fiona is officially off house arrest . Lip starts his new job , with taxing consequences . Sheila considers an offer from lesbian land developers who want to buy her home . Frank tries to talk her out of it and begins warning everyone of the neighborhood 's impending development . Also , the father of the boy whose liver Frank received invites Frank and Sheila to a special father 's day dinner with all the other organ recipients , which Sammi ends up crashing , further enraging Sheila . Meanwhile , a manic Ian plans his revenge , with Mickey and Mandy , against a homophobic military funeral protest . Fiona confronts Sean about her feelings for him . Kev bonds with Svetlana . Debbie continues to struggle with her friends and boys . 51 `` The Two Lisas '' Peter Segal Sheila Callaghan January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) 1.96 The police raid the Alibi 's unlicensed rub & tug . Frank enlists Carl to scare off the lesbians who are buying up the property , while pleading with Sheila not to cave and sell her home . However , Sheila has big plans for her future , with or without Frank . Ian goes on a crazed cleaning spree of the Milkovich house and wants Lip to help convince Mandy not to move to Indiana with her abusive boyfriend , Kenyatta . Lip remains emotionally unavailable and pushes Mandy away . Meanwhile , Debbie throws a wild party at the Gallagher house ; she finally loses her virginity but also loses Matty . Carl discovers a hidden talent . In exchange for new brewery equipment , Frank sets the owner of a junkyard up with Sammi under the pretense that she 'll sleep with him . Fiona agrees to go to a concert with Davis , but when his girlfriend shows up , Fiona makes a play for his bass player , Gus . While in the midst of a huge confrontation with Sammi and Sheila , Frank 's beer still ignites and blows up Sheila 's house . Sheila jumps in her newly purchased RV and leaves town . 52 `` A Night to Remem ... Wait , What ? '' Richie Keen Davey Holmes February 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 01 ) 1.26 Frank arrives at Lou 's to pick up his six figure insurance settlement , but is confounded when told he arrived the previous day . Realizing he has no recollection , he retraces his steps , uncovering a night of insanity . Meanwhile , Fiona and Gus continue to hit it off , so much so that they wind up getting married on a whim . Lip visits Amanda and her family , at their home in Miami . Carl starts a new job as a drug dealer , and quickly realizes he 's in over his head . Ian goes overboard when he starts stealing suitcases from the airport baggage claim . 53 5 `` Rite of Passage '' Alex Graves Etan Frankel February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) 1.64 Ian 's promiscuity and recklessness drives Mickey to the brink , and he demands Ian enter a mental rehabilitation facility . Homeless and penniless once again , Frank takes advantage of his liver donor 's parents . Sammi 's trailer is impounded . Debbie sets out on the path of revenge . Carl continues to flounder at his newfound business . Lip is caught in defining quandaries . Fiona is rocked when a colleague overdoses on heroin ; combined with her increasing worry that her recent decision to marry might have been a hasty one . Things are complicated even further for Fiona when she finds Jimmy sitting at one of her tables . Ian flees , with Mickey 's baby in tow . 54 6 `` Crazy Love '' Anthony Hemingway John Wells February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) 1.26 Jimmy and Fiona attempt to reconcile their many issues , with Jimmy stating he 's still in love with her . Ian 's on the lam with Mickey and Svetlana 's baby , but he quickly spirals out of control and lands in the hands of the police . Sammi takes charge in the Gallagher household . Frank 's recent escapades catch up with him , and he 's hospitalized . Lip reestablishes himself at college . Fiona enters into an emotional crisis over Gus and Jimmy . Kev and Veronica decide to split up . Ian is admitted at the psychological evaluation ward . 55 7 `` Tell Me You Fucking Need Me '' William H. Macy Nancy M. Pimental March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) 1.44 As Jimmy prepares to depart for Dubai , he presses Fiona for a decision . Lip is met with financial aid difficulties , and his family is responsible as they carelessly left his mail sitting in a window . After being released from the hospital , with a stern warning from the doctor , Frank takes control of his life . Asserting himself at the Gallagher home . Things are grim for Ian in the psyche ward , shunning Fiona and Mickey when they come for a visit . Carl and Chuckie begin a mutually beneficial arrangement at school , that bleeds into home life . Debbie knows what she wants , and she pursues it . A newly homeless Svetlana moves in with a newly separated Kev . Mickey turns to alcohol to dull his longing for Ian . After Fiona discloses her infidelity to Gus , he asks to meet Jimmy . When they meet , Gus instantly dislikes Jimmy , and he punches him in the nose . Jimmy then tells Fiona that he has called off the trip to Dubai , and that he only wants a life with her . After deliberation , Fiona tells Jimmy that he needs to let her let him go . Later , Angela apologies to Fiona for Jack / Jimmy 's ways , and says that the employer was the one that canceled the job in Dubai . When their relationship reaches the boiling point , Sammi goes to extreme lengths to prove Frank loves her . 56 8 `` Uncle Carl '' Wendey Stanzler Krista Vernoff March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 1.60 Ian is released from the ward . Carl is tasked with a lofty new job , in which he involves Frank and Chuckie . Short on funds , Lip convinces Kev to revisit their marijuana - selling days . Then , after a heartfelt plea , Lip is able to bide time concerning his financial woes at school . V and Svetlana bond , in more ways than one . Ian flushes his lithium pills down the toilet , causing a stir . Frank humors Sammi while scheming for a way to be rid of her . Mickey 's alcoholic denial comes to an end , and he and Ian reunite . Fiona realizes that she wants to fight for Gus , but he 's not ready to commit or forgive , and he leaves on an extended tour with his band . After a conniving tip from Frank , things go sideways for Carl 's operation , and Chuckie lands in jail . Soon after , Sammi calls the cops and they arrest Carl too . The new Neighborhood Gardening Association requests that the Gallagher 's pool be dismantled . 57 9 `` Carl 's First Sentencing '' Christopher Chulack Etan Frankel March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 1.62 At college , Lip meets a foxy new professor , and their relationship quickly intensifies . Meanwhile , Kev finds a new calling at Lip 's school , that ultimately leads him to wanting V back . Despite effort from Fiona , Carl botches his sentencing hearing , and is sent to a Juvenile Correctional Facility with Chuckie . After , yet , another bipolar induced episode , Mickey is able to convince Ian to get back on his meds ; and he gets a job as a dishwasher at Patsy 's . Fiona is concerned for her boss , Sean , when he receives disconcerting news regarding his son . While undergoing treatment at the hospital , Frank 's doctor , Bianca , reveals she has terminal cancer . The two go on a grand adventure that spans 48 hours . 58 10 `` South Side Rules '' Michael Uppendahl Sheila Callaghan March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 1.67 The Gallagher home is in disarray , with everyone neglecting monetary and practical obligations . Lip adjusts to a new reality ; and butts heads with Amanda . Debbie and Derek agree that it 's time to consummate their relationship , and after learning of a lifestyle that appeals to her , Debbie makes a potentially life changing decision . Frank falls for Bianca , and begins his own unique form of courting . Ian is feeling lifeless and turns to extreme measures to feel again . He later enlightens Sammi concerning his military insubordination . He and Mickey have a romp over their differences , before making love at an old rendezvous . Kev unwittingly sells synthetic marijuana to a handful of college students that leads to one of them jumping out second story window . Lip turns to his new lover for an assist , and she dishes out some harsh truth . After that debacle , Kev returns to V. After an emotional day with Sean , Fiona drifts further away from Gus . When Mickey and Ian return home , Sammi has a devastating surprise awaiting the latter . 59 11 `` Drugs Actually '' Mimi Leder Davey Holmes March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1.43 Sammi is on the outs with the rest of her siblings after the stunt she pulled . Mickey and Debbie hatch a plan to make her pay , that takes a turn for the worst . Fiona continues to pull away from Gus , and closer to Sean . Lip enjoys the benefits of his comfy romantic arrangement . A pipe breaking at the Alibi lends itself as a relationship mender for Kev and V. Frank realizes that he 's not ready to die along with Bianca . After a failed attempt at trying to get her help , the two head for Costa Rica . The family is able to convince the Army officials to release Ian , after a painful disclosure of his condition . Later , Ian receives a visit from his mother , Monica ; who proclaims that no one will ever understand him but her , and the two hitchhike out of the state . After being believed to be dead , Sammi finds herself being shipped out in a moving truck . 60 12 `` Love Songs ( In the Key of Gallagher ) '' Christopher Chulack John Wells April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 1.55 Bianca and Frank are living the high life in Costa Rica ; but it all comes crashing down when she supposedly drowns herself in the ocean . Lip continues to have unconventional relationship mishaps . Fiona and Gus reconnect after he returns from tour , but she ultimately thrusts herself into the arms of Sean . Fiona learns of Debbie 's pregnancy , and insists that the baby be aborted , much to Debbie 's chagrin . Kev and V tread the water of their rocky marriage . Monica and Ian 's road trip ends up at her meth dealing teenage boyfriend 's property . Ian leaves and returns home , where he then reunites with his love , yet still citing his disorder . Sammi returns and attempts to shoot Mickey but fails . Development and production ( edit ) On February 18 , 2014 , Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season . Production on the first episode began on July 3 , 2014 with the first table read , with principal photography commencing on July 8 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime sets ' Shameless , ' ' House of Lies , ' ' Episodes ' premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- shameless on showtime '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Showtime Renews Shameless , House of Lies '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Season 5 Videos of the series Shameless '' . SHO.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chris E. Hayner ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Excuse you , ' Shameless , ' where 's Jimmy - Steve in the new trailer ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Monaghan on Starring With Meryl Streep & Jeff Bridges in ' The Giver ' : `` Definitely an Honor '' `` . La-confidential-magazine.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shameless ' Season 5 Spoilers : 3 Theories About The Surprising Season 4 Finale Ending '' . International Business Times . April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' The Librarians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' NFL Countdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' Win Night , ' Shameless ' , ' The Librarians ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Girls ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Pro Bowl Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' NFL Primetime ' Wins Night , ' Mike Tyson Mysteries ' , ' Puppy Bowl ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Kitten Bowl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , NBA All - Star Game , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , Sister Wives ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Bar Rescue ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Going Clear ' , ' Killing Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : MLB Baseball & ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Top Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Rossum on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_5)&oldid=792216528 '' Categories : 2015 American television seasons Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 05 : 59 . About Wikipedia | when did season 5 of shameless come out | [
"The fifth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the award-winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all previous seasons, the season consisted of 12 episodes.[1][2][3]"
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"January 11, 2015"
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-3001718921219681042 | I Have a Dream | I have a Dream - wikipedia I have a Dream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Have a Dream ( disambiguation ) . Martin Luther King Jr. delivering the speech at the 1963 Washington D.C. Civil Rights March . External audio I Have a Dream , August 28 , 1963 , Educational Radio Network `` I Have a Dream '' is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 , in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights . Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. , the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement . Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation , which freed millions of slaves in 1863 , King observes that : `` one hundred years later , the Negro still is not free '' . Toward the end of the speech , King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme `` I have a dream '' , prompted by Mahalia Jackson 's cry : `` Tell them about the dream , Martin ! '' In this part of the speech , which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous , King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred . Jon Meacham writes that , `` With a single phrase , Martin Luther King Jr. joined Jefferson and Lincoln in the ranks of men who 've shaped modern America '' . The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Speech title and the writing process 2 Speech 2.1 Similarities and allusions 3 Rhetoric 4 Responses 5 Legacy 6 Copyright dispute 7 Original copy of the speech 8 References 9 External links Background View from the Lincoln Memorial toward the Washington Monument on August 28 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was partly intended to demonstrate mass support for the civil rights legislation proposed by President Kennedy in June . Martin Luther King and other leaders therefore agreed to keep their speeches calm , also , to avoid provoking the civil disobedience which had become the hallmark of the Civil Rights Movement . King originally designed his speech as a homage to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , timed to correspond with the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation . Speech title and the writing process King had been preaching about dreams since 1960 , when he gave a speech to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) called `` The Negro and the American Dream '' . This speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality , saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream , and that `` our federal government has also scarred the dream through its apathy and hypocrisy , its betrayal of the cause of justice '' . King suggests that `` It may well be that the Negro is God 's instrument to save the soul of America . '' In 1961 , he spoke of the Civil Rights Movement and student activists ' `` dream '' of equality -- `` the American Dream ... a dream as yet unfulfilled '' -- in several national speeches and statements , and took `` the dream '' as the centerpiece for these speeches . On November 27 , 1962 , King gave a speech at Booker T. Washington High School in Rocky Mount , North Carolina . That speech was longer than the version which he would eventually deliver from the Lincoln Memorial . And while parts of the text had been moved around , large portions were identical , including the `` I have a dream '' refrain . After being rediscovered , the restored and digitized recording of the 1962 speech was presented to the public by the English department of North Carolina State University . Martin Luther King had also delivered a `` dream '' speech in Detroit , in June 1963 , when he marched on Woodward Avenue with Walter Reuther and the Reverend C.L. Franklin , and had rehearsed other parts . The March on Washington Speech , known as `` I Have a Dream Speech '' , has been shown to have had several versions , written at several different times . It has no single version draft , but is an amalgamation of several drafts , and was originally called `` Normalcy , Never Again '' . Little of this , and another `` Normalcy Speech '' , ended up in the final draft . A draft of `` Normalcy , Never Again '' is housed in the Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection of the Robert W. Woodruff Library , Atlanta University Center and Morehouse College . The focus on `` I have a dream '' comes through the speech 's delivery . Toward the end of its delivery , noted African American gospel singer Mahalia Jackson shouted to King from the crowd , `` Tell them about the dream , Martin . '' King departed from his prepared remarks and started `` preaching '' improvisationally , punctuating his points with `` I have a dream . '' The speech was drafted with the assistance of Stanley Levison and Clarence Benjamin Jones in Riverdale , New York City . Jones has said that `` the logistical preparations for the march were so burdensome that the speech was not a priority for us '' and that , `` on the evening of Tuesday , Aug. 27 , ( 12 hours before the march ) Martin still did n't know what he was going to say '' . Leading up to the speech 's rendition at the Great March on Washington , King had delivered its `` I have a dream '' refrains in his speech before 25,000 people in Detroit 's Cobo Hall immediately after the 125,000 - strong Great Walk to Freedom in Detroit , June 23 , 1963 . After the Washington , D.C. March , a recording of King 's Cobo Hall speech was released by Detroit 's Gordy Records as an LP entitled `` The Great March To Freedom '' . Speech Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric , King 's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the United States Constitution . Early in his speech , King alludes to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address by saying `` Five score years ago ... '' In reference to the abolition of slavery articulated in the Emancipation Proclamation , King says : `` It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity . '' Anaphora ( i.e. , the repetition of a phrase at the beginning of sentences ) is employed throughout the speech . Early in his speech , King urges his audience to seize the moment ; `` Now is the time '' is repeated three times in the sixth paragraph . The most widely cited example of anaphora is found in the often quoted phrase `` I have a dream '' , which is repeated eight times as King paints a picture of an integrated and unified America for his audience . Other occasions include `` One hundred years later '' , `` We can never be satisfied '' , `` With this faith '' , `` Let freedom ring '' , and `` free at last '' . King was the sixteenth out of eighteen people to speak that day , according to the official program . I still have a dream , a dream deeply rooted in the American dream -- one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed , `` We hold these truths to be self evident : that all men are created equal . '' I have a dream ... `` '' Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Among the most quoted lines of the speech are `` I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin , but by the content of their character . I have a dream today ! '' According to U.S. Representative John Lewis , who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , `` Dr. King had the power , the ability , and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized . By speaking the way he did , he educated , he inspired , he informed not just the people there , but people throughout America and unborn generations . '' The ideas in the speech reflect King 's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse , the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks . The speech draws upon appeals to America 's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people , and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God 's will . Thus , the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins . King describes the promises made by America as a `` promissory note '' on which America has defaulted . He says that `` America has given the Negro people a bad check '' , but that `` we 've come to cash this check '' by marching in Washington , D.C. Similarities and allusions Further information : Martin Luther King Jr. authorship issues King 's speech used words and ideas from his own speeches and other texts . For years , he had spoken about dreams , quoted from Samuel Francis Smith 's popular patriotic hymn `` America '' ( `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' ) , and of course referred extensively to the Bible . The idea of constitutional rights as an `` unfulfilled promise '' was suggested by Clarence Jones . The final passage from King 's speech closely resembles Archibald Carey Jr. 's address to the 1952 Republican National Convention : both speeches end with a recitation of the first verse of `` America '' , and the speeches share the name of one of several mountains from which both exhort `` let freedom ring '' . King also is said to have used portions of Prathia Hall 's speech at the site of a burned - down African American church in Terrell County , Georgia , in September 1962 , in which she used the repeated phrase `` I have a dream '' . The church burned down after it was used for voter registration meetings . The speech also alludes to Psalm 30 : 5 in the second stanza of the speech . Additionally , King quotes from Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 ( `` I have a dream that every valley shall be exalted ... '' ) and Amos 5 : 24 ( `` But let justice roll down like water ... '' ) . He also alludes to the opening lines of Shakespeare 's Richard III ( `` Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer ... '' ) when he remarks that `` this sweltering summer of the Negro 's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn ... '' Rhetoric King at the Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C The `` I Have a Dream '' speech can be dissected by using three rhetorical lenses : voice merging , prophetic voice , and dynamic spectacle . Voice merging is the combining of one 's own voice with religious predecessors . Prophetic voice is using rhetoric to speak for a population . A dynamic spectacle has origins from the Aristotelian definition as `` a weak hybrid form of drama , a theatrical concoction that relied upon external factors ( shock , sensation , and passionate release ) such as televised rituals of conflict and social control . '' Voice merging is a common technique used amongst African American preachers . It combines the voices of previous preachers and excerpts from scriptures along with their own unique thoughts to create a unique voice . King uses voice merging in his peroration when he references the secular hymn `` America . '' The rhetoric of King 's speech can be compared to the rhetoric of Old Testament prophets . During King 's speech , he speaks with urgency and crisis giving him a prophetic voice . The prophetic voice must `` restore a sense of duty and virtue amidst the decay of venality . '' An evident example is when King declares that , `` now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God 's children . '' Why King 's speech was powerful is debated , but essentially , it came at a point of many factors combining at a key cultural turning point . Executive speechwriter Anthony Trendl writes , `` The right man delivered the right words to the right people in the right place at the right time . '' `` Given the context of drama and tension in which it was situated '' , King 's speech can be classified as a dynamic spectacle . A dynamic spectacle is dependent on the situation in which it is used . It can be considered a dynamic spectacle because it happened at the correct time and place : during the Civil Rights Movement and the March on Washington . Responses The speech was lauded in the days after the event , and was widely considered the high point of the March by contemporary observers . James Reston , writing for The New York Times , said that `` Dr. King touched all the themes of the day , only better than anybody else . He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi , and the cadences of the Bible . He was both militant and sad , and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile . '' Reston also noted that the event `` was better covered by television and the press than any event here since President Kennedy 's inauguration '' , and opined that `` it will be a long time before ( Washington ) forgets the melodious and melancholy voice of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. crying out his dreams to the multitude . '' An article in The Boston Globe by Mary McGrory reported that King 's speech `` caught the mood '' and `` moved the crowd '' of the day `` as no other '' speaker in the event . Marquis Childs of The Washington Post wrote that King 's speech `` rose above mere oratory '' . An article in the Los Angeles Times commented that the `` matchless eloquence '' displayed by King -- `` a supreme orator '' of `` a type so rare as almost to be forgotten in our age '' -- put to shame the advocates of segregation by inspiring the `` conscience of America '' with the justice of the civil - rights cause . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , which viewed King and his allies for racial justice as subversive , also noticed the speech . This provoked the organization to expand their COINTELPRO operation against the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , and to target King specifically as a major enemy of the United States . Two days after King delivered `` I Have a Dream '' , Agent William C. Sullivan , the head of COINTELPRO , wrote a memo about King 's growing influence : In the light of King 's powerful demagogic speech yesterday he stands head and shoulders above all other Negro leaders put together when it comes to influencing great masses of Negroes . We must mark him now , if we have not done so before , as the most dangerous Negro of the future in this Nation from the standpoint of communism , the Negro and national security . The speech was a success for the Kennedy administration and for the liberal civil rights coalition that had planned it . It was considered a `` triumph of managed protest '' , and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred . Kennedy had watched King 's speech on television and been very impressed . Afterwards , March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with President Kennedy . Kennedy felt the March bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill . Meanwhile , some of the more radical Black leaders who were present condemned the speech ( along with the rest of the march ) as too compromising . Malcolm X later wrote in his autobiography : `` Who ever heard of angry revolutionaries swinging their bare feet together with their oppressor in lily pad pools , with gospels and guitars and ' I have a dream ' speeches ? '' Legacy The location on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial from which King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress . The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , published posthumously in 2007 , suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators , it might undermine his civil rights efforts . In the wake of the speech and march , King was named Man of the Year by TIME magazine for 1963 , and in 1964 , he was the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . The full speech did not appear in writing until August 1983 , some 15 years after King 's death , when a transcript was published in The Washington Post . In 1990 , the Australian alternative comedy rock band Doug Anthony All Stars released an album called Icon . One song from Icon , `` Shang - a-lang '' , sampled the end of the speech . In 1992 , the band Moodswings , incorporated excerpts from Martin Luther King , Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech in their song `` Spiritual High , Part III . on the album Moodfood '' . In 2002 , the Library of Congress honored the speech by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry . In 2003 , the National Park Service dedicated an inscribed marble pedestal to commemorate the location of King 's speech at the Lincoln Memorial . The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial was dedicated in 2011 . The centerpiece for the memorial is based on a line from King 's `` I Have A Dream '' speech : `` Out of a mountain of despair , a stone of hope . '' A 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) - high relief of King named the `` Stone of Hope '' stands past two other pieces of granite that symbolize the `` mountain of despair . '' In August 2012 , the Dutch DJ and producer Bakermat released the single `` One Day '' , which consists of an integrated sample of the speech . The re-release in 2014 became a hit in several European countries . On August 26 , 2013 , UK 's BBC Radio 4 broadcast `` God 's Trombone '' , in which Gary Younge looked behind the scenes of the speech and explored `` what made it both timely and timeless '' . On August 28 , 2013 , thousands gathered on the mall in Washington D.C. where King made his historic speech to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the occasion . In attendance were former U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter , and incumbent President Barack Obama , who addressed the crowd and spoke on the significance of the event . Many of King 's family were in attendance . On October 11 , 2015 , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution published an exclusive report about Stone Mountain officials considering installation of a new `` Freedom Bell '' honoring King and citing the speech 's reference to the mountain `` Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia . '' Design details and a timeline for its installation remain to be determined . The article mentioned inspiration for the proposed monument came from a bell - ringing ceremony held in 2013 in celebration of the 50th anniversary of King 's speech . On April 20 , 2016 , Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew announced that the U.S. $5 bill , which has featured the Lincoln Memorial on its back , would undergo a redesign prior to 2020 . Lew said that a portrait of Lincoln would remain on the front of the bill , but the back would be redesigned to depict various historical events that have occurred at the memorial , including an image from King 's speech . In October 2016 Science Friday in a segment on its crowd sourced update to the Voyager Golden Record included the speech . Copyright dispute Because King 's speech was broadcast to a large radio and television audience , there was controversy about its copyright status . If the performance of the speech constituted `` general publication '' , it would have entered the public domain due to King 's failure to register the speech with the Register of Copyrights . However , if the performance only constituted `` limited publication '' , King retained common law copyright . This led to a lawsuit , Estate of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Inc. v. CBS , Inc. , which established that the King estate does hold copyright over the speech and had standing to sue ; the parties then settled . Unlicensed use of the speech or a part of it can still be lawful in some circumstances , especially in jurisdictions under doctrines such as fair use or fair dealing . Under the applicable copyright laws , the speech will remain under copyright in the United States until 70 years after King 's death , therefore until 2038 . Original copy of the speech As King waved goodbye to the audience , he handed George Raveling the original typewritten `` I Have a Dream '' speech . Raveling , an All - American Villanova Wildcats college basketball player , had volunteered as a security guard for the event and was on the podium with King at that moment . In 2013 , Raveling still had custody of the original copy , for which he had been offered $3,000,000 , but he has said he does not intend to sell it . References Jump up ^ `` Special Collections , March on Washington , Part 17 '' . Open Vault . at WGBH . August 28 , 1963 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 177 . Jump up ^ I Have a Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Future of Multicultural America , James Echols -- 2004 ^ Jump up to : Alexandra Alvarez , `` Martin Luther King 's ' I Have a Dream ' : The Speech Event as Metaphor '' , Journal of Black Studies 18 ( 3 ) ; doi : 10.1177 / 002193478801800306 . Jump up ^ See Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaus Mills , `` What Really Happened at the March on Washington ? '' , Dissent , Summer 1988 ; reprinted in Civil Rights Since 1787 : A Reader on the Black Struggle , ed . Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor , New York : New York University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` One Man '' . Time . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst ( December 15 , 1999 ) . `` I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century '' . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Have a Dream ( 28 August 1963 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther King Jr. , `` The Negro and the American Dream '' , speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte , NC , 25 September 1960 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Jim ( 2003 ) . The American Dream : A Short History of an Idea that Shaped a Nation . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0195158210 . ^ Jump up to : Stringer , Sam ; Brumfield , Ben . `` New recording : King 's first ' I have a dream ' speech found at high school '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Crook , Samantha ; Bryant , Christian . `` How Langston Hughes Led To A ' Dream ' MLK Discovery '' . WKBW.com . The E.W. Scripps Co . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha . `` Recording of MLK 's 1st ' I Have a Dream ' speech found '' . DetroitNews.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Martin Luther King III '' . CNN . August 22 , 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The original name of the speech was `` Cashing a Cancelled Check '' , but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher 's anointing brought forth a new entitlement , `` I Have A Dream '' . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Morehouse College Martin Luther King Jr . Collection , 2009 `` Notable Items '' Retrieved December 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hansen , D , D. ( 2003 ) . The Dream : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation . New York , NY : Harper Collins . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , Clarence Benjamin ( 1931 -- ) '' . Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle ( Stanford University ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Clarence B. ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) . `` On Martin Luther King Day , remembering the first draft of ' I Have a Dream ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Kevin ( May 1 , 2007 ) , Detroit 's Walk To Freedom , Michigan History Magazine Jump up ^ Garrett , Bob , Martin Luther King Jr. and the Detroit Freedom Walk , Michigan Department of Natural Resources -- Michigan Library and Historical -- Center Michigan Historical Center , retrieved February 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Ward , Brian ( 1998 ) , Recording the Dream , 48 ( 4 ) , History Today Jump up ^ `` Document for August 28th : Official Program for the March on Washington '' . Archives.gov . Jump up ^ Edwards , Willard . ( August 29 , 1963 ) . 200,000 Roar Plea for Negro Opportunity in Rights March on Washington . Chicago Tribune , p. 5 Jump up ^ Excel HSC Standard English , p. 108 , Lloyd Cameron , Barry Spurr -- 2009 Jump up ^ `` A `` Dream '' Remembered `` . NewsHour . August 28 , 2003 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Exploring Religion and Ethics : Religion and Ethics for Senior Secondary Students , p 192 , Trevor Jordan -- 2012 Jump up ^ See David A. Bobbitt , The Rhetoric of Redemption : Kenneth Burke 's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' Speech ( Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 ) Jump up ^ John , Derek ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Long lost civil rights speech helped inspire King 's dream '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow : Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Digital Library : Film ( 2 : 30 ) Jump up ^ `` Psalm 30 : 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah 40 : 4 -- 5 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Amos 5 : 24 '' . King James Version of the Bible . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream Speech '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Thomas B. ( 1989 ) . `` Media Rhetoric as Social Drama : The Winter Olympics of 1984 '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communication . 6 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 160 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038909366742 . Jump up ^ Darsey , James ( 1997 ) . The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America . New York : New York University Press . pp. 10 , 19 , 47 . Jump up ^ Trendl , Anthony . `` I Have a Dream Analysis '' . Jump up ^ Vail , Mark ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Integrative '' Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have A Dream '' Speech `` . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 9 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` The News of the Week in Review : March on Washington -- Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights , '' The New York Times ( September 1 , 1963 ) . The high point and climax of the day , it was generally agreed , was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , ( ... ) . Jump up ^ James Reston , `` ' I Have a Dream ... ' : Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the capital will remember '' , The New York Times ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mary McGrory , `` Polite , Happy , Helpful : The Real Hero Was the Crowd '' , The Boston Globe ( August 29 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Marquis Childs , `` Triumphal March Silences Scoffers '' , The Washington Post ( August 30 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Max Freedman , `` The Big March in Washington Described as ' Epic of Democracy ' '' , Los Angeles Times ( Sep. 9 , 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Tim Weiner , Enemies : A history of the FBI , New York : Random House , 2012 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Memo hosted by American Radio Works ( American Public Media ) , `` The FBI 's War on King '' . Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , 1993 , pp. 580 -- 584 Jump up ^ Clayborne Carson Archived 2010 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . `` King , Obama , and the Great American Dialogue '' , American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther King '' . The Nobel Foundation . 1964 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2002 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` We Shall Overcome , Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement : Lincoln Memorial '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tears Fall At The Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial '' . WUSA . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Trombone : Remembering King 's Dream '' . bbc.co.uk. 26 August 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Zeke J ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` In Commemorative MLK Speech , President Obama Recalls His Own 2008 Dream '' . Swampland.time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Jim ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` A monument to MLK will crown Stone Mountain '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Record '' . Science Friday . 2016 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Valerie . `` ' I Have a Dream ' speech still private property '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Xavier L. Suarez ( 27 October 2011 ) . Democracy in America : 2010 . AuthorHouse . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 6056 - 4 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Price Hossell ( 5 December 2005 ) . I Have a Dream . Heinemann - Raintree Library . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4034 - 6811 - 6 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom George Raveling owns MLK 's ' I have a dream ' speech . USA Today , February 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Brinkley , Douglas ( 2003 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Guardian of The Dream '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 28 . External links African - Americans portal Discrimination portal 1960s portal Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : I Have a Dream ( in the public domain in Canada ) Full text at the BBC Video of `` I Have a Dream '' speech , from LearnOutLoud.com `` I Have a Dream '' Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com Deposition concerning recording of the `` I Have a Dream '' speech Lyrics of the traditional spiritual `` Free At Last '' MLK : Before He Won the Nobel -- slideshow by Life magazine Chiastic outline of Martin Luther King Jr. 's `` I Have a Dream '' speech ( hide ) Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 21.48 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 0.40 '' W / 38.8893000 ° N 77.0501111 ° W / 38.8893000 ; - 77.0501111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Have_a_Dream&oldid=834221277 '' Categories : 1963 in the United States American political catchphrases History of African - American civil rights Speeches by Martin Luther King Jr . United States historical documents United States National Recording Registry recordings 1963 in Washington , D.C. August 1963 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with Bibliowiki links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 15 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did i have a dream speech take place | [
"\"I Have a Dream\" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement.[2]"
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"August 28, 1963"
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