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4008547243343026386 | Andrew Scarborough | Andrew Scarborough - wikipedia Andrew Scarborough Jump to : navigation , search Andrew Scarborough Harrogate , North Yorkshire , England Nationality British Occupation Actor Years active 1993 - present Notable work Downton Abbey , Hearts and Bones Television Spooks , Rome , Suburban Shootout , Downton Abbey Awards Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2014 ) Andrew Scarborough is an English actor , most widely known for his recent role on screen as Tim Drewe in the multi BAFTA and Emmy award - winning Downton Abbey and since 2017 as Graham Foster in the television drama series Emmerdale . He is also known for his other roles on screen in Hearts and Bones , The Bible , Jamaica Inn , Hidden and Bad Girls . He is also a theatre actor , performing in many of London 's major theatres , including the West End theatre , and many provincial theatres in the UK , including mainland Europe with the Actors Touring Company -- at the Renaissance - Theater Berlin in Mark Ravenhill 's Handbag . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Theatre 5 References 6 External links Personal life ( edit ) Scarborough was born in Harrogate , North Yorkshire and attended Harrogate Grammar School . Career ( edit ) Scarborough trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art and made his professional debut on stage at the Harrogate Theatre in three plays , beginning with The Government Inspector as Dobchinsky , then A Midsummer Night 's Dream as Oberon , and lastly as the Genie of the Lamp in the British ' panto ' version of Aladdin . He then went on to play Heathcliff in Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights and from there played Renaldo in the 1995 London Almeida theatre production of Hamlet starring Ralph Fiennes . Andrew made his television debut on the BBC 's popular medical drama Casualty . He then went on to play roles in many TV dramas , including The Bill ( ITV ) , Streets of Gold ( S4C ) , Heartbeat ( ITV ) , Touching Evil ( ITV ) and Silent Witness ( BBC1 ) . He also made a guest appearance in one of Britain 's most highly regarded and favourite soaps Coronation Street as `` love rat '' Harvey Reuben . His film debut was in a Hallmark production of Jason and the Argonauts . He then went on to starring roles as Kevin Spiers in ITV 's Bad Girls , Stewart Diamond in Channel 5 's Suburban Shootout , Mark in The Innocent , a film for ITV , Michael Owen in the BBC comedy drama Hearts and Bones which earned him rave reviews , Joshua in The Bible ( History Channel ) , Magistrate Bassat in Jamaica Inn ( BBC1 ) and Tim Drewe in Downton Abbey ( ITV ) which earned him more rave reviews . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 - 2000 Casualty BBC PC / Daniel / Gavin Turner ... Different roles in different episodes and series 1994 - 1999 The Bill ITV Wilf Harris : Stanton 's Story / Roy Packham / Barry Shackford / ... Different roles in different episodes and series 1996 - 1997 Y Palman Aur S4C Marcus A Welsh language title , which translates into English as `` Streets of Gold '' Trial and Retribution ITV Tom 1998 Silent Witness BBC Marco Rossi 1999 Dangerfield BBC PC Dewhurst 1999 Touching Evil ITV DC Martin Simmons Regular 2000 Heartbeat ITV Martin Weller 2000 Jason and the Argonauts HALLMARK Aeson 's soldier TV Movie The Innocent ITV Mark Latimer Starring cast member 2000 - 2001 Coronation Street ITV Harvey Reuben Regular Guest / 12 episodes 2000 - 2001 Hearts and Bones BBC Michael Owen A regular starring cast member Eyes Down BBC Philip Sit com 2005 Rome HBO Milo 2005 Bad Girls ITV Kevin Spiers Regular cast member 2006 - 2007 Suburban Shootout CHANNEL 5 Stewart Diamond A regular starring cast member 2007 Roman Mysteries BBC Josephus 2007 - 2016 Holby City BBC Tim Campbell / Danny Berg / Most recently Marcus Dunn 2008 - 2010 Doctors BBC Martin Venning / DS Vince Blackwell Different roles in different episodes 2008 The Royal Today ITV Dr Jonathan Ormerod A regular starring cast member 2009 Spooks BBC Stephen Hillier 2011 Hidden BBC Ben Lander Guest star 2011 EastEnders BBC Carter 2012 Silk BBC DS Adam Lambert 2013 Our Girl BBC Sergeant Peters TV Movie 2013 The Bible History channel Joshua A main starring cast member / TV movie 2013 - 2015 Downton Abbey ITV Tim Drewe A regular starring cast member 2014 Jamaica Inn BBC Magistrate Bassat A main starring cast member 2017 - Emmerdale ITV Graham Foster Regular cast member Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1993 Henry V Henry V Tabard Theatre 1993 The Government inspector Dobchinsky Harrogate Theatre 1993 Midsummer Night 's Dream Oberon Harrogate Theatre 1993 Aladdin Genie of the Lamp Harrogate Theatre Wuthering Heights Heathcliff Northampton Theatre and York Royal Theatre 1995 Hamlet Renaldo Hackney Empire Loot Dennis Theatre Clwyd and Tour 1998 Wuthering Heights Hindley Good Theatre Company UK Tour 1998 Handbag David / Moncreiff A new play for the ATC Theatre at Lyric Hammersmith studio and UK and European tour 2002 Wild Orchids The Prince Chichester Festival Theatre 2003 The Master Builder Ragnor Albery Theatre / West End Electricity Michael A new Play for the West Yorkshire Playhouse 2005 Relative Values Nigel Salisbury Playhouse 2015 Uppercut Barry A new play for the Southwark Playhouse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/arts/television/downton-abbey-season-6-episode-2-of-pearls-and-swine.html?ref=television&_r=0 Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-entertaining-bag-of-tricky-questions-1198454.html Jump up ^ http://www.theatreguidelondon.co.uk/reviews/masterbuilder2003.htm Jump up ^ Actors Touring Company - Production : Handbag Jump up ^ http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/mark-ravenhills-neues-stueck--handbag--war-als-vor-welturauffuehrung-zu-sehen-das-prinzip-baby-16589680 Jump up ^ https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-76672961.html Jump up ^ https://variety.com/1995/legit/reviews/hamlet-6-1200441159/ Jump up ^ https://variety.com/1995/legit/reviews/hamlet-6-1200441159 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0769084/ Jump up ^ http://www.itnsource.com/fr/shotlist//ITVProgs/2001/06/13/106945055/?s= * Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/See+Jessie+Wallace%3F+That+girl's+as+Scots+as+jellied+eels%3B+CORONATION...-a065261362 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0217579/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast Jump up ^ http://badgirls.shed-insider.net/kevin-spiers/ Jump up ^ http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=1&q=hearts+and+bones&media=all&yf=2000&yt=2001&mf=4&mt=8&tf=00%3A00&tt=00%3A00#search Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/arts/television/downton-abbey-season-6-episode-2-of-pearls-and-swine.html?ref=television&_r=0 External links ( edit ) Andrew Scarborough on IMDb Official website http://www.yaketyyak.co.uk/artists/andrew-scarborough http://www.cam.co.uk/cv/client_andrew-scarborough_id_100325.htm Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series 2010 : Boardwalk Empire , season 1 Antonacci Buscemi Coleman Graham de la Huerta Laciura Macdonald Mol Palladino Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Weiner Whigham 2011 : Boardwalk Empire , season 2 Buscemi Chianese Clohessy Coleman Cox J. Gallina L. Gallina Graham Huston Laciura Lind Macdonald D. McTigue R. McTigue Mol B. Noon C. Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 M.B. Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard 2017 : This Is Us , season 1 / season 2 Baker Breckenridge S.K. Brown Chavis Hartley Herman Jones Metz Moore Sullivan Ventimiglia Watson Zeile Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Scarborough&oldid=842956379 '' Categories : Living people Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male voice actors Male actors from Yorkshire Male actors from London English male Shakespearean actors People from Harrogate People from Yorkshire People from North Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles with hCards No local image but image on Wikidata Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 20 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor who plays graham in emmerdale | [
"Andrew Scarborough is an English actor, most widely known for his recent role on screen as Tim Drewe in the multi BAFTA and Emmy award-winning Downton Abbey and since 2017 as Graham Foster in the television drama series Emmerdale.[1] He is also known for his other roles on screen in Hearts and Bones, The Bible, Jamaica Inn, Hidden and Bad Girls. He is also a theatre actor, performing in many of London's major theatres,[2] including the West End theatre,[3] and many provincial theatres in the UK, including mainland Europe with the Actors Touring Company—at the Renaissance-Theater Berlin in Mark Ravenhill's Handbag.[4][5]"
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"Andrew Scarborough"
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-8681701553882752691 | Gamma ray | Gamma ray - wikipedia Gamma ray This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term 's use in physics . For other uses , see Gamma ray ( disambiguation ) . Illustration of an emission of a gamma ray ( γ ) from an atomic nucleus Gamma rays are emitted during nuclear fission in nuclear explosions . Gamma radiation detected in an isopropanol cloud chamber . Gamma rays ( also called gamma radiation ) , denoted by the lower - case Greek letter gamma ( γ or γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) ) , are penetrating electromagnetic radiation of a kind arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei . It consists of photons in the highest observed range of photon energy . Paul Villard , a French chemist and physicist , discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radiation emitted by radium . In 1903 , Ernest Rutherford named this radiation gamma rays . Rutherford had previously discovered two other types of radioactive decay , which he named alpha rays and beta rays . The decay of an atomic nucleus from a high energy state to a lower energy state , a process called gamma decay , produces gamma radiation . Gamma rays ionize atoms ( they are ionizing radiation ) , and are thus biologically hazardous . Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth are observed in the gamma decay of radionuclides and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles . There are rare terrestrial natural sources , such as lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma - ray flashes , that produce gamma rays not of a nuclear origin . Additionally , gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high - energy electrons are produced , that in turn cause secondary gamma rays via bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering , and synchrotron radiation . However , a large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth 's atmosphere and can only be detected by spacecraft . Gamma rays are produced by nuclear fusion in stars including the Sun ( such as the CNO cycle ) , but are absorbed or inelastically scattered by the stellar material , reducing their energy , before escaping and are not observable from Earth as gamma rays . Gamma rays typically have energies above 100 k eV , and therefore have frequencies above 10 exahertz ( or > 10 Hz ) and wavelengths less than 10 picometers ( 10 m ) , which is less than the diameter of an atom . However , this is not a strict definition , but rather only a rule - of - thumb description for natural processes . Electromagnetic radiation from radioactive decay of atomic nuclei is referred to as `` gamma rays '' no matter its energy , so that there is no lower limit to gamma energy derived from radioactive decay . This radiation commonly has energy of a few hundred keV , and almost always less than 10 MeV . In astronomy , gamma rays are defined by their energy , and no production process needs to be specified . The energies of gamma rays from astronomical sources range to over 10 TeV , an energy far too large to result from radioactive decay . A notable example is the extremely powerful bursts of high - energy radiation referred to as long duration gamma - ray bursts , of energies higher than can be produced by radioactive decay . These bursts of gamma rays are thought to be due to the collapse of stars called hypernovae . Many common depictions of the electromagnetic spectrum show gamma rays as higher in energy ( hence are higher in frequency and smaller in wavelength ) than X-rays . This historically allowed a clear distinction between X-rays and gamma rays . Today , the research literature often describes photons depending on their source . While astronomers usually hold to the historical convention ( often the source or production mechanism of the radiation is unknown ) , the physics literature often use the term historically associated with the method of production . For example , one group of scientists might describe a 1 MeV photon as a gamma ray , while another group use the term X-ray . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discovery 2 Sources 2.1 Radioactive decay ( gamma decay ) 2.2 Particle physics 2.3 Gamma rays from sources other than radioactive decay 2.3. 1 Laboratory sources 2.3. 2 Terrestrial thunderstorms 2.3. 3 Cosmic rays 2.3. 4 Pulsars and magnetars 2.3. 5 Quasars and active galaxies 2.3. 6 Gamma - ray bursts 3 Distinction from X-rays 4 Units of measurement and exposure 5 Properties 5.1 Shielding 5.2 Matter interaction 5.3 Light interaction 5.4 Gamma spectroscopy 6 Uses 7 Health effects 7.1 Body response 7.2 Risk assessment 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History of discovery ( edit ) The first gamma ray source to be discovered historically was the radioactive decay process called gamma decay . In this type of decay , an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately upon formation ( it is now understood that a nuclear isomeric transition , however , can produce inhibited gamma decay with a measurable and much longer half - life ) . Paul Villard , a French chemist and physicist , discovered gamma radiation in 1900 , while studying radiation emitted from radium . Villard knew that his described radiation was more powerful than previously described types of rays from radium , which included beta rays , first noted as `` radioactivity '' by Henri Becquerel in 1896 , and alpha rays , discovered as a less penetrating form of radiation by Rutherford , in 1899 . However , Villard did not consider naming them as a different fundamental type . Villard 's radiation was recognized as being of a type fundamentally different from previously named rays , by Ernest Rutherford , who in 1903 named Villard 's rays `` gamma rays '' by analogy with the beta and alpha rays that Rutherford had differentiated in 1899 . The `` rays '' emitted by radioactive elements were named in order of their power to penetrate various materials , using the first three letters of the Greek alphabet : alpha rays as the least penetrating , followed by beta rays , followed by gamma rays as the most penetrating . Rutherford also noted that gamma rays were not deflected ( or at least , not easily deflected ) by a magnetic field , another property making them unlike alpha and beta rays . Gamma rays were first thought to be particles with mass , like alpha and beta rays . Rutherford initially believed that they might be extremely fast beta particles , but their failure to be deflected by a magnetic field indicated that they had no charge . In 1914 , gamma rays were observed to be reflected from crystal surfaces , proving that they were electromagnetic radiation . Rutherford and his coworker Edward Andrade measured the wavelengths of gamma rays from radium , and found that they were similar to X-rays , but with shorter wavelengths and ( thus ) higher frequency . This was eventually recognized as giving them also more energy per photon , as soon as the latter term became generally accepted . A gamma decay was then understood to usually emit a single gamma photon . Sources ( edit ) Play media This animation tracks several gamma rays through space and time , from their emission in the jet of a distant blazar to their arrival in Fermi 's Large Area Telescope ( LAT ) . Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium - 40 , and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles . Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin , are lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma - ray flashes , which produce high energy emissions from natural high - energy voltages . Gamma rays are produced by a number of astronomical processes in which very high - energy electrons are produced . Such electrons produce secondary gamma rays by the mechanisms of bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation . A large fraction of such astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth 's atmosphere and must be detected by spacecraft . Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission , such as occurs in nuclear reactors , as well as high energy physics experiments , such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion . A sample of gamma ray - emitting material that is used for irradiating or imaging is known as a gamma source . It is also called a radioactive source , isotope source , or radiation source , though these more general terms also apply to alpha - and beta - emitting devices . Gamma sources are usually sealed to prevent radioactive contamination , and transported in heavy shielding . Radioactive decay ( gamma decay ) ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear isomer Gamma rays are produced during gamma decay , which normally occurs after other forms of decay occur , such as alpha or beta decay . An excited nucleus can decay by the emission of an α or β particle . The daughter nucleus that results is usually left in an excited state . It can then decay to a lower energy state by emitting a gamma ray photon , in a process called gamma decay . The emission of a gamma ray from an excited nucleus typically requires only 10 seconds . Gamma decay may also follow nuclear reactions such as neutron capture , nuclear fission , or nuclear fusion . Gamma decay is also a mode of relaxation of many excited states of atomic nuclei following other types of radioactive decay , such as beta decay , so long as these states possess the necessary component of nuclear spin . When high - energy gamma rays , electrons , or protons bombard materials , the excited atoms emit characteristic `` secondary '' gamma rays , which are products of the creation of excited nuclear states in the bombarded atoms . Such transitions , a form of nuclear gamma fluorescence , form a topic in nuclear physics called gamma spectroscopy . Formation of fluorescent gamma rays are a rapid subtype of radioactive gamma decay . In certain cases , the excited nuclear state that follows the emission of a beta particle or other type of excitation , may be more stable than average , and is termed a metastable excited state , if its decay takes ( at least ) 100 to 1000 times longer than the average 10 seconds . Such relatively long - lived excited nuclei are termed nuclear isomers , and their decays are termed isomeric transitions . Such nuclei have half - lifes that are more easily measurable , and rare nuclear isomers are able to stay in their excited state for minutes , hours , days , or occasionally far longer , before emitting a gamma ray . The process of isomeric transition is therefore similar to any gamma emission , but differs in that it involves the intermediate metastable excited state ( s ) of the nuclei . Metastable states are often characterized by high nuclear spin , requiring a change in spin of several units or more with gamma decay , instead of a single unit transition that occurs in only 10 seconds . The rate of gamma decay is also slowed when the energy of excitation of the nucleus is small . An emitted gamma ray from any type of excited state may transfer its energy directly to any electrons , but most probably to one of the K shell electrons of the atom , causing it to be ejected from that atom , in a process generally termed the photoelectric effect ( external gamma rays and ultraviolet rays may also cause this effect ) . The photoelectric effect should not be confused with the internal conversion process , in which a gamma ray photon is not produced as an intermediate particle ( rather , a `` virtual gamma ray '' may be thought to mediate the process ) . Decay scheme of 60 Co Gamma rays , X-rays , visible light , and radio waves are all forms of electromagnetic radiation . The only difference is the frequency and hence the energy of those photons . Gamma rays are generally the most energetic of these , although a broad overlap with X-ray energies occurs . In an example of gamma ray production , first , 60 Co decays to excited 60 Ni by beta decay emission of an electron of 0.31 MeV . Then the excited 60 Ni decays to the ground state ( see nuclear shell model ) by emitting gamma rays in succession of 1.17 MeV followed by 1.33 MeV . This path is followed 99.88 % of the time : 60 27 Co → 60 28 Ni * + e − + ν + γ + 1.17 MeV 60 28 Ni * → 60 28 Ni + γ + 1.33 MeV Another example is the alpha decay of 241 Am to form 237 Np ; which is followed by gamma emission . In some cases , the gamma emission spectrum of the daughter nucleus is quite simple , ( e.g. 60 Co / 60 Ni ) while in other cases , such as with ( 241 Am / 237 Np and 192 Ir / 192 Pt ) , the gamma emission spectrum is complex , revealing that a series of nuclear energy levels exist . Particle physics ( edit ) Gamma rays are produced in many processes of particle physics . Typically , gamma rays are the products of neutral systems which decay through electromagnetic interactions ( rather than a weak or strong interaction ) . For example , in an electron -- positron annihilation , the usual products are two gamma ray photons . If the annihilating electron and positron are at rest , each of the resulting gamma rays has an energy of ~ 511 keV and frequency of ~ 7020124000000000000 ♠ 1.24 × 10 Hz . Similarly , a neutral pion most often decays into two photons . Many other hadrons and massive bosons also decay electromagnetically . High energy physics experiments , such as the Large Hadron Collider , accordingly employ substantial radiation shielding . Because subatomic particles mostly have far shorter wavelengths than atomic nuclei , particle physics gamma rays are generally several orders of magnitude more energetic than nuclear decay gamma rays . Since gamma rays are at the top of the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of energy , all extremely high energy photons are gamma rays ; for example , a photon having the Planck energy would be a gamma ray . Gamma rays from sources other than radioactive decay ( edit ) Main article : Gamma - ray astronomy A few gamma rays in astronomy are known to arise from gamma decay ( see discussion of SN1987A ) , but most do not . Photons from astrophysical sources that carry energy in the gamma radiation range are often explicitly called gamma - radiation . In addition to nuclear emissions , they are often produced by sub-atomic particle and particle - photon interactions . Those include electron - positron annihilation , neutral pion decay , bremsstrahlung , inverse Compton scattering , and synchrotron radiation . Play media The red dots show some of the ~ 500 terrestrial gamma - ray flashes daily detected by the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope through 2010 . Credit : NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center . Laboratory sources ( edit ) In October 2017 , scientists from various European universities proposed a means for sources of GEv photons using lasers as exciters through a controlled interplay between the cascade and anomalous radiative trapping . Terrestrial thunderstorms ( edit ) Thunderstorms can produce a brief pulse of gamma radiation called a terrestrial gamma - ray flash . These gamma rays are thought to be produced by high intensity static electric fields accelerating electrons , which then produce gamma rays by bremsstrahlung as they collide with and are slowed by atoms in the atmosphere . Gamma rays up to 100 MeV can be emitted by terrestrial thunderstorms , and were discovered by space - borne observatories . This raises the possibility of health risks to passengers and crew on aircraft flying in or near thunderclouds . Cosmic rays ( edit ) Extraterrestrial , high energy gamma rays include the gamma ray background produced when cosmic rays ( either high speed electrons or protons ) collide with ordinary matter , producing pair - production gamma rays at 511 keV . Alternatively , bremsstrahlung are produced at energies of tens of MeV or more when cosmic ray electrons interact with nuclei of sufficiently high atomic number ( see gamma ray image of the Moon at the beginning of this article , for illustration ) . Image of entire sky in 100 MeV or greater gamma rays as seen by the EGRET instrument aboard the CGRO spacecraft . Bright spots within the galactic plane are pulsars while those above and below the plane are thought to be quasars . Pulsars and magnetars ( edit ) The gamma ray sky ( see illustration at right ) is dominated by the more common and longer - term production of gamma rays that emanate from pulsars within the Milky Way . Sources from the rest of the sky are mostly quasars . Pulsars are thought to be neutron stars with magnetic fields that produce focused beams of radiation , and are far less energetic , more common , and much nearer sources ( typically seen only in our own galaxy ) than are quasars or the rarer gamma - ray burst sources of gamma rays . Pulsars have relatively long - lived magnetic fields that produce focused beams of relativistic speed charged particles , which emit gamma rays ( bremsstrahlung ) when those strike gas or dust in their nearby medium , and are decelerated . This is a similar mechanism to the production of high energy photons in megavoltage radiation therapy machines ( see bremsstrahlung ) . The `` inverse Compton effect '' , in which charged particles ( usually electrons ) impart energy to low - energy photons boosting them to higher energy photons . Such impacts of photons on relativistic charged particle beams is another possible mechanism of gamma ray production . Neutron stars with a very high magnetic field ( magnetars ) , thought to produce astronomical soft gamma repeaters , are another relatively long - lived star - powered source of gamma radiation . Quasars and active galaxies ( edit ) More powerful gamma rays from very distant quasars and closer active galaxies are thought to have a gamma ray production source similar to a particle accelerator . High energy electrons produced by the quasar , and subjected to inverse Compton scattering , synchrotron radiation , or bremsstrahlung , are the likely source of the gamma rays from those objects . It is thought that as a supermassive black hole at the center of such galaxies provide the power source that intermittently destroys stars and focuses the resulting charged particles into beams that emerge from their rotational poles . When those beams interact with gas , dust , and lower energy photons they produce X-rays and gamma rays . These sources are known to fluctuate with durations of a few weeks , suggesting their relatively small size ( less than a few light - weeks across ) . Such sources of gamma and X-rays are the most commonly visible high intensity sources outside our galaxy . They shine not in bursts ( see illustration ) , but relatively continuously when viewed with gamma ray telescopes . The power of a typical quasar is about 10 watts , a small fraction of which is gamma radiation . Much of the rest is emitted as electromagnetic waves of all frequencies , including radio waves . A hypernova . Artist 's illustration showing the life of a massive star as nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones . When fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity , the star rapidly collapses to form a black hole . Theoretically , energy may be released during the collapse along the axis of rotation to form a long duration gamma - ray burst . Gamma - ray bursts ( edit ) The most intense sources of gamma rays , are also the most intense sources of any type of electromagnetic radiation presently known . They are the `` long duration burst '' sources of gamma rays in astronomy ( `` long '' in this context , meaning a few tens of seconds ) , and they are rare compared with the sources discussed above . By contrast , `` short '' gamma - ray bursts of two seconds or less , which are not associated with supernovae , are thought to produce gamma rays during the collision of pairs of neutron stars , or a neutron star and a black hole . The so - called long - duration gamma - ray bursts produce a total energy output of about 10 joules ( as much energy as our Sun will produce in its entire life - time ) but in a period of only 20 to 40 seconds . Gamma rays are approximately 50 % of the total energy output . The leading hypotheses for the mechanism of production of these highest - known intensity beams of radiation , are inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron radiation from high - energy charged particles . These processes occur as relativistic charged particles leave the region of the event horizon of a newly formed black hole created during supernova explosion . The beam of particles moving at relativistic speeds are focused for a few tens of seconds by the magnetic field of the exploding hypernova . The fusion explosion of the hypernova drives the energetics of the process . If the narrowly directed beam happens to be pointed toward the Earth , it shines at gamma ray frequencies with such intensity , that it can be detected even at distances of up to 10 billion light years , which is close to the edge of the visible universe . Distinction from X-rays ( edit ) Nuclear physics Nucleus Nucleons ( p , n ) Nuclear matter Nuclear force Nuclear structure Nuclear reaction Models of the nucleus ( show ) Liquid drop Nuclear shell model Interacting boson model Ab initio Nuclides ' classification ( show ) Isotopes -- equal Z Isobars -- equal A Isotones -- equal N Isodiaphers -- equal N − Z Isomers -- equal all the above Mirror nuclei -- Z ↔ N Stable Magic Even / odd Halo Nuclear stability ( show ) Binding energy p -- n ratio Drip line Island of stability Valley of stability Radioactive decay ( show ) Alpha α Beta β ( 2β , β ) K / L capture Isomeric ( Gamma γ Internal conversion ) Spontaneous fission Cluster decay Neutron emission Proton emission Decay energy Decay chain Decay product Radiogenic nuclide Nuclear fission ( show ) Spontaneous Products ( pair breaking ) Photofission Capturing processes ( show ) electron neutron ( s r ) proton ( p rp ) High energy processes ( show ) Spallation ( by cosmic ray ) Photodisintegration Nucleosynthesis and nuclear astrophysics ( show ) Nuclear fusion Processes : Stellar Big Bang Supernova Nuclides : Primordial Cosmogenic Artificial High energy nuclear physics ( show ) Quark -- gluon plasma RHIC LHC Scientists ( show ) Alvarez Becquerel Bethe A. Bohr N. Bohr Chadwick Cockcroft Ir. Curie Fr. Curie Pi. Curie Skłodowska - Curie Davisson Fermi Hahn Jensen Lawrence Mayer Meitner Oliphant Oppenheimer Proca Purcell Rabi Rutherford Soddy Strassmann Szilárd Teller Thomson Walton Wigner The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades . Originally , the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes almost invariably had a longer wavelength than the radiation ( gamma rays ) emitted by radioactive nuclei . Older literature distinguished between X - and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength , with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength , such as 10 m , defined as gamma rays . Since the energy of photons is proportional to their frequency and inversely proportional to wavelength , this past distinction between X-rays and gamma rays can also be thought of in terms of its energy , with gamma rays considered to be higher energy electromagnetic radiation than are X-rays . However , current artificial sources now able to duplicate any electromagnetic radiation that originates in the nucleus , as well as far higher energies , the wavelengths characteristic of radioactive gamma ray sources vs. other types now completely overlap . Thus , gamma rays are now usually distinguished by their origin : X-rays are emitted by definition by electrons outside the nucleus , while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus . Exceptions to this convention occur in astronomy , where gamma decay is seen in the afterglow of certain supernovas , but radiation from high energy processes known to involve other radiation sources than radioactive decay is still classed as gamma radiation . The Moon as seen by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV . These are produced by cosmic ray bombardment of its surface . The Sun , which has no similar surface of high atomic number to act as target for cosmic rays , can not usually be seen at all at these energies , which are too high to emerge from primary nuclear reactions , such as solar nuclear fusion ( though occasionally the Sun produces gamma rays by cyclotron - type mechanisms , during solar flares ) . Gamma rays have higher energy than X-rays . For example , modern high - energy X-rays produced by linear accelerators for megavoltage treatment in cancer often have higher energy ( 4 to 25 MeV ) than do most classical gamma rays produced by nuclear gamma decay . One of the most common gamma ray emitting isotopes used in diagnostic nuclear medicine , technetium - 99m , produces gamma radiation of the same energy ( 140 keV ) as that produced by diagnostic X-ray machines , but of significantly lower energy than therapeutic photons from linear particle accelerators . In the medical community today , the convention that radiation produced by nuclear decay is the only type referred to as `` gamma '' radiation is still respected . Due to this broad overlap in energy ranges , in physics the two types of electromagnetic radiation are now often defined by their origin : X-rays are emitted by electrons ( either in orbitals outside of the nucleus , or while being accelerated to produce bremsstrahlung - type radiation ) , while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus or by means of other particle decays or annihilation events . There is no lower limit to the energy of photons produced by nuclear reactions , and thus ultraviolet or lower energy photons produced by these processes would also be defined as `` gamma rays '' . The only naming - convention that is still universally respected is the rule that electromagnetic radiation that is known to be of atomic nuclear origin is always referred to as `` gamma rays , '' and never as X-rays . However , in physics and astronomy , the converse convention ( that all gamma rays are considered to be of nuclear origin ) is frequently violated . In astronomy , higher energy gamma and X-rays are defined by energy , since the processes that produce them may be uncertain and photon energy , not origin , determines the required astronomical detectors needed . High energy photons occur in nature that are known to be produced by processes other than nuclear decay but are still referred to as gamma radiation . An example is `` gamma rays '' from lightning discharges at 10 to 20 MeV , and known to be produced by the bremsstrahlung mechanism . Another example is gamma - ray bursts , now known to be produced from processes too powerful to involve simple collections of atoms undergoing radioactive decay . This has led to the realization that many gamma rays produced in astronomical processes result not from radioactive decay or particle annihilation , but rather in much the same manner as the production of X-rays . Although gamma rays in astronomy are discussed below as non-radioactive events , in fact a few gamma rays are known in astronomy to originate explicitly from gamma decay of nuclei ( as demonstrated by their spectra and emission half life ) . A classic example is that of supernova SN 1987A , which emits an `` afterglow '' of gamma - ray photons from the decay of newly made radioactive nickel - 56 and cobalt - 56 . Most gamma rays in astronomy , however , arise by other mechanisms . Astronomical literature tends to write `` gamma - ray '' with a hyphen , by analogy to X-rays , rather than in a way analogous to alpha rays and beta rays . This notation tends to subtly stress the non-nuclear source of most astronomical `` gamma - rays '' . Units of measurement and exposure ( edit ) The measure of the ionizing effect of gamma rays is called the exposure : The coulomb per kilogram ( C / kg ) is the SI unit of ionizing radiation exposure , and is the amount of radiation required to create 1 coulomb of charge of each polarity in 1 kilogram of matter . The röntgen ( R ) is an obsolete traditional unit of exposure , which represented the amount of radiation required to create 1 esu of charge of each polarity in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air . 1 röntgen = 2.58 × 10 C / kg However , the effect of gamma and other ionizing radiation on living tissue is more closely related to the amount of energy deposited rather than the charge . This is called the absorbed dose : The gray ( Gy ) , which has units of joules per kilogram ( J / kg ) , is the SI unit of absorbed dose , and is the amount of radiation required to deposit 1 joule of energy in 1 kilogram of any kind of matter . The rad is the deprecated CGS unit , numerically equal to 0.01 J deposited per kilogram of matter ; thus , 100 rad = 1 Gy . The equivalent dose is the measure of the biological effect of radiation on human tissue . For gamma rays , it is equal to the absorbed dose . The sievert ( Sv ) is the SI unit of equivalent dose , which for gamma rays is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in grays ( Gy ) . The rem is the deprecated CGS unit of equivalent dose . For gamma rays , an equivalent dose in rems is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rads , or 0.01 J of energy absorbed per kilogram of matter ; thus , 1 Sv = 100 rem . Properties ( edit ) Shielding ( edit ) See also : Radiation protection § Electromagnetic radiation Shielding from gamma rays requires large amounts of mass , in contrast to alpha particles , which can be blocked by paper or skin , and beta particles , which can be shielded by foil . Gamma rays are better absorbed by materials with high atomic numbers and high density , although neither effect is important compared to the total mass per area in the path of the gamma ray . For this reason , a lead shield is only modestly better ( 20 -- 30 % better ) as a gamma shield than an equal mass of another shielding material , such as aluminium , concrete , water , or soil ; lead 's major advantage is not in lower weight , but rather its compactness due to its higher density . Protective clothing , goggles and respirators can protect from internal contact with or ingestion of alpha or beta emitting particles , but provide no protection from gamma radiation from external sources . The higher the energy of the gamma rays , the thicker the shielding made from the same shielding material is required . Materials for shielding gamma rays are typically measured by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of the gamma rays by one half ( the half value layer or HVL ) . For example , gamma rays that require 1 cm ( 0.4 '' ) of lead to reduce their intensity by 50 % will also have their intensity reduced in half by 4.1 cm of granite rock , 6 cm ( 21⁄2 '' ) of concrete , or 9 cm ( 31⁄2 '' ) of packed soil . However , the mass of this much concrete or soil is only 20 -- 30 % greater than that of lead with the same absorption capability . Depleted uranium is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources , but here the savings in weight over lead are larger , as portable sources ' shape resembles a sphere to some extent , and the volume of a sphere is dependent on the cube of the radius ; so a source with its radius cut in half will have its volume reduced by a factor of eight , which will more than compensate uranium 's greater density ( as well as reducing bulk ) . In a nuclear power plant , shielding can be provided by steel and concrete in the pressure and particle containment vessel , while water provides a radiation shielding of fuel rods during storage or transport into the reactor core . The loss of water or removal of a `` hot '' fuel assembly into the air would result in much higher radiation levels than when kept under water . Matter interaction ( edit ) The total absorption coefficient of aluminium ( atomic number 13 ) for gamma rays , plotted versus gamma energy , and the contributions by the three effects . As is usual , the photoelectric effect is largest at low energies , Compton scattering dominates at intermediate energies , and pair production dominates at high energies . The total absorption coefficient of lead ( atomic number 82 ) for gamma rays , plotted versus gamma energy , and the contributions by the three effects . Here , the photoelectric effect dominates at low energy . Above 5 MeV , pair production starts to dominate . When a gamma ray passes through matter , the probability for absorption is proportional to the thickness of the layer , the density of the material , and the absorption cross section of the material . The total absorption shows an exponential decrease of intensity with distance from the incident surface : I ( x ) = I 0 ⋅ e − μ x ( \ displaystyle I ( x ) = I_ ( 0 ) \ cdot e ^ ( - \ mu x ) ) where x is the thickness of the material from the incident surface , μ = nσ is the absorption coefficient , measured in cm , n the number of atoms per cm of the material ( atomic density ) and σ the absorption cross section in cm . As it passes through matter , gamma radiation ionizes via three processes : the photoelectric effect , Compton scattering , and pair production . Photoelectric effect : This describes the case in which a gamma photon interacts with and transfers its energy to an atomic electron , causing the ejection of that electron from the atom . The kinetic energy of the resulting photoelectron is equal to the energy of the incident gamma photon minus the energy that originally bound the electron to the atom ( binding energy ) . The photoelectric effect is the dominant energy transfer mechanism for X-ray and gamma ray photons with energies below 50 keV ( thousand electron volts ) , but it is much less important at higher energies . Compton scattering : This is an interaction in which an incident gamma photon loses enough energy to an atomic electron to cause its ejection , with the remainder of the original photon 's energy emitted as a new , lower energy gamma photon whose emission direction is different from that of the incident gamma photon , hence the term `` scattering '' . The probability of Compton scattering decreases with increasing photon energy . Compton scattering is thought to be the principal absorption mechanism for gamma rays in the intermediate energy range 100 keV to 10 MeV . Compton scattering is relatively independent of the atomic number of the absorbing material , which is why very dense materials like lead are only modestly better shields , on a per weight basis , than are less dense materials . Pair production : This becomes possible with gamma energies exceeding 1.02 MeV , and becomes important as an absorption mechanism at energies over 5 MeV ( see illustration at right , for lead ) . By interaction with the electric field of a nucleus , the energy of the incident photon is converted into the mass of an electron - positron pair . Any gamma energy in excess of the equivalent rest mass of the two particles ( totaling at least 1.02 MeV ) appears as the kinetic energy of the pair and in the recoil of the emitting nucleus . At the end of the positron 's range , it combines with a free electron , and the two annihilate , and the entire mass of these two is then converted into two gamma photons of at least 0.51 MeV energy each ( or higher according to the kinetic energy of the annihilated particles ) . The secondary electrons ( and / or positrons ) produced in any of these three processes frequently have enough energy to produce much ionization themselves . Additionally , gamma rays , particularly high energy ones , can interact with atomic nuclei resulting in ejection of particles in photodisintegration , or in some cases , even nuclear fission ( photofission ) . Light interaction ( edit ) High - energy ( from 80 GeV to ~ 10 TeV ) gamma rays arriving from far - distant quasars are used to estimate the extragalactic background light in the universe : The highest - energy rays interact more readily with the background light photons and thus the density of the background light may be estimated by analyzing the incoming gamma ray spectra . Gamma spectroscopy ( edit ) Main article : Gamma spectroscopy Because a beta decay is accompanied by the emission of a neutrino that also carries a varying amount of energy away , the beta emission spectrum does not have sharp lines , but instead is broad . Hence , it is not possible to describe the different energy levels found in the nucleus using beta decay energies alone . Gamma spectroscopy is the study of the energetic transitions in atomic nuclei , which are generally associated with the absorption or emission of gamma rays . As in optical spectroscopy ( see Franck -- Condon effect ) the absorption of gamma rays by a nucleus is especially likely ( i.e. , peaks in a `` resonance '' ) when the energy of the gamma ray is the same as that of an energy transition in the nucleus . In the case of gamma rays , such a resonance is seen in the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy . In the Mössbauer effect the narrow resonance absorption for nuclear gamma absorption can be successfully attained by physically immobilizing atomic nuclei in a crystal . The immobilization of nuclei at both ends of a gamma resonance interaction is required so that no gamma energy is lost to the kinetic energy of recoiling nuclei at either the emitting or absorbing end of a gamma transition . Such loss of energy causes gamma ray resonance absorption to fail . However , when emitted gamma rays carry essentially all of the energy of the atomic nuclear de-excitation that produces them , this energy is also sufficient to excite the same energy state in a second immobilized nucleus of the same type . Uses ( edit ) Gamma - ray image of a truck with two stowaways taken with a VACIS ( vehicle and container imaging system ) Gamma rays provide information about some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe ; however , they are largely absorbed by the Earth 's atmosphere . Instruments aboard high - altitude balloons and satellites missions , such as the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope , provide our only view of the universe in gamma rays . Gamma - induced molecular changes can also be used to alter the properties of semi-precious stones , and is often used to change white topaz into blue topaz . Non-contact industrial sensors commonly use sources of gamma radiation in refining , mining , chemicals , food , soaps and detergents , and pulp and paper industries , for the measurement of levels , density , and thicknesses . Typically , these use Co-60 or Cs - 137 isotopes as the radiation source . In the US , gamma ray detectors are beginning to be used as part of the Container Security Initiative ( CSI ) . These machines are advertised to be able to scan 30 containers per hour . Gamma radiation is often used to kill living organisms , in a process called irradiation . Applications of this include the sterilization of medical equipment ( as an alternative to autoclaves or chemical means ) , the removal of decay - causing bacteria from many foods and the prevention of the sprouting of fruit and vegetables to maintain freshness and flavor . Despite their cancer - causing properties , gamma rays are also used to treat some types of cancer , since the rays also kill cancer cells . In the procedure called gamma - knife surgery , multiple concentrated beams of gamma rays are directed to the growth in order to kill the cancerous cells . The beams are aimed from different angles to concentrate the radiation on the growth while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues . Gamma rays are also used for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine in imaging techniques . A number of different gamma - emitting radioisotopes are used . For example , in a PET scan a radiolabeled sugar called fludeoxyglucose emits positrons that are annihilated by electrons , producing pairs of gamma rays that highlight cancer as the cancer often has a higher metabolic rate than the surrounding tissues . The most common gamma emitter used in medical applications is the nuclear isomer technetium - 99m which emits gamma rays in the same energy range as diagnostic X-rays . When this radionuclide tracer is administered to a patient , a gamma camera can be used to form an image of the radioisotope 's distribution by detecting the gamma radiation emitted ( see also SPECT ) . Depending on which molecule has been labeled with the tracer , such techniques can be employed to diagnose a wide range of conditions ( for example , the spread of cancer to the bones via bone scan ) . Health effects ( edit ) See also : Sievert Gamma rays cause damage at a cellular level and are penetrating , causing diffuse damage throughout the body . However , they are less ionising than alpha or beta particles , which are less penetrating . Low levels of gamma rays cause a stochastic health risk , which for radiation dose assessment is defined as the probability of cancer induction and genetic damage . High doses produce deterministic effects , which is the severity of acute tissue damage that is certain to happen . These effects are compared to the physical quantity absorbed dose measured by the unit gray ( Gy ) . Body response ( edit ) When gamma radiation breaks DNA molecules , a cell may be able to repair the damaged genetic material , within limits . However , a study of Rothkamm and Lobrich has shown that this repair process works well after high - dose exposure but is much slower than in the case of a low - dose exposure . Risk assessment ( edit ) The natural outdoor exposure in Great Britain ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 μSv / h with significant increase around known nuclear and contaminated sites . Natural exposure to gamma rays is about 1 to 2 mSv per year , and the average total amount of radiation received in one year per inhabitant in the USA is 3.6 mSv . There is a small increase in the dose , due to naturally occurring gamma radiation , around small particles of high atomic number materials in the human body caused by the photoelectric effect . By comparison , the radiation dose from chest radiography ( about 0.06 mSv ) is a fraction of the annual naturally occurring background radiation dose . A chest CT delivers 5 to 8 mSv . A whole - body PET / CT scan can deliver 14 to 32 mSv depending on the protocol . The dose from fluoroscopy of the stomach is much higher , approximately 50 mSv ( 14 times the annual background ) . An acute full - body equivalent single exposure dose of 1 Sv ( 1000 mSv ) causes slight blood changes , but 2.0 -- 3.5 Sv ( 2.0 -- 3.5 Gy ) causes very severe syndrome of nausea , hair loss , and hemorrhaging , and will cause death in a sizable number of cases -- - about 10 % to 35 % without medical treatment . A dose of 5 Sv ( 5 Gy ) is considered approximately the LD ( lethal dose for 50 % of exposed population ) for an acute exposure to radiation even with standard medical treatment . A dose higher than 5 Sv ( 5 Gy ) brings an increasing chance of death above 50 % . Above 7.5 -- 10 Sv ( 7.5 -- 10 Gy ) to the entire body , even extraordinary treatment , such as bone - marrow transplants , will not prevent the death of the individual exposed ( see Radiation poisoning ) . ( Doses much larger than this may , however , be delivered to selected parts of the body in the course of radiation therapy . ) For low - dose exposure , for example among nuclear workers , who receive an average yearly radiation dose of 19 mSv , the risk of dying from cancer ( excluding leukemia ) increases by 2 percent . For a dose of 100 mSv , the risk increase is 10 percent . By comparison , risk of dying from cancer was increased by 32 percent for the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . See also ( edit ) Annihilation Gaseous ionization detectors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aharonian , F. ; Akhperjanian , A. ; Barrio , J. ; Bernlohr , K. ; Borst , H. ; Bojahr , H. ; Bolz , O. ; Contreras , J. ; Cortina , J. ; Denninghoff , S. ; Fonseca , V. ; Gonzalez , J. ; Gotting , N. ; Heinzelmann , G. ; Hermann , G. ; Heusler , A. ; Hofmann , W. ; Horns , D. ; Iserlohe , C. ; Ibarra , A. ; Jung , I. ; Kankanyan , R. ; Kestel , M. ; Kettler , J. ; Kohnle , A. ; Konopelko , A. ; Kornmeyer , H. ; Kranich , D. ; Krawczynski , H. ; Lampeitl , H. ( 2001 ) . `` The TeV Energy Spectrum of Markarian 501 Measured with the Stereoscopic Telescope System of HEGRA during 1998 and 1999 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 546 ( 2 ) : 898 -- 902 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 546 ... 898A . doi : 10.1086 / 318321 . Jump up ^ P. Villard ( 1900 ) `` Sur la réflexion et la réfraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons déviables du radium , '' Comptes rendus , vol. 130 , pages 1010 -- 1012 . See also : P. Villard ( 1900 ) `` Sur le rayonnement du radium , '' Comptes rendus , vol. 130 , pages 1178 -- 1179 . Jump up ^ L'Annunziata , Michael F. ( 2007 ) . Radioactivity : introduction and history . Amsterdam , Netherlands : Elsevier BV . pp. 55 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52715 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rutherford named γ rays on page 177 of : E. Rutherford ( 1903 ) `` The magnetic and electric deviation of the easily absorbed rays from radium , '' Philosophical Magazine , Series 6 , vol. 5 , no . 26 , pages 177 -- 187 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rays and Particles '' . Galileo.phys.virginia.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gamma decay review Accessed Sept. 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` LHC gamma radiation from proton - proton collisions '' . Physics Stack Exchange . 2017 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ultrabright GeV Photon Source via Controlled Electromagnetic Cascades in Laser - Dipole Waves , A. Gonoskov et al , Physical Review X , Phys. Rev. X 7 , 041003 , 2017 - 10 - 07 Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph ; David M. Smith ( August 2012 ) . `` Deadly Rays From Clouds '' . Scientific American . Vol. 307 no . 2 . pp. 55 -- 59 . Bibcode : 2012SciAm. 307b ... 54D . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0812 - 54 . Jump up ^ 2005 NASA announcement of first close study of a short gamma - ray burst . ^ Jump up to : Dendy , P.P. ; B. Heaton ( 1999 ) . Physics for Diagnostic Radiology . USA : CRC Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0591 - 6 . Jump up ^ Charles Hodgman , Ed . ( 1961 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 44th Ed . USA : Chemical Rubber Co. p. 2850 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard ; Robert Leighton ; Matthew Sands ( 1963 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics , Vol. 1 . USA : Addison - Wesley . pp. 2 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 02116 - 1 . Jump up ^ L'Annunziata , Michael ; Mohammad Baradei ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis . Academic Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 436603 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grupen , Claus ; G. Cowan ; S.D. Eidelman ; T. Stroh ( 2005 ) . Astroparticle Physics . Springer . p. 109 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 25312 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` CGRO SSC > > EGRET Detection of Gamma Rays from the Moon '' . Heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 2005 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bremsstrahlung radiation '' is `` braking radiation '' , but `` acceleration '' is being used here in the specific sense of the deflection of an electron from its course : Serway , Raymond A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . College Physics . Belmont , CA : Brooks Cole . p. 876 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 023798 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shaw , R.W. ; Young , J.P. ; Cooper , S.P. ; Webb , O.F. ( 1999 ) . `` Spontaneous Ultraviolet Emission from Uranium / Thorium Samples '' . Physical Review Letters. 82 ( 6 ) : 1109 -- 1111 . Bibcode : 1999PhRvL ... 82.1109 S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 82.1109 . Jump up ^ `` Gamma - Ray Telescopes & Detectors '' . NASA GSFC . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bock , R.K. ; et al. ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Very - High - Energy Gamma Rays from a Distant Quasar : How Transparent Is the Universe ? '' . Science . 320 ( 5884 ) : 1752 -- 1754 . arXiv : 0807.2822 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 320.1752 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1157087 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 18583607 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Alberto ; et al. ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` All the Light There Ever Was '' . Scientific American . Vol. 312 no . 6 . pp. 38 -- 43 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . Jump up ^ The ICRP says `` In the low dose range , below about 100 mSv , it is scientifically plausible to assume that the incidence of cancer or heritable effects will rise in direct proportion to an increase in the equivalent dose in the relevant organs and tissues '' ICRP publication 103 paragraph 64 Jump up ^ ICRP report 103 para 104 and 105 Jump up ^ Rothkamm , K ; Löbrich , M ( 2003 ) . `` Evidence for a lack of DNA double - strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 ( 9 ) : 5057 -- 62 . Bibcode : 2003PNAS ... 100.5057 R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0830918100 . PMC 154297 . PMID 12679524 . Jump up ^ ENVIRONMENT AGENCY UK Radioactivity in Food and the Environment , 2012 Jump up ^ United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Annex E : Medical radiation exposures -- Sources and Effects of Ionizing -- 1993 , p. 249 , New York , UN Jump up ^ Pattison , J.E. ; Hugtenburg , R.P. ; Green , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Enhancement of natural background gamma - radiation dose around uranium microparticles in the human body '' . Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 7 ( 45 ) : 603 -- 611 . doi : 10.1098 / rsif. 2009.0300 . Jump up ^ US National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements -- NCRP Report No. 93 -- pp 53 -- 55 , 1987 . Bethesda , Maryland , USA , NCRP Jump up ^ `` PET / CT total radiation dose calculations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal dose '' , NRC Glossary ( October 18 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Cardis , E ( 9 July 2005 ) . `` Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation : retrospective cohort study in 15 countries '' . BMJ. 331 ( 7508 ) : 77 -- 0 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 38499.599861. E0 . PMC 558612 . PMID 15987704 . External links ( edit ) Basic reference on several types of radiation Radiation Q & A GCSE information Radiation information Gamma - ray bursts The Lund / LBNL Nuclear Data Search -- Contains information on gamma - ray energies from isotopes . Mapping soils with airborne detectors The LIVEChart of Nuclides -- IAEA with filter on gamma - ray energy Health Physics Society Public Education Website Electromagnetic spectrum ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave Nuclear processes Radioactive decay Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma radiation Cluster decay Double beta decay Double electron capture Internal conversion Isomeric transition Neutron emission Positron emission Proton emission Spontaneous fission Stellar nucleosynthesis Deuterium fusion Lithium burning pp - chain CNO cycle α process Triple - α C burning Ne burning O burning Si burning R - process S - process P - process Rp - process Other processes Photodisintegration Photofission Capture Electron capture Neutron capture Exchange ( n-p ) reaction Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Alpha particle Background radiation Beta particle Cosmic ray Gamma ray Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Radioactive decay Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's radiation balance Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Gravitational Radiation Radiation and health Acute radiation syndrome Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation poisoning Radiation Protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . GND : 4019205 - 2 NDL : 00562232 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamma_ray&oldid=816019867 '' Categories : Electromagnetic spectrum Gamma rays IARC Group 1 carcinogens Nuclear physics Radiation Radioactivity Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 49 . 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-9204641459594324492 | Old North Church | Old North Church - wikipedia Old North Church This article is about the Christ Church in the City of Boston . For other places , see Old North . Old North Church U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Image of the North End , Boston neighborhood . The Old North Church is at center , a Big Dig vent building is near the bottom , and the green Tobin Bridge over the Mystic River is at the top . Location Boston Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W / 42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 58.78 '' N 71 ° 3 ′ 16.04 '' W / 42.3663278 ° N 71.0544556 ° W / 42.3663278 ; - 71.0544556 Built 1723 Architect Price , William Architectural style Georgian NRHP reference # 66000776 Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 20 , 1961 Interior of the Old North Church Old North Church ( officially , Christ Church in the City of Boston ) , at 193 Salem Street , in the North End , Boston , is the location from which the famous `` One if by land , two if by sea '' signal is said to have been sent . This phrase is related to Paul Revere 's midnight ride , of April 18 , 1775 , which preceded the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution . The church is a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts . It is the oldest standing church building in Boston and is a National Historic Landmark . Inside the church is a bust of George Washington , which Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , reportedly remarked was the best likeness of the first president he had ever seen . Contents 1 History 2 U.S. bicentennial celebration 3 The bells 4 Steeple damage 5 The other `` Old North '' 6 Crypt 7 Today 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The Old North Church was built in December 1723 , inspired by the works of Christopher Wren , the British architect who was responsible for rebuilding London after the Great Fire . Timothy Cutler was the founding rector after serving as third rector of Yale College from 1719 to 1722 . In April 1775 , Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple . These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling -- the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple -- as well as Thomas Bernard , who stood watch for British troops outside the church . The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army . Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves , but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back - up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British ; these back - up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way . The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston , but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown . The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns , and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them . The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren . `` One if by land , and two if by sea '' is from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the Great Bridge , and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near Phips farm ( the British Army would take the `` sea '' route ; thus , two lanterns were hung ) . After receiving the signal , the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington , but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history , having possibly been captured by a British patrol . But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns , first by Revere and Dawes on horses , and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells , beat drums , and shot off warning guns . The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear ; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector , another was broken during a tour , and yet another is on display at the Concord Museum . Us Bicentennial celebration ( edit ) This statue of Paul Revere outside the Old North Church commemorates his memorable ride . President Gerald Ford visited Old North Church on April 18 , 1975 . In his nationally televised speech , the President said , in part : Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say : We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom . May it be said above all : We kept the faith , freedom flourished , liberty lived . These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future . Following President Ford 's remarks , two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet , descendants of Robert Newman , who , as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775 , lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops . The President then lit a third lantern , which hangs in a window of the church today . On July 11 , 1976 , Queen Elizabeth II visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the United States Bicentennial , and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford 's speech . She said : `` At the Old North Church last year , your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America 's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals . May its light never be dimmed . '' The Queen and Prince Philip attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church , sitting in a pew at the right front . The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by Paul Revere . The Queen was shown the iconic statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the Old State House . The bells ( edit ) Steeple of the Old North Church Eight change ringing bells ( tenor : 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb ( 1,545 lb or 701 kg ) in F ) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall ( Rudhall of Gloucester ) in Gloucester , England in 1744 and hung in 1745 . One bell has the inscription : `` We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America , A.R. 1744 . '' The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975 . They are maintained and rung regularly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Guild of Bellringers . Steeple damage ( edit ) Sketch of the Old North Church c. 1882 , showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954 . The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the 1804 Snow hurricane . A replacement steeple , designed by Charles Bulfinch , was toppled by Hurricane Carol on August 25 , 1954 . The current steeple uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version . The church is now 174 feet ( 53 m ) tall . At its tip is the original weather vane . The other `` Old North '' ( edit ) Main article : Second Church , Boston Before the construction of the `` Old North Church '' ( Christ Church , Boston ) , there was another church in Boston called the `` Old North '' ( Meetinghouse ) . This Congregationalist meeting house was founded in North Square , across the street from what is now called `` Paul Revere 's house '' . This church was once pastored by the Rev. Cotton Mather , the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem witch trials . Crypt ( edit ) In 2009 , an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement . The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860 , and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door , with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s . Founding rector , the Rev. Timothy Cutler and his wife were buried under the altar together . Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major John Pitcairn , who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle . So is Captain Samuel Nicholson of the USS Constitution . A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt , as well as up to the bell - ringing chamber . Today ( edit ) Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the Freedom Trail . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) , where there is a replica of the church List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Dove 's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Jump up ^ Skyscraperpage.com Jump up ^ Secrets : Church of the Dead Further reading ( edit ) Asa Eaton . Historical account of Christ church , Boston : A discourse in said church , on Sunday , December 28 , 1823 . Boston : Printed by J.W. Ingraham , 1824 . Google books Henry Burroughs . A historical account of Christ Church , Boston : an address , delivered on the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the church , December 29 , 1873 . Boston : A. Williams & Co. , 1874 . Google books Christ Church , Salem Street , Boston , 1723 . Boston : 1912 . Google books Percival Merritt . The parochial library of the eighteenth century in Christ Church , Boston . Boston : Merrymount Press , 1917 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old North Church . Old North Church Mayo family history Boston National Historical Park Official Website Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey Old North Church ( Christ Church ) at Find a Grave C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 1 C - SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 2 Preceded by Old State House , Boston Tallest Building in Boston 1745 -- 1810 53 m Succeeded by Park Street Church Preceded by Paul Revere House Locations along Boston 's Freedom Trail Old North Church Succeeded by Copp 's Hill City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Architecture Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Irish Famine Memorial Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. 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Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Harvard University Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts State House Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium New England Holocaust Memorial Newbury Street Old North Church Paul Revere House Prudential Center Samuel Adams ( Whitney ) South Station Symphony Hall TD Garden Trinity Church USS Constitution Museum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_North_Church&oldid=856489261 '' Categories : 1723 establishments in Massachusetts 18th - century Episcopal church buildings 18th - century establishments in Massachusetts Boston National Historical Park Churches in Boston Episcopal church buildings in Massachusetts Libraries in British North America National Historic Landmarks in Boston Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts Churches completed in 1723 Landmarks in North End , Boston Museums in Boston National Register of Historic Places in Boston Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 16 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who put the lanterns at old north church | [
"In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.\n",
"In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.\n",
"In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.\n"
] | [
"Robert Newman",
"John Pulling",
"Thomas Bernard"
] |
9073341052632442664 | List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series | List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation , search Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one . Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 ( across 8 series ) No. of episodes 185 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The shows have been in production since 2013 , and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios , along with its production division ABC Signature Studios , have premiered six series , with seven more in various stages of development , across broadcast , streaming , and cable television on ABC , Netflix and Hulu , and Freeform , respectively . The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season , with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses . The first series in the universe , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season , and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season . Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before aired on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series , Marvel 's Damage Control , has also been ordered . Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones , followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016 . Marvel 's Iron Fist and the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders released in 2017 , with Marvel 's The Punisher also scheduled to be released in 2017 . Additionally , the MCU will expand to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017 , and to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger in 2018 . Marvel 's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018 , despite not having a broadcaster . Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson , in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , in Agent Carter , both reprising their roles from MCU films , while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt . Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season , who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher . Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage , with the latter also headlining Luke Cage . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist , and joins Cox , Ritter , and Colter for The Defenders . The Runaways cast consists of the titular group , including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , and their parents , including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder . Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively , while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 5 Other series 5.1 Marvel 's New Warriors 6 Recurring cast and characters 6.1 ABC series 6.2 Netflix series 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical response 8 Potential projects 8.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 8.2 Other 9 Marvel 's Most Wanted 10 References ABC series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) TBA Filming Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Scott Buck Airing Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1 , 2017 , and ran for two weeks , before their television premiere on ABC on September 29 . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases . After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader , `` The Clairvoyant '' , were affiliated with Hydra , a terrorist organization , Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of , and the destruction of , S.H.I.E.L.D. , while also looking to restore trust from the government and public . In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans , a race of superhumans , Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats . After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed , S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again , with Coulson returning to being a field agent , and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys . Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space , where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home . In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D. , to be written by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and directed by Joss Whedon . On April 6 , 2013 , ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and it was officially ordered to series on May 10 , 2013 . Jed Whedon , Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners , while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson . The series was renewed for a second season on May 8 , 2014 , a third on May 7 , 2015 , a fourth on March 3 , 2016 , and a fifth on May 11 , 2017 . The first season , which premiered on September 24 , 2013 , aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series . Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film , Loeb said , `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business . '' The second season , which premiered on September 23 , 2014 , introduces Inhumans to the MCU , ahead of their own television series . Additionally , a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race , who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy . The third season , which premiered on September 29 , 2015 , introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors , with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name , as well as Life Model Decoys . The fourth season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 , sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU , and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange . The fifth season is scheduled to premiere on December 1 , 2017 . In the first season , Samuel L. Jackson , Cobie Smulders , Maximiliano Hernández , Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Maria Hill , Jasper Sitwell , Felix Blake , and Sif , respectively , from previous MCU films and One - Shots . In the second season , Alexander and Smulders return , while Hayley Atwell , Neal McDonough , Kenneth Choi , and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter , Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan , Jim Morita , and List , respectively , from previous MCU films . In the third season , William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films , and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character , Gideon Malick . Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946 , Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark , who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States . Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons . Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II , gaining new friends , a new home and potential new love . By September 2013 , Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot , featuring Peggy Carter , and in January 2014 , the series was confirmed to be in development , with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series . Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series , while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 , and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 , introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs , which both appear in several MCU films . The second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2016 , features the Darkforce , which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange . In the first season , Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger . James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis , Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko , the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola , respectively . In the second season , Cooper returns to reprise his role . Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck serves as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix . After a military coup , the Inhuman Royal Family , led by Black Bolt , escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world . In November 2016 , Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans , to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios . The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras , and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , for two weeks . ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29 , 2017 , with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content , outside of the versions screened on IMAX . Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX . The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios , nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood , president of Disney -- ABC Television Group , added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films . In December 2016 , Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series . In February 2017 , Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt . Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii , and concluded in June . Netflix series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Erik Oleson Pre-production Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker Released 13 2018 ( 2018 ) Filming Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA TBA Raven Metzner In development Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Steve Lightfoot Preparing for release By October 2013 , Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . That November , it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , and sees the return of his old girlfriend , Elektra Natchios . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , and would write and direct the first episode , though at the end of May 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series , being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as an executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . A few days later , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . A second season was ordered on April 21 , 2015 , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight , who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment . A third season was ordered in July 2016 , with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on April 10 , 2015 , features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York , as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season . The second season , which premiered on March 18 , 2016 , features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones . The third season is slated to be released in 2018 . In the second season , Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher , before headlining his own series , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones . Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner . Former superhero Jessica Jones , who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder , opens her own detective agency to help people . In November 2013 , Melissa Rosenberg was announced to write and executive produce the series , and the following March , Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series , officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones . A second season was ordered on January 17 , 2016 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on November 20 , 2015 , features references to the events and characters of The Avengers . The second season is scheduled to debut in 2018 . In the first season , Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage , a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series . Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple , as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney . Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin , Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem , and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city . Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series , titled Marvel 's Luke Cage . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist , being the fourth of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series , beginning production after Jessica Jones . The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . Also in March , Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series . A second season was ordered on December 3 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on September 30 , 2016 , features references to The Avengers , the second season of Daredevil , the first season of Jessica Jones , and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class , and mentions Justin Hammer , Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle . Dawson , Rob Morgan , Rachel Taylor , Stephen Rider , Parisa Fitz - Henley , and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple , Turk Barrett , Trish Walker , Blake Tower , Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series , respectively . The second season is scheduled to premiere in 2018 . Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season . Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City , after being missing for fifteen years , to reclaim his family company . However , when a threat emerges , Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist . In March 2014 , Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series , entering production following Luke Cage . The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . In April 2015 , the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist . In December 2015 , Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was cast as Rand . A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017 , with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season , replacing Buck . The first season , which premiered on March 17 , 2017 , makes references to the events of The Avengers , the Hulk , Stark Industries , Jessica Jones , Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Seagate Prison , and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang , New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page , Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle . Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout . Moss , Dawson , Wai Ching Ho , Marquis Rodriguez , Tijuana Ricks , and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth , Claire Temple , Gao , Darryl , Thembi Wallace , and Shirley Benson , respectively , in the series . The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight . Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team - up in New York City . The Defenders sees Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Danny Rand / Iron Fist , respectively , from the previous television series . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the miniseries , officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders , would begin filming after Iron Fist . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders . However , by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016 , Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner . Filming concluded in March 2017 . The eight - episode event premiered on August 18 , 2017 . The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles , including , Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Scott Glenn , Élodie Yung , Eka Darville , Moss , Taylor , Simone Missick , Jessica Henwick , Dawson , Ho , Ramón Rodríguez , Peter McRobbie , Morgan , Amy Rutberg , Susan Varon , and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page , Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson , Stick , Elektra Natchios , Malcolm Ducasse , Jeri Hogarth , Trish Walker , Misty Knight , Colleen Wing , Claire Temple , Gao , Bakuto , Lantom , Turk Barrett , Marci Stahl , Josie and Nicole , respectively . Midland Circle , which was referenced in previous Netflix series , is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Marvel 's the Punisher ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary . By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Filming began in Brooklyn , New York in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The series is set to be released on November 17 , 2017 . Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett , respectively . Hulu series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) TBA Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Preparing for release Marvel 's Runaways ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains , they reluctantly unite to go against them . In August 2016 , Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu , based on the team of the same name . The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series . In February 2017 , Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , they announced the cast of the Pride , the parents of the Runaways , with Randy Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Hulu ordered the series in May 2017 . Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to premiere on November 21 , 2017 . Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . Freeform series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Joe Pokaski Filming Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' In April 2016 , the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , based on the characters of the same name , calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and describing the show as a `` superhero love story '' . In January 2017 , Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series . Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 . Roxxon Oil is seen in the series . Other series ( edit ) Series Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Main article : New Warriors ( TV series ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl , Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher , Robbie Baldwin / Speedball , Zach Smith / Microbe , and Deborah Fields / Debrii , are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers , who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes . By the end of August 2016 , Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl , with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets . In April 2017 , Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors , with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script . In July 2017 , the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal . In November 2017 , it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks , with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 , with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . Series seasons , within the network season , are ordered based on their premiere date . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season , or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had a recurring role for the season . A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the season . Character 2013 -- 14 season 2014 -- 15 season 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Phil Coulson Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Clark Gregg Leo Fitz Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis James D'Arcy James D'Arcy Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Henry Simmons Melinda May Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki Holden Radcliffe John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj Jack Thompson Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray Grant Ward Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series , or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had a recurring role in the series . A indicates the actor made a guest appearance in the series . Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist Finn Jones Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series , see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article . Ratings ( edit ) Series Season Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.46 24 2.8 ( 11 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) Agent Carter January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.61 29 2.4 ( 29 ) January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Critical response ( edit ) Series Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 87 % ( 47 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 94 % ( 18 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 13 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 41 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 81 % ( 16 reviews ) N / A Daredevil 98 % ( 51 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 61 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) Luke Cage 96 % ( 54 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 17 % ( 54 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 74 % ( 77 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) Inhumans 8 % ( 37 reviews ) 29 ( 13 reviews ) Runaways 92 % ( 12 reviews ) 71 ( 5 reviews ) With the release of the second season of Daredevil , Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal , in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points . In the process , they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics '' . After the release of the first season of Luke Cage , The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series , a common complaint to that point , stating , `` After two seasons of Daredevil , one of Jessica Jones , and now one of Luke Cage , the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed , encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew . The problem is n't that these shows are bad , necessarily ... But they all take far too long to get going , by which point many viewers will have already tuned out . '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week , but rather subscribers who , if they lose interest , `` can take as long as they want to catch up ... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month . '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail , with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good , but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series , so far , would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes , or even 8 . If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit , it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows . '' Sims concluded by saying , `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon . Daredevil season three , Jessica Jones season two , Iron Fist , and The Punisher are all on their way , and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure ... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders , a planned crossover series ... over the course of just eight episodes . Who knows ? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour . Until then , fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series , while others are deterred from watching at all . '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist , Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series , stating , `` By focusing so intently on making these series ... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ) , the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment . '' With The Defenders , Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received . He said , `` The Defenders is far from perfect . But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward . Shorter seasons . More team - ups . Fewer shows . Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist . If Danny Rand must persist , add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him . '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked , underpaid , clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts , rescheduling events because of the conflicts , and retrieving lost items . In October 2015 , ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control , based on the comics construction company of the same name . The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer . In January 2016 , ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season , '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season . Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series , `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property . In January 2016 , Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development '' . He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show , while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment '' . A year later , Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing , with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script . Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '' , but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series , hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel . He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term . '' By August 2017 , Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project . In January 2016 , Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC , while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point . That May , Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '' , after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter , and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands . '' Marvel 's Most Wanted ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series , which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski , would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . By May 7 , 2015 , when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations , and new series pickups , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on . In August 2015 , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series , titled Marvel 's Most Wanted , with a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series , while also serving as co-writers of the pilot , executive producers , and showrunners , with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In May 2016 , the series was passed on by ABC once again . 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Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Canceled at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Agent Carter & Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Set Premiere & Return Dates '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Explores the Origins of the Black Widow Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America writers on surprise Agent Carter cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses on Peggy 's closure , Captain America ties , and the future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Obama 's State Of The Union Address Thwarts ABC 's ' Marvel 's Agent Carter ' Return '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` SDCC : `` Agent Carter '' Showrunners Promise Romance , Glamour and ... the Darkforce ? `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Returns as Howard Stark in Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` James D'Arcy to Co-Star With Hayley Atwell in Marvel 's ' Agent Carter ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agent Carter to Feature Edwin Jarvis , aka Howard Stark 's Butler and Inspiration for Tony Stark 's AI '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinbeiser , Andrew ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Costa Ronin Cast as Anton Vanko in Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` Peggy Vs . The World '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Howling Commandos Return In New `` Agent Carter '' Promo `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Season 1 finale surprise gets HYDRA 's return started '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter casts Whitney Frost and more season 2 additions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` New Inhumans Synopsis Teases Military Coup , Royal Family in Hawaii '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' : ' Hell On Wheels ' Anson Mount To Star As Black Bolt In ABC Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why ABC 's Deal to Bring Marvel 's ' The Inhumans ' to Imax Is a `` Quadruple Win '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Inhumans ' TV Series Will Arrive via Imax Theaters '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shimogawa , Duane ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Disney , Marvel head to Hawaii to film ' Marvel : The Inhumans ' IMAX movie and TV series '' . The Business Journals . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Iwan Rheon ( @ @ iwanrheon ) ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Hawai'i and to the beautiful Hawai'ians . Yes , you to Kāne ! I 'll never be the same again . Hang loose 🤙 🤙 🏻 🤙 🏼 🤙 🏽 🤙 🏾 🤙 🏿 # Inhumans '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven S. DeKnight Joins ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . May 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Patrick ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders a Second Season of ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ; Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Daredevil ' Renewed for Third Season at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dinh , Christine ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Vincent D'Onofrio Returns As Wilson Fisk In Season 3 Of ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Melissa Rosenberg to Oversee Marvel 's Jessica Jones Series for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Exclusive NYCC Posters Tease Jessica Jones : Season 2 And Cloak & Dagger '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix , Marvel Pick ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner , Cheo Hodari Coker '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV - Netflix New York Projects Will Count 135 Episodes By Year 's End ; Record Production Commitment In State 's History '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mustafa Shakir & Gabrielle Dennis Join Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Buck to Showrun the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist changing showrunners for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders EP talks juggling four heroes -- and the ' crisis ' that unites them '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' To Series '' . Marvel.com. April 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Gets November Premiere Date & Trailer On Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Preps 60 - Episode Package Of Four Series & A Mini For VOD & Cable Networks '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney To Provide Netflix With Four Series Based On Marvel Characters '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Cox is the Man Without Fear in Marvel 's Daredevil '' . Marvel.com . May 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' Season 2 Concept Art Unveiled '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Looms Large In New `` Daredevil '' Season 2 Poster `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Goddard Joins Daredevil on Netflix '' . Marvel.com . December 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Cox to Star in ' Daredevil ' TV Series for Marvel and Netflix '' . Variety . May 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel & Netflix Announce Release Date for Marvel 's Daredevil '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Joseph ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Will Captain America 3 Include Daredevil ? '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Jeph Loeb Confirms Daredevil 's Connection to an Agents of SHIELD Villain '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Easter Eggs , Trivia & Comic References '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daredevil Season 2 Teaser and Premiere Date Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . January 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Daredevil ' Season 2 Trailer Breakdown : 15 Hand - y Details You Might Have Missed '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Easter Eggs In ' Daredevil ' Season 2 Connect The Dots In Ways You Would n't Expect '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` '' Daredevil '' Season 2 Binge - Blog , Part 1 : Easter Eggs , Spoilers and Lots of Punisher `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` '' Daredevil '' Season 2 Bing - Blog , Part 2 : Elektra , A Surprise Return And The Deadly Finale `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' : Krysten Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Marin Ireland , Jessica De Gouw Testing For Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel TV head : ' Daredevil ' starts shooting in July , ' Jessica Jones ' next up '' . HitFix . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Krysten Ritter Nabs Lead In Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Confirmed ! Marvel Drops AKA From Jessica Jones Title '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' Gets Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aronowitz , Myles ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Everything you need to know before binge - watching `` Jessica Jones '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Colter to Star as Luke Cage in Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boone , John ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jessica Jones ' Showrunner Teases a Super Suit for Krysten Ritter , Confirms ' Daredevil ' Crossover '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Easter Eggs , Marvel Connections , & Comic Nods '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Alfre Woodard Joins ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage Episode 4 : `` Step In The Arena '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Names `` Southland '' Producer Hodari Coker As `` Luke Cage '' Showrunner `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walzer , Graham ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Colter , Luke Cage , and the `` Wu - Tang - ification '' of the Marvel Universe `` . Complex . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage To Debut On Netflix On September 30th '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alexander ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Every Easter Egg and Reference '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Luke Cage ' : Theo Rossi Cast , Rosario Dawson To Reprise ' Daredevil ' Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Review : Netflix Delivers the Hero We Need '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Easter Eggs : Stan Lee , Iron Man and More '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage first look : Iron Fist joins Luke in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallaway , Lauren ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Announces Release Date '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones actor Finn Jones to play Iron Fist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Finn Jones to Star in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Easter Eggs & Comic References '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leston , Ryan ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Every Iron Fist Easter egg , cameo , and reference you might have missed '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Crystal ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` 6 Essential Iron Fist Spoilers To Know If You Have No Plans To Binge - Watch '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie - Anne Moss Joins Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC : Iron Fist Cast Makes First - Ever Live Appearance '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Iron Fist punch his way out of trouble with magical martial arts '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Episode 2 : `` Shadow Hawk Takes Flight '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Game Of Thrones ' Finn Jones Cast In Title Role Of Netflix Series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Finds Its Showrunners '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Krysten Ritter Spotted On Set '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones Meets Misty Knight in First Defenders Set Photos ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Has Finished Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Josh ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Head of TV Reveals How ' The Defenders ' Will Be Different From ' The Avengers ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders gets premiere date in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Deborah Ann Woll Confirmed to Appear in Marvel 's The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jacob ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Defenders Cast Grows By Three '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Scott Glenn , Rachael Taylor , and Rosario Dawson Confirmed for The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Defenders : Elodie Yung to return as Elektra -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nilma , Carina ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Eka Darville Chats About The Convention Experience , Marvel 's Jessica Jones , And What He Learned From Cast Mates David Tennant And Krysten Ritter '' . The Iris AU Review . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Star Reveals Misty Knight Will Appear in ' The Defenders ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Colleen Wing Joins Defenders And Debuts New Footage '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : The Defenders - We Just Saw The First Episode '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Cooper ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Showrunner on The Hand 's Future on Netflix '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` And Now A Scene From Marvel 's The Defenders '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , Daniel S. ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' : Episode 2 ' Mean Right Hook ' Recap & Spoilers '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Meet The Defenders in EW 's exclusive first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders postmortem : Showrunner answers burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Netflix Series Updates : Is Jon Bernthal Filming Now ? '' . Den of Geek . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Punisher Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal in Development at Netflix '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Plotting ' Punisher ' Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix open to more Marvel shows : Any character could get spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on a Possible ' Punisher ' Spinoff and Elektra 's Relationship With Daredevil '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Netflix Series Begins Filming ; Set Photos Show Bearded Frank Castle '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jacob ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Punisher Wraps Production '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Daredevil Series Character Appears on The Punisher Set '' . SuperheroHype ! . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher Will Include a Turk Appearance '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Fall Premieres : Slate Includes ' Mindy Project ' , ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Finds Its Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Marsters ( @ JamesMarstersOf ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the sitch . I 'm filming Marvel 's ' Runaways ' ! Set photos are strictly forbidden , but I snuck this pic of the carpet in my trailer ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kincaid , Rhiannon ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Working Titles For Black Panther , Runaways , and Cloak & Dagger Revealed '' . MCUExchange . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` '' Doctor Strange '' Prequel Comic Hints At Movie Secrets , Introduces Another Marvel Villain `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel And Hulu Announce Runaways TV Series '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Colchester schoolgirl lands role in latest Marvel blockbuster '' . Clacton Gazette . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` MIP Drama pre-LA Screenings showcase : Marvel , Marc Cherry , Candy Crush and more '' . MIPTrends . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform 's Fraught Year : Inside the Rebranded Network 's Chase for Millennials ( and a Hit Show ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series ' Cloak and Dagger ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles In Series For Freeform '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Rob ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak And Dagger Offers A Glimpse Of A Wider Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesly ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors , ' With Squirrel Girl , Ordered Straight - to - Series at Freeform ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive sneak peek : Squirrel Girl leads the team of Freeform 's ' New Warriors ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Squirrel Girl on TV ? Marvel Developing New Warriors Comedy Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Announces Characters For ' Marvel 's New Warriors ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Sets Its Cast -- Including Squirrel Girl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Wo n't Air on Freeform , Series Will Be Shopped Elsewhere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter : James D'Arcy , Enver Gjokaj returning for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star In Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) `` Failed Experiments '' `` . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' Agents Of SHIELD '' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Casts 2 Key Roles '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses preview glamorous and gritty season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who the heck is Iron Fist 's Bakuto ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Adds to the Cast '' . Marvel.com . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elodie Yung Cast as Elektra in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elden Henson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Star to Romance ' Daredevil ' for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Glenn Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosario Dawson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Daredevil ' Casts Stephen Rider As New Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist casts The Force Awakens actress in lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 -- 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 1 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Carter : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Brian ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's Daredevil , ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Problem With Netflix 's Comic - Book Shows '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Review : Come for the Fights , Stay ... for the Corporate Litigation ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Prepping Marvel Comedy ' Damage Control ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Second Marvel Comedy In Development At ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` John Ridley 's Marvel Series is `` Still Very Much Alive '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Ridley Promises Marvel TV Project Is A ' Unique ' Take On Superhero Genre '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC President `` Not Sure '' If John Ridley Marvel Project Is Still Happening `` . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Entertainment Chief Talks ' Castle 's ' Demise , Shonda Rhimes ' Future and More Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher Hulu Runaways Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Claire Temple Music Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Attraction Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Book Portal Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Upcoming The Punisher ( 2017 ) Runaways ( 2017 ) Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=808605754 '' Categories : Marvel Cinematic Universe television programs Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the new marvel show on netflix | [
"\n\nSeries\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\nShowrunner(s)\nStatus\n\n\nMarvel's Daredevil\n\n1\n13\nApril 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)\nSteven S. DeKnight[76]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13\nMarch 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)\nDoug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[77]\n\n\n\n3[78]\nTBA\n2018 (2018)[79]\nErik Oleson[79]\nPre-production\n\n\nMarvel's Jessica Jones\n\n1\n13\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\nMelissa Rosenberg[80]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[81]\n2018 (2018)[82]\nPreparing for release\n\n\nMarvel's Luke Cage\n\n1\n13\nSeptember 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)\nCheo Hodari Coker[83]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2\n13[84]\n2018 (2018)[85]\nFilming\n\n\nMarvel's Iron Fist\n\n1\n13\nMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)\nScott Buck[86]\nReleased\n\n\n\n2[87]\nTBA\nTBA\nRaven Metzner[88]\nIn development\n\n\nMarvel's The Defenders\n\n1\n8\nAugust 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)\nMarco Ramirez[89]\nReleased\n\n\nMarvel's The Punisher\n\n1\n13[90]\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)[91]\nSteve Lightfoot[92]\nPreparing for release\n\n"
] | [
"The Punisher"
] |
-6624754575322485259 | Hungry Eyes | Hungry Eyes - wikipedia Hungry Eyes Jump to : navigation , search For the song of the same name by Merle Haggard , see Hungry Eyes ( Merle Haggard song ) . `` Hungry Eyes '' Single by Eric Carmen from the album Dirty Dancing B - side `` Where Are You Tonight '' Released November 7 , 1987 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , CD single , cassette Recorded 1987 , Beachwood Studios , Beachwood , Ohio Genre Rock Length 4 : 06 3 : 49 ( single version ) Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) John DeNicola , Franke Previte Producer ( s ) Eric Carmen Eric Carmen singles chronology `` The Rock Stops Here '' ( 1986 ) `` Hungry Eyes '' ( 1987 ) `` Make Me Lose Control '' ( 1988 ) `` The Rock Stops Here '' ( 1986 ) `` Hungry Eyes '' ( 1987 ) `` Make Me Lose Control '' ( 1988 ) `` Hungry Eyes '' is a song performed by American artist Eric Carmen , a former member of the band Raspberries , and was featured in the film Dirty Dancing . The song was recorded at Beachwood Studios in Beachwood , Ohio in 1987 . `` Hungry Eyes '' peaked at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 3 on the Cash Box Top 100 in 1988 . The power ballad was not released commercially in the UK , but it managed to peak at # 82 in January 1988 , having charted purely on import sales . Songwriters Franke Previte and John DeNicola wrote the song , as well as another hit from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack , `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' . The music video featured Carmen with model Sally Steele , who later founded Vegas Rocks ! Magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Releases 2.1 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Uses in popular culture 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Eric Carmen , the performer of `` Hungry Eyes '' , had been the vocalist of the Raspberries . Carmen released his first solo album Eric Carmen , which contained the worldwide hit with `` All By Myself '' . `` Hungry Eyes '' was his biggest hit and was written for the film Dirty Dancing , in 1987 . Jimmy Ienner , the producer of Carmen 's band from his early career , The Raspberries , asked him to sing this song for the Dirty Dancing album because he was familiar with Carmen 's musical style . Carmen was hesitant to produce a song for another film sound track because he believed that soundtrack music had `` horrible deaths '' , but Carmen recorded a very popular song that can still be heard on radio stations and TV commercials . Releases ( edit ) The song was released commercially on 7 '' vinyl in many countries ; plus , a 3 - track 12 '' maxi single and 2 - track cassette were produced . CD singles were a relatively new format ; however , a 2 - track Japanese mini CD single was commercially released in 1988 . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single - UK / US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' Mark Scola 3 : 59 12 '' vinyl single - UK No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' Mark Scola 3 : 59 3 . `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life ( Full Length Film Version ) '' Donald Markowitz , Franke Previte , John DeNicola 6 : 49 Cassette single - US No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' ( Song on side A1 and B1 ) Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' ( Song on side A2 and B2 ) Mark Scola 3 : 59 CD single - Japan No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Hungry Eyes '' Franke Previte , John DeNicola 3 : 49 2 . `` Where Are You Tonight '' Mark Scola 3 : 59 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 -- 88 ) Peak position Australia Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 82 US Billboard Hot 100 US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 52 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Rank Australia 39 Canada 58 US Billboard Hot 100 25 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) The song appears in a 2017 TV commercial for Applebee 's . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hunt ( December 24 , 1987 ) . `` Carmen Re-Sees Success With ' Hungry Eyes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Naish , Stephen Lee ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Deconstructing Dirty Dancing '' . John Hunt Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Hungry Eyes '' , in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved February 3 , 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to EricCarmen.com . '' Welcome to EricCarmen.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 3 Feb. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Carmen -- Hungry Eyes '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eric Carmen Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Carmen search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Carmen -- Hungry Eyes '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eric Carmen -- Hungry Eyes '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Eric Carmen . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen '' . wweb.uta.edu . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eric Carmen . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hope . `` Barry 's Hits of All Decades Pop rock n roll Music Chart Hits '' . hitsofalldecades.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1988 / Top 100 Songs of 1988 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's 2 for $20 TV Commercial , ' Hungry Eyes ' Song by Eric Carmen '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Eric Carmen Studio albums Eric Carmen Boats Against the Current Change of Heart Tonight You 're Mine Eric Carmen 1984 I Was Born to Love You Compilation albums The Definitive Collection Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` She Did It '' `` Change Of Heart '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` It Hurts Too Much '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Make Me Lose Control '' Songwriting `` Go All the Way '' `` I Wanna be With You '' `` Let 's Pretend '' `` Overnight Sensation ( Hit Record ) '' `` That 's Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey Deanie '' `` I Need You ( 3T song ) '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Maybe My Baby * Related topics Raspberries Jimmy Ienner Book : Eric Carmen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungry_Eyes&oldid=805785096 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1988 singles Eric Carmen songs Songs from Dirty Dancing Rock ballads Song recordings produced by Bob Gaudio Songs written by Franke Previte Torch songs 1987 songs Songs written by John DeNicola RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings hungry eyes from dirty dancing movie | [
"\"Hungry Eyes\" is a song performed by American artist Eric Carmen, a former member of the band Raspberries, and was featured in the film Dirty Dancing.[1] The song was recorded at Beachwood Studios in Beachwood, Ohio in 1987. \"Hungry Eyes\" peaked at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #3 on the Cash Box Top 100 in 1988. The power ballad[2] was not released commercially in the UK, but it managed to peak at #82 in January 1988, having charted purely on import sales."
] | [
"American artist Eric Carmen"
] |
-418387317892675208 | The Queen (film) | The Queen ( film ) - wikipedia The Queen ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Queen British theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Frears Produced by Andy Harries Christine Langan Tracey Seaward Written by Peter Morgan Starring Helen Mirren Michael Sheen James Cromwell Helen McCrory Alex Jennings Roger Allam Sylvia Syms Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Affonso Beato Edited by Lucia Zucchetti Production companies Granada Productions Pathé Renn Productions BIM Distribuzione France 3 Cinéma Canal+ Distributed by Pathé Release date 2 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 02 ) ( Venice ) 15 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom ) 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) ( France ) Running time 103 minutes Country The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The French Republic The Italian Republic Language English Budget £ 9.8 million ( $15 million ) Box office £ 77.9 million ( $123.4 million ) The Queen is a 2006 British fictional drama film depicting the British Royal Family 's response to the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , on 31 August 1997 . The film was directed by Stephen Frears , written by Peter Morgan , and starred Helen Mirren in the title role of Queen Elizabeth II . In the film , the royal family regards Diana 's death as a private affair and thus not to be treated as an official Royal death . This is in contrast with the views of Tony Blair and Diana 's ex-husband , Prince Charles , who favour the general public 's desire for an official expression of grief . Matters are further complicated by the media , royal protocol regarding Diana 's official status , and wider issues about Republicanism . The film 's release coincided with a revival of favourable public sentiment in respect to the monarchy and a downturn in fortunes for Blair . Michael Sheen reprised his role as Tony Blair from The Deal , and he did so again in The Special Relationship . The Queen also garnered general critical and popular acclaim for Mirren in the title role , which earned her numerous awards , including the Academy Award for Best Actress . Mirren was also praised by the Queen herself and was invited to dinner at Buckingham Palace ( though she could not attend due to filming commitments in Hollywood ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Set design 3.3 Portraying the Queen 3.4 Television viewership and home media 3.5 Historical accuracy 4 Stage adaptation 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Top ten lists 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The 1997 general election has Tony Blair elected as the Prime Minister from the Labour Party , under the strong premise calling for modernisation . Less than four months later , Diana , Princess of Wales is killed in a car crash at the Alma Bridge tunnel in Paris . Immediately , her death presents problems for her ex-husband , Prince Charles , and Blair , to accord the mother of a future king that is no longer a member of the royal family . Queen Elizabeth II wonders if Blair will turn his modernisation pledge on to the royal family since he attempts to have her reconsider her views on the funeral plans . Diana 's family , the Spencers , called for the funeral to be private . In the press Diana is dubbed the `` People 's Princess '' and thus starts the outpouring of grief by the general public in broadcasts , and displays of floral tributes so numerous at Buckingham and Kensington Palaces that the main entrances onto the complexes have to be rerouted . The senior members of the royal family make no effort to acknowledge Diana 's significance to society and remain on holiday at Balmoral ; the royal family 's popularity plummets . Blair 's approval rises as he responds to the public outcry of inaction by the royal family . Blair 's attempts to guide the royal family through the controversy are met with resistance , the Queen describing them as a surrender to public hysteria . He is encouraged through veiled advice from the private secretaries of the Prince of Wales and the Queen to continue with his attempts to change the attitude of the royal family . The Queen comes to realise that the world has changed during her reign and Blair comes to realise that Diana has rejected everything the Queen holds most dear . The Queen decides to end discussion about the issue . The royal family returns to London to review the floral tributes to Diana . The Queen pays public tribute on live television to Diana 's significance to the nation and society . The royal family attend the public funeral for Diana at Westminster Abbey . At Blair 's next meeting with the Queen , they exchange views about what has happened since their last meeting including the controversy surrounding Diana 's death and the actions that are followed . Then she cautions the Prime Minister that just as public opinion has changed about how the royal family should react to a new Britain , so must he as he may very well find himself in the same position of changing public opinion . Cast ( edit ) Helen Mirren as Elizabeth II Michael Sheen as Prime Minister Tony Blair James Cromwell as Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Helen McCrory as Cherie Blair Alex Jennings as Charles , Prince of Wales Roger Allam as Robin Janvrin ( later Lord Janvrin ) Sylvia Syms as Queen Elizabeth , the Queen Mother Tim McMullan as Stephen Lamport Mark Bazeley as Alastair Campbell Douglas Reith as Lord Airlie , Lord Chamberlain Robin Soans as Equerry Earl Cameron as Portrait Artist Anthony Debaeck as Catholic Priest Trevor McDonald as himself Martyn Lewis as himself Jake Taylor Shantos as Prince William Dash Barber as Prince Harry Laurence Burg as Diana , Princess of Wales Michel Gay as Dodi Fayed Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) The screenplay was written by Peter Morgan . It was produced by Pathé Pictures and Granada Productions ( ITV Productions ) . Stephen Frears had a clause in his contract from The Deal that allowed him to direct any follow - ups or sequels , and he was officially announced as director in September 2003 . The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom , in England in London , Halton House and Waddesdon Manor , in Buckinghamshire , Brocket Hall in Hertfordshire and in Scotland at Balmoral Castle , Castle Fraser and Cluny Castle in Aberdeenshire , and Blairquhan Castle and Culzean Castle in South Ayrshire . Set design ( edit ) The sets were designed by Alan MacDonald , which won him Best Art Direction in a Contemporary Film from the Art Directors Guild and Best Technical Achievement at the British Independent Film Awards . Portraying the Queen ( edit ) Mirren says transforming herself into the Queen came almost naturally after the wig and glasses , since she shares a default facial expression -- a slightly downturned mouth -- with the monarch . She regularly reviewed film and video footage of Elizabeth and kept photographs in her trailer during production . She also undertook extensive voice coaching , faithfully reproducing the Queen 's delivery of her televised speech to the world . Morgan has said that her performance was so convincing that , by the end of production , crew members who had been accustomed to slouching or relaxing when they addressed her were standing straight up and respectfully folding their hands behind their backs . Mirren arranged to spend time off - camera with the supporting cast playing other members of the Royal Family , including James Cromwell , Alex Jennings and Sylvia Syms so they would be as comfortable with each other as a real family . To enhance the contrast of their different worlds , shots involving the Queen were taken in 35mm film and those of Tony Blair in 16mm film . Television viewership and home media ( edit ) ITV 's role in the production of the film allowed them an option for its television premiere and it was broadcast on 2 September 2007 ( coinciding that weekend with a memorial service to Diana ) to an average audience of 7.9 million , winning its timeslot . The DVD was released in the UK on 12 March 2007 . Special features include a making - of featurette and an audio commentary by Stephen Frears , writer Peter Morgan and Robert Lacey , biographer of Queen Elizabeth II . It was released on Blu - ray and DVD in the USA on 24 April 2007 and , as of 2013 , US DVD sales had exceeded $29 million . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Some aspects of the characters are known to be true to their real - life counterparts . Cherie Blair 's hostility to the monarchy has been widely reported , including her refusal to curtsey . According to Morgan , `` cabbage '' is an actual term of endearment Philip uses for his wife ( `` mon chou '' -- `` my cabbage '' -- is a standard affectionate nickname in French ) . Other elements represent characteristics associated with people depicted . The electric guitar seen behind Blair in his personal office is a reference to his past membership in the band Ugly Rumours while a student . The Newcastle United football jersey he wears to a family breakfast is a reference to his support of that team . The film also shows Alastair Campbell coining the term ' the people 's princess ' , but in 2007 he revealed that it was Tony Blair who came up with it . A notable inaccuracy is that Robin Janvrin is represented as the Queen 's private secretary during the aftermath of Diana 's death . In fact , that position was then occupied by Janvrin 's predecessor , Sir Robert Fellowes , a brother - in - law of Diana , Princess of Wales ; Janvrin was the deputy private secretary until 1999 . However , the film is accurate in depicting Janvrin as the person who delivered the news of Diana 's accident to the Queen at Balmoral during the night . Stage adaptation ( edit ) The film 's screenwriter Peter Morgan adapted his script for the stage , under a new title , The Audience , with Helen Mirren continuing her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II . The play opened in London and then transferred to the Broadway stage , where Mirren won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film exceeded box - office expectations ; with a budget of $15 million the film earned $56.4 million in the United States and Canada . Critical reception ( edit ) Before the film was released , critics praised both Stephen Frears and Peter Morgan , who later received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Screenplay . Michael Sheen 's performance as Tony Blair earned him particular acclaim . Helen Mirren 's portrayal , which garnered her acclaim from critics around the world , made her a favourite for the Academy Award for Best Actress well before the film was released in cinemas . After its showing at the Venice Film Festival , Mirren received a five - minute - long standing ovation . Roger Ebert came out of recovery from surgery to give the film a review , in which he called it `` spellbinding '' and gave it four out of four stars . The Queen has 97 % positive reviews on the film critics aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes . Amongst the few negative reviews , Slant Magazine 's Nick Schager criticised the insider portraiture of the film as `` somewhat less than revelatory , in part because Morgan 's script succumbs to cutie - pie jokiness ( ... ) and broad caricature '' , mentioning particularly `` James Cromwell 's Prince Philip , who envisions the crowned heads as exiled victims and the gathering crowds as encroaching ' Zulus ' '' . Top ten lists ( edit ) The film appeared on many US critics ' top ten lists of the best films of 2006 . 1st -- Frank Scheck , The Hollywood Reporter 1st -- William Arnold , Seattle Post-Intelligencer 2nd -- Richard Roeper , Chicago Sun Times 2nd -- Lou Lumenick , New York Post 2nd -- Michael Rechtshaffen , The Hollywood Reporter 3rd -- David Ansen , Newsweek 3rd -- Ella Taylor , LA Weekly 3rd -- Richard Schickel , TIME magazine 3rd -- Sheri Linden , The Hollywood Reporter 4th -- Chris Kaltenbach , The Baltimore Sun 4th -- Claudia Puig , USA Today 4th -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times ( tied with Venus ) 4th -- Stephen Holden , The New York Times 5th -- Dennis Harvey , Variety 5th -- Kirk Honeycutt , The Hollywood Reporter 5th -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle 5th -- Stephanie Zacharek , Salon ( tied with Marie Antoinette ) 6th -- Marjorie Baumgarten , The Austin Chronicle 6th -- Michael Sragow , The Baltimore Sun 6th -- Shawn Levy , The Oregonian 7th -- Lawrence Toppman , The Charlotte Observer 7th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 9th -- Jack Mathews , New York Daily News 9th -- Lisa Schwarzbaum , Entertainment Weekly 9th -- Michael Phillips , Chicago Tribune 9th -- Michael Wilmington , Chicago Tribune 9th -- Nathan Rabin , The A.V. Club 9th -- Ty Burr , The Boston Globe 10th -- Glenn Kenny , Premiere 10th -- Staff , Film Threat General top ten Carina Chocano , Los Angeles Times Carrie Rickey , The Philadelphia Inquirer Dana Stevens , Slate Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal Liam Lacey and Rick Groen , The Globe and Mail Peter Rainer , The Christian Science Monitor Ruthe Stein , San Francisco Chronicle Steven Rea , The Philadelphia Inquirer Awards and nominations ( edit ) Mirren won several awards for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II , many of which are listed below . She was nominated for at least three more . In most of her acceptance speeches , she expressed her admiration for the real Queen , and dedicated both her Golden Globe and her Oscar to Elizabeth II . Academy Awards record 1 . Best Actress ( Helen Mirren ) Golden Globe Awards record 1 . Best Actress ( Helen Mirren ) 2 . Best Screenplay BAFTA Awards record 1 . Best Picture 2 . Best Actress ( Helen Mirren ) 79th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Nominated : Best Picture -- Andy Harries , Christine Langan and Tracey Seaward Nominated : Best Director -- Stephen Frears Nominated : Best Original Screenplay -- Peter Morgan Nominated : Best Original Score -- Alexandre Desplat Nominated : Best Costume Design -- Consolata Boyle 2006 British Academy Film ( BAFTA ) Awards Won : Best Film Won : Actress in a Leading Role -- Helen Mirren Nominated : Outstanding British Film -- Andy Harries , Christine Langan , Tracey Seaward , Stephen Frears , Peter Morgan Nominated : The David Lean Award for Achievement in Direction -- Stephen Frears Nominated : Actor in a Supporting Role -- Michael Sheen Nominated : Original Screenplay -- Peter Morgan Nominated : Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music -- Alexandre Desplat Nominated : Editing -- Lucia Zucchetti Nominated : Costume Design -- Consolata Boyle Nominated : Makeup and Hair -- Daniel Philipps 2006 Screen Actors Guild Awards Won : Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role ( Theatrical movie ) -- Helen Mirren 2006 Directors Guild of America Awards Nominated : Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures -- Stephen Frears 2006 Writers Guild of America Awards Nominated : Original Screenplay -- Peter Morgan 2006 Producers Guild of America Awards Nominated : Best Picture of the Year -- Andy Harries , Christine Langan , Tracey Seaward 64th Golden Globe Awards Won : Best Actress , Drama -- Helen Mirren Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan Nominated : Best Picture , Drama Nominated : Best Director -- Stephen Frears 2006 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Won : Actress in a Leading Role -- Helen Mirren Nominated : Best Picture Nominated : Best Director -- Stephen Frears Nominated : Best Writer -- Peter Morgan 2006 Toronto Film Critics Association Awards Won : Best Picture Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Won : Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Sheen Won : Best Director -- Stephen Frears Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan 2006 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan 2006 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Won : Best Supporting Actor -- Michael Sheen Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan Won : Best Music -- Alexandre Desplat Runner - up : Best Picture 2006 National Society of Film Critics Awards Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan 2006 Satellite Awards Nominated : Best Motion Picture , Drama Won : Best Actress in a Motion Picture , Drama -- Helen Mirren Nominated : Best Director -- Stephen Frears Nominated : Best Screenplay , Original -- Peter Morgan 2006 National Board of Review Awards Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren 2006 Chicago International Film Festival Won : Audience Choice Award -- Stephen Frears 2006 British Independent Film Awards Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan Nominated : Best British Independent Film Nominated : Best Director -- Stephen Frears Nominated : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Nominated : Best Technical Achievement -- Alan MacDonald ( production design ) Nominated : Best Technical Achievement -- Daniel Phillips ( makeup ) 2006 Venice Film Festival Won : Best Actress -- Helen Mirren Won : Best Screenplay -- Peter Morgan Nominated : Golden Lion Soundtrack ( edit ) The Queen Studio album by Alexandre Desplat Released 26 September 2006 Recorded 2006 Genre Soundtrack Label Milan Alexandre Desplat chronology The Singer ( 2006 ) The Singer 2006 The Queen ( 2006 ) The Painted Veil ( 2006 ) The Painted Veil 2006 The soundtrack album was released on the Milan label on 26 September 2006 . The original score and songs were composed by Alexandre Desplat and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra . The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score . It was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music ( lost to the score of Babel ) . The Queen -- 2 : 10 Hills of Scotland -- 2 : 25 People 's Princess I -- 4 : 08 A New Prime Minister -- 1 : 55 H.R.H. -- 2 : 22 The Stag -- 1 : 50 Mourning -- 3 : 50 Elizabeth & Tony -- 2 : 04 River of Sorrow -- 1 : 59 The Flowers of Buckingham -- 2 : 28 The Queen Drives -- 1 : 48 Night in Balmoral -- 1 : 09 Tony & Elizabeth -- 2 : 06 People 's Princess II -- 4 : 08 Queen of Hearts -- 3 : 33 Libera Me ( Verdi ) -- 6 : 27 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE QUEEN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bastin , Giselle ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Filming the Ineffable : Biopics of the British Royal Family '' . Auto / Biography Studies . 24 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 52 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen Mirren at the Oscars , news.scotsman.com Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mirren ' too busy ' to meet Queen BBC News , 10 May 2007 Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( 15 October 2006 ) . `` Sublime Queen Opens Festival with Mirren 's Crowning Role '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Wells , Matt ( 17 September 2003 ) . `` Frears on board for new Deal '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Castles of Scotland - Castle Fraser '' . britainirelandcastles.com . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Maria ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Dream property to let : take to the tower '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alan MacDonald '' . Artistdirect.com . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gritten , David ; 9 September 2006 ; ' I do look a bit like the Queen , you know ' ; The Daily Telegraph ; Retrieved 26 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Emanuel ; The Queen according to Frears , emanuellevy.com ; retrieved 26 November 2006 Jump up ^ The Queen DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Manzoor , Sarfraz ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` The power behind the throne '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Holmwood ( 3 September 2007 ) . `` Queen commands 8m for ITV1 '' . Media Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ The Queen , The Numbers -- Box Office Data Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` Cherie : That b * * * * Princess Anne '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Tony coined the ' people 's princess ' 9 July 2007 , The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Junor , Penny ( 2005 ) . The Firm : The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710215 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Production of The Audience , With Helen Mirren , Will Feature Different Ending Than Original London Staging - Playbill '' . Jump up ^ The Queen , Lee 's Movie Info Jump up ^ `` Dame Helen Mirren 's appearance at Mill Valley Film Festival fit for ' The Queen ' '' . Jump up ^ `` The Queen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ `` The Queen '' . Jump up ^ The Queen , Slant Magazine , 27 September 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic : 2006 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Queen ( film ) Official website The Queen on IMDb The Queen at Rotten Tomatoes The Queen at Metacritic The Queen at itv.com Interviews Helen Mirren Interview at The Guardian Related topics Stephen Frears filmography Feature films Gumshoe ( 1971 ) The Hit ( 1984 ) My Beautiful Laundrette ( 1985 ) Prick Up Your Ears ( 1987 ) Sammy and Rosie Get Laid ( 1987 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Hero ( 1992 ) Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) The Van ( 1996 ) The Hi - Lo Country ( 1998 ) High Fidelity ( 2000 ) Liam ( 2000 ) Dirty Pretty Things ( 2002 ) Mrs Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Chéri ( 2009 ) Tamara Drewe ( 2010 ) Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) Philomena ( 2013 ) The Program ( 2015 ) Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) Victoria & Abdul ( 2017 ) Television Three Men in a Boat ( 1975 ) Me ! I 'm Afraid of Virginia Woolf ( 1978 ) Afternoon Off ( 1979 ) Bloody Kids ( 1979 ) Walter ( 1982 ) Walter and June ( 1983 ) Saigon : Year of the Cat ( 1983 ) December Flower ( 1984 ) The Bullshitters : Roll Out The Gunbarrel ( 1984 ) Mr. Jolly Lives Next Door ( 1987 ) The Snapper ( 1993 ) Fail Safe ( 2000 ) The Deal ( 2003 ) Muhammad Ali 's Greatest Fight ( 2013 ) A Very English Scandal ( 2018 ) Works by Peter Morgan Television The Jury ( 2002 , 2011 ) The Deal ( 2003 ) Henry VIII ( 2003 ) Colditz ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) The Special Relationship ( 2010 ) The Crown ( 2016 -- ) Film Martha , Meet Frank , Daniel and Laurence ( 1998 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 2006 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) 360 ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Shorts Dear Rosie ( 1990 ) Theatre Frost / Nixon ( 2006 ) The Audience ( 2013 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film Best Film from Any Source 1947 -- 1967 The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 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9217699138644968147 | Mark L. Young | Mark L. Young - Wikipedia Mark L. Young Jump to : navigation , search Mark L. Young ( born Markell V. Efimoff January 1 , 1991 ) is an American actor . Attended LaSalle University in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Young began acting at the age of 9 and moved to Los Angeles when he was 12 to pursue his career . His first significant on - screen credit was a small role in two episodes of the HBO series Six Feet Under . Career ( edit ) Young 's other notable appearances include television shows The OC , Dexter , Big Love , Childrens Hospital , Heroes , Secret Life of the American Teenager , Cold Case , ER , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and The Inbetweeners , while his film credits include Sex Drive , Happiness Runs , The Lucky Ones , and We 're the Millers . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Note 2003 Rogues Choir Harry + Max Harry , Aged 15 2005 In Memory of My Father Middle Chris Deleted scenes 2008 Sex Drive Randy 2008 The Lucky Ones Scott Cheaver Happiness Runs Victor 2013 Movie 43 Calvin Cutler ; Segment `` The Thread '' 2013 Beneath Grubbs 2013 We 're the Millers Scottie P 2014 Tammy Jesse 2014 The Guilty Innocent Josh 2014 The Curse of Downers Grove Post-production 2015 Daddy 's Home Dental hygienist Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Note 2003 Still Standing Kid # 1 1 episode : `` Still Partying '' 2003 - 2004 Six Feet Under Eric Sheedy 2 episodes : `` Tears , Bones & Desire '' , `` In Case of Rapture '' 2005 CSI : Miami Lucas Hall 1 episode : `` Nailed '' 2005 The O.C. Prepubescent Geek # 1 1 episode : `` The Asshole '' 2006 Dexter Jeremy Downs 2 episodes : `` Popping Cherry '' , `` Circle of Friends '' 2006 Cold Case Young Jed Huxley 1 episode : `` The Key '' 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Tommy Halpert 1 episode : `` Lying Down with Dogs '' 2007 ER Evan Hayes 1 episode : `` Crisis of Conscience '' 2009 Big Love Franky 4 episodes 2009 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Thomas 2 episodes : `` Making Up Is Hard to Do '' , `` Money for Nothing , Chicks for Free '' 2009 Heroes Jeremy Greer 2 episodes : `` Tabula Rasa '' , `` Strange Attractors '' CSI : NY Tom Reynolds 1 episode : `` Hide Sight '' Childrens Hospital Raye LePlante 1 episode : `` Joke Overload '' Criminal Minds Owen Porter 1 episode : `` Exit Wounds '' 2012 The Inbetweeners Neil Sutherland Main cast 12 episodes 2013 Workaholics Simon 1 episode : `` Fourth and Inches '' 2013 Kroll Show Mark 's Son 1 episode : `` Can I Finish ? '' 2013 The Neighbors Logan 1 episode : `` Good Debbie Hunting '' 2013 - 2014 Betas Trevor Recurring cast 5 episodes 2014 Mind Games Ryan McKee 1 episode : `` Apophenia '' 2014 The Comeback Tyler Beck Main cast ( season 2 ) 8 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark L. Young IMDB . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ YoungMaleCelebs.net Retrieved July 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Mark L. Young : The Inbetweeners '' . MTV.com . Retrieved Jan 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ We 're the Millers Official Site . Warner Brothers 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Happiness Runs - Film Review - The Hollywood Reporter External links ( edit ) Mark L. Young on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_L._Young&oldid=801769424 '' Categories : 1991 births American male film actors Living people American male child actors People from Everett , Washington Male actors from Washington ( state ) 21st - century American male actors American male television actors American television actor , 1990s birth stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Nederlands Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 18 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays scotty p in we're the millers | [] | [] |
-2098096540919437110 | Long Island Iced Tea | Long Island Iced Tea - wikipedia Long Island Iced Tea Not to be confused with Long Island Iced Tea Corp . Long Island Iced Tea IBA official cocktail The Long Island Iced Tea was named for its visual resemblance to non-alcoholic Iced tea . Type Cocktail Primary alcohol by volume Gin Tequila Vodka Rum Triple sec Served On the rocks ; poured over ice Standard drinkware Highball glass IBA specified ingredients 1.5 cl Tequila 1.5 cl Vodka 1.5 cl White rum 1.5 cl Triple sec 1.5 cl Gin 2.5 cl Lemon juice 3.0 cl Gomme Syrup 1 dash of Cola Preparation Add all ingredients into highball glass filled with ice . Stir gently . Garnish with lemon spiral . Serve with straw . Long Island Iced Tea recipe at International Bartenders Association A Long Island Iced Tea is a type of alcoholic mixed drink typically made with vodka , tequila , light rum , triple sec , gin , and a splash of cola , which gives the drink the same amber hue as its namesake . A popular version mixes equal parts vodka , gin , rum , triple sec , with 1 ⁄ parts sour mix and a splash of cola . Lastly , it is decorated with the lemon and straw , after stirring with bar spoon smoothly . Most variants use equal parts of the main liquors , but include a smaller amount of triple sec ( or other orange - flavored liqueur ) . Close variants often replace the sour mix with lemon juice , replace the cola with diet cola or actual iced tea , or add white crème de menthe . Most variants do not include any tea . The drink has a much higher alcohol concentration ( approximately 22 percent ) than most highball drinks due to the relatively small amount of mixer . Contents 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 References 4 External links Origin ( edit ) Robert `` Rosebud '' Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island , New York . A slightly different drink is claimed to have been invented in the 1920s during Prohibition in the United States by an `` Old Man Bishop '' in a local community named Long Island in Kingsport , Tennessee . The drink was then perfected by Ransom Bishop , Old Man Bishop 's son . This drink included whiskey and maple syrup , and varied quantities of the five liquors , rather than the modern one with cola and five equal portions of the five liquors . Variations ( edit ) The popularity of the Long Island has spawned its own family of highballs . Many drinks remain popular in their own right in numerous locales throughout the United States , while owing their existence to the success of the original Long Island Iced Tea . An example of a variation to the Long Island is the Purple Rain , which uses the same mix as a Long Island but the Triple Sec is replaced with a shot of Chambord Liqueur and the cola replaced with lemonlime soda . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Iced Tea '' . International Bartenders Association . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 롱 아일랜드 아이 스티 '' . www.doopedia.co.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Robert Butt . `` The official website of the original Long Island Iced Tea '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Thomson , Julie R. ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` You Can Thank A Guy Named Bob Butt For The Long Island Iced Tea '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Iced Tea '' . INVENTORS . PBS Digital Studios , InventorSeries , . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , J.S. ( October 13 , 2006 ) . Understanding Apples . Outskirts Press . p. 48 . ISBN 1598007467 . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Iced Tea : From New York , or Tennessee ? '' . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Rain drink recipe '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Long Island Iced Tea at Wikimedia Commons International Bartenders Association Official Cocktails List of IBA official cocktails The Unforgettables Alexander Americano Angel Face Aviation Bacardi cocktail Between the Sheets Casino Clover Club Daiquiri Derby Dry Martini Gin Fizz John Collins Manhattan Mary Pickford Monkey Gland Negroni Old Fashioned Paradise Planter 's Punch Porto flip Ramos Fizz Rusty Nail Sazerac Screwdriver Sidecar Stinger Tuxedo Whiskey Sour White Lady Contemporary Classics Bellini Black Russian Bloody Mary Caipirinha Champagne cocktail Cosmopolitan Cuba Libre French Connection French 75 Godfather Godmother Golden Dream Grasshopper Harvey Wallbanger Hemingway Special Horse 's Neck Irish coffee Kir Long Island Iced Tea Mai Tai Margarita Mimosa Mint julep Mojito Moscow mule Piña colada Rose Sea Breeze Sex on the Beach Singapore Sling Tequila Sunrise White Russian New Era Drinks Barracuda Bramble B - 52 Dark ' n ' Stormy Dirty Martini Espresso Martini French Martini Kamikaze Lemon drop Pisco Sour Russian Spring Punch Spritz Veneziano Tommy 's Margarita Vampiro Vesper Yellow Bird See also List of cocktails Classic cocktails Liquor portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Iced_Tea&oldid=851487496 '' Categories : Cocktails with gin Cocktails with rum Cocktails with tequila Cocktails with triple sec or curaçao Cocktails with vodka Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles with hRecipes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the ingredients in long island ice tea | [] | [] |
5359477552489134170 | The Secret Life of Pets | The Secret Life of Pets - wikipedia The Secret Life of Pets Jump to : navigation , search The Secret Life of Pets Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Renaud Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Brian Lynch Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Starring Louis C.K. Eric Stonestreet Kevin Hart Jenny Slate Ellie Kemper Lake Bell Dana Carvey Hannibal Buress Bobby Moynihan Steve Coogan Albert Brooks Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Ken Schretzmann Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) ( AIAFF ) July 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $875.5 million The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It is directed by Chris Renaud , co-directed by Yarrow Cheney and written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio . The film stars Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , Kevin Hart , Steve Coogan , Ellie Kemper , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell , Dana Carvey , Hannibal Buress , Jenny Slate and Albert Brooks . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was released in theaters in the United States on July 8 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $875 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing original animated film not produced by Disney or Pixar , as well as the sixth highest - grossing film of 2016 , and was the year 's most profitable release . A sequel is set for release on June 7 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment . While she is at work during the day , he hangs out with other pets in the building : tabby cat Chloe , pug Mel , dachshund Buddy , and budgerigar Sweet Pea . One day , Katie adopts Duke , a large mongrel from the pound , leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke . Enraged by Max 's attitude towards him , Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley , but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removed both dogs ' collars and leave them to be caught by Animal Control . Duke fears that he will be put down if he goes back to the pound . When Gidget , a white Pomeranian discovers that Max is missing , she goes to find him . Meanwhile , he and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball , the leader of `` The Flushed Pets '' -- a gang of sewer - dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them . After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners , the Flushed Pets invite them to join . Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one - fanged viper to bite them , Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated . The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn , inadvertently killing the viper in the process . Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them . Meanwhile , Gidget recruits a red - tailed hawk named Tiberius to find him , but he mistakenly returns carrying Ozone , whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs . They then enlist Mel , Buddy , Chloe , guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea . On the way , they meet Pops , an old Basset Hound , who helps Gidget and the pets find Max . Meanwhile , Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food . Then , Gidget and her team encounter Snowball , who vows to kill them as well , and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget 's team flees . Meanwhile , Duke tells Max about his previous owner , Fred , an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him . One day , Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control , but Fred never came to claim him . Max convinces him to visit Fred 's house in a nearby neighborhood , confident Fred will still love him and take him back . When they arrive at Fred 's house , they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died . Heartbroken , Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who had just returned to the house and called Animal Control . The handlers catch Max , but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead . While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van , Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him . However , when his gang is captured , Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them . They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge , stopping traffic . The Flushed Pets encircle Max , unaware of his partnership with Snowball , but Gidget and her team save him . When Gidget is using her kung - fu fighting skills , Max starts to fall in love with her . The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape . Once Max got the keys to Duke 's cage , the van plummets into the East River with him inside . Max is unable to free Duke , so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys , allowing them to escape the sinking van . Once out of the river , Snowball realizes how good being heroic feels . The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig - driven taxi . Max expresses his love for Gidget , who returns his affection . Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans , but a little girl named Molly arrives to adopt Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers . At first , Snowball resists , but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet . The domesticated pets return to their homes and embrace their owners , and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie , sparking a true friendship . In a mid-credits scene , Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard 's apartment . Leonard 's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier . Cast ( edit ) Louis C.K. as Max , a Jack Russell Terrier . Eric Stonestreet as Duke , a large , brown , shaggy mongrel . Kevin Hart as Snowball , a white rabbit . Jenny Slate as Gidget , a white Pomeranian and Max 's love interest . Ellie Kemper as Katie , Max and Duke 's friendly owner . Lake Bell as Chloe , an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat who is one of Max 's friends . Dana Carvey as Pops , an elderly Basset Hound , who is paralyzed in his back legs . Hannibal Buress as Buddy , a laid - back dachshund and one of Max 's friends . Bobby Moynihan as Mel , an hyperactive pug and one of Max 's friends . Steve Coogan as Ozone , a Cockney - accented Sphynx cat . Steve Coogan also voices Reginald , a malevolent Himalayan cat . Albert Brooks as Tiberius , a curmudgeonly red - tailed hawk . Chris Renaud as Norman , a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment . Michael Beattie as Tattoo , a slow - witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets . Sandra Echeverría as Maria , a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches . Jaime Camil as Fernando , a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches . Kiely Renaud as Molly , a little girl who adopts Snowball . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , and Kevin Hart had joined the cast of the film , with Chris Renaud set to direct from a screenplay written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , while Illumination Entertainment would produce , and Universal Pictures would distribute the film and was originally titled Max . In June 2014 , Albert Brooks , Hannibal Buress , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell and Ellie Kemper joined the cast . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Jazz Classical Length 51 : 31 Label Back Lot Music Producer Dominique Lemonnier Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) Florence Foster Jenkins 2016 The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Light Between Oceans ( 2016 ) The Light Between Oceans 2016 The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat . The soundtrack was released on July 1 , 2016 by Back Lot Music . Track listing All music composed by Alexandre Desplat , except `` We Go Together '' by The Sausage Factory Singers . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Meet the Pets '' 2 : 37 2 . `` Katie 's Leaving '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Meet Duke '' 3 : 36 4 . `` Fetch Me a Stick '' 3 : 09 5 . `` Telenovela Squirrels '' 1 : 24 6 . `` Hijack ! '' 2 : 00 7 . `` Gidget Meets Tiberius '' 4 : 56 8 . `` Initiation Time '' 1 : 01 9 . `` Rooftop Route '' 1 : 27 10 . `` The Viper '' 1 : 49 11 . `` You Have an Owner ? '' 3 : 04 12 . `` Good Morning Max '' 1 : 21 13 . `` Sewer Chase '' 1 : 09 14 . `` Who 's With Me ? '' 1 : 21 15 . `` Me Like What Me See '' 0 : 54 16 . `` Traveling Bossa '' 1 : 56 17 . `` Flushed Out To Brooklyn '' 2 : 47 18 . `` Sausages ! '' 1 : 13 19 . `` Duke 's Old House / Captured '' 3 : 03 20 . `` Brooklyn Bridge Showdown '' 2 : 34 21 . `` Rescuing Duke '' 2 : 46 22 . `` Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi '' 1 : 24 23 . `` Max and Gidget '' 1 : 36 24 . `` Welcome Home '' 1 : 57 25 . `` We Go Together '' ( originally from Grease ) 1 : 24 Total length : 51 : 31 Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12 , 2016 , but was pushed back to July 8 , 2016 . It was released in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D using DMR . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was screened at VidCon . The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions . Home Media ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray , and DVD on December 6 , 2016 . In addition to the short film Mower Minions , which was released theatrically with the feature film , the releases also include two short films : Norman Television and Weenie . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S. , and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Its international takings helped push Universal Pictures ( International ) past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year , and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010 . Worldwide , it is the fifth highest - grossing original film of all time ( behind Avatar , Zootopia , The Lion King , and Finding Nemo ) , the sixth highest - grossing film of 2016 , the 12th highest - grossing animated film of all time , and the 50th highest - grossing film of all time . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the most profitable release of 2016 . North america ( edit ) In Canada and the United States , the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend , with some predictions going as high as $100 million . It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG - rated film ( breaking Shrek Forever After 's record ) and the seventh widest of all time overall , across 4,370 theaters , the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises . It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters , which is the second biggest of all time for Illumination , behind only Minions ( $6.2 million ) , and the third biggest of all time for an animated film , behind Finding Dory ( $9.2 million ) and Minions . This was followed by a record - breaking $38.5 million opening day gross ( including previews ) , the biggest for an original film . In its opening weekend , it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million , finishing first at the box office . Its debut is the sixth biggest for an animated film , the sixth highest weekend debut in July , and the fourth biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures . It also set the record for largest opening for an original film , eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out . In its second weekend , the film made $50.8 million ( - 51.3 % ) while maintaining the top spot , despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters . Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend , it was still able to fend off the two other new releases -- Lights Out and Ice Age : Collision Course -- by earning another $29.6 million . It passed $300 million on its twenty - sixth day -- the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide -- becoming the seventh film of 2016 , the seventh Universal Pictures film ( the first for the year ) , and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark . Outside north america ( edit ) Internationally , The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets , and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age : Collision Course in the course of its release . In total , it had number - one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories , and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets . It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets ( dethroning Suicide Squad ) . However , this was n't the film 's biggest single weekend gross . Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million . It opened at No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ( $133.3 million ) and the Chinese film Time Raiders ( $64.6 million ) that weekend . It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release , where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets . Prior to its official debut in the UK and Ireland on June 24 , the film had two days worth of previews on June 18 and 19 , from which it made £ 3.63 million ( $5.2 million ) in two days . This figure was later counted in the film 's official opening weekend . It went on to score the fourth biggest original animation opening weekend ever there , with £ 9.58 million ( $13.4 million ) from 592 theaters , trailing behind Inside Out , Monsters , Inc. , and Up . Excluding previews , its total three - day opening was $8.1 million . This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day : Resurgence . The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20 % and 24 % , earning £ 4.47 million ( $6.1 million ) and £ 3.62 million ( $4.8 million ) respectively despite facing some competitions . It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there . In Norway , it took the number one spot as well , with $778,000 . It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ( $2 million ) -- behind Madagascar , and Hong Kong ( $1.9 million ) -- behind Inside Out . In Argentina , the film had a record - breaking number - one debut with $4 million from 195 screens -- the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second biggest opening ever for any film ( behind Furious 7 ) . Similarly , Chile also recorded the second biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million ( behind Minions ) . Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million . In Mexico , other than opening at No. 1 , it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million , surpassing the studio 's own previous record holder Inside Out . Also in Russia , it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second biggest ever for an animated film , behind Minions with $16.3 million , although this included $6.4 million five days worth of previews . It went on to become the highest - grossing film of the summer that year . In Japan , the film opened on August 11 -- the date of Japan 's first Mountain Day national holiday -- with Toho - Towa distributing , and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two - day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot . The cumulative total for the four - day holiday ( August 11 -- 14 ) was $9.7 million . Similarly , it had number - one debuts in Germany ( $7.1 million ) and France ( $5.9 million ) , Australia ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.1 million ) , Brazil ( $4.4 million ) , Spain ( $4.5 million ) , Poland ( $1.7 million ) , Singapore ( $1.3 million ) , Belgium ( $1.2 million ) and Denmark ( $1.2 million ) , Indonesia ( $1.1 million ) , the Philippines ( $1 million ) , and South Africa ( $463,000 ) . In Germany , it scored the best animation opening since Minions . It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia , Russia and Spain for three weekends . In Japan , the film was the highest - grossing foreign release of the weekend , holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends . In China -- the world 's second biggest film market -- the film opened on a Tuesday , earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day . To Sunday , it achieved a six - day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone ( Friday to Sunday ) , with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day . In both instances , it was behind the local film Time Raiders . In South Korea , despite debuting in fifth place , it had an opening of $6.9 million . Elsewhere , it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands , $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000 , and also in Portugal ( $965,000 ) , Latvia ( $224,000 ) , and South Africa . In terms of total earnings , its biggest markets are China ( $58 million ) , United Kingdom and Ireland ( $47.2 million ) , Japan ( $41.6 million ) and Russia ( $34.2 million ) . It became the third highest - grossing film of all time in Russia ( behind Avatar and Zootopia ) and the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Spain . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 200 reviews with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fast - paced , funny , and blessed with a talented voice cast , The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated , cheerfully undemanding family - friendly diversion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it `` an animated fluffball - a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible . '' Scott Tobias , writing for NPR , characterized the film 's concept as `` Toy Story but with house pets , '' highlighting the film 's `` thinly distinguished characters '' and `` gloppy sentimentality . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said `` In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together , The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us . Let the fur -- and the warm , fuzzy feelings -- fly . '' However , some critics disliked the film 's unexpected similarities with Pixar 's Toy Story . Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that `` The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour - long ripoffs you 'd see on a children 's television network . '' Ethan Anderton of the website / Film criticised the film 's characterisation , and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to `` Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat British Academy Children 's Awards November 20 , 2016 BAFTA Kids ' Vote The Secret Life of Pets Cinema Audio Society February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Animated David Acord , Jason Butler , Gary A. Rizzo , Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Alexandre Desplat Won 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie The Secret Life of Pets Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Kevin Hart Favorite Villain Won Most Wanted Pet NAACP Image Awards February 11 , 2017 Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Family Movie The Secret Life of Pets Favorite Animated Movie Voice Kevin Hart Producers Guild of America January 28 , 2017 Best Animated Motion Picture Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri Sequel ( edit ) In August 2016 it was announced that there would be a sequel , with director Chris Renaud , producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy , and writer Brian Lynch , with a release date of July 13 , 2018 . On January 25 , 2017 , its release date was pushed back to July 3 , 2019 . On August 15 , 2017 , its release date was moved forward to June 7 , 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Billington , Alex ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for Illumination 's ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Movie '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Kinsey ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pets ' Project Gets Title : ' The Secret Life Of Pets '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE SECRET LIFE OF PETS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Highest - Grossing Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets 2 ' Will Be Unleashed A Month Earlier '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr . `` Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet & Kevin Hart To Voice Animated ' Pets ' Movie - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Brooks in Negotiations for Illumination 's ' Pets ' Project ; 4 More Join Voice Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon 2015 : Universal Gears Up Fast & Furious 8 '' . Empire . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : The Universal Pictures Presentation '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Hopewell ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Elsa Keslassy ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat to Score ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets ( Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets '' . IMAX . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fullscreen Movie Night - The Secret Life of Pets - VidCon '' . VidCon . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` From Illumination Entertainment and Universal Pictures : The Secret Life of Pets '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Crosses $800 M As Illumination Lights Up $4 B+ In Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Becomes Fifth - Biggest Wholly Original Hit Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 1 ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Could Hit $60 M Opening , According To Some Early Projections '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Animation Set to Reign Again as ' Secret Life of Pets ' Eyes $80 + Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Digs Up Huge $5.33 M Thursday For Possible $100 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Barking Up $90 M - $100 M Opening ; ' Mike And Dave ' Eyes $13 M - $14 M -- Midday B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock and Rebecca Ford ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Heading for Stellar $97 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Snags Huge $38 M Friday , Aims For $100 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolf1 ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box office : Secret Life of Pets roars past $100 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Wakes Up Summer 's Second Half With $104 M+ Opening -- B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Bites Off Huge $103.2 M Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CS ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets Opens to a Big $103.2 Million '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' No. 2 With $46 M , Slimed By ' Secret Life of Pets ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Up $59.6 M ; ' Ice Age 5 ' Bombs With $21 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets ' Wags Past $400 M Global ; Sets Sequel Release Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $19.3 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' Resurgence ' Rises To $175.8 M ; China Shells Out For ' TMNT2 ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Supreme With $50.1 M Bow & Franchise Records -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets ' Woofs It Past $500 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Pictures ' Pets ' Collars $674 M WW ; ' Suicide Squad ' Necks $575 M Through Sunday -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad 's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3 M Topping ' Deadpool ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 puts the frighteners on gods and turtles at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets repels alien invasion at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Wins as Revenue Share Rises Despite Brexit - Driven Pound Drop '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day 2 ' Underwhelms With $41.6 M ; ' Finding Dory ' Sprints to $73.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ab Fab ad campaign makes Edina and Patsy toast of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets beats Tarzan to the top of the tree at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics Overseas As Chinese Summer & Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Kick Into Gear -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Kozlov ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Russia Box Office : Summer Gross Sets Record in Rubles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad 's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3 M Topping ' Deadpool ' Comp -- Intl Box Office Hot Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bourne ' Back At # 1 ; ' Ice Age ' Skates Across $300 M Offshore ; ' Pets ' Prances Past $700 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Into China With $31.3 M Bow ; ' Pets ' Woofs It Past $750 M WW - International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sully ' Flies Higher In Offshore Debut ; ' Suicide Squad ' Squashes $700 M WW -- International Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Tops Overseas Again As ' Magnificent 7 ' Corrals $19.2 M & ' Storks ' Bundles $18.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Local Adventure ' Time Raiders ' Romps to $71 M , Unversal 's ' Pets ' Nears $30 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Time Raiders ' Runs Away With $65 Million Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Growth Returns in August After Prolonged Downturn '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Just fur fun , peeking at ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . NPR . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of Pets ' : Louis C.K. and Kevin Hart in animated treat for pet lovers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sim , Jonathan ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Secret Life of Pets ' is RIPPING OFF Toy Story '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets - Toy Story with Animals , No Ambition '' . The Escapist . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Is a Silly , Poor Excuse for a ' Toy Story ' Retread '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Loving ' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary. `` 2017 Producers Guild Film Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life of Pets 2 ' in the Works , Set for 2018 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing 2 ' Set for Christmas Day 2020 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Secret Life of Pets on IMDb The Secret Life of Pets at Rotten Tomatoes The Secret Life of Pets at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Comedy portal Animals portal Film in the United States portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Pets&oldid=808157645 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s American animated films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's fantasy films American computer - animated films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about animals Animated films about birds Animated films about cats Animated films about dogs Animated films about revenge Film scores by Alexandre Desplat Films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring pets Films set in New York City Films using computer - generated imagery Illumination Entertainment animated films IMAX films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 06 : 22 . 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-8781285937736360120 | List of The Lion King characters | List of the Lion King characters - wikipedia List of the Lion King characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters in the first film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Mufasa , Simba , Sarabi , Zazu , Timon , and Pumbaa . Bottom right : Nala and Sarafina . Disney 's The Lion King films and its later franchise features an extensive cast of fictional characters created by Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . The lead character of the series is Simba . During the course of the franchise , he grows up to take his father 's place as the King of the Pride Lands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 The Lion King 2.1 Simba 2.2 Nala 2.3 Timon and Pumbaa 2.4 Scar 2.5 Mufasa 2.6 Sarabi 2.7 Zazu 2.8 Rafiki 2.9 Shenzi , Banzai and Ed 2.10 Gopher 3 The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa 3.1 Quint 3.2 Speedy the Snail 3.3 Fred 3.4 Boss Beaver 3.5 Irwin 3.6 Toucan Dan 3.7 Rabbit 3.8 Vulture Police 3.9 Cheetata and Cheetato 3.10 The Three Natives 3.11 Smolder the Bear 3.12 Tatiana 3.13 Sharla 3.14 Ned the Elephant 3.15 Little Jimmy 3.16 Pimon and Tumbaa 4 The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride 4.1 Kiara 4.2 Kovu 4.3 Zira 4.4 Nuka 4.5 Vitani 5 The Lion King 11⁄2 5.1 Ma 5.2 Uncle Max 6 The Lion Guard 6.1 Kion 6.2 Bunga 6.3 Fuli 6.4 Beshte 6.5 Ono 6.6 Zuri 6.7 Tiifu 6.8 Janja 's clan 6.9 Mzingo 6.10 Jasiri 6.11 Pua 6.12 Makuu 6.13 Reirei 's family 6.14 Ushari 6.15 Basi 6.16 Leopards 6.17 Aardwolves 7 Six New Adventures & other books based by The Lion King characters 7.1 Kopa 7.2 Ahadi 7.3 Uru 7.4 Mohatu 7.5 Ni 7.6 Kula 7.7 Chumvi 7.8 Joka 7.9 Jelani 7.10 Kwaheri 7.11 Boma 7.12 Zuzu 8 References Development ( edit ) A total of thirteen supervising animators from Walt Disney Feature Animation and Disney - MGM Studios were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the first film 's main characters . The animation team studied real - life animals for reference , as was done for the earlier film Bambi . The animation of the characters counted with supervision by wildlife experts such as Jim Fowler , who visited the studio on several occasions with lions and other animals to help the animators reproduce authentic behavior . Screenwriter Irene Mecchi joined the directing team to help in the character development process and define each character 's personality . Story head Brenda Chapman spoke of the challenges of character development . The Lion King ( edit ) Simba ( edit ) Main article : Simba Simba ( voiced by Matthew Broderick in the films , Cam Clarke in Timon & Pumbaa , and Rob Lowe in The Lion Guard ) is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi . His name meaning `` lion '' in Swahili and `` strength '' in Shona . Simba grows up to take Mufasa 's place as King of Pride Rock and becomes the father of Kiara and Kion . Nala ( edit ) Main article : Nala ( Disney ) Nala ( voiced by Moira Kelly ) is a childhood friend of Simba and the daughter of Sarafina . Although she is a prominent character in The Lion King , she makes minor appearances in The Lion King ll : Simba 's Pride , The Lion King 11⁄2 , and The Lion Guard . In the first film , she is portrayed as Simba 's childhood friend . After helping Simba enter the elephant graveyard , she has to be rescued by Mufasa when the hyenas attack them . Several years later , Nala encounters Simba as a young adult and develops a romance with Simba after encountering him in the jungle . After returning to Pride Rock , she helps Simba defeat Scar and take Mufasa 's place as King of Pride Rock . In Simba 's Pride , Nala is depicted as slightly older , calmer and less overprotective than her mate . Timon and Pumbaa ( edit ) Main article : Timon and Pumbaa Timon and Pumbaa ( voiced by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella in the films and TV series , respectively ) are a meerkat and warthog duo . Although they are supporting characters in the first two films , they are featured as the main characters in The Lion King 11⁄2 as well as in the Timon & Pumbaa TV series . In the first film they become friends with Simba and teach him the basics of life in the jungle . After helping Simba stop Scar 's tyrannical reign , the two become Simba 's royal advisors and adoptive uncles of the honey badger , Bunga . Scar ( edit ) Main article : Scar ( Disney ) Scar ( voiced by Jeremy Irons in The Lion King and Jim Cummings in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ) is the main antagonist of The Lion King franchise and Mufasa 's younger brother . In The Lion King , after he commits a coup d'état by murdering his brother and exiling his nephew Simba , he becomes `` King of the Pride Lands '' . However , Simba returns to Pride Rock and overthrows Scar to become King of the Pride Lands . The Lion Guard reveals that Scar was once the leader of the titular group and , like his great - nephew Kion , once possessed the Roar of the Elders . Scar lost the Roar of the Elders after using it to destroy the other members of the guard . Mufasa ( edit ) Mufasa ( voiced by James Earl Jones in the films and Gary Anthony Williams in The Lion Guard ) is Scar 's older brother , Sarabi 's husband and Simba 's father who is introduced as the King of the Pride Lands . The name `` Mufasa '' means `` King '' in the Manazoto language . In The Lion King , he teaches Simba on what a king is supposed to be . However , Mufasa is killed during a wildebeest stampede initiated by Scar . He returns as a ghostly apparition in the clouds to help Simba return to the Pride Lands and remember who he is as King . According to Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , they knew that Jones 's voice was powerful similar to the lion roar . Jones is scheduled to reprise his role in the upcoming live - action adaptation of the film directed by Jon Favreau . Sarabi ( edit ) `` Sarabi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sarabi ( disambiguation ) . Sarabi ( voiced by Madge Sinclair ) is Mufasa 's wife and Simba 's mother . Her name means `` mirage '' in Swahili . In The Lion King , she serves as the Queen of Pride Rock . Years after Scar usurps the throne , Sarabi helps Simba fight against Scar and his hyenas . When Simba defeats Scar , Nala becomes queen in Sarabi 's place . Zazu ( edit ) Zazu ( voiced by Rowan Atkinson in The Lion King , Edward Hibbert in Timon & Pumbaa , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and The Lion King 11⁄2 , and Jeff Bennett in The Lion Guard ) is a red - billed hornbill and majordomo to Mufasa and later Simba . After Mufasa 's death , Zazu becomes a prisoner of Scar before Pumbaa releases him when Simba returns to the Pride Lands . He eventually acts as a scout and advises Simba on royal protocol . In the musical , Zazu is a puppet controlled by an actor dressed in blue striped clothes and a bowler hat , much like a stereotypical butler . Zazu 's blue feathers have been replaced with white and the puppet is partially constructed from parachute silk with a slinky contained in the neck for ease in movement . Rafiki ( edit ) Rafiki ( voiced by Robert Guillaume in the films and Timon & Pumbaa and Khary Payton in The Lion Guard ) , whose name means `` friend '' in Swahili , is a mandrill with an unnaturally long tail . He lives in a baobab tree in the Pride Lands and performs shamanistic services for the lions of Pride Rock . In The Lion King , Rafiki is introduced in the opening scene when he travels to Pride Rock to perform newborn Simba 's presentation ceremony . During the film , Rafiki sings a nonsense chant : `` Asante sana , squash banana , wewe nugu , mimi hapana . '' This is a Swahili playground rhyme which translates to `` Thank you very much ( squash banana ) , you 're a baboon and I 'm not ! '' Like `` hakuna matata '' ( no worries ) , the chant was heard by the filmmakers on their research trip to Kenya . Rafiki travels to the jungle where Simba lives with Timon and Pumbaa , and teaches him lessons about learning from the past . During the battle for Pride Rock , Rafiki saves Simba from a hyena . At the end of the film , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . In the sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , Rafiki is more closely involved with the affairs and politics of the prides and is often seen with the lions . Mufasa 's spirit persuades him to bring Simba 's daughter Kiara and Zira 's son Kovu together as a way of uniting the prides . Rafiki tries to make them fall in love by singing to them about a place called `` Upendi '' , which means `` love '' in Swahili . In the end , he blesses the union of Kovu and Kiara and Kovu is welcomed into the pride . Rafiki appears briefly in The Lion King 11⁄2 , teaching Timon the philosophy of `` Hakuna Matata '' , talking to Timon 's mother about her son , and later convincing Timon to follow Simba to Pride Rock to confront Scar . In the musical , the character of Rafiki was significantly modified . Because director Julie Taymor felt that the story lacked a strong female character , Rafiki was changed into a female mandrill and sangoma . She acts as narrator throughout the story , at one point speaking to the audience in a click language for comic effect . She sings the opening song `` Circle of Life '' , a keening song called `` Rafiki Mourns '' following Mufasa 's death , and a brief part in Nala 's song `` Shadowland '' , when she blesses Nala for her journey to find help . Instead of detecting Simba 's scent on dust , Rafiki hears Simba 's song `` Endless Night '' on the wind . Rafiki finds Simba and shows him that his father lives on in him through the song `` He Lives in You '' . She is present during the battle , fighting a hyena , and adorns Simba with the king 's mantle after his victory . And the play ends with her at the presentation of Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . Rafiki makes occasional appearances in the Timon and Pumbaa TV series and has his own segments called `` Rafiki Fables '' in the same show . He appears briefly in the Pride Lands world of Kingdom Hearts II . Shenzi , Banzai and Ed ( edit ) Shenzi ( voiced by Whoopi Goldberg in the films and Tress MacNeille in Timon & Pumbaa and Kingdom Hearts II ) , Banzai ( voiced by Cheech Marin in the films and Rob Paulsen in Timon & Pumbaa ) and Ed ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are the three spotted hyenas who make up Scar 's henchmen . After Scar promises them that they will have food , the hyenas trigger the wildebeest stampede and chase Simba out of Pride Rock . When Simba returns to Pride Rock , Shenzi and Banzai are defeated by Pumbaa . The three turn on Scar when the latter tries to blame them for Mufasa 's death and the ruin of the Pride Lands , and eat him alive . Shenzi was originally going to be a male and be voiced by Tommy Chong to reunite him with Marin , who was playing Banzai , but the two had a falling out , so Shenzi was reconceived as a female and Goldberg was hired for the role . Gopher ( edit ) Gopher ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a gopher , who works for Zazu as an informant . In the film he is seen warning Zazu that the hyenas have invaded the Pride Lands . His scene is expanded in the 2003 special edition . He appears during the song The Morning Report and is spotted by Simba who tries to pounce him , but Gopher pops back inside the dirt . Gopher reappears , trying to get Mufasa 's attention , but Simba notices him again , to which the gopher hides back in the dirt . For the third time , Gopher reappears near a small rock , and Simba notices him again to try to pounce him , Gopher disappears to which Simba hits his head on the rock . The character is expanded in the television series . He acts as Zazu 's primary lieutenant , even sharing Zazu 's home within a large tree . He is seen reporting to Zazu on the movements of elephants . In one episode Gopher is ( temporarily ) given Zazu 's job after Zazu makes an error while counting the animal population . Cummings reprises his role for these episodes . The Lion King 's Timon & Pumbaa ( edit ) Quint ( edit ) Quint ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is Timon and Pumbaa 's archenemy , a sneaky , muscular man with black hair , a pink nose , and a shaven face , and he has varying roles . His wears different clothes in each episode because of the different jobs he has , but he is often seen wearing a hat . He also has different first names that show what his jobs are ( in which they all happen to start with C ) . Quint is a con artist who tricks Timon into stealing a gold nugget Pumbaa found in the episode `` Yukon Con '' , a criminal who stole a suitcase that has $1,290,000 in the episode `` How to Beat the High Costa Rica '' , an evil clock inspector who wants to get revenge on a timekeeper in the episode `` Swiss Missed '' , a French chef who wants to make Speedy the Snail an escargot in the episode `` French Fried '' , etc . In the episode `` The Pain in Spain '' , two Quints are seen together , which may prove that there is more than one of him . In some episodes , Quint appears to be a respectable man with an honest job , but he still seems to annoy Timon and Pumbaa . Notably in Season 2 , Quint 's face appears to be clean - shaven , except in the episode `` Klondike Con '' when he becomes a gold thief . Also , in the episode `` Escape From Newark '' , his nose is the same color as his body for the first time . Speedy the snail ( edit ) Speedy ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is a talking grayish / bluish snail with a shiny red shell and a yellow fedora . Timon and Pumbaa plan to eat him at first , but his ability to speak and sing and his bon viveur , good - humored attitude gets him to become friends with them . Timon gives him the name `` Speedy '' , because he thinks that it would be a brilliant incongruity . Speedy always finds himself in danger , such as becoming a French gourmet snail and an earring out of his shell , and it 's always up for Timon and Pumbaa to save him . In the episode `` The Man from J.U.N.G.L.E. '' , Speedy is revealed to be a superhero called Super Duper Hero X after Timon and Pumbaa were captured by his nemesis Chromosome Quint . Every episode featuring Speedy end with Timon and Pumbaa saying bye to Speedy when they return him home , a seagull capturing Speedy , and then Timon and Pumbaa trying to save him once again . Speedy 's voice was based on that of Bing Crosby . Speedy also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce '' . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by S. Scott Bullock ) is a meerkat who was Timon 's best friend back at the meerkat colony . He is a practical joker , employing such gags as the hand buzzer , the squirting flower , and the whoopee cushion . He also loved Timon 's hyena jokes . When Fred visits Timon and Pumbaa , he pulls more practical jokes on the duo , such as impersonating Timon 's mother or impersonating a Billy Goat guard . Timon and Pumbaa , however , do n't find Fred 's jokes very funny and they often overpower him . Aside from pulling practical jokes , Fred enjoys doing all sorts of activities , such as playing Turtle Tennis and Fishing for Flamingos . He also mentions that he and Timon have always gone Bowling for Buzzards . At the meerkat colony , Fred 's duty was to guard the Duke Meerkat 's castle , although on the day the Duke left the colony , he snuck away to get a snack and convinced Timon that it was now his chance to go on a date with Princess Tatiana . When the Duke banished Timon from the colony after a cobra kidnapped the princess , Fred 's new duty was to guard the back gate , which indicates that he has been demoted for failing to protect the castle . Fred appears in a total of four episodes : `` Tanzania Zany '' , `` Mombasa - In - Law '' , `` Once Upon a Timon '' , and `` Mind Over Matterhorn '' . Boss Beaver ( edit ) Boss Beaver ( voiced by Brad Garrett ) is an ill - tempered and cantankerous beaver with a white hard hat . His lifestyle is the exact opposite of Timon and Pumbaa 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle : Boss Beaver likes to work while Timon and Pumbaa like to relax . He owns a lumber mill and an amusement park called `` Boss Beaver 's Log Land '' . Boss Beaver also has three mottos : `` Makuta Hamaka '' , which means `` work real hard '' , `` safety first '' and `` you break it , you buy it . '' Boss Beaver 's favorite quote is `` I am Boss Beaver and the reason they call me Boss Beaver is that I am your boss and I am a beaver . Therefore , I am Boss Beaver . '' In the episode `` Amusement Bark '' , it is revealed that he has a mischievous son named Boy Beaver , who keeps breaking things at his amusement park and getting Timon blamed for it . Boss Beaver appears in a total of three episodes . He also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce . '' Irwin ( edit ) Irwin ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a clumsy , accident - prone penguin with a green scarf and a brown hat . Timon and Pumbaa befriend him at a boat stop in Antarctica when they see that he has two extra tickets for the duo to get on the ship . When Irwin leaves his home with the duo , it is shown that he has obviously injured all of his penguin `` friends '' , as they are all seen wearing bandages . Timon dislikes Irwin 's clumsiness , and tries to get rid of him by tricking him into playing a game of Hide - and - Seek . Irwin accidentally causes the boat to sink and Timon and Pumbaa run into him on an island . Timon confronts the penguin and he tricks him into playing another game and Irwin accidentally causes the island to sink . Irwin meets Timon and Pumbaa again at a Hakuna Matata Megamall . Due to his clumsiness , Timon and Pumbaa try to avoid him by hiding in various stores . Irwin appears in two episodes of the series : `` Frantic Atlantic '' and `` Shopping Mauled . '' Toucan Dan ( edit ) Toucan Dan ( Jeff Bennett ) is a dangerously clever criminal mastermind lying toucan who wears a red fez . He is a convincing liar and impersonator and would also do anything to get someone in trouble . In his debut episode `` I Do n't Bolivia '' , he keeps tricking Timon into freeing him from his cage . Later in the episode , while Timon impersonates Toucan Dan in order to not be in trouble with the police , Toucan Dan impersonates Timon and this makes Pumbaa have to decide which one is the real Timon . Toucan Dan makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' . In that episode , he frames Timon and Pumbaa for stealing a train car full of beak polish and the police throw them in jail . Angry at Toucan Dan , Timon and Pumbaa escape to catch the toucan and make him tell the truth . Rabbit ( edit ) Rabbit ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a large and tall pink hare who appears to be very annoying , rude , obnoxious , argumentative , and tiring . He made his debut in the episode `` Mojave Desserted '' . In that episode , Timon and Pumbaa save his life when he was drowning in quicksand and he decides to repay the duo hand and foot . Annoyed by Rabbit , Timon and Pumbaa hatch a plan to put themselves in danger and have Rabbit save them and then leave them alone . Rabbit makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Africa - Dabra ! , '' this time appearing as an unsympathetic and ruthless magician . After Timon pulls him out of a hat , he teams up with the meerkat to become part of his magic act , telling him that he has been looking for a partner for years . When he gets annoyed by Pumbaa ruining the magic acts , he breaks up Timon and Pumbaa 's friendship . When Pumbaa finds out that Timon would never truly said anything mean about him , he gets revenge on Rabbit by trapping him in a cage Vulture police ( edit ) The Vulture Police ( voiced by Townsend Coleman and Brian Cummings ) are recurring characters in the Timon & Pumbaa series . They appear in a total of six episodes . They make their first appearance in the episode `` The Law of the Jungle , '' where they arrest Timon for using the Forbidden Stick to scratch his back and take him to a rhino judge who gives a number of test to see whether he 's innocent or guilty . In the episode `` Yosemite Remedy , '' Timon and Pumbaa go to the police after a criminal raccoon steals their suitcase full of valuables . When they handcuff the thief , he tells them that he did n't steal Timon and Pumbaa 's suitcase , he found it . The police let him go but later arrest him again when they find out that he really stole the duo 's suitcase . In the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' , the Vulture Police throw Timon and Pumbaa in jail after they were convinced by Toucan Dan that they stole the train car full of beak polish . After Timon and Pumbaa confront Toucan Dan , the police show up and realize that it was really Toucan Dan who stole the train car , so they arrest the toucan . However , they also throw Timon and Pumbaa back in jail since they escaped when they told them not to . The Vulture Police make a brief appearance in the episode `` Wide Awake in Wonderland , '' in the meerkat and warthog version of Goldilocks and the Three Bears . Cheetata and Cheetato ( edit ) Cheetata ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) and Cheetato ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are a pair of sophisticated twin cheetahs , reminiscent of Warner Bros ' Goofy Gophers , speaking in British accents and using similar phrases ( `` Indubitably , '' `` How very kind of you '' ) . In order to tell them apart , not only do they have different voices , they also have different personalities : Cheetata appears to be more eager and aggressive while Cheetato seems more likely to think things through . The cheetahs first appear in the episode `` Cooked Goose '' , where they are annoyed by Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed getting in the way of their wildebeest hunt , so they try sending them on various wild goose chases . They also appear in `` Gabon with the Wind , '' where they are convinced by Timon that he is going to catch Pumbaa for them , when he is actually going to find his friend so that they can both run away to safety . In the episode `` Boary Glory Days '' , Timon and Pumbaa use Cheetata and Cheetato to play a game of Predator Tag . While the cheetahs are chasing Timon and Pumbaa , the duo outsmarts the brothers by having them jump over a mud pool and fall into it . The three natives ( edit ) The Three Natives ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) are a trio of tribes who are really university students . They have a leader ( also voiced by Jeff Bennett ) who is also a university student and who usually precedes what he says with `` Bungala , bungala . '' The natives first appear in `` Boara Boara '' . This episode shows that they used to have a warthog king of the island , which is unknown what might 've happened to him . Therefore , the natives might have not seen their king in a really long time . When Timon and Pumbaa visit the island , the natives mistake Pumbaa for their long - lost king and they make Timon his servant . Everything goes well until they make Pumbaa relight the fire and realize that he 's an impostor when they see that he is unable to do so . The natives also appear in the episode `` New Guinea Pig , '' where Pumbaa decides to trade his tusks to them , and `` Beast of Eden '' , where they steal a golden magic tooth that belongs to a beast and Timon and Pumbaa have to retrieve it from them . They also make a brief appearance in the episode `` Mozam - Beaked '' when Timon and Pumbaa go to Bora Bora to throw a woodpecker into the volcano . Smolder the bear ( edit ) Smolder ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a grumpy , short - tempered , but nice grizzly bear , although he gets easily angered , such as when he is awoken from his nap or when someone gets his food order wrong . He also has a romantic interest in a beautiful supermodel named Leslie Lambeau ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . He appears in seven episodes , from `` Slalom Problem '' to `` It Runs Good '' . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Smolder becomes cell mates with Little Jimmy , who gets even with Timon and Pumbaa by taking advantage of him by convincing him that the duo hurt him so that he could beat them up . Smolder starts to show compassion for Timon and Pumbaa in the episodes `` Ready , Aim , Fire '' and `` Stay Away from my Honey ! '' Tatiana ( edit ) Tatiana ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is the daughter of the Duke Meerkat and the princess of the meerkat colony . She only appears in one episode but she 's vital for Timon 's past . After Timon leaves his sentry duty post to prepare for his date with Tatiana , a king cobra enters the colony and kidnaps the princess , which makes everyone believe she 's dead and which causes Timon to get banished . After Timon and Pumbaa meet for the first time , they see that Tatiana is still alive and rescue her from a cobra . When Tatiana returns to the colony with Timon and Pumbaa , Timon is offered her hand in marriage . When the Duke makes him choose between Tatiana or Pumbaa , he chooses to be Bestest Best friends with Pumbaa . Although `` Once Upon a Timon '' was meant to be Tatiana 's only appearance , there is a female meerkat who bears a striking resemblance to her in the episode `` Timon in Love '' . The only difference is that Tatiana has blond hair while the other meerkat has red hair and she 's not wearing a tiara . Sharla ( edit ) Sharla ( voiced by Lisa Ortiz ) is a female warthog who is the leader of Pumbaa 's former sounder as well as Pumbaa 's former girlfriend . While she only appears in one episode , she is vital for Pumbaa 's past . She and three other male warthogs of the sounder banished Pumbaa from the group due to his awful scent , which was appalling even by warthog standards . Years later , Sharla and the three warthogs carry around a big bag of bugs for the rainy season , but come across a flock of Guinea fowl , who are their natural enemies and nightmares . Due to the birds ' abilities to remove their furs in just a few seconds , the warthogs refuge in a hut and make a distress call , which Pumbaa answers . When Pumbaa reunites with his sounder , he has Timon come up with ideas on how they can get rid of the Guinea fowl . However , none of Timon 's ideas work , so Pumbaa suggests that he and Timon use the jeep so that they carry a fake bag of bugs ( which have firecrackers inside ) to distract the Guinea fowl while Sharla and the other warthogs leave the hut with the real bag of bugs . Although Sharla banished Pumbaa from the group , they still have romantic feelings for each other . When Pumbaa ( and Timon ) show up to the hut , they tell each other that they have never forgotten one another . Sharla tells Pumbaa that he should stay with the group , but Pumbaa decides to continue living his Hakuna Matata lifestyle with Timon , which the female warthog understands . Ned the elephant ( edit ) Ned ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a high and mighty elephant who thinks he 's wonderful at everything . He seems to enjoy teasing Timon and Pumbaa when they try to prove their worth to him . In the episode `` Uganda be an Elephant '' , Timon states that Ned is the most popular guy in the jungle and Pumbaa decides to turn himself into an elephant in order to be popular as well . Although Ned is selfish and sarcastic , he gets a change of heart after Pumbaa rescues him and his hippo henchmen from falling off a cliff . In the episode `` Unlucky in Lesotho '' , it is revealed that Ned has a Good Luck Club , which lost most of its members due to Ned bringing an unlucky jar . Because he gets eaten by piranhas ( or tigerfish ) , Ned is never seen or heard from again after this episode . Little Jimmy ( edit ) Little Jimmy ( voiced by Joe Alaskey ) is a cute , yet dangerous bluebird . He is similar to Toucan Dan , with the fact that he is also a criminal mastermind and he can also be dishonest . He also has two voices : his fake cute , innocent voice and his criminal voice . Little Jimmy first appears in the episode `` Nest Best Thing , '' where he tricks Pumbaa into building a birdhouse for him , which is actually a hideout . The pigeon police show up and arrest Little Jimmy . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Little Jimmy is cell mates with Smolder the Bear . In order to get revenge on Timon and Pumbaa for turning him in , he tricks Smolder into thinking that Timon and Pumbaa hurt him so that he could hurt them back . Pimon and Tumbaa ( edit ) Pimon ( voiced by Billy West ) and Tumbaa ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) are a buff meerkat and warthog duo who are evil counterparts of Timon and Pumbaa . They are shown to be bullies of the jungle , as they enjoy pushing Timon and Pumbaa around , giving them atomic wedgies , as well as being shown picking on a squirrel . They also have their own philosophy : Kahuna Potato , which means that they will never leave Timon and Pumbaa ( or anyone ) alone . Pimon and Tumbaa make their first and only appearance in the episode `` Kahuna Potato '' . After Timon and Pumbaa successfully catch some bugs , the bullies steal their bag of bugs , give the two wedgies , and walk off with the bugs . Fed up of being picked on by the bullies , Timon decides that it is time for himself and Pumbaa to learn how to fight . Timon and Pumbaa go to Rafiki to have him teach them self - defense , which Rafiki suggests that they should snatch some bugs off his palm and he will teach them the secret to Kung - Fu . After Timon and Pumbaa learn Kung - Fu from Rafiki , they go confront Pimon and Tumbaa , who show them that they also know Kung - Fu . While the two groups fight each other , the bullies give Timon and Pumbaa more atomic wedgies , causing the two to give up until Rafiki appears and tells the two to use Hakuna Matata to fight . Listening to Rafiki 's advice , Timon and Pumbaa continue fighting Pimon and Tumbaa and they end up defeating the bullies . Later that night , Pimon and Tumbaa get their hairs shaved off and feed Timon and Pumbaa the bugs they stole from them . The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( edit ) Kiara ( edit ) For the American singer , see Kiiara . Kiara ( voiced by Neve Campbell as a young adult and Michelle Horn as a cub in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and by Eden Riegel in The Lion Guard ) is the only daughter of Simba and Nala and Kion 's older sister . She has a cameo appearance in The Lion King and is a major character in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and The Lion Guard . Kiara is also a descendant of Mufasa and Sarabi , who are Simba 's parents . Kiara is portrayed as a feisty , playful , and adventurous princess whom Simba easily fears for her safety . As a cub , Kiara befriends Kovu and rescues him from a group of nile crocodiles . As a young adult , Kiara is rescued by Kovu as part of Zira 's plan to avenge Scar 's death and the two lions eventually fall in love . When Kovu is exiled from the Pride Lands following Zira 's ambush on Simba , Kiara helps him return to the Pride Lands to reunite the Pridelanders and Outsiders . Afterwards , she becomes Kovu 's wife . Kovu ( edit ) Kovu ( voiced by Jason Marsden as an young adult and Ryan O'Donohue as a cub ) is the youngest child of Zira and Scar 's chosen heir . Kovu means `` scar '' in Swahili , a reference to his character conception as Scar 's son , which was changed due to the implications of him and Kiara being first cousins once removed and falling in love . During his childhood , Zira trains Kovu to assassinate Simba and take his place as King of Pride Rock . As a young adult , Kovu rescues Kiara during a planned ambush and Simba reluctantly allows him to stay in the Pride Lands . While spending time with Kiara , Rafiki gets the two young lions to fall in love , and Kovu realizes he can not hurt Simba . However , after Simba is ambushed by the Outsiders and Nuka is killed , Kovu angrily disowns Scar and leaves the Outlands but is quickly exiled from the Pride Lands as a traitor . Kovu returns to Pride Rock and stops the fighting between the Outsiders and Pridelanders with the help of Kiara . Simba later reconciles with Kovu and allows him to become his eventual successor . Zira ( edit ) Zira ( voiced by Suzanne Pleshette in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and Nika Futterman in The Lion Guard ) , meaning `` hate '' in Swahili , is the mother of Nuka , Kovu and Vitani . She plots to avenge Scar 's death by forming the Outsiders . However , after taking advantage of Kovu 's friendship with Simba 's daughter Kiara , she devises a plan to assassinate Simba . Eventually , the Pridelanders and the Outsiders fight each other , but with Kiara and Kovu 's help , Vitani and the other Outsiders abandon Zira . Attempting to attack Simba , Zira is intercepted by Kiara and falls to her death despite the latter 's attempt to rescue her . Zira made an appearance in The Lion Guard alongside Kovu , Nuka , Vitani and the rest of her pride in the episode `` Lions of the Outlands '' . She tries to convince Kion that using the Roar of the Elders against her and the other Outsiders would cause him to lose it just as Scar did , and to side with his fellow lions . However , Kion is eventually able to see through her deceptions and drives her and the others off with the Roar . Nuka ( edit ) Nuka ( voiced by Andy Dick ) is the eldest child of Zira . His name means `` stink '' in Swahili . Jealous of Zira 's greater relationship with Kovu , Nuka often attempts to gain his mother 's approval . During the Outsiders ' ambush , Nuka attempts to kill Simba to prove himself to his mother , but is crushed to death . Vitani ( edit ) Vitani ( voiced by Jennifer Lien as a young adult and Lacey Chabert as a cub ) , a Swahili portmanteau of the words `` Vita '' ( `` War '' ) , `` Ni '' ( `` I Am '' ) , and `` Shetani '' , is the middle child and only daughter of Zira . Although she has a prominent appearance in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , she makes a cameo appearance in The Lion Guard . As a young adult , Vitani is Zira 's strongest lieutenant , supporting and acting on her mother 's violent plans . With Kovu and Kiara 's help , Vitani and the Outsiders turn on Zira and join the Pridelanders to stop the fighting between the two prides . She was originally named `` Shetani '' ( `` She - Demon '' in Swahili ) in early drafts of The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , but this was softened to `` Vitani '' , which is a portmanteau that can be roughly translated to `` I Am War '' or , more commonly , `` Demon of War '' . The Lion King 11⁄2 ( edit ) Ma ( edit ) Ma ( voiced by Julie Kavner ) is Timon 's mother . Generally encouraging and optimistic , she believes in Timon convinces Uncle Max to give him a job as a sentry or look - out . After Timon fails in his duty , she remains convinced that he can still find a place in the colony , but when he insists that he has to go , Ma supports him . Later , she gets worried about Timon after speaking to Rafiki and searches for him . They finally reunite at Pride Rock and Ma helps in the battle against the hyenas by digging a long tunnel to trap them . After Simba becomes king , the death of Scar and avenging Mufasa , Timon takes them and the entire meerkat colony to the jungle paradise he and Pumbaa discovered . She is mentioned by Timon in The Lion Guard episode `` Beware the Zimwi '' , where it is said that her cousin 's friend knew an ox that was eaten by the Zimwi . It 's unknown if she 's still alive or not . Uncle Max ( edit ) Uncle Max ( voiced by Jerry Stiller ) is a prominent member of the meerkat colony and relative of Timon and Ma . He has grey head - fur and a very large nose . Max is a pessimist by nature and very paranoid , believing that a meerkat 's fate is to be `` food for other animals ! Feared by nothing and eaten by all ! '' Max reluctantly agrees to let Timon be a sentry for the colony and attempts to train him for the job , but is nearly eaten by the hyenas when they attack . He is glad to see Timon go but ends up going with Ma to find him . Max appears again towards the end of the film , where he and Ma encounter Timon and Pumbaa at Pride Rock , and helps Timon get rid of the hyenas by digging a tunnel . Max finally believes in Timon , and after Timon takes the meerkats to his jungle paradise , Max teaches the meerkats tai chi instead of how not to be eaten . Some of Max 's role was originally going to be filled by Timon 's father , who was considered for inclusion in the film but ultimately dropped . The Lion Guard ( edit ) Kion ( edit ) Kion ( voiced by Max Charles ) is the son of Simba and Nala , Kiara 's younger brother , Mufasa , Sarabi , Sarafina and Nala 's father 's grandson and Scar 's great - nephew . His name is derived from the Swahili word `` Kiongozi '' ( `` leader '' ) and he has a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used causes the lion spirits of the Pride Lands past to roar with him . In The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar , Simba has Kion organize the titular guard along with Bunga , Beshte , Fuli , and Ono ; he serves as the group 's leader due to his strong sense of responsibility . When Kiara is cornered by Janja and his clan , Kion and the Lion Guard rescues her and force the hyenas to leave . In The Lion Guard , he also demonstrates a strong yet open sense of discernment , which warms him to scavengers like Jasiri the hyena and her clan . However , more cunning neighbors such as Zira of the Outsiders and Reirei the jackal have used his trusting spirit to exert their will , only to be soundly subdued when Kion 's instincts come into play . Bunga ( edit ) Bunga ( voiced by Joshua Rush ) is a young honey badger , Kion 's best friend and the bravest member of the Lion Guard . He is also the adoptive nephew of Timon and Pumbaa . Bunga is shown to be very adventurous and he rarely acts serious or even sits still , as he is always on the move , working off boundless energy and enthusiasm , and makes even the most dire of situations into a fantastic time . Though this makes him a great friend and playmate , it lands him into trouble more often than not . Not only is he willing to put himself in bodily harm , such as his stunt in leaping off Pride Rock , but he will face down predators such as the hyenas in order to save his friends . According to Kiara , Bunga is `` brave , bordering on stupid , '' but a valued member of the Lion Guard nonetheless . His catchphrase is `` Zuka Zama , '' which means `` pop up , dive in '' in Swahili . His name means ' fool ' in the same tongue . Fuli ( edit ) Fuli ( voiced by Diamond White ) is a cheetah , one of Kion 's friends and the fastest member of the Lion Guard , as well as its only female member . She is quite prideful in her running abilities and shows extreme delight for being able to outpace a pursuer of any species . Despite being friends with Kion , she is somewhat resentful of the Lions for lording over the Pride Lands and was skeptical about Kion 's Roar of the Elders . Despite these negative traits , she was willing to join the Lion Guard with her friends to defend the Circle of Life when Janja and his clan invaded the Pride Lands . Her catchphrase is `` Huwezi , '' which means `` you ca n't ( catch me ) '' in Swahili . Her name means ' very fast ' in the same tongue . Beshte ( edit ) Beshte ( voiced by Dusan Brown ) is a hippo , one of Kion 's friends and the strongest member of the Lion Guard . Being one of the most popular animals of the Pridelands , Beshte is shown to be kind - hearted . His friendliness extends to everyone , as he acts like a big brother to the younger members of his herd , a friend to animals of all different species , and a protector of the Pride Lands at large . Beshte can also , however , be sensitive , being especially tactful when his friend Kion is unable to use the Roar of the Elders . For an animal so large and full of life , Beshte has an appropriately large heart and never fails to treat his friends with kindness . His primary catchphrase is `` Twende Kiboko ! '' , which means `` let 's go , hippo ! '' in Swahili - a secondary one is likely his question phrase , `` What 's the kerbubble ? '' , when sensing a disagreement of almost any sort . His name means ' friend ' in the same tongue . Ono ( edit ) Ono ( voiced by Atticus Shaffer ) is a cattle egret , one of Kion 's friends and the keenest of sight of the Lion Guard , as well as its only non-mammal member . He is one of the more easygoing members of the group , being friendly and group - oriented . He is used to spending time around other animals and is content to be part of The Lion Guard . Ono is also shown to be blunt , as he is able to lay out his feelings without sugar - coating . He is by far the most realistic member of the group , as he always thinks things through before jumping in . When it comes to his role on the Lion Guard , Ono is brave and has a knack for following the rules . He obeys Kion 's orders without question and proves himself to be plucky and thrifty , considerably useful when it comes to scouting out a situation . His principles are clear in his willingness to fight with his full heart for the Circle of Life , and he is a valued member of the Lion Guard for his intelligence and ability to see things from afar . Ono 's catchphrase is `` Hapana ! '' , which means `` oh no ! '' in Swahili . His name means `` passion '' in the same tongue . It also means `` good '' in Hawaiian . Zuri ( edit ) Zuri , voiced by Madison Pettis , meaning `` beautiful '' in Swahili , is a lioness cub and one of Kiara 's friends . She appears to be vain about her appearance , as she constantly sharpens her claws on trees in order to keep them shiny . Unlike her friends , Zuri is delicate and timid . She shows considerable anxiety and fear in the face of simple circumstances and harbors deep disgust for grubs . Tiifu ( edit ) Tiifu , voiced by Sarah Hyland , is a lioness cub , and a friend of Kiara 's . She is shown to be kind and patient , as seen when she comforts an overreacting Zuri . She is a great rule - follower and trusts the judgment of her friends , showing faith when she leaves Kiara to fetch help as Janja invades the Pride Lands . Janja 's clan ( edit ) Janja 's clan are a spotted hyena clan that live in the Outlands . Janja , voiced by Andrew Kishino , is the cunning leader of the hyenas in the Outlands and one of the main antagonists . Cheezi , voiced by Vargus Mason , is an excitable hyena who is usually seen sticking his tongue out . He looks similar to Ed . Chungu , voiced by Kevin Schon , is a hyena of the Outlands clan with Janja and Cheezi , that has a slightly heavier build than Janja . Mzingo ( edit ) Mzingo , voiced by Greg Ellis , is a white - backed vulture who is one of Janja 's majordomo of the Outlands . He is the leader of a flock of vultures that is allied with Janja 's clan . Jasiri ( edit ) Jasiri , voiced by Maia Mitchell , is a friendly female spotted hyena who makes her first appearance in the episode `` Never Judge a Hyena By Its Spots . '' She is open to making friends with lions . Bold and spunky , Jasiri is able to look past differences and focus on where different species have common ground . Unlike Janja and his clan , she dislikes selfishness and gluttony , and she respects the Circle of Life . She has blue eyes and mauve fur , unlike the other hyenas . Pua ( edit ) Pua , voiced by Gerald C. Rivers , is a Nile crocodile who originally led the crocodile float , until he is defeated by Makuu in a `` mashindano '' battle for the position of alpha male . Makuu ( edit ) Makuu , voiced by Blair Underwood , is a young , sleek , and well - built Nile crocodile who leads the crocodile fleet that lives in The Pride Lands after defeating the previous leader Pua in battle . He is shown to be boastful and loves to bask in the attention of others . Unlike his predecessor , Makuu has no respect for tradition or the Circle of Life , and certainly not for authority ( except his own ) , seeing both Pua and Kion as weak and cowardly . He appears to only respond to strength and power , as he was awestruck by the Roar of the Elders and gave into Kion 's second demand to leave Big Springs while trying to save face . In Season 2 , Makuu has decided to become a better leader for his float , reforming from his trouble - making ways . Reirei 's family ( edit ) Reirei 's family is a family of black - backed jackals who first appeared in the episode `` The Kupatana Celebration '' . They trick the Lion Guard into letting them into the Pride Lands so that they can devour all the animals . At Kupatana , the jackals attack the Pridelanders until they are defeated by the Lion Guard . Simba himself approaches the jackal family and roars , sending them scurrying back into the Outlands . Reirei and Goigoi reappear in the episode `` Too Many Termites '' , where they attempt to eat a pack of aardwolves , but are stopped by the Lion Guard . They are the first canine villains to appear in the Lion Guard . Reirei , voiced by Ana Gasteyer , is a clever , scheming , and manipulative jackal who wreaks havoc in the Pride Lands . Goigoi , voiced by Phil LaMarr , is a jackal who only thinks with his stomach and has the tendency to fall asleep . Dogo , voiced by Jacob Guenther , is one of Reirei and Goigoi 's sons who uses his innocent looks to his advantage to win the trust of others in order to take advantage of them . Ushari ( edit ) Ushari , voiced by Christian Slater , is an Egyptian cobra who is shown to strongly dislike Bunga . He is rather quiet , only speaking when provoked . However , when disturbed , he becomes aggressive and irate . Basi ( edit ) Basi , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson , is Beshte 's father and leader of his and his son 's pod . He is amicable and open , willing to engage in conversation and negotiate according to the customs of the Pride Lands . Even in the face of adversity , such as Makuu 's violent takeover of Big Springs , Basi maintains his temper and graciously offers the crocodile a chance to return once the fish have returned in plenty . Being so learned in the ways of the animals , Basi is knowledgeable and wise . Despite being an animal with a very different way of life , he understands the customs of the crocodiles and how this affects his pod 's everyday life . Unlike the inexperienced young Makuu , Basi grasps an understanding of the Circle of Life and how every animal must give and take in order to keep it in balance . Leopards ( edit ) Several African leopards appear in the series ; two are antagonists , while one is an ally of the Lion Guard : Makucha ( voiced by Steven Blum ) : an aggressive , powerful leopard who comes to the Pridelands in pursuit of the okapi Ajabu , and who proves to be quite an adversary to the Lion Guard due to his speed and strength . Badili ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) : a friendly leopard who was initially too timid to stand up to Mapigano , who tried to take over his territory . Mapigano ( voiced by Jorge Diaz ) : a mean leopard who attempts to take over Badili 's territory until Badili gains confidence through training with the Lion Guard and drives him out . Aardwolves ( edit ) Mjomba ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a grumpy and impatient aardwolf . He has a hunched back , bushy black eyebrows , gray fur , and darker gray markings . His inner ears are pink , and his nose is black . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Ogopa ( voiced by Marieve Herington ) is a bright and cheerful aardwolf . She has blue - gray fur and black markings , as well as a narrow muzzle and a black nose . Her yellow eyes are large and framed by a few eyelashes , and her inner ears are pink with a couple of hairs sprouting from each . Like the rest of the pack , she adores termites . She is easily frightened and has a tendency to jump to conclusions . She also tends to add afterthoughts after she states her opinion on a subject . Haya ( voiced by Ogie Banks ) is a nervous and shy aardwolf . He has dark gray fur with longer fur on his cheeks and black markings , and his inner ears are pink with a few hairs sprouting from them . His upper teeth protrude from his dark muzzle . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Like Ogopa , he tends to add afterthoughts after stating his opinion . Six New Adventures & other books based by the Lion King characters ( edit ) Kopa ( edit ) Kopa is the son of Simba and Nala , appearing in the book series The Lion King : Six New Adventures , and is shown to look a lot like his father as a cub , except with a tuft of hair on top of his head . The book series was released before Simba 's Pride , therefore Kopa does not appear in the film . Ahadi ( edit ) Ahadi is the husband of Uru , the father of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandfather of Simba , the great - grandfather of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the king of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . He is shown to look a lot like Mufasa except with darker fur . Uru ( edit ) Uru is the wife of Ahadi , the mother of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandmother of Simba , the great - grandmother of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the queen of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . She is absent from the book but is mentioned to have left to search for water to save the kingdom . Mohatu ( edit ) Mohatu is the father of Ahadi or Uru , the grandfather of Mufasa and Scar , the great - grandfather of Simba , and King of the Pride Lands during the events of the story The Brightest Star . He went to find water for the animals of the land during a drought and helped the animals get on with each other . When he died , he became a star which was brighter than the others . He is shown to look a lot like a darker furred version of Mufasa , having facial features like Simba 's and was said to have been one of the greatest kings of the Pride Lands . Ni ( edit ) Ni is a character who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is a young lion who has left his pride to start his own and travels through the Pride Lands during Scar 's reign and saves Nala from hyenas before leaving after meeting the rest of the Pridelanders . Kula ( edit ) Kula is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . She is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders who lived during Scar 's reign . Chumvi ( edit ) Chumvi is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders . Joka ( edit ) Joka is a giant python in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Snake in the Grass . He is extremely intelligent and is able to formulate complicated plans in a short amount of time . He has the power to twist his words into whatever he rightly wants and uses hypnotism to lure unsuspecting victims into believing his empty words . The name Joka translates as ' dragon ' in the Swahili tongue Jelani ( edit ) Jelani is Rafiki 's lazy cousin in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Follow the Leader . Despite being considered leader of his troop , he is unconcerned about the suffering of his subjects , as he is often too concerned about his own welfare to lead them to a new home . Kwaheri ( edit ) Kwaheri is Kopa 's monkey friend in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories Nala 's Dare and How True , Zazu ? He is social , talkative , and critical to his friends . He often flaunts his talents around Kopa to either spark a reaction or just be a show - off . Boma ( edit ) Boma is a cape buffalo who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories A Tale of Two Brothers and How True , Zazu ? . His grandparents were killed during an attack by army ants . He is the leader of the cape buffalo and he is aggressive , controlling , selfish , strong , and short - tempered . He is also somewhat seclusive and gruff , as he does n't seem to understand that there is a balance between species and refuses to share the last remaining water - hole during a draught , which can affect the whole of the Pride Lands . It is due to him that Taka got his scar after which he renamed himself to Scar . If challenged or insulted he becomes very angry . However he is mildly co-operative if not insulted or challenged . Taka tries to get Mufasa in trouble by telling him to talk with Boma to share the water - hole . Mufasa tries to reason with him to share the water - hole however he refuses . Scar then roars and tells him that he must obey or challenge Mufasa . He then chases after Mufasa who is rescued by Rafiki . Rafiki starts to grow tired while running but is picked up by Mufasa who then jumps across a ravine . Boma is unable to make the jumps and falls into it . Mufasa tells him that he does n't have to fight but he keeps hurling thret while saying that the other buffaloes can still harm Taka . Taka is then attacked by three buffaloes during which he receives his scar . Ahadi stops this attack with a large herd of animals and has an elephant push Boma out of the ravine . Zuzu ( edit ) Zuzu is Ahadi 's majordomo . She only appeared in A Tale of Two Brothers , though she was mentioned in How True , Zazu ? . She turned out to be Zazu 's mother . Flirtatious and gossipy , Zuzu is a very maternal bird who never passes up the chance for some juicy gossip , much like her son , Zazu . Her talkative nature and nosy habits often make her a bit of an annoyance to the other animals , though Ahadi puts her personality to good use in order to get a better grip on the doings of his kingdom . Zuzu is also known for being loyal and brave , as she was willing to help Rafiki even though she did not fully understand the danger Mufasa was in . It said that she retired , and gave Zazu her place as the king 's majordomo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bambi Notes '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lion King Production Notes '' . Lionking.org . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife Wednesdays : Zazu 's ' Cousin ' - Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Chick - a New Addition at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge '' . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's behind those wild ' Lion King ' masks ? '' . www.adn.com . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ AsianWeek.com ^ Jump up to : `` Lion King spinoff voice cast includes Rob Lowe , Gabrielle Union , James Earl Jones , and more - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . ( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television and short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Lion_King_characters&oldid=801089783 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of fictional animals by work Lists of fictional animals in animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Simple English Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the monkey name in lion king | [
"Rafiki (voiced by Robert Guillaume in the films and Timon & Pumbaa and Khary Payton in The Lion Guard), whose name means \"friend\" in Swahili, is a mandrill with an unnaturally long tail. He lives in a baobab tree in the Pride Lands and performs shamanistic services for the lions of Pride Rock."
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"Rafiki"
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4952394709590677247 | Ben 10: Secret of the Omnitrix | Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix - Wikipedia Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix DVD cover Genre Action Adventure Fantasy Science fiction Created by Man of Action Written by Thomas Pugsley Greg Klein Directed by Sebastian O. Montes III Scooter Tidwell Composer ( s ) Andy Sturmer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Sam Register For Cartoon Network Studios : Brian A. Miller Producer ( s ) Donna Smith Alex Soto ( supervising producer ) Jennifer Pelphrey ( supervising producer for Cartoon Network Studios ) Editor ( s ) Mark T. Collins Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Release Original network Cartoon Network Original release August 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ) Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix is an animated science fiction film based on the American animated television series Ben 10 . It aired on August 10 , 2007 , in the United States and on October 22 , 2007 , in the UK . During the week - long special `` Ben 10 week '' in April 2008 , it was revealed that this movie serves as the official finale to the series even though it was aired months before the last eight episodes of the fourth season . It was released to DVD on May 20 , 2008 exclusively at Walmart stores . However , neither of the alternate versions were on the disc , merely the original with Heatblast , but the fourth season DVD contains all four versions , plus the pop up trivia version . The film comprises the three episodes of the fourth season , and is a finale to the series canonically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Alternate versions 2 Voice Cast 3 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During a battle with Dr. Animo , Ben Tennyson 's destruction of the scientist 's `` DNA bomb '' accidentally sets off a self - destruct protocol in the Omnitrix . Its activation alerts Tetrax Shard , a bounty hunter and ally , who travels with his alien blob - like pilot Gluto to Earth in order to retrieve Ben . He explains the situation to Ben , who has n't figured out the meaning of the countdown . He leaves Gwen and Grandpa Max behind , not wanting the latter to be recognized during their trip , but Gwen sneaks on board anyway . Using the advanced medical equipment on board his ship , Tetrax finds the DNA signature of the Omnitrix 's creator , Azmuth , and tracks him to a prison facility called Incarcecon . During the journey , Tetrax hopes Ben would stop being a hero when the Omnitrix stop the countdown and Azmuth would shut it up for good . Ben is upset that he 'll never be a hero again . After staging a breakout , they free a female Chimera Sui Generis ( Vilgax 's species ) named Myaxx , who is Azmuth 's assistant ; she had switched her DNA signature for Azmuth 's when he refused to give her credit for helping to create the Omnitrix . Myaxx is also unable to disarm the self - destruct , which will not only kill Ben , but most of the universe 's inhabitants , including Earth itself , but Myaxx knows how to find Azmuth , and leads them to Xenon , where he is currently hiding on . However , Ben 's archenemy Vilgax , who has escaped the Null Void , also picks up on the Omnitrix 's self - destruct signal , picks up Sixsix , one of Tetrax 's rivals , and starts tracking Ben . While attempting to reach Azmuth , they are attacked by Vilgax . Ben is ultimately successful in repelling the attack , though Gluto is supposedly killed in the conflict while protecting Gwen , who blames Ben . Tetrax 's ship crashes on Azmuth 's homeworld . As they enter his mountain fortress , they are attacked by a group of Florauna ( Wildvine 's species ) which capture Gwen . Ben is depressed , and blames himself . As Ben reluctantly proceeds with Tetrax and Myaxx down towards Azmuth 's lair , Tetrax empathizes with Ben , revealing his origins of how working for Vilgax cost him his whole planet and everyone he 's ever cared for . Tracking down Azmuth to a sealed secondary laboratory , Ben asks him to shut down the Omnitrix , but Azmuth , unconcerned about anything around him , refuses . Angry , Ben breaks down the wall with Cannonbolt and attacks him , revealing Azmuth to be an old , curmudgeonly Galvan ( Grey Matter 's species ) hiding inside a large mechanical suit . As far as Azmuth is concerned , the whole universe deserves whatever it gets for misusing the Omnitrix . He tells them the Omnitrix was designed to be the ultimate device of peace and understanding . Everyone else made it a problem , only seeing it as the ultimate weapon . Vilgax , having recovered from his earlier defeat , leads a massive attack on Azmuth 's mountain fortress . During the fight , Gwen and Gluto reappear , Ben runs over to hug Gwen and Gluto having regenerated from some leftover material that splashed on Gwen 's clothes and subsequently helping her to escape . Ben 's actions during the battle renew Azmuth 's faith in the universe , so he repairs the Omnitrix and he tells Ben that everyone thought Ben would never be hero if he stop the countdown , but Azmuth never said Ben would stop being a hero when the countdown stop . He gives Ben a brand - new form to use : Way Big , a skyscraper - sized alien modeled after Ultraman , who easily repels Vilgax 's army of drones and angrily tosses the villain into space . With the threat over , Ben offers to return the Omnitrix to Azmuth , who is leaving Xenon with Myaxx . Azmuth , however , sees Ben as the best place for the Omnitrix to be , both because he is technically fulfilling its original intention and because the Omnitrix attracts trouble simply by virtue of its existence . Tetrax returns Ben and Gwen to Earth , leaving Ben with a new hoverboard to replace the one Ben destroyed during his battle with Animo . Tetrax is disappointed that Ben will continue being a hero and he begins to accept Ben . The Tennysons ' hope of having a normal day of recreation , however , is dashed by a newsflash of ' zombies ' attacking the mall , leading them to rush to the rescue calling this a normal life for the Tennysons . Alternate versions ( edit ) Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix was released three different times , each featuring a different alien destroying Animo 's DNA bomb . Ben uses Heatblast in the first , a new form called Eye Guy in the second , and XLR8 in the third . A fourth version ( actually a special version of the Ditto edition ) released on the Ben 10 4th season and the movie 's DVDs features trivia inserts inserted in the film . Voice Cast ( edit ) Tara Strong as Ben Tennyson Meagan Smith as Gwen Tennyson Paul Eiding as Max Tennyson Dwight Schultz as Dr. Animo Dee Bradley Baker as Wildmutt , Eye Guy , Drone , Gluto , Prisoner 1 , Security ( 1st Time ) Steve Blum as Vilgax , Heatblast , Nightmarish Alien , Alien Fly Pisoner Richard Steven Horvitz as Grey Matter , Lepidopterran Prisoner Jim Ward as XLR8 , Piscciss Volann Prisoner , Security ( 2nd Time ) Dave Wittenberg as Upchuck , Prisoner 2 Dave Fennoy as Tetrax Shard , Prisoner 3 , Prisoner 4 Vanessa Marshall as Myaxx , Salesperson Robert David Hall as Azmuth Richard McGonagle as Four Arms Fred Tatasciore as Cannonbolt , Way Big External links ( edit ) Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix at Internet Movie Database Ben 10 Series Original series episodes Alien Force episodes Ultimate Alien episodes Omniverse episodes Reboot episodes Films and specials Secret of the Omnitrix Race Against Time Destroy All Aliens Alien Swarm Heroes United Characters Characters aliens villains Games Protector of Earth Alien Force FusionFall Vilgax Attacks The Rise of Hex Cosmic Destruction Punch Time Explosion and XL Galactic Racing Omniverse Omniverse 2 Toys Ben 10 Lego Game shows Ultimate Challenge See also Generator Rex The Secret Saturdays Batman : The Brave and the Bold Cartoon Network pilots , films , and specials Pilots A Kitty Bobo Show ( 2001 ) Mask of Santo ( 2008 ) Tome of the Unknown ( 2013 ) AJ 's Infinite Summer ( 2014 ) Back to Backspace and Pillywags ' Mansion ( 2014 ) Jammers ( 2015 ) Welcome to My Life ( 2015 ) TV films Dexter 's Laboratory : Ego Trip ( 1999 ) The Flintstones : On the Rocks ( 2001 ) Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends : House of Bloo 's ( 2004 ) Re-Animated ( 2006 ) My Gym Partner 's a Monkey : The Big Field Trip ( 2007 ) Camp Lazlo : Where 's Lazlo ? ( 2007 ) Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure ( 2007 ) Billy & Mandy : Wrath of the Spider Queen ( 2007 ) Ben 10 : Secret of the Omnitrix ( 2007 ) Ben 10 : Race Against Time ( 2007 ) Underfist : Halloween Bash ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show ( 2009 ) Ben 10 : Alien Swarm ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) Firebreather ( 2010 ) Level Up ( 2011 ) Ben 10 : Destroy All Aliens ( 2012 ) Sons of Ram ( 2012 ) Exchange Student Zero ( 2012 ) Kid Krrish ( 2013 ) Chakra : The Invincible ( 2013 ) Monster Beach ( 2014 ) Theatrical films The Powerpuff Girls Movie ( 2002 ) Regular Show : The Movie ( 2015 ; limited ) Specials Boo Boo Runs Wild ( 1999 ) A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith ( 1999 ) Brak Presents the Brak Show Starring Brak ( 2000 ) Night of the Living Doo ( 2001 ) Good Wilt Hunting ( 2006 ) Destination : Imagination ( 2008 ) Terror Tales of the Park ( 2011 ) Ben 10 / Generator Rex : Heroes United ( 2011 ) Holly Jolly Secrets ( 2011 ) Terror Tales of the Park II ( 2012 ) Terror Tales of the Park III ( 2013 ) The Thanksgiving Special ( 2013 ) Terror Tales of the Park IV ( 2014 ) Say Uncle ( 2015 ) Stakes ( 2015 ) Rigby 's Graduation Day Special ( 2016 ) Islands ( 2017 ) A Regular Epic Final Battle ( 2017 ) Elements ( 2017 ) Come Along with Me ( 2018 ) Cartoon Network Studios ( Regular Cartoon Network programming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_10:_Secret_of_the_Omnitrix&oldid=833310039 '' Categories : Ben 10 Cartoon Network television films Cartoon Network Studios animated films 2000s action films 2000s science fiction films 2007 television films American animated science fiction films American science fiction action films American films American television films Apocalyptic films Space adventure films Animated space adventure films Animated superhero films Films based on television series Animated films based on animated series Films set in the future American superhero films Television series finales 2000s American animated films Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from September 2007 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 19 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does ben 10 secret of the omnitrix take place | [] | [] |
-490560029745948573 | 12 Feet Deep | 12 Feet Deep - wikipedia 12 Feet Deep 12 Feet Deep ( film ) Poster Directed by Matt Eskandari Produced by Mark Myers Written by Matt Eskandari Michael Hultquist Starring Alexandra Park Nora - Jane Noone Tobin Bell Diane Farr Music by Todd Haberman Cinematography Byron Werner Edited by Ryan Cooper Distributed by Mar Vista Entertainment Release date June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) Running time 85 minutes Country United States Language English 12 Feet Deep ( originally titled The Deep End , ) is an American independent psychological horror - thriller film written and directed by Matt Eskandari and starring Alexandra Park , Nora - Jane Noone , Tobin Bell and Diane Farr . It was distributed by Mar Vista Entertainment . The film received a wide release on June 20 , 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Bree ( Nora - Jane Noone ) , decides to go for a swim at the Ketea Aquatic Center . The pool manager , McGradey ( played by Tobin Bell ) , later hangs signs around the pool mentioning that the pool is closing up for the holiday . Bree is later joined by her sister , Johanna ( Alexandra Park ) in the pool and connect over a competition in college . Meanwhile , the janitor of the aquatic center , Clara ( Diane Farr ) is caught by McGradey attempting to steal from the lost and found . She is later laid off and is told to clean up before leaving . McGradey then eagerly tells all swimmers to leave as they prepare to close . Bree and Johanna reluctantly do so . While packing up , Bree realizes that her engagement ring is missing , after attempting to show Johanna . Johanna sees the ring stuck in the metal grate at the bottom of the pool and both dive in to retrieve it . The manager thinks everyone has left the pool and decides to close up , failing to notice the girls in the deep end of the pool . He engages the pool cover and leaves for the day with the two girls trapped inside the pool . The girls are terrified and unsuccessfully attempt to escape . Shortly afterward , Johanna reveals that she is secretly jealous of Bree 's successful lifestyle and recent engagement and that she pulled the ring from Bree 's bag and threw it in the pool . Bree is initially angry with her sister but her anger is short - lived . Bree also talks about her past with her abusive alcoholic and drug addicted father . She also opens up about the fire which led to his death . Bree reveals that she is diabetic and requires a shot , or there is a possibility that she might slip into a diabetic coma . The janitor , preparing to leave , is surprised to see the two girls trapped underneath the pool cover . Leading the girls to believe she is going to help them , she picks up Bree 's bag , taking her cash , smartphone and credit card . The janitor then proceeds to blackmail her for the password to her phone and her credit card pin number . She later turns the water heater off . The girls have no choice but to wait out the night . Johanna talks about the deep mental damage from her abusive father with Bree saying , `` Just keep reminding yourself that he 's dead . '' The janitor comes back in the morning teasing the girls again . Johanna , angry at her , leads the janitor to place her ear onto the small hole in the pool cover , subsequently stabbing her in the ear with a sharp shard of tile . The janitor then turns on the automatic pool cleaning system , causing the girls to begin suffocating in chlorine . After a few minutes , she turns this off , realising the danger in her action . When the janitor leaves again , Johanna apologises to Bree for her jealousy and keeps blaming herself for the situation they 're in . Bree comforts her and forgives her for her wrongdoings . Bree reveals that during the accident which killed their father , she actually prevented her dad from escaping and in fact , helped kill her father . The janitor comes back , realising the error of her ways . She decides to open up the pool cover to let the girls out but the pass code she was given by the manager no longer works , leaving the girls to remain trapped . She tells the girls they 're on their own and leaves . Bree soon grows very weak and cold , passing in and out of consciousness . After initially refusing Bree 's offer to try , Johanna spends her last bits of energy trying to rip off the metal grill on the bottom of the pool , something her sister failed to do . After succeeding , Johanna smashes the fiberglass of the pool cover , allowing them to escape . She then pulled Bree , unconscious , out of the pool and gives her the insulin shot , unsure whether she will survive . The janitor appears in front of them with a gun . She threatens to kill the girls after thinking about what might happen if they did n't die in the pool , not wanting to go to prison again . The janitor instead feels sympathetic for the girls and puts the gun down and gives them their belongings back . Johanna , after calling the police , tells her to leave . Paramedics arrive at the aquatic center and tend to Bree . Johanna gives her her engagement ring back , which the janitor blackmailed Bree for with the intention of pawning it . Bree asked how she got it back to which Johanna replies , `` I killed the monster '' , referring back to what Bree said about killing their father . Cast ( edit ) Alexandra Park as Johanna Nora - Jane Noone as Bree Diane Farr as Clara Tobin Bell as McGradey Reception ( edit ) 12 Feet Deep received generally positive reviews from critics , JoBlo.com called it a `` well crafted - entertaining thriller , '' and gave it 8 / 10 stars . That Moment In gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and said it was `` well - directed and engrossing ... less a shocker than an intense human drama . '' See also ( edit ) List of films featuring diabetes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` The Royals Star Alexandra Park to Star in Indie Film The Deep End '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 16 January 2016 ) . `` Tobin Bell Joins Thriller ' The Deep End ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Tobin Bell Joins Thriller ' The Deep End ' '' . Yahoo Movies . 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` ' 12 Feet Deep ' Trailer Will Make You Fear Public Pools '' . Bloody Disgusting . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` A swimming pool becomes a death trap in exclusive clip from 12 Feet Deep '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Arrow In The Head Reviews 12 Feet Deep '' . JoBlo.com . Jump up ^ Duprey , David ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` That Moment In Review 12 Feet Deep '' . ThatMomentIn . External links ( edit ) Official website 12 Feet Deep on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12_Feet_Deep&oldid=856333500 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s drama films American drama films American thriller films American survival films American films American independent films Psychological horror films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 13 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does 12 feet deep come out on netflix | [] | [] |
1775225301393033647 | Interstate 95 | Interstate 95 - wikipedia Interstate 95 Jump to : navigation , search Interstate 95 I - 95 highlighted in red Route information Length : 1,919.3 mi ( 3,088.8 km ) Existed : 1957 -- present Major junctions South end : US 1 in Miami , FL I ‐ 4 in Daytona Beach , FL I ‐ 10 in Jacksonville , FL I ‐ 20 in Florence , SC I ‐ 40 near Benson , NC I ‐ 85 in Petersburg , VA I ‐ 64 in Richmond , VA I ‐ 76 in Philadelphia , PA I ‐ 80 in Teaneck , NJ I - 87 in New York , NY I ‐ 90 in Weston , MA North end : Route 95 at the Houlton -- Woodstock Border Crossing Location States : Florida , Georgia , South Carolina , North Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , Maryland , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Maine Highway system Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) is the main Interstate Highway on the East Coast of the United States , running largely parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast and U.S. Highway 1 , serving areas from Florida to Maine . In general , I - 95 serves the major cities of the Eastern Seaboard and metropolitan areas such as Portland , Boston , Providence , New Haven , New York , Philadelphia , Wilmington , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. in the Northeast down to the Mid-Atlantic , and Richmond , Fayetteville , Savannah , Jacksonville , and Miami in the Southeast . The route follows a more direct inland route between Washington , D.C. and Savannah , notably bypassing the coastal metropolitan areas of Norfolk - Virginia Beach and Charleston , which require connections through other Interstate Highways . I - 95 is one of the oldest routes of the Interstate Highway System , yet its completion is still dependent on a project in Pennsylvania and New Jersey that is scheduled to be finished by 2018 . Currently , its role in that region has been filled in mainly by I - 295 , I - 195 , and an unsigned portion of the New Jersey Turnpike in Southern New Jersey . Many sections of I - 95 incorporated pre-existing sections of toll roads where they served the same right of way . I - 95 's two pieces total 1,919.74 mi ( 3,090 km ) . The southern terminus of I - 95 is at U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in Miami , Florida , while the northern terminus is at the Houlton -- Woodstock Border Crossing with New Brunswick , Canada . I - 95 is the longest north -- south Interstate , followed by I - 75 , and the sixth - longest Interstate Highway overall after I - 70 ( 2,153 miles , 3,465 km ) , I - 10 ( 2,460 miles , 3,959 km ) , I - 40 ( 2,555 miles , 4,112 km ) , I - 80 ( 2,899 miles , 4,665 km ) , and I - 90 ( 3,020 miles , 4,860 km ) . I - 95 passes through more states than any other Interstate Highway at 15 states , followed by I - 90 , which crosses 13 states . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , only five of the 96 counties ( or equivalents ) along the route are completely rural , while statistics provided by the I - 95 Corridor Coalition suggest that the region served is `` over three times more densely populated than the U.S. average and as densely settled as much of Western Europe '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Florida 1.2 Georgia 1.3 The Carolinas 1.4 Mid-Atlantic Region 1.5 New York 1.6 New England 2 History 3 Major intersections 4 Auxiliary routes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Route description ( edit ) Lengths mi km FL 382.15 615.01 GA 112.00 180.25 SC 198.76 319.87 NC 181.71 292.43 VA 178.73 287.64 DC 0.11 0.18 MD 109.01 175.43 DE 23.43 37.71 PA 51.08 82.21 NJ 97.76 157.33 NY 23.50 37.82 CT 111.57 179.55 RI 42.36 68.17 MA 91.95 147.98 NH 16.11 25.93 ME 303.20 487.95 Total 1,924.43 3,097.07 Interstate 95 express lane near Miami , FL Northbound I - 95 at the interchange with I - 16 near Savannah , GA Interstate 95 bridge over Lake Marion , Santee , SC ; the old bridge ( on the left ) is now a fishing pier ( now closed to pedestrian traffic ) Northbound I - 95 at its interchange with I - 40 near Benson , NC . This interchange has since been renovated . I - 95 abruptly ends and becomes I - 295 in Lawrence , NJ . All traffic is directed to continue on I - 295 south to I - 195 east to the continuation of I - 95 ( New Jersey Turnpike ) . I - 95 splits into the Eastern and Western Spurs of the NJ Turnpike I - 95 Bruckner Expressway at exit 8B , Bronx , NY I - 95 in Stamford , CT End of I - 95 northbound at US -- Canadian border 1955 plans for the Interstate Highway System Florida ( edit ) Main article : Interstate 95 in Florida See also : Florida 's Turnpike I - 95 begins at U.S. Route 1 just south of downtown Miami and heads north through Ft . Lauderdale , West Palm Beach , the Gold Coast , Treasure Coast , Space Coast , Daytona Beach , Port Orange , Saint Augustine , and then Jacksonville before entering the U.S. state of Georgia near Brunswick . This portion of the highway was notably featured in the film Flight of the Navigator when the spaceship flew along the highway towards Miami . In Miami and Ft . Lauderdale , Sunpass only Express lanes pass over the highway Prior to 1987 , a notable gap used to exist between West Palm Beach and Fort Pierce where I - 95 traffic was diverted to Florida 's Turnpike . Today , that routing runs parallel with the turnpike . In the year 2010 , the Florida section of I - 95 had the most fatalities of all Interstate Highways . Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Interstate 95 in Georgia The Georgia section of Interstate 95 travels through the marshlands closely following the coastline bypassing the cities of Brunswick and Savannah . It intersects Interstate 16 and then crosses into South Carolina . The road is named the Tom P. Coleman Highway in honor of Senator Tom Coleman who served from 1981 to 1995 . The exit numbers were converted from a sequential system to a mileage based system around the year 2000 . The Carolinas ( edit ) Main articles : Interstate 95 in North Carolina and Interstate 95 in South Carolina In the Carolinas , I - 95 travels west of the coastal sections and indirectly serves popular destinations such as the Outer Banks , Myrtle Beach , and Hilton Head via various side routes . I - 95 notably bypasses the major cities of Charleston and Raleigh while intersecting major Interstate highways at Florence and Benson . I - 95 also passes the South of the Border attraction immediately before crossing into North Carolina . In North Carolina , I - 95 informally serves as the separation between the piedmont and coastal plain regions of North Carolina . Rocky Mount , NC is a notable control city that is seen from signage in Virginia heading into North Carolina . After Gaston , NC , I - 95 crosses into Virginia . Mid-Atlantic region ( edit ) Main articles : Interstate 95 in Virginia , Interstate 95 in Maryland , Interstate 95 in Delaware , Interstate 95 in Pennsylvania , and Interstate 95 in New Jersey For the short portion of the interstate in Washington , D.C. , see Woodrow Wilson Bridge . See also : Capital Beltway , New Jersey Turnpike , and Pennsylvania Turnpike I - 95 enters the Mid-Atlantic region in Virginia and travels through some of the most populated areas along the east coast . I - 95 is concurrent briefly with I - 64 in the middle of Richmond before heading toward Northern Virginia . In the Washington Metropolitan Area , it is concurrent with the Capital Beltway , passing through the southernmost corner of the District of Columbia for about 0.11 miles ( 0.18 km ) via the Woodrow Wilson Bridge before entering Maryland where it bends away from the Beltway toward Baltimore . From the tunnels of Baltimore to the bridges of New York , I - 95 is mostly a tolled road . I - 95 connects to an unsigned portion of the New Jersey Turnpike via I - 295 near Wilmington , DE where drivers can bypass Philadelphia through South Jersey between exits 1 and 6 , whereas , I - 95 , itself , passes through Philadelphia only to end at a notable gap in Lawrence Township , NJ where drivers can reconnect with the New Jersey Turnpike at exit 7A ( I - 195 ) . A project will fill this gap using the easternmost portion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the New Jersey Turnpike north of exit 6 . I - 95 connects to New York via the George Washington Bridge . New York ( edit ) Main article : Interstate 95 in New York See also : Trans - Manhattan Expressway , Cross Bronx Expressway , Bruckner Expressway , and New England Thruway I - 95 in New York comprises several named expressways , the Trans - Manhattan Expressway , the Cross Bronx Expressway , the Bruckner Expressway , and the New England Thruway . From New Jersey , it is briefly co-signed with U.S. 1 and U.S. 9 ( U.S. 9 quickly exits in NY and heads toward Broadway and U.S. 1 stays on I - 95 to the Webster Ave exit ) . There are many interchanges within this 23 - mile ( 37 km ) stretch that connects New York City to Albany , Upstate New York , and Long Island . I - 95 then becomes the New England Thruway to Connecticut , where it continues as the Connecticut Turnpike . New England ( edit ) Main articles : Interstate 95 in Connecticut , Interstate 95 in Rhode Island , Interstate 95 in Massachusetts , Interstate 95 in New Hampshire , and Interstate 95 in Maine See also : Connecticut Turnpike , New Hampshire Turnpike , and Maine Turnpike I - 95 enters New England in the state of Connecticut , and follows along the southern part of the state within miles of the coast in a more east -- west direction . It then gradually curves back northward , passing through Rhode Island 's capital of Providence . The highway then enters Massachusetts heading around Boston via Route 128 before turning north and passing briefly into and through New Hampshire , and then into Maine , following the Maine Turnpike to the Houlton -- Woodstock Border Crossing . It intersects US 1 and the east end of US 2 before entering the province of New Brunswick as Route 95 . History ( edit ) Many parts of I - 95 were made up of various toll roads that had already been constructed or planned , particularly in the northeast . Many of these routes still exist today , but some have removed their tolls . Outside of Florida , current I - 95 toll facilities are compatible with the E-ZPass electronic payment system ; in Florida , while I - 95 can be driven toll - free , use of the ' 95 Express Managed Toll Lanes ' requires a SunPass transponder . The toll roads utilized as part of I - 95 formerly included Florida 's Turnpike , the Richmond - Petersburg Turnpike ( tolled until 1992 ) , and the Connecticut Turnpike ( tolled until 1985 ) . Today , I - 95 utilitizes the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway , the Delaware Turnpike , the New Jersey Turnpike , the New England Thruway , the New Hampshire Turnpike , and the Maine Turnpike . In Florida , the missing link was filled in 1987 . Once the Pennsylvania Turnpike / Interstate 95 Interchange Project completes , the last remaining gap in New Jersey will be filled making I - 95 continuous from Florida to Canada . Many notable bridges and tunnels along I - 95 were also tolled . The Fuller Warren Bridge , spanning the St. Johns River in Jacksonville , Florida , was tolled until the 1980s and was replaced in 2002 . The Fort McHenry Tunnel is underneath the harbor of Baltimore , Maryland and was opened in 1985 . The George Washington Bridge , opened in 1931 , carries I - 95 , US 1 , US 9 , and US 46 ( latter is officially considered to end at the NY state line ) across the Hudson River between New Jersey and Upper Manhattan . A study that could lead to the imposition of tolls on I - 95 in North Carolina is under way as of March 2010 . Between Richmond , Virginia , and New Jersey are a few large projects that are helping to ease traffic along the corridor . The reconstruction of the Springfield Interchange in Northern Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. , helped to ease traffic at the intersection of I - 95 , I - 495 , and I - 395 , and surrounding interchanges . The Springfield Interchange is one of the busiest highway junctions on the East Coast , serving between 400,000 and 500,000 vehicles per day . With the exception of HOT lanes on the Capital Beltway ( I - 495 / I - 95 ) , this project was completed in July 2007 . A few miles to the east is another major project : the Woodrow Wilson Bridge replacement . The bridge carries I - 95 / I - 495 over the Potomac River . The former Woodrow Wilson Bridge , which has since been demolished , was a six - lane bridge that was severely over-capacity . The new bridge is actually two bridges with a total of 12 lanes ; five in each direction , with an additional lane in each direction for future use ( rapid - bus or train ) . This project is nearly complete . The 10 lanes opened on December 13 , 2008 , greatly reducing the traffic delays on the beltway . The lanes are divided into two thru - lanes and three local lanes in each direction . About 30 miles ( 48 km ) north of the Wilson Bridge , and about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Baltimore near Laurel , Maryland , a large new interchange is under construction as of 2008 was scheduled for completion in late 2011 , and opened to traffic on November 9 , 2014 , which will connect I - 95 to Maryland Route 200 . Farther north in Pennsylvania , a project is underway at the intersection of I - 95 and I - 276 . The Pennsylvania Turnpike / Interstate 95 Interchange Project will construct an interchange between I - 95 , I - 276 , and once completed , I - 295 , as I - 95 will no longer go through Trenton , New Jersey ( actually the townships of Hopewell , Lawrence and Ewing ) . This project will result in another toll being added to the route , that of the Delaware River - Turnpike Toll Bridge over the Delaware River . The toll , much like the other crossings of the river , will be for traffic leaving New Jersey only ( I - 95 southbound ) . More critically , completion of this project will close the remaining gap in the route . In 2006 , the Virginia General Assembly passed SJ184 , a resolution calling for an interstate compact to build a toll highway between Dover , Delaware , and Charleston , South Carolina , as an alternative to I - 95 that would allow long - distance traffic to avoid the D.C. Metropolitan area . Federal legislation has identified I - 95 through Connecticut as High Priority Corridor 65 . A long - term multibillion - dollar program to upgrade the entire length of I - 95 through Connecticut has been underway since the mid-1990s and is expected to continue through at least 2020 . Several miles of the Connecticut Turnpike through Bridgeport were recently widened and brought up to Interstate standards . Work has shifted to reconstructing and widening 12 miles ( 19 km ) of I - 95 through New Haven , which includes replacing the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge . Environmental studies for reconstructing and widening 60 miles ( 97 km ) of I - 95 from New Haven to the Rhode Island state line are also progressing . There are plans to expand the 1,054 - mile ( 1,696 km ) I - 95 corridor from Petersburg , Virginia , to Florida through a U.S. multi-state agreement to study how to improve the corridor through widening and reconstruction , with the goal of reducing congestion and improving overall safety for years to come . Florida continues to complete widening projects . As of December 2010 , I - 95 from the South Carolina -- Georgia line south to Jacksonville , Florida has been upgraded to six lanes . The section from Jacksonville to the I - 4 junction in Daytona Beach was expanded to six lanes in 2005 . As of 2009 , widening projects continue in Brevard County from the SR 528 junction in Cocoa to Palm Bay , as well as in northern Palm Beach County . In 2009 , state legislators representing Maine 's Aroostook County proposed using federal economic stimulus funds to extend I - 95 north to Maine 's northernmost border community of Fort Kent via Caribou and Presque Isle . The proposed route would parallel New Brunswick 's four - lane , limited access Trans - Canada Highway on the U.S. side of the Canada -- United States border . Legislators argued that extension of the Interstate would promote economic growth in the region . Major intersections ( edit ) Florida US 1 in Miami Florida 's Turnpike in Golden Glades I ‐ 4 in Daytona Beach I ‐ 10 in Jacksonville Georgia I ‐ 16 in Savannah South Carolina I ‐ 26 near Harleyville I ‐ 20 in Florence North Carolina I ‐ 74 near Lumberton I ‐ 40 in Benson Virginia I ‐ 85 in Petersburg I ‐ 64 for four miles ( 6.4 km ) in Richmond Pennsylvania I ‐ 76 in Philadelphia New Jersey I - 295 in Lawrence Township Temporary Gap in route N.J. Turnpike in Mansfield Township G.S. Parkway in Woodbridge Township I ‐ 78 in Newark I ‐ 80 in Teaneck New York I - 87 in The Bronx Connecticut I ‐ 91 in New Haven Massachusetts I ‐ 93 in Canton I ‐ 90 in Weston I ‐ 93 in Woburn Auxiliary routes ( edit ) Interstate 95 has many auxiliary routes . They can be found in most states the route runs through ; with exceptions being Georgia , South Carolina , Pennsylvania , and New Hampshire . Business Routes also exist in both Georgia and North Carolina . ( hide ) Auxiliary routes of Interstate 95 Florida 195 295 395 595 795 Georgia Business North Carolina 295 495 795 Business Virginia 195 295 395 495 595 895 District of Columbia 295 395 495 695 Maryland 195 295 395 495 595 695 795 895 Delaware 295 495 895 Pennsylvania 295 495 695 895 New Jersey 195 295 495 695 895 New York 295 495 695 895 Connecticut 395 Rhode Island 195 295 895 Massachusetts 195 295 395 495 695 895 Maine 195 295 395 495 Former Future Unbuilt Unsigned See also ( edit ) Book : Interstate 95 U.S. Roads portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/table01.cfm Jump up ^ Montgomery , David & White , Josh ( February 23 , 2001 ) . `` 128 Cars , Trucks Crash in Snow on I - 95 '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Peter ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Penn Pike Moving -- Very Slowly -- To End Gap in I - 95 '' . TOLLROADSnews . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Google ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview Map of I - 95 from Miami , Florida , to Trenton , New Jersey '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Google ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview Map of I - 95 from Mansfield , New Jersey , to Canada '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( October 31 , 2002 ) . `` Table 1 : Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31 , 2002 '' . Route Log and Finder List . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ El Nasser , Haya ( June 27 , 2004 ) . `` Small - Town USA Goes ' Micropolitan ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` I - 95 Corridor Facts '' . I - 95 Corridor Coalition . March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) '' . Jump up ^ Google ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Southern Terminus of I - 95 at Miami , Florida '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Barlow ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Most deadly times , places to drive '' . Walletpop.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Interstate System Facts '' . Federal Highway Administration . April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Google ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Northern Terminus of I - 95 at Houlton , Maine '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I - 95 ' Missing Link ' Okayed '' . Lakeland Ledger. April 19 , 1973 . p. 4A . Jump up ^ `` Gap In I - 95 To Close Saturday '' . Miami Herald . December 13 , 1987 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ Samuel , Peter ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` North Carolina tolling I - 95 being studied '' . TOLLROADSnews . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interstate 95 @ Interstate-Guide.com '' . Interstate Guide . Retrieved February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission I - 95 / I - 276 Interchange Project Meeting Design Management Summary -- DRAFT : Design Advisory Committee Meeting # 2 Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Turnpike / Interstate 95 Interchange Project '' . Jump up ^ `` SJ 184 Interstate Route 95 ; Construction and Operation of Controlled - Access Highway as Alternative Thereto '' . Virginia Legislature . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Drewes , Britt ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Five States and USDOT Partner to Improve Interstate 95 Through Corridor of the Future Program : Development Agreement Aims to Reduce Congestion , Increase Safety and Reliability '' ( Press release ) . Virginia Department of Transportation . CO-0903 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aroostook Delegation Pushes for I - 95 Extension '' . Bangor Daily News . April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Evans , Mark T. ( 2015 ) . Main Street , America : Histories of I - 95 ( Ph. D. dissertation ) . University of South Carolina . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 95 . Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Interstate 95 KML is from Wikidata Geographic data related to Interstate 95 at OpenStreetMap I - 95 : The Road Most Traveled ( special series ) . National Public Radio . 2010 . ( hide ) Main Interstate Highways Signed 5 8 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 22 24 25 26 27 29 30 35 37 39 40 41 43 44 45 49 55 57 59 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 CO -- NE OH -- NJ 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 OR -- UT PA -- MA 85 86 ID PA -- NY 87 NC NY 88 IL NY 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 97 99 H - 1 H - 2 H - 3 Unsigned A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 PRI - 1 PRI - 2 PRI - 3 Lists Primary Auxiliary Suffixed Business Future Other Standards Temporary Bypassed Gaps Tolled Major Interstates highlighted Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_95&oldid=806067372 '' Categories : Interstate 95 Interstate Highway System Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from May 2014 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 13 : 30 . 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1584919684840445011 | List of most populous cities in the United States by decade | List of most populous cities in the United States by decade - wikipedia List of most populous cities in the United States by decade For a more extensive list of present population estimates , see List of United States cities by population . Population tables of U.S. cities Cities Population Area Density Ethnic identity Foreign - born Income Spanish speakers By decade Urban areas Populous cities and metropolitan areas Metropolitan areas 574 Primary Statistical Areas 174 Combined Statistical Areas 929 Core Based Statistical Areas 389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas Megaregions See also North American metro areas World cities Population as a function of time for cities that have appeared in the top 10 since 1790 . Note that the logarithmic scale means that the observed slope gives the percentage growth , not the absolute growth . Linear visualization of population of the United States cities only when they are among the top 10 This list tracks and ranks the population of the top 10 largest cities and other urban places in the United States by decade , as reported by each decennial United States Census , starting with the 1790 Census . For 1790 through 1990 , tables are taken from the U.S Census Bureau 's `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 . '' For year 2000 rankings , data from the Census Bureau 's tally of `` Cities with 100,000 or More Population Ranked by Selected Subject '' is used . The 2010 rankings are based on the 2010 census results . The Census Bureau 's definition of an `` urban place '' has included a variety of designations , including city , town , township , village , borough , and municipality . The top 10 urban areas in 1790 consisted of various places designated as cities , towns and townships . The top 10 urban areas in 2010 are all separate incorporated places . This list generally refers only to the population of individual urban places within their defined limits at the time of the indicated census . Some of these places have since been annexed or merged into other cities . Other places may have expanded their borders due to such annexation or consolidation . For example , after the 1898 consolidation of New York City , the Census Bureau has defined all the boroughs within its city limits as one `` urban place '' . Similarly , Philadelphia 's population has included the census counts within both the former urban areas of Northern Liberties , Pennsylvania and Southwark , Pennsylvania ever since Philadelphia 's 1854 consolidation . Contents 1 1790 2 1800 3 1810 4 1820 5 1830 6 1840 7 1850 8 1860 9 1870 10 1880 11 1890 12 1900 13 1910 14 1920 15 1930 16 1940 17 1950 18 1960 19 1970 20 1980 21 1990 22 2000 23 2010 24 See also 25 References 26 External links 1790 ( edit ) See also : 1790 United States Census § City rankings When the United States first became a country in 1776 , Philadelphia was its most populous city . By the time the first U.S. census count was completed in 1790 , New York City had already grown to be 14 % more populous than Philadelphia ( though Philadelphia still had the larger metropolitan population in 1790 ) . Note that , in 1790 , New York City consisted solely of Manhattan , and that Philadelphia did not include Northern Liberties , which is now within its city limits . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 33,131 New York has ranked as the city with the highest population in every census count . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 28,522 Prior to 1854 , the term `` Philadelphia '' referred to present - day Center City . The 1854 Act of Consolidation greatly expanded the City of Philadelphia to its present borders , coterminous with Philadelphia County . Philadelphia has remained on the top 10 list of largest American cities throughout its history . Boston Massachusetts 18,320 Listed as a town in the 1790 census ; presently a city . Charleston South Carolina 16,359 5 Baltimore Maryland 13,503 Existed as a town at the time ; now an independent city . 6 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 9,913 Township now absorbed in Philadelphia . See Northern Liberties , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 7 Salem Massachusetts 7,921 Listed as a town in the 1790 census ; presently a city . 8 Newport Rhode Island 6,716 Listed as a town in the 1790 census ; presently a city . Only appearance in the top 10 . 9 Providence Rhode Island 6,380 Listed as a town in the 1790 census ; presently a city . 10 Marblehead Massachusetts 5,661 Still a town as of 2014 . Only appearance in the top 10 . Southwark Pennsylvania 5,661 Before the 1854 Act of Consolidation , Southwark was an independent municipality ; it is now a neighborhood in South Philadelphia . The total population of these 11 cities was 152,087 . 1800 ( edit ) See also : 1800 United States Census § City rankings Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 60,514 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 41,220 Baltimore Maryland 26,514 Boston Massachusetts 24,937 Listed as a town . 5 Charleston South Carolina 18,824 6 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 10,718 Now a neighborhood in Philadelphia . 7 Southwark Pennsylvania 9,621 Now a neighborhood in South Philadelphia . 8 Salem Massachusetts 9,457 Listed as a town . Today , Salem is a city . 9 Providence Rhode Island 7,614 Listed as a town . Last appearance in the top 10 . 10 Norfolk Virginia 6,926 Only appearance in the top 10 , and only appearance of a city in Virginia in the top 10 . Listed as a borough . Now an independent city . The total population of these 10 cities was 216,346 . 1810 ( edit ) See also : 1810 United States Census § City rankings Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 96,373 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 53,722 Baltimore Maryland 46,555 Boston Massachusetts 33,787 5 Charleston South Carolina 24,711 6 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 19,874 Now a neighborhood of Philadelphia . 7 New Orleans Territory of Orleans 17,242 First entry in the top 10 list not located in one of the original Thirteen Colonies . 8 Southwark Pennsylvania 13,707 Now a neighborhood in South Philadelphia . 9 Salem Massachusetts 12,613 Listed as a town . 10 Albany New York 10,762 First appearance in the top 10 , and first city in Upstate New York to make the top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 329,346 . 1820 ( edit ) See also : 1820 United States Census § City rankings Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 123,706 First city in the US to surpass 100,000 . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 63,802 Baltimore Maryland 62,738 Boston Massachusetts 43,298 5 New Orleans Louisiana 27,176 Booming trade post bought through the Louisiana Purchase . 6 Charleston South Carolina 24,780 7 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 19,678 Now a neighborhood of Philadelphia . 8 Southwark Pennsylvania 14,713 Now a neighborhood in South Philadelphia . 9 Washington District of Columbia 13,247 First appearance of the new capital in the top 10 . Would disappear from the list by next census and not reappear on top 10 until 1950 . 10 Salem Massachusetts 12,731 Last appearance in the top 10 . Listed as a town . The total population of these 10 cities was 405,869 . 1830 ( edit ) See also : 1830 United States Census § City rankings Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 202,300 First city in the US to surpass 200,000 . Baltimore Maryland 80,800 Baltimore is the second city to rank number two . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 80,462 Boston Massachusetts 61,392 5 New Orleans Louisiana 46,082 6 Charleston South Carolina 30,289 7 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 28,872 Now a neighborhood in Philadelphia . 8 Cincinnati Ohio 24,831 Listed as a town . First appearance on top 10 from a Midwestern state . 9 Albany New York 24,209 10 Southwark Pennsylvania 20,581 Now a neighborhood in South Philadelphia . Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 599,927 . 1840 ( edit ) See also : 1840 United States Census § City rankings Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 312,710 First city in the US to surpass 300,000 . Baltimore Maryland 102,313 Second city in the US , after New York , to surpass 100,000 . New Orleans Louisiana 102,193 New Orleans ' rapid growth shows the increasing importance of Mississippi River trade . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 93,665 5 Boston Massachusetts 93,383 6 Cincinnati Ohio 46,338 Listed as a town . 7 Brooklyn New York 36,233 At this time , Brooklyn was a city . 8 Northern Liberties Pennsylvania 34,474 Now a neighborhood in Philadelphia . Last appearance in top 10 . 9 Albany New York 33,721 10 Charleston South Carolina 29,261 Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 884,291 . 1850 ( edit ) See also : 1850 United States Census § City rankings By 1850 , the United States was in the midst of the First Industrial Revolution . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 515,547 First city in the US to surpass 500,000 . Baltimore Maryland 169,054 Boston Massachusetts 136,881 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 121,376 5 New Orleans Louisiana 116,375 6 Cincinnati Ohio 115,435 7 Brooklyn New York 96,838 8 St. Louis Missouri 77,860 First Top 10 appearance of any city west of the Mississippi River . 9 Spring Garden Pennsylvania 58,894 Now a neighborhood of Philadelphia . Only appearance in the top 10 . Last census where Spring Garden was an independent city . 10 Albany New York 50,763 Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 1,459,023 . 1860 ( edit ) See also : 1860 United States Census § City rankings 1860 was the eve of the American Civil War . This was the eighth United States Census . This is the first census where the Northeast does not hold a supermajority of the top ten largest cities . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 813,669 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 565,529 The large jump in population between the seventh and eighth censuses is due to the 1854 Act of Consolidation , which greatly expanded the City of Philadelphia to be coterminous with Philadelphia County , and abolished all other local governments in the county . The `` Philadelphia '' prior to 1854 is present - day Center City . Brooklyn New York 266,661 Baltimore Maryland 212,418 5 Boston Massachusetts 177,840 6 New Orleans Louisiana 168,675 7 Cincinnati Ohio 161,044 8 St. Louis Missouri 160,773 9 Chicago Illinois 112,172 First appearance in top 10 . In the previous census , it was the 24th largest American city with a population of 29,963 . At one point , Chicago would be the world 's fastest growing city . 10 Buffalo New York 81,129 First appearance in top 10 . Would not re-appear until 1900 . The total population of these 10 cities was 2,719,910 . 1870 ( edit ) See also : 1870 United States Census § City rankings This was the ninth United States Census . This is the first census where the Northeast does not hold a simple majority of the top ten largest cities ( briefly returns to 5 top cities in the 1910 Census ) . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 942,292 Included present day Manhattan only . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 674,022 Brooklyn New York 396,099 St. Louis Missouri 310,864 The 1870 St. Louis Census total may have been slightly boosted by fraud . 5 Chicago Illinois 298,977 Census was taken one year before the Great Chicago Fire , which burned down a large portion of the city . 6 Baltimore Maryland 267,354 7 Boston Massachusetts 250,526 8 Cincinnati Ohio 216,239 9 New Orleans Louisiana 191,418 10 San Francisco California 149,473 First West Coast city in top 10 . Its population boom began after 1848 with the Gold Rush and continued with silver discoveries such as the Comstock Lode in 1859 . The total population of these 10 cities was 3,697,264 . 1880 ( edit ) See also : 1880 United States Census § City rankings Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 1,206,299 First city in the US to reach 1 million . Included present day Manhattan and Bronx only . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 847,170 Brooklyn New York 566,663 Chicago Illinois 503,185 Great Chicago Fire destroyed approximately one - third of the city in 1871 , yet the city still experienced extreme growth by this census count . 5 Boston Massachusetts 362,839 6 St. Louis Missouri 350,518 The city of St. Louis seceded from St. Louis County in 1876 . The population of St. Louis City and St. Louis County during the Census was ~ 386,000 7 Baltimore Maryland 332,313 8 Cincinnati Ohio 255,139 9 San Francisco California 233,959 10 New Orleans Louisiana 216,090 Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 4,874,175 . 1890 ( edit ) See also : 1890 United States Census § City rankings The 1890 Census was the Eleventh . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 1,515,301 This is the last census before New York was consolidated into The Five Boroughs ( therefore the figure is that of New York County , which at the time consisted of Manhattan and what later would become The Bronx ) . Chicago Illinois 1,109,850 Second city in the US to reach 1 million . Chicago overtakes Philadelphia as the nation 's second most populous city and likely becomes the second city in the nation to surpass the 1 million mark . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,046,964 Third city in the US to reach 1 million . Brooklyn New York 806,343 This is the last census where the City of Brooklyn is independent . It would be absorbed into New York City . 5 St. Louis Missouri 451,770 6 Boston Massachusetts 448,477 7 Baltimore Maryland 434,439 8 San Francisco California 298,997 9 Cincinnati Ohio 296,908 10 Cleveland Ohio 261,353 First appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 6,660,402 . 1900 ( edit ) See also : 1900 United States Census § City rankings The 1900 Census was the Twelfth . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 3,437,202 First city in the US to surpass 3 million residents . This is the first census after the creation of the Five Boroughs . Chicago Illinois 1,698,575 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,293,697 St. Louis Missouri 575,238 5 Boston Massachusetts 560,892 6 Baltimore Maryland 508,957 7 Cleveland Ohio 391,768 8 Buffalo New York 352,387 First appearance since 1860 . 9 San Francisco California 342,782 Last appearance in top 10 . Last census before earthquake and fire . 10 Cincinnati Ohio 325,902 Last appearance in the top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 9,487,400 . 1910 ( edit ) See also : 1910 United States Census § City rankings The 1910 Census was the Thirteenth . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 4,766,883 Manhattan reached its historical high of over 2.3 million and Brooklyn had 1,634,351 . However , the other three boroughs began to grow rapidly as the Interborough Rapid Transit system expanded . Chicago Illinois 2,185,283 Second city in the U.S. to reach 2 million . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,549,008 St. Louis Missouri 687,029 5 Boston Massachusetts 670,585 6 Cleveland Ohio 560,663 7 Baltimore Maryland 558,485 8 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 533,905 First appearance in top 10 . 9 Detroit Michigan 465,766 First appearance in top 10 . 10 Buffalo New York 423,715 Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 12,401,322 . 1920 ( edit ) See also : 1920 United States Census § City rankings The 1920 Census was the Fourteenth . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 5,620,048 First and only city in the US to surpass 5 million . Brooklyn passes 2 million with 2,018,356 Chicago Illinois 2,701,705 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,823,779 Detroit Michigan 993,069 The rise of the automobile industry in the Detroit area propelled its growth substantially between 1910 and 1920 , doubling its population in only 10 years . 5 Cleveland Ohio 796,841 Only census where Cleveland makes the top 5 . 6 St. Louis Missouri 772,897 7 Boston Massachusetts 748,060 8 Baltimore Maryland 733,826 9 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 588,343 10 Los Angeles California 576,673 First appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 15,355,250 . 1930 ( edit ) See also : 1930 United States Census § City rankings The 1930 Census was the Fifteenth . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 6,930,446 Brooklyn accounts for 2,560,401 of this total . Chicago Illinois 3,376,438 Second city in the U.S. to surpass 3 million . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,950,961 Detroit Michigan 1,568,662 5 Los Angeles California 1,238,048 First West Coast city to make the top 5 and to surpass 1 million . 6 Cleveland Ohio 900,429 7 St. Louis Missouri 821,960 8 Baltimore Maryland 804,874 9 Boston Massachusetts 781,188 10 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 669,817 The total population of these 10 cities was 19,042,823 . 1940 ( edit ) See also : 1940 United States Census § City rankings Four of the ten cities here would have their first ever population drop in 1940 . Though slight , they would presage a precipitous decline that started in 1950 . The 1940 Census was the Sixteenth . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 7,457,995 First city in the US to surpass 7 million . Chicago Illinois 3,396,808 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,931,334 First ever population drop for Philadelphia . Detroit Michigan 1,623,452 5 Los Angeles California 1,504,277 6 Cleveland Ohio 878,336 First ever population drop for Cleveland . 7 Baltimore Maryland 859,100 8 St. Louis Missouri 816,048 First ever population drop for St. Louis . 9 Boston Massachusetts 770,816 First ever population drop for Boston . 10 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 671,659 Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 19,909,825 . 1950 ( edit ) See also : 1950 United States Census § City rankings 1950 was a watershed year for many cities in the United States . Many cities in the country peaked in population , and began a slow decline caused by suburbanization associated with pollution , congestion , and increased crime rates in inner cities , while the improved infrastructure of the Eisenhower Interstate System more easily facilitated car commutes and so - called white flight of the white middle class . The G.I. Bill made available low interest loans for returning World War II veterans seeking more commodious housing in the suburbs . Although populations within city limits dropped in many American cities , the metropolitan populations of most cities continued to increase greatly . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 7,891,957 Brooklyn accounts for 2,738,175 of this total and Queens 1,550,849 Chicago Illinois 3,620,962 Population peaked this census . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 2,071,605 Population peaked this census . Los Angeles California 1,970,358 Los Angeles is one of the few cities to have nearly continuous growth since 1950 . 5 Detroit Michigan 1,849,568 Population peaked this census . To date , Detroit is the only city in the United States to have a population grow beyond 1 million and then fall below that figure . 6 Baltimore Maryland 949,708 Population peaked this census . 7 Cleveland Ohio 944,808 Population peaked this census . 8 St. Louis Missouri 896,796 Population peaked this census . 9 Washington District of Columbia 812,178 Population peaked this census . Re-appearance in the top 10 ( last in 1820 ) . 10 Boston Massachusetts 801,444 Population peaked this census . Last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 21,809,384 . 1960 ( edit ) See also : 1960 United States Census § City rankings The 1960 Census was the Eighteenth . This was the first census ( see also 1980 ) to show a decline in the combined total population of top ten cities , with 766,495 ( 3.5 % ) fewer people than 1950 Census ' top ten cities . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 7,781,984 First ever population drop for New York City . Chicago Illinois 3,550,404 First ever population drop for Chicago . Los Angeles California 2,479,015 Los Angeles overtakes Philadelphia to become the nation 's third - largest city . Philadelphia Pennsylvania 2,002,512 After 60 years as the nation 's third - largest city , Philadelphia drops to the fourth spot on the list . 5 Detroit Michigan 1,670,144 First ever population drop for Detroit . 6 Houston Texas 938,219 First appearance in the top 10 . 7 Baltimore Maryland 929,024 First ever population drop for Baltimore . 8 Cleveland Ohio 876,050 9 Washington District of Columbia 783,956 First ever population drop for Washington . 10 St. Louis Missouri 750,026 Last appearance in the top 10 . First time the population of the 10th largest city is less than the decade before . The total population of these 10 cities was 20,982,889 . 1970 ( edit ) See also : 1970 United States Census § City rankings The 1970 Census was the Nineteenth . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 7,894,862 Chicago Illinois 3,366,957 Los Angeles California 2,816,061 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,948,609 5 Detroit Michigan 1,511,482 6 Houston Texas 1,232,802 Sixth city in the U.S. ( and first city in Texas ) to surpass 1 million . 7 Baltimore Maryland 905,759 8 Dallas Texas 844,401 First appearance in the top 10 . 9 Washington District of Columbia 756,510 Last appearance in the top 10 . 10 Cleveland Ohio 750,903 Last appearance in the top 10 . Cleveland is notably less dense in this census than in 1920 . The total population of these 10 cities was 22,028,346 . 1980 ( edit ) See also : 1980 United States Census § City rankings By 1980 , the trends towards suburbanization started in the 1950s continued . This was the second census ( see also 1960 ) to show a decline in the combined total population of the top ten cities , with 1,142,003 ( 5.2 % ) fewer people than the 1970 Census ' top ten cities . This is the first census in which half of the top ten cities are in the Sun Belt , specifically the West South Central and South Western area of the country . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 7,071,639 New York City experiences the largest loss of people within a city in American history when it loses approximately 823,000 people in only a ten - year span . The city government experienced severe financial strains and near bankruptcy during the 1970s , until it was bailed out by the federal government . Chicago Illinois 3,005,072 Los Angeles California 2,966,850 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,688,210 5 Houston Texas 1,595,138 Houston becomes the first ( and to date , the only ) Texas city to reach the top 5 . 6 Detroit Michigan 1,203,339 7 Dallas Texas 904,078 8 San Diego California 875,538 First appearance in the top 10 . 9 Phoenix Arizona 789,704 First appearance in the top 10 . First ( and to date , the only ) city in the Mountain West to reach the top 10 . 10 Baltimore Maryland 786,775 Last appearance in the top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 20,886,343 . 1990 ( edit ) See also : 1990 United States Census § City rankings The 1990 Census was the Twenty - first . Continued trends of western cities ' growth and Northeastern cities ' contraction now place a majority of the top ten cities in the western portion of the Sun Belt , a regional concentration not seen since Northeastern cities dominated the top of the first seven censuses . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 7,322,564 New York City gained population during the 1980s after heavy losses in the 1970s . Los Angeles California 3,485,398 Los Angeles becomes the nation 's second largest city . Chicago Illinois 2,783,726 After nearly 100 years as the nation 's second largest city , Chicago is surpassed by Los Angeles and becomes the third largest city . Houston Texas 1,630,553 Houston overtakes Philadelphia to become the nation 's fourth largest city . 5 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,585,577 6 San Diego California 1,110,549 Second city in California to surpass 1 million . 7 Detroit Michigan 1,027,974 8 Dallas Texas 1,006,877 Second city in Texas to surpass 1 million . 9 Phoenix Arizona 983,403 10 San Antonio Texas 935,933 First appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 21,872,554 . 2000 ( edit ) See also : 2000 United States Census § City rankings The 2000 Census was the 22nd in U.S. history . Rank City State Population Notes New York New York 8,008,278 First city in the US to surpass 8 million Los Angeles California 3,694,820 Chicago Illinois 2,896,016 Chicago experienced population gain during the 1990s . Houston Texas 1,953,631 5 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,517,550 6 Phoenix Arizona 1,321,045 First ( and to date , the only ) city in Arizona and only state capital to surpass 1 million . 7 San Diego California 1,223,400 8 Dallas Texas 1,188,580 9 San Antonio Texas 1,144,646 Third city in Texas to surpass 1 million . 10 Detroit Michigan 951,270 First city to ever drop back under 1 million ; last appearance in top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 23,899,236 . See also : 2010 United States Census § City rankings Seven of the country 's ten largest cities in 2010 were located in the Sun Belt region of the south and west , all of which have far lower population density than their earlier top - ranking counterparts . A different ranking is evident when considering U.S. metro area populations which count both city and suburban populations . Rank City State Population Notes New York City New York 8,175,133 Los Angeles California 3,792,621 Chicago Illinois 2,695,598 Houston Texas 2,099,451 First ( and to date , the only ) city in Texas to surpass 2 million . 5 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1,526,006 First population gain since 1950 . 6 Phoenix Arizona 1,445,632 7 San Antonio Texas 1,327,407 San Antonio 's rapid growth causes it to overtake Dallas as Texas ' second - largest city . 8 San Diego California 1,307,402 9 Dallas Texas 1,197,816 10 San Jose California 945,942 First appearance in the top 10 . The total population of these 10 cities was 24,513,008 . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal United States Outline of the United States Index of United States - related articles Book : United States United States Census Bureau Demographics of the United States Urbanization in the United States List of US states and territories by population List of U.S. states by historical population List of US cities by population Lists of US cities and metropolitan areas United States Office of Management and Budget United States statistical area The 1067 US statistical areas comprise 366 MSAs , 576 μSAs , and 125 CSAs United States primary statistical area List of the 718 US PSAs United States combined statistical area List of the 125 US CSAs United States core based statistical area List of the 942 US CBSAs United States metropolitan statistical area List of the 366 US MSAs List of the 366 US MSAs by GDP United States micropolitan statistical area List of the 576 US μSAs References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. ( 1985 ) , Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 504983 - 7 , Chapter 8 : `` Suburbs Into Neighborhoods : The Rise and Fall of Municipal Annexation . '' ^ Jump up to : Arenson , Adam ( 2011 ) . The great heart of the republic : St. Louis and the cultural Civil War . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . p. 191 - 192 . ISBN 0674052889 . Sources Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' Jump up ^ `` Cities with 100,000 or More Population Ranked by Selected Subject '' ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population of the 24 Urban Places : 1790 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 33 Urban Places : 1800 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 46 Urban Places : 1810 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 61 Urban Places : 1820 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 90 Urban Places : 1830 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1840 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1850 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1860 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1870 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1880 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places In The United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . Census.gov. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1890 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1900 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1910 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1920 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1930 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1940 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1950 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1960 '' Jump up ^ `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1970 '' ^ Jump up to : `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1980 '' ^ Jump up to : `` Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1990 '' Jump up ^ `` Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Population , 2000 in Rank Order Archived 2006 - 06 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . '' External links ( edit ) United States , 1780 - 1789 -- discusses population size from 1780 to 1789 Largest Cities in the United States Over Time on YouTube Visualization of Largest cities in the United States by population by decade on YouTube United States Censuses 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 United States Census Bureau United States Census of Agriculture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_populous_cities_in_the_United_States_by_decade&oldid=856866980 '' Categories : Lists of cities in the United States by population Demographic history of the United States Histories of cities in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Македонски Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 01 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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-3315072945566958040 | Thoracic cavity | Thoracic cavity - wikipedia Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Details Identifiers Latin Cavitas thoracis , cavum thoracis MeSH D035423 TA A01. 1.00. 049 FMA 7565 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2015 ) The picture displays the Mediastinum on sagittal plane , Thoracic diaphragm at the bottom , the heart ( Cor ) , behind Sternum and Costae ( to the left on the picture ( This is the Anterior ( front ) ) ) and to the right ( Posterior ( back ) ) you have the Thoracic vertebrae . The thoracic cavity ( or chest cavity ) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall ( rib cage and associated skin , muscle , and fascia ) . The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum . There are two openings of the thoracic cavity , a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet . The thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back , spine or the neck . Contents 1 Structure 2 Clinical significance 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) Structures within the thoracic cavity include : structures of the cardiovascular system , including the heart and great vessels , which include the thoracic aorta , the pulmonary artery and all its branches , the superior and inferior vena cava , the pulmonary veins , and the azygos vein structures of the respiratory system , including the Diaphragm , trachea , bronchi and lungs structures of the digestive system , including the esophagus , endocrine glands , including the thymus gland , structures of the nervous system including the paired vagus nerves , and the paired sympathetic chains , lymphatics including the thoracic duct . It contains three potential spaces lined with mesothelium : the paired pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity . The mediastinum comprises those organs which lie in the centre of the chest between the lungs . The cavity also contains two openings one at the top , the superior thoracic aperture also called the thoracic inlet , and a lower inferior thoracic aperture which is much larger than the inlet . Clinical significance ( edit ) If the pleural cavity is breached from the outside , as by a bullet wound or knife wound , a pneumothorax , or air in the cavity , may result . If the volume of air is significant , one or both lungs may collapse , which requires immediate medical attention . Additional images ( edit ) Illustration of Heart in Thoracic Cavity Illustration of Heart Position Relative to the Rib Cage See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eskandarlou , M. ; Moaddab , A.H. ( 2010 ) . `` Chest wall necrosis and empyema resulting from attempting suicide by injection of petroleum into the pleural cavity '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 27 ( 8 ) : 616 -- 8 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2009.073486 . PMID 20558490 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thoracic cavity . thoraxlesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Organs ( anatomy ) category Organs ( anatomy ) portal Muscles of the thorax and back Back splenius capitis cervicis erector spinae iliocostalis longissimus spinalis transversospinales semispinalis thoracis semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii Vertebral column trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae Fascia thoracolumbar fascia Thorax Intercostal muscle external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm Thoracic cavity pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis Fascia pectoral fascia clavipectoral fascia Anatomy of the thorax General Mediastinum Thoracic wall Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pulmonary ligament Recesses Costomediastinal Costodiaphragmatic Endothoracic fascia Suprapleural membrane Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_cavity&oldid=835165858 '' Categories : Thoracic cavity Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Võro 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 23 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a chambered muscular organ that lies within the thoracic cavity is called the | [] | [] |
2854696766612625727 | Olympic Games | Olympic Games - wikipedia Olympic Games Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the modern games in general . For the most recent games in Pyeongchang , South Korea , see 2018 Winter Olympics . For the upcoming games in Tokyo , see 2020 Summer Olympics . For the ancient Greek games , see Ancient Olympic Games . For other uses , see Olympic ( disambiguation ) . Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The modern Olympic Games or Olympics ( French : Jeux olympiques ) are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions . The Olympic Games are considered the world 's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating . The Olympic Games are held every four years , with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart . Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority . The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games . Some of these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports , the Paralympic Games for athletes with a disability , the Youth Olympic Games for athletes aged 14 to 18 , the five Continental games ( Pan American , African , Asian , European , and Pacific ) , and the World Games for sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games . The Deaflympics and Special Olympics are also endorsed by the IOC . The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic , political , and technological advancements . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialisation of the Games . World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916 , 1940 , and 1944 Games . Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games . The latter , however , attracted 140 National Olympic Committees , which was a record at the time . The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations ( IFs ) , National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) , and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games . As the decision - making body , the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games , and organises and funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter . The IOC also determines the Olympic programme , consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games . There are several Olympic rituals and symbols , such as the Olympic flag and torch , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies . Over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events . The first , second , and third - place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals : gold , silver , and bronze , respectively . The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented . This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies , including boycotts , doping , bribery , and a terrorist attack in 1972 . Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame . The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Olympics 2 Modern Games 2.1 Forerunners 2.2 Revival 2.3 1896 Games 2.4 Changes and adaptations 2.4. 1 Winter Games 2.4. 2 Paralympics 2.4. 3 Youth Games 2.4. 4 Continental Games 2.5 21st - century games 2.6 Cost of the Games 2.7 Economic and social impact on host cities and countries 3 International Olympic Committee 3.1 Criticism 4 Commercialisation 4.1 Under national organising committees 4.2 Under IOC control 4.3 Budget 4.4 Effect of television 4.5 Olympic marketing 5 Symbols 6 Ceremonies 6.1 Opening 6.2 Closing 6.3 Medal presentation 7 Sports 7.1 Amateurism and professionalism 7.1. 1 Team Canada 8 Controversies 8.1 Boycotts 8.2 Politics 8.3 Use of performance - enhancing drugs 8.3. 1 Russian doping scandal 8.4 Sex discrimination 8.5 War and terrorism 8.6 Colonialism 9 Citizenship 9.1 IOC rules for citizenship 9.2 Reasons for changing citizenship 9.3 Citizenship changes and disputes 10 Champions and medallists 11 Nations 11.1 Nations at the Summer Olympics 11.2 Nations at the Winter Olympics 11.3 Host nations and cities 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Ancient Olympics Main article : Ancient Olympic Games Stadium in Olympia , Greece The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia , Greece . Competition was among representatives of several city - states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece . These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration , horse and chariot racing events . It has been widely written that during the Games , all conflicts among the participating city - states were postponed until the Games were finished . This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce . This idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars . The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus . The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend ; one of the most popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the Games . According to legend , it was Heracles who first called the Games `` Olympic '' and established the custom of holding them every four years . The myth continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labours , he built the Olympic Stadium as an honour to Zeus . Following its completion , he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called this distance a `` stadion '' ( Greek : στάδιον , Latin : stadium , `` stage '' ) , which later became a unit of distance . The most widely accepted inception date for the Ancient Olympics is 776 BC ; this is based on inscriptions , found at Olympia , listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC . The Ancient Games featured running events , a pentathlon ( consisting of a jumping event , discus and javelin throws , a foot race , and wrestling ) , boxing , wrestling , pankration , and equestrian events . Tradition has it that Coroebus , a cook from the city of Elis , was the first Olympic champion . The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance , featuring sporting events alongside ritual sacrifices honouring both Zeus ( whose famous statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia ) and Pelops , divine hero and mythical king of Olympia . Pelops was famous for his chariot race with King Oenomaus of Pisatis . The winners of the events were admired and immortalised in poems and statues . The Games were held every four years , and this period , known as an Olympiad , was used by Greeks as one of their units of time measurement . The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic Games , which included the Pythian Games , the Nemean Games , and the Isthmian Games . The Olympic Games reached their zenith in the 6th and 5th centuries BC , but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained power and influence in Greece . While there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Games officially ended , the most commonly held date is 393 AD , when the emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be eliminated . Another date commonly cited is 426 AD , when his successor , Theodosius II , ordered the destruction of all Greek temples . Modern Games See also : List of Olympic Games host cities Forerunners Baron Pierre de Coubertin Various uses of the term `` Olympic '' to describe athletic events in the modern era have been documented since the 17th century . The first such event was the Cotswold Games or `` Cotswold Olimpick Games '' , an annual meeting near Chipping Campden , England , involving various sports . It was first organised by the lawyer Robert Dover between 1612 and 1642 , with several later celebrations leading up to the present day . The British Olympic Association , in its bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in London , mentioned these games as `` the first stirrings of Britain 's Olympic beginnings '' . L'Olympiade de la République , a national Olympic festival held annually from 1796 to 1798 in Revolutionary France also attempted to emulate the ancient Olympic Games . The competition included several disciplines from the ancient Greek Olympics . The 1796 Games also marked the introduction of the metric system into sport . In 1834 and 1836 olympic games was held in Ramlösa ( Sweden ) and an additional in Stockholm ( Sweden ) 1843 , all organized by Gustaf Johan Schartau and others . At most 25 000 spectators saw the games . Olympiska spelen i Ramlösa In 1850 an Olympian Class was started by William Penny Brookes at Much Wenlock , in Shropshire , England . In 1859 , Brookes changed the name to the Wenlock Olympian Games . This annual sports festival continues to this day . The Wenlock Olympian Society was founded by Brookes on 15 November 1860 . Between 1862 and 1867 , Liverpool held an annual Grand Olympic Festival . Devised by John Hulley and Charles Melly , these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook , although only ' gentlemen amateurs ' could compete . The programme of the first modern Olympiad in Athens in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics . In 1865 Hulley , Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool , a forerunner of the British Olympic Association . Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the International Olympic Charter . In 1866 , a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organised at London 's Crystal Palace . Revival Evangelos Zappas Greek interest in reviving the Olympic Games began with the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821 . It was first proposed by poet and newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem `` Dialogue of the Dead '' , published in 1833 . Evangelos Zappas , a wealthy Greek - Romanian philanthropist , first wrote to King Otto of Greece , in 1856 , offering to fund a permanent revival of the Olympic Games . Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859 , which was held in an Athens city square . Athletes participated from Greece and the Ottoman Empire . Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient Panathenaic Stadium so that it could host all future Olympic Games . The stadium hosted Olympics in 1870 and 1875 . Thirty thousand spectators attended that Games in 1870 , though no official attendance records are available for the 1875 Games . In 1890 , after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock Olympian Society , Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired to found the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four years . He presented these ideas during the first Olympic Congress of the newly created International Olympic Committee . This meeting was held from 16 to 23 June 1894 , at the University of Paris . On the last day of the Congress , it was decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC would take place in Athens in 1896 . The IOC elected the Greek writer Demetrius Vikelas as its first president . 1896 Games Main article : 1896 Summer Olympics Opening ceremony in the Panathinaiko Stadium The first Games held under the auspices of the IOC was hosted in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens in 1896 . The Games brought together 14 nations and 241 athletes who competed in 43 events . Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas had left the Greek government a trust to fund future Olympic Games . This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Games . George Averoff contributed generously for the refurbishment of the stadium in preparation for the Games . The Greek government also provided funding , which was expected to be recouped through the sale of tickets and from the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set . Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of hosting an Olympic Games . This feeling was shared by many of the athletes , who even demanded that Athens be the permanent Olympic host city . The IOC intended for subsequent Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world . The second Olympics was held in Paris . Changes and adaptations Main article : Summer Olympic Games After the success of the 1896 Games , the Olympics entered a period of stagnation that threatened their survival . The Olympic Games held at the Paris Exposition in 1900 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904 were side shows . The Games in Paris did not have a stadium , but were notable for being the first time women took part in the Games . When the St. Louis Games were celebrated roughly 650 athletes participated , but 580 were from the United States . The homogeneous nature of these celebrations was a low point for the Olympic Movement . The Games rebounded when the 1906 Intercalated Games ( so - called because they were the second Games held within the third Olympiad ) were held in Athens . These Games were , but are not now , officially recognised by the IOC and no Intercalated Games have been held since . The Games attracted a broad international field of participants and generated great public interest . This marked the beginning of a rise in both the popularity and the size of the Olympics . Winter Games Main article : Winter Olympic Games Ice hockey game during the 1928 Winter Olympics at St. Moritz The Winter Olympics was created to feature snow and ice sports that were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Games . Figure skating ( in 1908 and 1920 ) and ice hockey ( in 1920 ) were featured as Olympic events at the Summer Olympics . The IOC desired to expand this list of sports to encompass other winter activities . At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne , it was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games . A winter sports week ( it was actually 11 days ) was held in 1924 in Chamonix , France , in connection with the Paris Games held three months later ; this event became the first Winter Olympic Games . Although it was intended that the same country host both the Winter and Summer Games in a given year , this idea was quickly abandoned . The IOC mandated that the Winter Games be celebrated every four years on the same year as their summer counterpart . This tradition was upheld until the 1992 Games in Albertville , France ; after that , beginning with the 1994 Games , the Winter Olympics were held every four years , two years after each Summer Olympics . Paralympics Main article : Paralympic Games 1964 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo In 1948 , Sir Ludwig Guttmann , determined to promote the rehabilitation of soldiers after World War II , organised a multi-sport event between several hospitals to coincide with the 1948 London Olympics . Guttmann 's event , known then as the Stoke Mandeville Games , became an annual sports festival . Over the next twelve years , Guttmann and others continued their efforts to use sports as an avenue to healing . For the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome , Guttmann brought 400 athletes to compete in the `` Parallel Olympics '' , which became known as the first Paralympics . Since then , the Paralympics have been held in every Olympic year . Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics . In 2001 the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) signed an agreement guaranteeing that host cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic Games . The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing , and the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver . Chairman of the London organising committee , Lord Coe , said about the 2012 Summer Paralympics and Olympics in London that , We want to change public attitudes towards disability , celebrate the excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the two Games are an integrated whole . Youth Games Main article : Youth Olympic Games In 2010 , the Olympic Games were complemented by the Youth Games , which give athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to compete . The Youth Olympic Games were conceived by IOC president Jacques Rogge in 2001 and approved during the 119th Congress of the IOC . The first Summer Youth Games were held in Singapore from 14 -- 26 August 2010 , while the inaugural Winter Games were hosted in Innsbruck , Austria , two years later . These Games will be shorter than the senior Games ; the summer version will last twelve days , while the winter version will last nine days . The IOC allows 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the Summer Youth Games , and 970 athletes and 580 officials at the Winter Youth Games . The sports to be contested will coincide with those scheduled for the senior Games , however there will be variations on the sports including mixed NOC and mixed gender teams as well as a reduced number of disciplines and events . Continental Games 21st - century Games From 241 participants representing 14 nations in 1896 , the Games have grown to about 10,500 competitors from 204 nations at the 2012 Summer Olympics . The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller . For example , Sochi hosted 2,873 athletes from 88 nations competing in 98 events during the 2014 Winter Olympics . During the Games most athletes and officials are housed in the Olympic Village . This village is intended to be a self - contained home for all the Olympic participants , and is furnished with cafeterias , health clinics , and locations for religious expression . The IOC allowed the formation of National Olympic Committees representing nations that did not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that other international organisations demand . As a result , colonies and dependencies are permitted to compete at Olympic Games . Examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico , Bermuda , and Hong Kong , all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country . The current version of the Charter allows for the establishment of new National Olympic Committees to represent nations which qualify as `` an independent State recognised by the international community '' . Therefore , it did not allow the formation of National Olympic Committees for Sint Maarten and Curaçao when they gained the same constitutional status as Aruba in 2010 , although the IOC had recognised the Aruban Olympic Committee in 1986 . After 2012 , Netherlands Antilles athletes can choose to represent either the Netherlands or Aruba . Cost of the Games See also : Cost of the Olympic Games The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 found that sports - related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 are on average USD 5.2 billion and for the Winter Games USD 3.1 billion . This does not include wider infrastructure costs like roads , urban rail , and airports , which often cost as much or more than the sports - related costs . The most expensive Summer Games are Beijing at USD 40 - 44 billion and the most expensive Winter Games are Sochi 2014 at USD 51 billion . As of 2016 , costs per athlete are on average USD 599,000 for the Summer Games and USD 1.3 million for the Winter Games . For London 2012 , cost per athlete was USD 1.4 million ; for Sochi 2014 , USD 7.9 million . Where ambitious construction for the 1976 games in Montreal and 1980 games in Moscow had saddled organisers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues , 1984 host Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses by using existing facilities except a swim stadium and a velodrome that were paid for by corporate sponsors . The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote youth sports in Southern California , educate coaches and maintain a sports library . The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics . Budget overruns are common for the Games . Average overrun for Games since 1960 is 156 % in real terms , which means that actual costs turned out to be on average 2.56 times higher than the budget that was estimated at the time of winning the bid to host the Games . Montreal 1976 had the highest cost overrun for Summer Games , and for any Games , at 720 % ; Lake Placid 1980 had the highest cost overrun for Winter Games , at 324 % . London 2012 had a cost overrun of 76 % , Sochi 2014 of 289 % . Economic and Social Impact on host cities and countries Many economists are sceptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games , emphasising that such `` mega-events '' often have large costs while yielding relatively few tangible benefits in the long run . Conversely hosting ( or even bidding for ) the Olympics appears to increase the host country 's exports , as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade openness when bidding to host the Games . Moreover , research suggests that hosting the Summer Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations headquartered in the host city , which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector . This positive effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards , although not permanently . This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit sector and civil society . The Games have also had significant negative effects on host communities ; for example , the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics displaced more than two million people over two decades , often disproportionately affecting disadvantaged groups . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic Games in history , costing in excess of US $50 billion . According to a report by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development that was released at the time of the games , this cost will not boost Russia 's national economy , but may attract business to Sochi and the southern Krasnodar region of Russia in the future as a result of improved services . But by December 2014 , The Guardian stated that Sochi `` now feels like a ghost town '' , citing the spread - out nature of the stadiums and arenas , the still - unfinished construction , and the overall effects of Russia 's political and economic turmoil . Furthermore , at least four cities withdrew their bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics , citing the high costs or the lack of local support , resulting in only a two - city race between Almaty , Kazakhstan and Beijing , China . Thus in July 2016 , The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the Olympics is that very few cities want to host them . Bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics also became a two - city race between Paris and Los Angeles , so the IOC took the unusual step of simultaneously awarding both the 2024 Games to Paris and the 2028 Games to Los Angeles . International Olympic Committee Main article : International Olympic Committee I.O.C. headquarters at Lausanne The Olympic Movement encompasses a large number of national and international sporting organisations and federations , recognised media partners , as well as athletes , officials , judges , and every other person and institution that agrees to abide by the rules of the Olympic Charter . As the umbrella organisation of the Olympic Movement , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is responsible for selecting the host city , overseeing the planning of the Olympic Games , updating and approving the sports program , and negotiating sponsorship and broadcasting rights . The Olympic Movement is made of three major elements : International Federations ( IFs ) are the governing bodies that supervise a sport at an international level . For example , the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) is the IF for association football , and the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball is the international governing body for volleyball . There are currently 35 IFs in the Olympic Movement , representing each of the Olympic sports . National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) represent and regulate the Olympic Movement within each country . For example , the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the NOC of the United States . There are currently 205 NOCs recognised by the IOC . Organising Committees for the Olympic Games ( OCOGs ) are temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each Olympic Games . OCOGs are dissolved after each Games once the final report is delivered to the IOC . French and English are the official languages of the Olympic Movement . The other language used at each Olympic Games is the language of the host country ( or languages , if a country has more than one official language apart from French or English ) . Every proclamation ( such as the announcement of each country during the parade of nations in the opening ceremony ) is spoken in these three ( or more ) languages , or the main two depending on whether the host country is an English or French speaking country . Criticism The IOC has often been criticised for being an intractable organisation , with several members on the committee for life . The presidential terms of Avery Brundage and Juan Antonio Samaranch were especially controversial . Brundage was president for over 20 years , and during his tenure he protected the Olympics from political involvement and the influence of advertising . He was accused of both racism , for resisting exclusion of apartheid South Africa , and antisemitism . Under the Samaranch presidency , the office was accused of both nepotism and corruption . Samaranch 's ties with the Franco regime in Spain were also a source of criticism . In 1998 , it was reported that several IOC members had taken bribes from members of the Salt Lake City bid committee for the hosting of the 2002 Winter Olympics . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , it was felt that the acceptance of the gifts was morally dubious . The IOC pursued an investigation which led to the resignation of four members and expulsion of six others . The scandal set off further reforms that changed the way host cities were selected , to avoid similar cases in the future . The 1999 , it was reported that the Nagano Olympic bid committee had spent approximately $14 million to entertain the 62 IOC members and many of their companions . The precise figures are unknown since Nagano , after the IOC asked that the entertainment expenditures not be made public , destroyed the financial records . A BBC documentary entitled Panorama : Buying the Games , aired in August 2004 , investigated the taking of bribes in the bidding process for the 2012 Summer Olympics . The documentary claimed it was possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city . After being narrowly defeated in their bid for the 2012 Summer Games , Parisian mayor Bertrand Delanoë specifically accused the British prime minister Tony Blair and the London Bid Committee ( headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe ) of breaking the bid rules . He cited French president Jacques Chirac as a witness ; Chirac gave guarded interviews regarding his involvement . The allegation was never fully explored . The Turin bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics was also shrouded in controversy . A prominent IOC member , Marc Hodler , strongly connected with the rival bid of Sion , Switzerland , alleged bribery of IOC officials by members of the Turin Organising Committee . These accusations led to a wide - ranging investigation . The allegations also served to sour many IOC members against Sion 's bid and potentially helped Turin to capture the host city nomination . In July 2012 , the Anti-Defamation League called the continued refusal by the International Olympic Committee to hold a moment of silence at the opening ceremony for the eleven Israeli athletes killed by Palestinian terrorists at the 1972 Munich Olympics , `` a continuing stubborn insensitivity and callousness to the memory of the murdered Israeli athletes . '' Commercialisation Under national organising Committees The Olympics have been commercialised to various degrees since the initial 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens , when a number of companies paid for advertising , including Kodak . In 1908 , Oxo , Odol mouthwash and Indian Foot Powder became official sponsors of the London Olympic Games . Coca - Cola sponsored the 1928 Summer Olympics , and has subsequently remained a sponsor to the current time . Before the IOC took control of sponsorship , national organising committees were responsible for negotiating their own contracts for sponsorship and the use of the Olympic symbols . Under IOC control The IOC originally resisted funding by corporate sponsors . It was not until the retirement of IOC president Avery Brundage , in 1972 , that the IOC began to explore the potential of the television medium and the lucrative advertising markets available to them . Under the leadership of Juan Antonio Samaranch the Games began to shift toward international sponsors who sought to link their products to the Olympic brand . More than half of the Olympic committee 's global sponsors are American companies . Budget During the first half of the 20th century the IOC ran on a small budget . As president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , Avery Brundage rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interest . Brundage believed the lobby of corporate interests would unduly impact the IOC 's decision - making . Brundage 's resistance to this revenue stream meant the IOC left organising committees to negotiate their own sponsorship contracts and use the Olympic symbols . When Brundage retired the IOC had US $2 million in assets ; eight years later the IOC coffers had swelled to US $45 million . This was primarily due to a shift in ideology toward expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights . When Juan Antonio Samaranch was elected IOC president in 1980 his desire was to make the IOC financially independent . The 1984 Summer Olympics became a watershed moment in Olympic history . The Los Angeles - based organising committee , led by Peter Ueberroth , was able to generate a surplus of US $225 million , which was an unprecedented amount at that time . The organising committee had been able to create such a surplus in part by selling exclusive sponsorship rights to select companies . The IOC sought to gain control of these sponsorship rights . Samaranch helped to establish The Olympic Programme ( TOP ) in 1985 , in order to create an Olympic brand . Membership in TOP was , and is , very exclusive and expensive . Fees cost US $50 million for a four - year membership . Members of TOP received exclusive global advertising rights for their product category , and use of the Olympic symbol , the interlocking rings , in their publications and advertisements . Effect of television A cartoon from the 1936 Olympics imagines the year 2000 when spectators will have been replaced by television and radio , their cheers coming from loudspeakers . The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin were the first Games to be broadcast on television , though only to local audiences . The 1956 Winter Olympics were the first internationally televised Olympic Games , and the following Winter Games had their broadcasting rights sold for the first time to specialised television broadcasting networks -- CBS paid US $394,000 for the American rights , and the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) allocated US $660,000 . In the following decades the Olympics became one of the ideological fronts of the Cold War . Superpowers jockeyed for political supremacy , and the IOC wanted to take advantage of this heightened interest via the broadcast medium . The sale of broadcast rights enabled the IOC to increase the exposure of the Olympic Games , thereby generating more interest , which in turn created more appeal to advertisers time on television . This cycle allowed the IOC to charge ever - increasing fees for those rights . For example , CBS paid US $375 million for the American broadcast rights of the 1998 Nagano Games , while NBC spent US $3.5 billion for the American rights of all the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2012 . In 2011 , NBC agreed to a $4.38 billion contract with the International Olympic Committee to broadcast the Olympics through the 2020 games , the most expensive television rights deal in Olympic history . NBC then agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on May 7 , 2014 , to air the Olympics through the 2032 games . NBC also acquired the American television rights to the Youth Olympic Games , beginning in 2014 , and the Paralympic Games for the 2014 and 2016 editions . NBC is one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC . Viewership increased exponentially from the 1960s until the end of the century . This was due to the use of satellites to broadcast live television worldwide in 1964 , and the introduction of colour television in 1968 . Global audience estimates for the 1968 Mexico City Games was 600 million , whereas at the Los Angeles Games of 1984 , the audience numbers had increased to 900 million ; that number swelled to 3.5 billion by the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona . However , at the 2000 Summer Games in Sydney , NBC drew the lowest U.S. ratings for any Summer or Winter Olympics since 1968 . This was attributed to two factors : one was the increased competition from cable channels , the second was the internet , which was able to display results and video in real time . Television companies were still relying on tape - delayed content , which was becoming outdated in the information era . A drop in ratings meant that television studios had to give away free advertising time . With such high costs charged to broadcast the Games , the added pressure of the internet , and increased competition from cable , the television lobby demanded concessions from the IOC to boost ratings . The IOC responded by making a number of changes to the Olympic program . At the Summer Games , the gymnastics competition was expanded from seven to nine nights , and a Champions Gala was added to draw greater interest . The IOC also expanded the swimming and diving programs , both popular sports with a broad base of television viewers . Finally , the American television lobby , namely NBC , was able to dictate when certain events were held so that they could be broadcast live during prime time in the United States , such as swimming and figure skating . The results of these efforts were mixed : ratings for the 2006 Winter Games were significantly lower than those for the 2002 Games , while there was a sharp increase in viewership for the 2008 Summer Olympics , and the 2012 Summer Games , where live broadcast in prime time on NBC were little , became the most watched event in US television history . Olympic Marketing The sale of the Olympic brand has been controversial . The argument is that the Games have become indistinguishable from any other commercialised sporting spectacle . Specific criticism was levelled at the IOC for market saturation during the 1996 Atlanta and 2000 Sydney Games . The cities were awash in corporations and merchants attempting to sell Olympic - related wares . The IOC indicated that they would address this to prevent spectacles of over-marketing at future Games . Another criticism is that the Games are funded by host cities and national governments ; the IOC incurs none of the cost , yet controls all the rights and profits from the Olympic symbols . The IOC also takes a percentage of all sponsorship and broadcast income . Host cities continue to compete ardently for the right to host the Games , even though there is no certainty that they will earn back their investments . Research has shown that trade is around 30 percent higher for countries that have hosted the Olympics . Symbols Main article : Olympic symbols The Olympic flag The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals embodied in the Olympic Charter . The Olympic symbol , better known as the Olympic rings , consists of five intertwined rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited continents ( Africa , America , Asia , Australia and Europe ) . The coloured version of the rings -- blue , yellow , black , green , and red -- over a white field forms the Olympic flag . These colours were chosen because every nation had at least one of them on its national flag . The flag was adopted in 1914 but flown for the first time only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , Belgium . It has since been hoisted during each celebration of the Games . The Olympic motto , Citius , Altius , Fortius , a Latin expression meaning `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has been official since 1924 . The motto was coined by Coubertin 's friend , the Dominican priest Henri Didon OP , for a Paris youth gathering of 1891 . Coubertin 's Olympic ideals are expressed in the Olympic creed : The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part , just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle . The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well . Months before each Games , the Olympic Flame is lit in Olympia in a ceremony that reflects ancient Greek rituals . A female performer , acting as a priestess , ignites a torch by placing it inside a parabolic mirror which focuses the sun 's rays ; she then lights the torch of the first relay bearer , thus initiating the Olympic torch relay that will carry the flame to the host city 's Olympic stadium , where it plays an important role in the opening ceremony . Though the flame has been an Olympic symbol since 1928 , the torch relay was only introduced at the 1936 Summer Games to promote the Third Reich . The Olympic mascot , an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country , was introduced in 1968 . It has played an important part of the Games ' identity promotion since the 1980 Summer Olympics , when the Russian bear cub Misha reached international stardom . The mascot of the Summer Olympics in London was named Wenlock after the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire . Much Wenlock still hosts the Wenlock Olympian Games , which were an inspiration to Pierre de Coubertin for the Olympic Games . Ceremonies Main article : Olympic Games ceremony Opening Opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London As mandated by the Olympic Charter , various elements frame the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games . This ceremony takes place before the events have occurred . Most of these rituals were established at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp . The ceremony typically starts with the hoisting of the host country 's flag and a performance of its national anthem . The host nation then presents artistic displays of music , singing , dance , and theatre representative of its culture . The artistic presentations have grown in scale and complexity as successive hosts attempt to provide a ceremony that outlasts its predecessor 's in terms of memorability . The opening ceremony of the Beijing Games reportedly cost $100 million , with much of the cost incurred in the artistic segment . After the artistic portion of the ceremony , the athletes parade into the stadium grouped by nation . Greece is traditionally the first nation to enter in order to honour the origins of the Olympics . Nations then enter the stadium alphabetically according to the host country 's chosen language , with the host country 's athletes being the last to enter . During the 2004 Summer Olympics , which was hosted in Athens , Greece , the Greek flag entered the stadium first , while the Greek delegation entered last . Speeches are given , formally opening the Games . Finally , the Olympic torch is brought into the stadium and passed on until it reaches the final torch carrier , often a successful Olympic athlete from the host nation , who lights the Olympic flame in the stadium 's cauldron . Closing Athletes gather in the stadium during the closing ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . The closing ceremony of the Olympic Games takes place after all sporting events have concluded . Flag - bearers from each participating country enter the stadium , followed by the athletes who enter together , without any national distinction . Three national flags are hoisted while the corresponding national anthems are played : the flag of the current host country ; the flag of Greece , to honour the birthplace of the Olympic Games ; and the flag of the country hosting the next Summer or Winter Olympic Games . The president of the organising committee and the IOC president make their closing speeches , the Games are officially closed , and the Olympic flame is extinguished . In what is known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the mayor of the city that organised the Games transfers a special Olympic flag to the president of the IOC , who then passes it on to the mayor of the city hosting the next Olympic Games . The next host nation then also briefly introduces itself with artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of its culture . As is customary since 2004 , the men 's marathon medals ( at the Summer Olympics ) or the men 's 50 km cross-country skiing freestyle mass start medals ( at the Winter Olympics ) are presented as part of the Closing Ceremony , which take place later that day , in the Olympic Stadium , and are thus the last medal presentation of the Games . Medal presentation Medal ceremony with the Danish flag , the Union Jack of the United Kingdom , and the New Zealand flag from left to right during the 2008 Summer Olympics A medal ceremony is held after each Olympic event is concluded . The winner , second and third - place competitors or teams stand on top of a three - tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals . After the medals are given out by an IOC member , the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medallist 's country plays . Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies , as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag - bearers . While in the Summer Olympics this ceremony is held on the ground where the event is played , in the Winter Games it is usually held in a special `` plaza '' . Sports Main article : Olympic sports The Olympic Games programme consists of 35 sports , 30 disciplines and 408 events . For example , wrestling is a Summer Olympic sport , comprising two disciplines : Greco - Roman and Freestyle . It is further broken down into fourteen events for men and four events for women , each representing a different weight class . The Summer Olympics programme includes 26 sports , while the Winter Olympics programme features 15 sports . Athletics , swimming , fencing , and artistic gymnastics are the only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic programme . Cross-country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , ski jumping , and speed skating have been featured at every Winter Olympics programme since its inception in 1924 . Current Olympic sports , like badminton , basketball , and volleyball , first appeared on the programme as demonstration sports , and were later promoted to full Olympic sports . Some sports that were featured in earlier Games were later dropped from the programme . Olympic sports are governed by international sports federations ( IFs ) recognised by the IOC as the global supervisors of those sports . There are 35 federations represented at the IOC . There are sports recognised by the IOC that are not included on the Olympic program . These sports are not considered Olympic sports , but they can be promoted to this status during a programme revision that occurs in the first IOC session following a celebration of the Olympic Games . During such revisions , sports can be excluded or included in the programme on the basis of a two - thirds majority vote of the members of the IOC . There are recognised sports that have never been on an Olympic programme in any capacity , including chess and surfing . In October and November 2004 , the IOC established an Olympic Programme Commission , which was tasked with reviewing the sports on the Olympic programme and all non-Olympic recognised sports . The goal was to apply a systematic approach to establishing the Olympic programme for each celebration of the Games . The commission formulated seven criteria to judge whether a sport should be included on the Olympic programme . These criteria are history and tradition of the sport , universality , popularity of the sport , image , athletes ' health , development of the International Federation that governs the sport , and costs of holding the sport . From this study five recognised sports emerged as candidates for inclusion at the 2012 Summer Olympics : golf , karate , rugby union , roller sports and squash . These sports were reviewed by the IOC Executive Board and then referred to the General Session in Singapore in July 2005 . Of the five sports recommended for inclusion only two were selected as finalists : karate and squash . Neither sport attained the required two - thirds vote and consequently they were not promoted to the Olympic programme . In October 2009 the IOC voted to instate golf and rugby union as Olympic sports for the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympic Games . The 114th IOC Session , in 2002 , limited the Summer Games programme to a maximum of 28 sports , 301 events , and 10,500 athletes . Three years later , at the 117th IOC Session , the first major programme revision was performed , which resulted in the exclusion of baseball and softball from the official programme of the 2012 London Games . Since there was no agreement in the promotion of two other sports , the 2012 programme featured just 26 sports . The 2016 and 2020 Games will return to the maximum of 28 sports given the addition of rugby and golf . Amateurism and professionalism Further information : Amateur sports Professional NHL players were allowed to participate in ice hockey starting in 1998 ( 1998 Gold medal game between Russia and the Czech Republic pictured ) . The ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public school greatly influenced Pierre de Coubertin . The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education , an attitude summed up in the saying mens sana in corpore sano , a sound mind in a sound body . In this ethos , a gentleman was one who became an all - rounder , not the best at one specific thing . There was also a prevailing concept of fairness , in which practising or training was considered tantamount to cheating . Those who practised a sport professionally were considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby . The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . Swiss and Austrian skiers boycotted the 1936 Winter Olympics in support of their skiing teachers , who were not allowed to compete because they earned money with their sport and were thus considered professionals . As class structure evolved through the 20th century , the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . Beginning in the 1970s , amateurism requirements were gradually phased out of the Olympic Charter . After the 1988 Games , the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics , subject to the approval of the IFs . Team Canada Near the end of the 1960s , the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association ( CAHA ) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team 's full - time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams . They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC . Avery Brundage , president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972 , was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together . At the IIHF Congress in 1969 , the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey 's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made . In response , Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until `` open competition '' was instituted . Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA . In 1976 , the IIHF agreed to allow `` open competition '' between all players in the World Championships . However , NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics until 1988 , because of the IOC 's amateur - only policy . Controversies Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies Boycotts Main article : List of Olympic Games boycotts Countries boycotting the 1956 Games are shaded blue 1964 Summer Olympics boycotting countries are shaded red Countries boycotting the 1976 Games are shaded blue Countries boycotting the 1980 Games are shaded blue Countries boycotting the 1984 Games are shaded blue Countries boycotting the 1988 Games are shaded blue Greece , Australia , France , and United Kingdom are the only countries to be represented at every Olympic Games since their inception in 1896 . While countries sometimes miss an Olympics due to a lack of qualified athletes , some choose to boycott a celebration of the Games for various reasons . The Olympic Council of Ireland boycotted the 1936 Berlin Games , because the IOC insisted its team needed to be restricted to the Irish Free State rather than representing the entire island of Ireland . There were three boycotts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics : the Netherlands , Spain , and Switzerland refused to attend because of the repression of the Hungarian uprising by the Soviet Union , but did send an equestrian delegation to Stockholm ; Cambodia , Egypt , Iraq , and Lebanon boycotted the Games because of the Suez Crisis ; and China ( the `` People 's Republic of China '' ) boycotted the Games because Taiwan was allowed to compete in the Games as the `` Republic of China '' . In 1972 and 1976 a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a boycott to force them to ban South Africa and Rhodesia , because of their segregationist regimes . New Zealand was also one of the African boycott targets , because its national rugby union team had toured apartheid - ruled South Africa . The IOC conceded in the first two cases , but refused to ban New Zealand on the grounds that rugby was not an Olympic sport . Fulfilling their threat , twenty African countries were joined by Guyana and Iraq in a withdrawal from the Montreal Games , after a few of their athletes had already competed . Taiwan was excluded from the 1976 games by order of Pierre Elliott Trudeau , the Prime Minister of Canada . Trudeau 's action was widely condemned as having brought shame on Canada for having succumbed to political pressure to keep the delegation from the Republic of China ( ROC ) from competing under that name . The ROC refused a proposed compromise that would have still allowed them to use the ROC flag and anthem as long as the name was changed . Taiwan did not participate again until 1984 , when it returned under the name of Chinese Taipei and with a special flag and anthem . In 1980 and 1984 , the Cold War opponents boycotted each other 's Games . The United States and sixty - five other countries boycotted the Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . This boycott reduced the number of nations participating to 80 , the lowest number since 1956 . The Soviet Union and 15 other nations countered by boycotting the Los Angeles Olympics of 1984 , contending that they could not guarantee the safety of their athletes . Although a boycott led by the Soviet Union depleted the field in certain sports , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The fact that Romania , a Warsaw Pact country , opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States . When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies , they received a standing ovation from the spectators , which comprised mostly U.S. citizens . The boycotting nations of the Eastern Bloc staged their own alternate event , the Friendship Games , in July and August . There had been growing calls for boycotts of Chinese goods and the 2008 Olympics in Beijing in protest of China 's human rights record , and in response to Tibetan disturbances . Ultimately , no nation supported a boycott . In August 2008 , the government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics , set to be held in Sochi , Russia , in response to Russia 's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia war . Politics Jesse Owens on the podium after winning the long jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics The Olympic Games have been used as a platform to promote political ideologies almost from its inception . Nazi Germany wished to portray the National Socialist Party as benevolent and peace - loving when they hosted the 1936 Games , though they used the Games to display Aryan superiority . Germany was the most successful nation at the Games , which did much to support their allegations of Aryan supremacy , but notable victories by African American Jesse Owens , who won four gold medals , and Hungarian Jew Ibolya Csák , blunted the message . The Soviet Union did not participate until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Instead , starting in 1928 , the Soviets organised an international sports event called Spartakiads . During the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s , communist and socialist organisations in several countries , including the United States , attempted to counter what they called the `` bourgeois '' Olympics with the Workers Olympics . It was not until the 1956 Summer Games that the Soviets emerged as a sporting superpower and , in doing so , took full advantage of the publicity that came with winning at the Olympics . Soviet Union 's success might be attributed to a heavy state 's investment in sports to fulfill its political agenda on an international stage . Individual athletes have also used the Olympic stage to promote their own political agenda . At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , two American track and field athletes , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , who finished first and third in the 200 metres , performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand . The second - place finisher , Peter Norman of Australia , wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge in support of Smith and Carlos . In response to the protest , IOC president Avery Brundage told the United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) to either send the two athletes home or withdraw the track and field team . The USOC opted for the former . During the same Olympics , Czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská announced her protest to the Soviet - led invasion of her home country after controversially receiving silver on the beam and a shared gold on the floor . During the Soviet anthem , Čáslavská turned her head down and to the right of the Soviet flag in order to make a statement over the invasion and the Soviet influence of the sport of gymnastics . Returning home , Čáslavská was made an outcast by the Soviet government and was banned from competition and travelling . Currently , the government of Iran has taken steps to avoid any competition between its athletes and those from Israel . An Iranian judoka , Arash Miresmaeili , did not compete in a match against an Israeli during the 2004 Summer Olympics . Although he was officially disqualified for being overweight , Miresmaeli was awarded US $125,000 in prize money by the Iranian government , an amount paid to all Iranian gold medal winners . He was officially cleared of intentionally avoiding the bout , but his receipt of the prize money raised suspicion . Use of performance - enhancing drugs Main article : Use of performance - enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games Thomas Hicks running the marathon at the 1904 Summer Olympics In the early 20th century , many Olympic athletes began using drugs to improve their athletic abilities . For example , in 1904 , Thomas Hicks , a gold medallist in the marathon , was given strychnine by his coach . The only Olympic death linked to performance enhancing occurred at the 1960 Rome games . A Danish cyclist , Knud Enemark Jensen , fell from his bicycle and later died . A coroner 's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamines . By the mid-1960s , sports federations started to ban the use of performance - enhancing drugs ; in 1967 the IOC followed suit . According to British journalist Andrew Jennings , a KGB colonel stated that the agency 's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were `` rescued with ( these ) tremendous efforts '' . On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics , a 1989 Australian study said `` There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games , certainly not a gold medal winner , who is not on one sort of drug or another : usually several kinds . The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists ' Games . '' Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union 's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . Dated prior to the country 's decision to boycott the Games , the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program , along with suggestions for further enhancements . The communication , directed to the Soviet Union 's head of track and field , was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture . Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics . The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance - enhancing drugs was Hans - Gunnar Liljenwall , a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics , who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use . One of the most publicised doping - related disqualifications occurred after the 1988 Summer Olympics where Canadian sprinter , Ben Johnson ( who won the 100 - metre dash ) tested positive for stanozolol . His gold medal was later stripped and awarded to the American runner - up Carl Lewis , who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics . In 1999 the IOC formed the World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in an effort to systematise the research and detection of performance - enhancing drugs . There was a sharp increase in positive drug tests at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics . Several medallists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified because of doping offences . During the 2006 Winter Olympics , only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked . The IOC - established drug testing regimen ( now known as the Olympic Standard ) has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate . During the Beijing games , 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency . Both urine and blood tests were used to detect banned substances . Several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games ; only three athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing . In London over 6,000 Olympic and Paralympic athletes were tested . Prior to the Games 107 athletes tested positive for banned substances and were not allowed to compete . During and after the Games eight athletes tested positive for a banned substance and were suspended , including shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk , who was stripped of her gold medal . Russian doping scandal Further information : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics § Russian doping scandal , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and Oswald Commission Russia has been partially banned from the 2016 Summer Olympics and completely banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics due to the state - sponsored doping program . Sex discrimination Main article : Participation of women in the Olympics Charlotte Cooper of the United Kingdom , first woman Olympic champion , in the 1900 Games Women were first allowed to compete at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , but at the 1992 Summer Olympics 35 countries were still fielding all - male delegations . This number dropped rapidly over the following years . In 2000 , Bahrain sent two women competitors for the first time : Fatema Hameed Gerashi and Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli . In 2004 , Robina Muqimyar and Fariba Rezayee became the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics . In 2008 , the United Arab Emirates sent female athletes ( Maitha Al Maktoum competed in taekwondo , and Latifa Al Maktoum in equestrian ) to the Olympic Games for the first time . Both athletes were from Dubai 's ruling family . By 2010 , only three countries had never sent female athletes to the Games : Brunei , Saudi Arabia , and Qatar . Brunei had taken part in only three celebrations of the Games , sending a single athlete on each occasion , but Saudi Arabia and Qatar had been competing regularly with all - male teams . In 2010 , the International Olympic Committee announced it would `` press '' these countries to enable and facilitate the participation of women for the 2012 Summer Olympics . Anita DeFrantz , chair of the IOC 's Women and Sports Commission , suggested that countries be barred if they prevented women from competing . Shortly thereafter , the Qatar Olympic Committee announced that it `` hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing '' to the 2012 Summer Games in London . In 2008 , Ali Al - Ahmed , director of the Institute for Gulf Affairs , likewise called for Saudi Arabia to be barred from the Games , describing its ban on women athletes as a violation of the International Olympic Committee charter . He noted : `` For the last 15 years , many international nongovernmental organisations worldwide have been trying to lobby the IOC for better enforcement of its own laws banning gender discrimination ... While their efforts did result in increasing numbers of women Olympians , the IOC has been reluctant to take a strong position and threaten the discriminating countries with suspension or expulsion . '' In July 2010 , The Independent reported : `` Pressure is growing on the International Olympic Committee to kick out Saudi Arabia , who are likely to be the only major nation not to include women in their Olympic team for 2012 ... Should Saudi Arabia ... send a male - only team to London , we understand they will face protests from equal rights and women 's groups which threaten to disrupt the Games '' . At the 2012 Olympic Games in London , Great Britain , for the first time in Olympic history , every country competing included female athletes . Saudi Arabia included two female athletes in its delegation ; Qatar , four ; and Brunei , one ( Maziah Mahusin , in the 400m hurdles ) . Qatar made one of its first female Olympians , Bahiya al - Hamad ( shooting ) , its flagbearer at the 2012 Games , and runner Maryam Yusuf Jamal of Bahrain became the first Gulf female athlete to win a medal when she won a bronze for her showing in the 1500 m race . The only sport on the Olympic programme that features men and women competing together is the equestrian disciplines . There is no `` Women 's Eventing '' , or ' Men 's Dressage ' . As of 2008 , there were still more medal events for men than women . With the addition of women 's boxing to the programme in the 2012 Summer Olympics , however , female athletes were able to compete in all the same sports as men . In the winter Olympics , women are still unable to compete in the Nordic Combined . There are currently two Olympic events in which male athletes may not compete : synchronised swimming and rhythmic gymnastics . War and terrorism Three Olympiads had to pass without a celebration of the Games because of war : the 1916 Games were cancelled because of World War I , and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II . The Russo - Georgian War between Georgia and Russia erupted on the opening day of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Both President Bush and Prime Minister Putin were attending the Olympics at that time and spoke together about the conflict at a luncheon hosted by Chinese president Hu Jintao . When Nino Salukvadze of Georgia won the bronze medal in the 10 metre air pistol competition , she stood on the medal podium with Natalia Paderina , a Russian shooter who had won the silver . In what became a much - publicised event from the Beijing Games , Salukvadze and Paderina embraced on the podium after the ceremony had ended . Terrorism most directly affected the Olympic Games in 1972 . When the Summer Games were held in Munich , Germany , eleven members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September in what is now known as the Munich massacre . The terrorists killed two of the athletes soon after they had taken them hostage and killed the other nine during a failed liberation attempt . A German police officer and five terrorists also perished . Terrorism affected the last two Olympic Games held in the United States . During the Summer Olympics in 1996 in Atlanta , Georgia , a bomb was detonated at the Centennial Olympic Park , which killed two and injured 111 others . The bomb was set by Eric Rudolph , an American domestic terrorist , who is currently serving a life sentence for the bombing . The 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , took place just five months after the September 11 attacks , which meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for an Olympic Games . The opening ceremonies of the Games featured symbols of the day 's events . They included the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . The events of that day have made security at the Olympic Games an increasing concern for Olympic planners . Colonialism Main article : Colonialism and the Olympic Games The Olympic Games have been criticised as upholding ( and in some cases increasing ) the colonial policies and practices of some host nations and cities either in the name of the Olympics by associated parties or directly by official Olympic bodies , such as the International Olympic Committee , host organising committees and official sponsors . Critics have argued that the Olympics have engaged in or caused erroneous anthropological and colonial knowledge production , erasure , commodification and appropriation of indigenous ceremonies and symbolism , theft and inappropriate display of indigenous objects , further encroachment on and support of the theft of indigenous lands , and neglect and / or intensification of poor social conditions for indigenous peoples . Such practices have been observed at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis , Missouri ; the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec ; the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary , Alberta ; and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia . Citizenship IOC rules for citizenship The Olympic Charter requires that an athlete be a national of the country for which they compete . Dual nationals may compete for either country , as long as three years have passed since the competitor competed for the former country . However , if the NOCs and IF involved agree , then the IOC Executive Board may reduce or cancel this period . This waiting period exists only for athletes who previously competed for one nation and want to compete for another . If an athlete gains a new or second nationality , then they do not need to wait any designated amount of time before participating for the new or second nation . The IOC is only concerned with issues of citizenship and nationality after individual nations have granted citizenship to athletes . Reasons for changing citizenship Athletes will sometimes become citizens of a different nation so they are able to compete in the Olympics . This is often because they are drawn to sponsorships or training facilities in such places as the United States . It could also be because an athlete is unable to qualify from within their original country . The athlete may not qualify because there are already qualified athletes in the athlete 's home country . Between 1992 and 2008 , about fifty athletes emigrated to the United States to compete on the US Olympic team after having previously competed for another nation . Citizenship changes and disputes One of the most famous cases of changing nationality for the Olympics was Zola Budd , a South African runner who emigrated to the United Kingdom because there was an apartheid - era ban on the Olympics in South Africa . Budd was eligible for British citizenship because her grandfather was born in Britain , but British citizens accused the government of expediting the citizenship process for her . Other notable examples include Kenyan runner Bernard Lagat , who became a United States citizen in May 2004 . The Kenyan constitution requires that one renounce their Kenyan citizenship when they become a citizen of another nation . Lagat competed for Kenya in the 2004 Athens Olympics even though he had already become a United States citizen . According to Kenya , he was no longer a Kenyan citizen , jeopardising his silver medal . Lagat said he started the citizenship process in late 2003 and did not expect to become an American citizen until after the Athens games . Champions and medallists Further information : Lists of Olympic medallists and List of multiple Olympic gold medalists The athletes or teams who place first , second , or third in each event receive medals . The winners receive gold medals , which were solid gold until 1912 , then made of gilded silver and now gold - plated silver . Every gold medal however must contain at least six grams of pure gold . The runners - up receive silver medals and the third - place athletes are awarded bronze medals . In events contested by a single - elimination tournament ( most notably boxing ) , third place might not be determined and both semifinal losers receive bronze medals . At the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal ; silver for first and bronze for second . The current three - medal format was introduced at the 1904 Olympics . From 1948 onward athletes placing fourth , fifth , and sixth have received certificates , which became officially known as victory diplomas ; in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh - and eighth - place finishers were added . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , the gold , silver , and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths . The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won on a national level ( except for team sports ) , but NOCs and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success . Nations Nations at the Summer Olympics Main article : List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games As of the 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro , all of the current 206 NOCs and 19 obsolete NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Summer Olympics . Competitors from Australia , France , Great Britain , Greece , and Switzerland have competed in all twenty - eight Summer Olympic Games . Athletes competing under the Olympic flag , Mixed Teams and the Refugee Team have between them competed at six Games . Nations at the Winter Olympics Main article : List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games 119 NOCs ( 110 of the current 206 NOCs and 9 obsolete NOCs ) have participated in at least one Winter Games , and athletes from fournteen nations ( Austria , Canada , Czech Republic , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , and the United States ) have participated in all twenty - three Winter Games to date . Host nations and cities Map of Summer Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Summer Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . Main article : List of Olympic Games host cities See also : List of Olympic medals by host nation The host city for an Olympic Games is usually chosen seven to eight years ahead of their celebration . The process of selection is carried out in two phases that span a two - year period . The prospective host city applies to its country 's National Olympic Committee ; if more than one city from the same country submits a proposal to its NOC , the national committee typically holds an internal selection , since only one city per NOC can be presented to the International Olympic Committee for consideration . Once the deadline for submission of proposals by the NOCs is reached , the first phase ( Application ) begins with the applicant cities asked to complete a questionnaire regarding several key criteria related to the organisation of the Olympic Games . In this form , the applicants must give assurances that they will comply with the Olympic Charter and with any other regulations established by the IOC Executive Committee . The evaluation of the filled questionnaires by a specialised group provides the IOC with an overview of each applicant 's project and their potential to host the Games . On the basis of this technical evaluation , the IOC Executive Board selects the applicants that will proceed to the candidature stage . Once the candidate cities are selected , they must submit to the IOC a bigger and more detailed presentation of their project as part of a candidature file . Each city is thoroughly analysed by an evaluation commission . This commission will also visit the candidate cities , interviewing local officials and inspecting prospective venue sites , and submit a report on its findings one month prior to the IOC 's final decision . During the interview process the candidate city must also guarantee that it will be able to fund the Games . After the work of the evaluation commission , a list of candidates is presented to the General Session of the IOC , which must assemble in a country that does not have a candidate city in the running . The IOC members gathered in the Session have the final vote on the host city . Once elected , the host city bid committee ( together with the NOC of the respective country ) signs a Host City Contract with the IOC , officially becoming an Olympic host nation and host city . By 2016 , the Olympic Games will have been hosted by 44 cities in 23 countries , but by cities outside Europe and North America on only eight occasions . Since the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , the Olympics have been held in Asia or Oceania four times , a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years of modern Olympic history . The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro were the first Olympics for a South American country . No bids from countries in Africa have succeeded . The United States has hosted eight Olympic Games , four Summer and four Winter , more than any other nation . The British capital London holds the distinction of hosting three Olympic Games , all Summer , more than any other city . The other nations hosting the Summer Games twice are Germany , Australia , France and Greece . The other cities hosting the Summer Games twice are Los Angeles , Paris and Athens . With the 2020 Summer Olympic Games , Japan and Tokyo , respectively , will hold these statuses . In addition to the United States , nations hosting multiple Winter Games are France with three , while Switzerland , Austria , Norway , Japan , Canada and Italy have hosted twice . Among host cities , Lake Placid , Innsbruck and St. Moritz have played host to the Winter Olympic Games more than once , each holding that honour twice . The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018 , South Korea 's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall ( including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul ) . See also Olympics portal All - time Olympic Games medal table Art competitions at the Summer Olympics List of multi-sport events Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympic Cup and Olympic Order Olympic Day Run Pierre de Coubertin medal Special Olympics and Deaflympics SportAccord World Games Footnotes Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey 's participation for France in 1904 . Although the Games report refers to Corey as a `` Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association '' , the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France , and in contradiction , the medal in the four mile team race to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States . All three ' British ' athletes in 1904 were from Ireland , which at the time was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . No athletes from modern Great Britain took part . The British Olympic Association was not founded until 1905 . Switzerland participated in the equestrian events of the 1956 Games held in Stockholm in June , but did not attend the Games in Melbourne later that year . The 1988 Winter Paralympics were in Innsbruck , Austria , whereas the 1988 Winter Olympics were in Calgary , Canada . References Jump up ^ With English , French is the second official language of the Olympic Movement . Jump up ^ `` Jeux Olympiques - Sports , Athlètes , Médailles , Rio 2016 '' . International Olympic Committee . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Olympic Games '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NO BOYCOTT BLUES '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Diplomats Visit Tibet as EU Split on Olympic Opening Boycott '' . The Economic Times . 29 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Putin Faces Green Olympic Challenge : The Sochi 2014 Winter Games are threatened by a looming international boycott , environmental concerns , and public protests against local development '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bernas , Frederick ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` Olympic challenge for Sochi Games '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Findling & Pelle 2004 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Findling & Pelle 2004 , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ `` Spartakiads '' . Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. 24 ( part 1 ) . Moscow . 1976 . p. 286 . Jump up ^ Roche 2000 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` The USSR and Olympism '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . 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Homo Necans . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05875 - 0 . Cooper - Chen , Anne ( 2005 ) . Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 7 . Retrieved 21 March 2009 . Coubertin , Pierre de ; Philemon , Timoleon J. ; Politis , N.G. ; Anninos , Charalambos ( 1897 ) . The Olympic Games : BC 776 -- AD 1896 ( PDF ) . The Olympic Games in 1896 -- Second Part . Athens : Charles Beck . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Crowther , Nigel B. ( 2007 ) . `` The Ancient Olympic Games '' . Sport in Ancient Times . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98739 - 8 . Darling , Janina K. ( 2004 ) . `` Panathenaic Stadium , Athens '' . Architecture of Greece . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32152 - 8 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Eassom , Simon ( 1994 ) . Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology . Ontario : The Centre for Olympic Studies . 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The Nazi Olympics : sport , politics and appeasement in the 1930s . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02815 - 1 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Lee , Jeff ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Hyper - Hush Surrounds 2010 Games Mascots ' Til Tuesday '' . The Vancouver Sun . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Maraniss , David ( 2008 ) . Rome 1960 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 3407 - 5 . Matthews , George R. ( 2005 ) . America 's first Olympics : the St. Louis games of 1904 . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1588 - 8 . `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Olympic Museum ( 2007 ) . `` The Olympic Games in Antiquity '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Pausanias ( 1 January 1926 ) . `` Elis 1 '' . Description of Greece . Loeb Classical Library . Vol. 2 . translated by W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerud . London : W. Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 99207 - 8 . OCLC 10818363 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Pindar ( 1997 ) . `` Olympian 10 '' . Olympian Odes . Loeb Classical Library . translated by William H. Race . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 99564 - 2 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Porterfield , Jason ( 2008 ) . Doping : Athletes and Drugs . New York : Rosen Publishing Group . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 1917 - 5 . Richardson , N.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets '' . In Lewis , D.M. ; Boardman , John ; Davies , J.K. The Fifth Century BC . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23347 - 7 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . Roche , Maurice ( 2000 ) . Mega-Events and Modernity . New York : Routledge , Taylor & Francis Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15711 - 7 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2819 - 9 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Schantz , Otto J. ( 2008 ) . `` Pierre de Coubertin 's Concepts of Race , Nation , and Civilization '' . In Susan Brownell . The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games : Sport , Race , and American Imperialism . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1098 - 1 . Shachar , Ayelet ( 2011 ) . `` Picking Winners : Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent '' . Yale Law Journal . 120 ( 8 ) : 2088 -- 2139 . Slack , Trevor ( 2004 ) . The Commercialisation of sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 8078 - 1 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Spivey , Nigel Jonathan ( 2004 ) . `` Olympia : the Origins '' . The Fifth Century BC . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280433 - 4 . Swaddling , Judith ( 1999 ) . The Ancient Olympic Games . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77751 - 4 . Swaddling , Judith ( 2000 ) . The Ancient Olympic Games ( 2 ed . ) . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70373 - 5 . OCLC 10759486 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Tomlinson , Alan ( 2005 ) . Sport and leisure cultures . Minneapolis MN : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3382 - 1 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games ( 27 November 2007 ) . `` Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World '' . Canadian NewsWire . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Weiler , Ingomar ( 2004 ) . `` The predecessors of the Olympic movement , and Pierre de Coubertin '' . European Review . Cambridge University Press . 12 ( 3 ) . Woods , Ron ( 2007 ) . Social Issues in Sport . Champaign IL : Human Kinetics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 5872 - 8 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Young , David C. ( 2004 ) . `` The Beginnings '' . A Brief History of the Olympic Games . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 0 . Young , David C. ( 1996 ) . The Modern Olympics : A Struggle for Revival . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7207 - 5 . Further reading Boykoff , Jules ( 2016 ) . Power Games : A Political History of the Olympics . New York and London : Verso . ISBN 978 - 1 - 784 - 78072 - 2 . Buchanan , Ian ( 2001 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement . Lanham : Scarecrow Presz . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4054 - 6 . Kamper , Erich ; Mallon , Bill ( 1992 ) . The Golden Book of the Olympic Games . Milan : Vallardi & Associati . ISBN 978 - 88 - 85202 - 35 - 1 . Preuss , Holger ; Marcia Semitiel García ( 2005 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 893 - 7 . Simson , Vyv ; Jennings , Andrew ( 1992 ) . Dishonored Games : Corruption , Money , and Greed at the Olympics . New York : S.P.I. Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56171 - 199 - 4 . Wallechinsky , David ( 2004 ) . The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics , Athens 2004 Edition . SportClassic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894963 - 32 - 9 . Wallechinsky , David ( 2005 ) . The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics , Turin 2006 Edition . SportClassic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894963 - 45 - 9 . External links Find more aboutOlympic Gamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website `` Olympic Games '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 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Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Olympic Games results : summer and winter Summer sports Archery 1900 1904 1908 1920 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Athletics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Badminton 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Baseball 1992 2000 2008 2020 Basketball 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Basque pelota 1900 Beach volleyball 2000 2008 2012 Boxing 1904 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Canoeing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Cricket 1900 Croquet 1900 Cycling 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Diving 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Equestrian 1900 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Fencing 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Field hockey 1908 1920 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Football 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Golf 1900 1904 2016 2020 Gymnastics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Handball 1936 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Jeu de paume 1908 Judo 1964 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Lacrosse 1904 1908 Modern pentathlon 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Polo 1900 1908 1920 1924 1936 Rackets 1908 Roque 1904 Rowing 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Rugby 1900 1908 1920 1924 2016 2020 Sailing 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Shooting 1896 1900 1908 1912 1920 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Softball 2000 2008 2020 Swimming 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Synchronized swimming 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Table tennis 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Taekwondo 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tennis 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Triathlon 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Tug of war 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 Volleyball 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Water motorsports 1908 Water polo 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Weightlifting 1896 1904 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Wrestling 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Winter sports Alpine skiing 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Biathlon 1924 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bobsleigh 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Cross-country skiing 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Curling 1924 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Figure skating 1908 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Freestyle skiing 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ice hockey 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Luge 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Nordic combined 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Short track speed skating 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Skeleton 1928 1948 2002 2006 2014 2018 Ski jumping 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Snowboarding 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Speed skating 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Olympic venues Olympic Stadium Olympic Park Olympic Village Summer Games Alphabetical 1 -- 9 -- A D -- E F -- G H -- I J -- K M -- N Q -- R T -- V W -- Z Sport Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Demonstration events Discontinued events Years 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 Winter Games Alphabetical 1 -- 9 -- B C -- G H -- K N -- R T -- Z Sport Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Demonstration events Years 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 See also Category Olympics Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 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-5434493949118567810 | Who Do You Love (Marianas Trench song) | Who Do You Love ( Marianas Trench song ) - wikipedia Who Do You Love ( Marianas Trench song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Marianas Trench song . For other uses , see Who Do You Love ( disambiguation ) . `` Who Do You Love '' Single by Marianas Trench from the album Astoria Released September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 52 Label 604 Songwriter ( s ) Josh Ramsay Producer ( s ) Josh Ramsay Marianas Trench singles chronology `` This Means War '' ( 2016 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 2016 ) `` Rhythm of Your Heart '' ( 2017 ) `` This Means War '' ( 2016 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( 2016 ) `` Rhythm of Your Heart '' ( 2017 ) `` Who Do You Love '' ( stylized as `` Who Do You Love ? '' ) is a song recorded by Canadian pop rock group Marianas Trench for their fourth studio album , Astoria ( 2015 ) . The song was written and produced by lead singer Josh Ramsay . `` Who Do You Love '' was released through 604 Records on September 8 , 2016 as the record 's third and final official single . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Promotion 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Charts 6 Certifications and sales 7 References Content ( edit ) `` Who Do You Love '' is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love . Promotion ( edit ) The band released a lyric video for `` Who Do You Love '' on September 7 , 2016 when the song was announced as a single . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Who Do You Love '' debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart dated December 3 , 2016 . It has since reached a peak position of 56 , on the chart dated February 11 , 2017 . The song also peaked at number 50 on the Hot Canadian Digital Songs component chart . `` Who Do You Love '' has become the group 's most successful single at adult contemporary radio , reaching peak positions of 15 and 9 on the Canada AC and Canada Hot AC airplay charts , respectively . These positions represent the group 's highest peak on either chart since Billboard implemented them in late 2012 . The song also reached a peak position of 31 on the Canada CHR / Top 40 chart . Music video ( edit ) The official music video for `` Who Do You Love '' premiered on October 10 , 2016 . In lieu of a conventional video shoot , the group opted to direct the clip 's $50,000 budget towards charitable endeavours , in keeping with the `` vibe '' of the song . A camera crew followed the four members around Vancouver , British Columbia as they performed random acts of kindness , contributed towards a school 's music program , and spent time with their families . According to drummer Ian Casselman , they were `` trying to inspire people to do good things , '' with this video and thus ended it with the song 's title displayed across the screen with the word `` you '' italicized for emphasis . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 31 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 9 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Marianas Trench -- Who Do You Love ( Single ) `` . 604 Records . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MarianasTrenchVEVO ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench - Who Do You Love ( Lyric Video ) '' ( video ) . YouTube . Google . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : The Week Of December 3 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : The Week Of February 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Trench -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs for Marianas Trench . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MarianasTrenchVEVO ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench - Who Do You Love '' ( video ) . YouTube . Google . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Saxberg , Lynn ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marianas Trench spent video budget on good deeds '' . Ottawa Citizen . Postmedia Network . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marianas Trench Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Marianas Trench -- Who Do You Love '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ( hide ) Marianas Trench Josh Ramsay Matt Webb Mike Ayley Ian Casselman Steve Marshall Morgan Hempsted Studio albums Fix Me Masterpiece Theatre Ever After Astoria EPs Marianas Trench Face the Music Something Old / Something New Notable singles `` Have n't Had Enough '' `` Fallout '' `` Pop 101 '' `` One Love '' `` This Means War '' `` Who Do You Love '' Videography Say Anything Related Discography Kate Voegele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Love_(Marianas_Trench_song)&oldid=820301392 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles 604 Records singles Pop ballads Songs written by Josh Ramsay Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you love marianas trench song meaning | [
"\"Who Do You Love\" is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love."
] | [
"is about the desire to become a better person for the one you love"
] |
6582014352706498439 | Weight Loss (The Office) | Weight Loss ( the Office ) - wikipedia Weight Loss ( the Office ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Weight Loss '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 1 / 2 Directed by Paul Feig Written by Lee Eisenberg Gene Stupnitsky Production code 501 / 502 Original air date September 25 , 2008 Running time 42 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Amy Ryan as Holly Flax Dale Raoul as Ronni Rich Sommer as Alex Episode chronology ← Previous `` Goodbye , Toby '' Next → `` Business Ethics '' The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` Weight Loss '' is the collective name for the first and second episodes of the fifth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 73rd and 74th episodes overall . Written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky , and directed by Paul Feig , the episode first aired as a single 60 minute show in the United States on September 25 , 2008 on NBC . `` Weight Loss '' guest stars Amy Ryan as Holly Flax , Dale Raoul as Ronni , and Rich Sommer as Alex . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the whole office participates in a company - wide weight loss contest . Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) is in New York City for art school , which causes her and Jim to have to adjust to being temporarily apart . An awkward tension between Michael ( Steve Carell ) and Holly ( Ryan ) develops after she accepts a date with another man . Meanwhile , Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) and Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) continue their secret relationship despite that Angela 's wedding to Andy nears . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Reception 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) The office partakes in a company - wide weight loss competition , with the prize of extra vacation days for the winning branch . Initially enthusiastic , the competition eventually weighs on the staff , especially Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) who stops eating and tries numerous diets , eventually passing out during one weigh - in . Corporate responds with a memo that staff should not resort to drastic weight loss measures . The Scranton branch ends up losing the competition , although Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) is proud of his individual results . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) begins a three - month graphic design class in New York City . Wanting to see her , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) meets Pam for lunch at an interstate rest stop between Scranton and New York City . He proposes to her outside in the pouring rain , and she accepts ecstatically . Plotting his return to the company , Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) apologizes to various people around the office for his past behavior . Most notably , he apologizes to , and then proceeds to ask his former girlfriend Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) out , only to be rejected when she tells him that she is dating Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) . Holly Flax ( Amy Ryan ) yells at Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) for chastising Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , still believing he is mentally retarded . He awkwardly reveals he is not retarded , and an embarrassed Holly apologizes and walks away . Holly continues to show interest in Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , now with a David Brent style goatee , until she catches him talking to a pregnant Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) . Holly then goes out on a date with Oscar 's yoga instructor , and buys Counting Crows tickets as a surprise for their next date . When he never calls her , Michael berates the yoga instructor to Holly 's pleasure , then offers to buy the tickets from her only to tear them up . Phyllis Lapin - Vance ( Phyllis Smith ) takes over the Party Planning Committee by blackmailing Angela with her knowledge of Angela and Dwight 's secret affair . After Angela shoots down all of Andy 's wedding ideas , she warms up to him until he tells her that he booked his a cappella band to play at their wedding . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) is briefly seen in a Costa Rican hospital due to a neck injury while zip - lining . Reception ( edit ) In the 18 -- 49 demographic , `` Weight Loss '' earned a 4.9 / 11 ratings share . The episode was watched by 9.1 million viewers . The episode received very positive reviews from television critics , with praise mainly focusing on the episode 's balance between comedy and character - driven moments , especially Jim 's proposal to Pam . This scene ranked number 2 in phillyBurbs. com 's top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office . Dwight and Angela carrying on their affair in the hidden corner of the warehouse during business hours ranked number 7 on that list . Writer Jen Weilgus described Dwight 's line , `` We done good in there , Half Pint , '' as the best quote of the season . Ryan 's return as a temp in this episode , tied with his second return appearance in the episode `` Dream Team '' , ranked number 5 in the list . Travis Fickett of IGN gave the episode a 9.2 of 10 , indicating that it was `` amazing '' . He wrote , `` It 's another terrifc mix of character and comedy that is perfectly balanced , '' concluding that `` The Office remains one of the funniest , best written , best performed and one the best shows of TV . Period . '' Nathan Rabin , writing for The A.V. Club , graded the episode an `` A - '' , giving particular praise to the development of the romance between Pam and Jim . `` It was an episode full of big laughs and neat little character moments , as well as a number of gags rooted in camera placement . Ah , but I 'm leaving out the big moment , that glorious milestone where years and years of flirtation , meaningful glances and missed chances finally paid off in a surprisingly satisfying , genuinely surprising beauty of a scene where Jim proposed to Pam outside a truck stop in the pouring rain . '' Aubry Arminio of Entertainment Weekly also lauded the episode 's more dramatic aspects over the comedic moments : `` That 's what was so great about yesterday 's episode : I 'll admit I was n't rolling on the floor laughing , but I did find myself clutching my hand over my heart several times . Last night had those tender moments only The Office can pull off without seeming corny : Jim 's proposal in the rain in front of a rest stop , Michael pumping up Kelly 's self - esteem by having the staff point out her beauty ( Creed : `` Hell of an ass '' ) , and Angela realizing that she 's been terrible to Andy , then smooching in front of everyone . '' Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV lauded the episode , opining that it stayed true to the spirit of the show 's previous four seasons . `` The Office is the unique comedy in which characters evolve , story - lines take seasons to play out and the mythology is never dispensed at the expense of the humor . Five season in , and tonight 's premiere was every bit as funny as anything from the previous four . It 's a testament to the writers and the actors , and their continued focus on staying the course , sticking to what makes The Office perhaps the best and most consistent all - around comedy . '' Screen Junkies expressed hope for the season as a whole , stating `` Everything that makes the show awesome is still there and firing on all cylinders , so I 'm really looking forward to the rest of the season . '' `` Weight Loss '' was voted the second highest - rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 8.92 out of 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weight Loss Season 5 25 September 2008 '' . NBC . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Wielgus , Jen ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . `` '' The Office `` : Top 10 moments from Season 5 '' . phillyBurbs.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fickett , Travis ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Office : `` Weight Loss '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Office : `` Weight Loss '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arminio , Aubry ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Office Season Premiere Recap : The Biggest Losers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` The Office : Season 5 Premiere Review -- Losing Weight , Faking Viewers Out '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Season 5 Premiere ) ) '' . Screen Junkies . September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Jennie ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) . `` The Office Fan Ratings , Season 5 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . External links ( edit ) `` Weight Loss '' at NBC.com `` Weight Loss '' on IMDb `` Weight Loss ( 1 ) '' at TV.com `` Weight Loss ( 2 ) '' at TV.com ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weight_Loss_(The_Office)&oldid=804350666 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) episodes 2008 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes in multiple parts Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 12 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-5993472184936548397 | Executive Office of the President of the United States | Executive Office of the President of the United States - wikipedia Executive Office of the President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search For other uses of `` Office of the President '' , see Office of the President ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Executive Office of the President of the United States Seal of the Executive Office of the President Flag of the Executive Office of the President Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1939 ; 78 years ago ( 1939 - 07 - 01 ) Headquarters White House Employees Approximately 4,000 Annual budget $300 - 400 million Agency executive John F. Kelly , White House Chief of Staff Parent agency United States federal government Website Executive Office of the President The Executive Office of the President of the United States ( EOPOTUS or EOP ) consists of the immediate staff and aides of the President of the United States and multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President . With the increase in technological and global advancement , the size of the White House staff has increased to include an array of policy experts to effectively address various fields of the modern day . The Executive Office is overseen by the White House Chief of Staff . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 White House Offices 3 Budget history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1939 , during Franklin D. Roosevelt 's second term in office , the foundations of the modern White House staff were created . Based on the recommendations of a presidentially commissioned panel of political science and public administration experts that was known as the Brownlow Committee , Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the Reorganization Act of 1939 . The Act led to Reorganization Plan No. 1 , which created the EOP , which reported directly to the president . The EOP encompassed two subunits at its outset : the White House Office ( WHO ) and the Bureau of the Budget , the predecessor to today 's Office of Management and Budget , which had been created in 1921 and originally located in the Treasury Department . It absorbed most of the functions of the National Emergency Council . Initially , the new staff system appeared more ambitious on paper than in practice ; the increase in the size of the staff was quite modest at the start . But it laid the groundwork for the large and organizationally complex White House staff that would emerge during the presidencies of Roosevelt 's successors . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building at night . Roosevelt 's efforts are also notable in contrast to those of his predecessors in office . During the nineteenth century , presidents had few staff resources . Thomas Jefferson had one messenger and one secretary at his disposal , both of whose salaries were paid by the president personally . It was not until 1857 that Congress appropriated money ( $2,500 ) for the hiring of one clerk . By Ulysses S. Grant 's presidency ( 1869 -- 1877 ) , the staff had grown to three . By 1900 , the White House staff included one `` secretary to the president '' ( then the title of the president 's chief aide ) , two assistant secretaries , two executive clerks , a stenographer , and seven other office personnel . Under Warren G. Harding , the size of the staff expanded to thirty - one , although most were clerical positions . During Herbert Hoover 's presidency , two additional secretaries to the president were added by Congress , one of whom Hoover designated as his Press Secretary . From 1933 to 1939 , even as he greatly expanded the scope of the federal government 's policies and powers in response to the Great Depression , Roosevelt muddled through : his `` brains trust '' of top advisers were often appointed to vacant positions in agencies and departments , whence they drew their salaries since the White House lacked statutory or budgetary authority to create new staff positions . Today , the staff is much bigger . Estimates indicate some 3,000 to 4,000 persons serve in EOP staff positions with policy - making responsibilities , with a budget of $300 to $400 million ( George W. Bush 's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 was for $341 million in support of 1,850 personnel ) . Organization ( edit ) Senior staff within the Executive Office of the President have the title Assistant to the President , second - level staff have the title Deputy Assistant to the President , and third - level staff have the title Special Assistant to the President . The core White House staff appointments , and most EOP officials generally , are not required to be confirmed by the U.S. Senate , although there are a handful of exceptions ( e.g. , the Director of the Office of Management and Budget , the Chair and members of the Council of Economic Advisers , and the United States Trade Representative ) . The information in the following table is current as of April 4 , 2018 . Only principal executives are listed ; for subordinate officers , see individual office pages . Agency Principal executive Incumbent White House Office White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly National Security Council Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs H.R. McMaster Council of Economic Advisers Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers Kevin Hassett Council on Environmental Quality Managing Director of the Council on Environmental Quality Vacant Executive Residence Staff and Operations White House Chief Usher Timothy Harleth Office of Administration Director of the Office of Administration Marcia Lee Kelly Office of Management and Budget Director of the Office of Management and Budget Mick Mulvaney Office of National Drug Control Policy Director of National Drug Control Policy James W. Carroll ( Acting ) Office of Science and Technology Policy Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy Vacant Office of the United States Trade Representative United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer Office of the Vice President of the United States Chief of Staff to The Vice President Nick Ayers White House offices ( edit ) Note : The White House Office ( including its various offices listed below ) is a sub-unit of the Executive Office of the President ( EOP ) . The various agencies of the EOP are listed above . Office of the Chief of Staff Office of the National Security Advisor Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council Office of American Innovation Office of Cabinet Affairs Office of Communications Office of Information Technology Office of Digital Strategy Office of the First Lady Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Management and Administration Office of Political Affairs Office of Presidential Personnel Office of Public Liaison Office of Scheduling and Advance Office of the Staff Secretary Oval Office Operations White House Counsel Executive Office of the President -- Trump Administration Office Name Term Office Name Term Chief of Staff John F. Kelly 2017 -- National Security Advisor John Bolton 2018 -- Deputy Chief of Staff Joe Hagin 2017 -- Deputy National Security Advisor Maj. Gen. Ricky L. Waddell 2017 -- Chris Liddell 2018 -- Tom Bossert ( Homeland Security ) 2017 -- Nadia Schadlow ( Strategy ) 2018 -- NSC Exec . Secretary / Chief of Staff Keith Kellogg 2017 -- Counselor to the President Kellyanne Conway ( Sr. Counselor ) 2017 -- Director of Strategic Comms . Mercedes Schlapp 2018 -- Johnny DeStefano 2018 -- Senior Advisers Stephen Miller ( Policy ) Jared Kushner ( Strategic Planning ) Ivanka Trump 2017 -- 2017 -- 2017 -- Deputy Comm . Director Jessica Ditto 2017 -- Media Affairs Director Helen Aguirre Ferré 2017 -- Policy Advisers Andrew Bremberg ( Domestic Policy ) 2017 -- Social Media Director Dan Scavino 2018 -- Marc Short ( Legislative Affairs ) 2017 -- Peter Navarro ( Trade ) 2017 -- Larry Kudlow ( Economic ) 2018 -- Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders 2017 -- White House Counsel Don McGahn 2017 -- Deputy Press Secretary Raj Shah ( Principal ) 2017 -- Lindsay Walters 2017 -- Hogan Gidley 2017 -- Special Counsel Ty Cobb 2017 -- Press Assistant Caroline Sunshine 2018 -- Legal Adviser Jay Sekulow 2017 -- Deputy Director of Nominations Mary Elizabeth Taylor 2017 -- Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Director Justin R. Clark 2017 -- Public Liaison Assistant Andrew Giuliani 2017 -- Staff Secretary Derek Lyons 2018 - Cabinet Secretary Bill McGinley 2017 -- Political Director Bill Stepien 2017 -- Social Secretary Anna Cristina Niceta Lloyd 2017 -- Campaign Manager Brad Parscale 2018 -- Campaign Adviser / Online Producer Lara Trump 2017 -- Campaign Adviser John McEntee 2017 -- Personal Secretary to the President Madeleine Westerhout 2017 -- Chief of Staff to the First Lady Lindsay Reynolds 2017 -- Special Assistant to the President for Intragovernmental and Technology Initiatives Reed Cordish 2017 -- Presidential Personnel Director John DeStefano 2017 -- Special Representative for International Negotiations Jason Greenblatt 2017 -- Budget history ( edit ) Year Budget 2017 $709 million 2016 $692 million 2015 $676 million 2014 $624 million 2013 $650 million 2012 $640 million 2011 $708 million $772 million 2009 $728 million 2008 $682 million 2007 $ need cite million 2006 $ need cite million 2005 $ need cite million need cite million 2003 $386 million 2002 $451 million $246 million 2000 $283 million 1999 $417 million 1998 $237 million $221 million $202 million 1995 $215 million $231 million $194 million See also ( edit ) Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations Title 5 of the Code of Federal Regulations White House Records Office References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartnett , Cass ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Library Guides : United States Federal Government Resources : The Executive Office of the President '' . guides.lib.uw.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( April 25 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara : University of California . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mosher , Frederick C. ( 1975 ) . American Public Administration : Past , Present , Future ( 2nd ed . ) . Birmingham : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 4829 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( May 9 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on Plan II to Implement the Reorganization Act '' . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . Santa Barbara : University of California . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . The plan provides for the abolition of the National Emergency Council and the transfer to the Executive Office of the President of all its functions with the exception of the film and radio activities which go to the Office of Education . Jump up ^ Relyea , Harold C. ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` The Executive Office of the President : An Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burke , John P. `` Administration of the White House '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Kate ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump family hires familiar face as chief usher '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` FY 2017 Omnibus Summary -- Financial Services and General Government Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . House Appropriations Committee . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2016 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2015 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2014 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2013 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2012 Financial Services Bill '' . House Appropriations Committee . June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2011 Appropriations '' . Congressional Research Service . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2010 Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2009 Appropriations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Services and General Government ( FSGG ) : FY2008 Appropriations '' . Congressional Research Service . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Tables , Table 4.1 -- OUTLAYS BY AGENCY : 1962 -- 2022 '' . OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . 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8630698956216245647 | Croatia at the FIFA World Cup | Croatia at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Croatia - Iceland match at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions ( in 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2014 and 2018 ) since gaining independence in 1991 . Before that , from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia . Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final , where they lost 4 - 2 to France . Contents 1 Overview 2 Croatia in France 1998 2.1 Squad 2.2 Round of 16 2.3 Quarter - finals 2.4 Semi-finals 2.5 Third - place match 2.6 Legacy 3 Croatia in Korea / Japan 2002 3.1 Squad 4 Croatia in Germany 2006 4.1 Squad 5 Croatia in Brazil 2014 5.1 Squad 6 Croatia in Russia 2018 6.1 Squad 6.2 Round of 16 6.3 Quarter - finals 6.4 Semi-finals 6.5 Final 7 List of matches 8 Players with most appearances 9 Goalscorers 10 Awards 11 Squads 12 See also 13 References Overview ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1930 to 1938 as part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1950 to 1990 as part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Did not enter 1998 Third place 3rd 7 5 0 11 5 2002 Group stage 23rd 0 2006 Group stage 22nd 0 Did not qualify 2014 Group stage 19th 0 6 6 2018 Runners - up 2nd 7 14 9 2022 To be determined 2026 Total 23 11 8 35 26 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show Croatia 's World Cup record First Match Croatia 3 -- 1 Jamaica ( 14 June 1998 ; Lens , France ) Biggest Win Croatia 4 -- 0 Cameroon ( 18 June 2014 ; Manaus , Brazil ) Biggest Defeat Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 12 June 2014 ; São Paulo , Brazil ) Mexico 3 -- 1 Croatia ( 23 June 2014 ; Recife , Brazil ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia ( 15 July 2018 ; Moscow , Russia ) Best Result Runners - up in 2018 Worst Result Group Stage in 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Croatia in France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 1998 FIFA World Cup In the draw for the final tournament , held on 4 December 1997 at Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , Croatia was drawn to play in Group H , along with two other teams which qualified for the World Cup for the first time , Jamaica and Japan , and two - time World Cup winners Argentina . In their first match Croatia beat Jamaica 3 -- 1 , in a game memorable for Croatia 's first ever World Cup goal , an opener scored by Mario Stanić in the 27th minute . Croatia went on to beat Japan 1 -- 0 before losing their third group stage match against Argentina 0 -- 1 , in a game which was of little importance as both teams had already qualified for round of 16 . In round of 16 , Croatia faced Group G winners Romania ( who had finished top of their group in front of England ) and won the game through a penalty converted by Davor Šuker in stoppage time of the first half after a foul on Aljoša Asanović by Gabriel Popescu . After that Croatia faced Germany in the quarter - finals , in a game which was at the time touted by the Croatian media as a great opportunity to get back at Germany as it was them who had knocked out Croatia in the UEFA Euro 1996 quarter - finals two years earlier . In the 40th minute Christian Wörns received a direct red card and was sent off for fouling Davor Šuker , and Robert Jarni opened the scoring eight minutes later in stoppage time of the first half . Goran Vlaović and Davor Šuker added a second and third and the game ended in a 3 -- 0 win , which is still regarded by fans and the media as one of the most memorable matches Croatia ever played . Croatia went on to face hosts France in the semi-finals , but lost the game 1 -- 2 when an opener scored by Šuker in the 46th minute was immediately equalised by Lilian Thuram the following minute . Thuram also scored France 's second goal in the 69th minute . These were the only two goals Thuram ever scored for France in an international career spanning from 1994 to 2008 which saw him earn a total of 147 caps . After Croatia 's exit manager Blažević was heavily criticized by Croatian press for not sending in Robert Prosinečki soon enough after France took the lead ( Prosinečki came on as a substitute for Mario Stanić just minutes before the final whistle ) . Croatia captain Zvonimir Boban tried to take the blame for the defeat saying that he felt he needed to be substituted but wanted to stay on the pitch just a little while longer ( it was his defending mistake which led to Thuram 's equaliser ) . After being knocked out in the semi-finals , Croatia looked for consolation against Netherlands in the third place match played just three days later at Parc des Princes . Croatia went on to win 2 -- 1 through goals by Šuker and Prosinečki , but after the final whistle Dražen Ladić was labelled player of the match , for a career - best performance which saw him save numerous shots from Patrick Kluivert , Clarence Seedorf and Marc Overmars . Squad ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup squads Manager Miroslav Blažević included the following 22 players in the finals tournament squad . The 16 players who were capped at least once in one of the seven matches Croatia played in France are highlighted in bold . The remaining six players were unused at the tournament ( defenders Goran Jurić and Anthony Šerić , defensive midfielder Mamić , striker Ardian Kozniku , and second and third - choice goalkeepers Marijan Mrmić and Vladimir Vasilj ) . On the other hand , six players appeared in all seven matches : goalkeeper Dražen Ladić , defender Slaven Bilić , midfielders Aljoša Asanović , Mario Stanić , Robert Jarni , and striker Davor Šuker . Out of 11 goals scored by Croatia at the tournament , six were scored by Davor Šuker , who was awarded the Golden Shoe Award for the top goalscorer of the tournament , as well as the Silver Ball Award as the second most outstanding player of the tournament ( behind Ronaldo of Brazil ) . Robert Prosinečki ( who was retroactivelly given the 1990 FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award , where he had appeared for Yugoslavia ) , also scored two goals in matches against Jamaica and the Netherlands , which made him the only player in World Cup history to score goals at finals tournaments for two different countries . For three players ( Jarni , Prosinečki and Šuker ) this was their second appearance at the World Cup , having been members of Yugoslavia squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Alen Bokšić would have been fourth , having been a key player in Croatia 's qualifying campaign , but he was dropped from the tournament squad after sustaining an injury just months before the tournament in France . Aljoša Asanović Slaven Bilić Zvonimir Boban ( c ) Robert Jarni Krunoslav Jurčić Goran Jurić Ardian Kozniku Petar Krpan Dražen Ladić Zoran Mamić Silvio Marić Marijan Mrmić Robert Prosinečki Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Igor Štimac Davor Šuker Igor Tudor Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Head coach : Miroslav Blažević Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 0 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage Croatia 0 + 2 6 Jamaica 0 9 − 6 Japan 0 0 − 3 0 Source : FIFA 14 June 1998 21 : 00 Jamaica 1 -- 3 Croatia Earle 45 ' Report Stanić 27 ' Prosinečki 53 ' Šuker 69 ' Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 38,100 Referee : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) 20 June 1998 14 : 30 Japan 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 77 ' Stade de la Beaujoire , Nantes Attendance : 35,500 Referee : Ramesh Ramdhan ( Trinidad and Tobago ) 26 June 1998 16 : 00 Argentina 1 -- 0 Croatia Pineda 36 ' Report Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance : 31,800 Referee : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 30 June 1998 16 : 30 Romania 0 -- 1 Croatia Report Šuker 45 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Attendance : 31,800 Referee : Javier Castrilli ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 4 July 1998 21 : 00 Germany 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Jarni 45 + 3 ' Vlaović 80 ' Šuker 85 ' Stade de Gerland , Lyon Attendance : 39,100 Referee : Rune Pedersen ( Norway ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 70 ' Report Šuker 46 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 76,000 Referee : José María García - Aranda ( Spain ) Third - place match ( edit ) 11 July 1998 21 : 00 Netherlands 1 -- 2 Croatia Zenden 22 ' Report Prosinečki 14 ' Šuker 36 ' Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 45,500 Referee : Epifanio González ( Paraguay ) Legacy ( edit ) Ladić Štimac Šimić Bilić Soldo Stanić Jarni Boban ( c ) Asanović Vlaović Šuker Croatia 's 3 - 5 - 2 lineup in the 1998 World Cup By beating Netherlands , Croatia finished third in their World Cup debut , a feat matched only by Eusébio 's Portugal in the 1966 World Cup 32 years earlier . Consequently , Croatia reached their highest ever FIFA ranking when they were third in the world for three months between January and March 1999 and were given the Best Mover of the Year Award in 1998 , the only team so far which won the award twice ( having been Best Movers in 1994 ) . Upon returning to Croatia , the whole squad was decorated by President Franjo Tuđman , and were nicknamed `` Brončani '' ( `` The Bronze Ones '' ) and `` Vatreni ' '' ( `` The Fiery Ones '' ) in the media . The latter stuck as a permanent nickname for the national team . Most players continued playing for the team throughout the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers , but after Croatia failed to qualify manager Miroslav Blažević resigned and soon after that some of the players retired from the national team . The next manager Mirko Jozić kept some of the remaining members of the Bronze Generation and even took them to 2002 FIFA World Cup ( such as Šuker , Prosinečki , Jarni , Stanić , Soldo , Vlaović , Šimić ) , but they failed to make an impact at the tournament and almost all of them retired soon afterwards , but a number of them later became prominent figures in Croatian football . Zvonimir Boban went into sports publishing and took over as CEO of Croatia 's sports daily Sportske novosti in 2005 and worked as a commentator for Italian television stations . Šuker launched his line of sports apparel and established a football academy carrying his name . Zvonimir Soldo , Robert Jarni , Slaven Bilić , Igor Štimac and Dražen Ladić all took up managing jobs ( Soldo coached Dinamo Zagreb to a Double in 2008 , while Jarni , Bilić and Štimac all had managerial spells at Hajduk Split ) . Štimac later became chairman of the association of Prva HNL clubs , the body regulating top flight football in Croatia , and Bilić took over as Croatia manager in 2006 , hiring Aljoša Asanović , Robert Prosinečki and Marijan Mrmić as his assistants . Dražen Ladić took up managing the Croatia under - 21 team in 2006 , and Krunoslav Jurčić is the current manager at Dinamo Zagreb , having been appointed in 2009 . Miroslav Blažević later managed a number of clubs in Croatia , Slovenia and Switzerland before taking over as Bosnia and Herzegovina manager in 2008 and sensationally leading them to the verge of qualifying for the 2010 World Cup . Croatia in Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Tomas Šimunić Soldo Šarić Jarni ( c ) Kovač Rapaić Bokšić Olić Croatia 's 3 -- 4 -- 1 - 2 lineup at the 2002 World Cup Boško Balaban Alen Bokšić Tomislav Butina Robert Jarni ( c ) Niko Kovač Robert Kovač Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Robert Prosinečki Milan Rapaić Zvonimir Soldo Mario Stanić Daniel Šarić Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Davor Šuker Stjepan Tomas Vladimir Vasilj Goran Vlaović Jurica Vranješ Davor Vugrinec Boris Živković Head coach : Mirko Jozić Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Italy + 1 Croatia 0 − 1 Ecuador 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 3 June 2002 15 : 30 Croatia 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Blanco 60 ' ( pen . ) Niigata Big Swan Stadium , Niigata Attendance : 32,239 Referee : Lu Jun ( China PR ) 8 June 2002 18 : 00 Italy 1 -- 2 Croatia Vieri 55 ' Report Olić 73 ' Rapaić 76 ' Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki Attendance : 36,472 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) 13 June 2002 20 : 30 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Croatia Méndez 48 ' Report International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Attendance : 65,862 Referee : William Mattus ( Costa Rica ) Croatia in Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Kovač Šimić Šimunić Tudor Kovač ( c ) Srna Babić Kranjčar Klasnić Pršo Croatia 's 3 -- 4 -- 1 -- 2 lineup at the 2006 World Cup Marko Babić Boško Balaban Ivan Bošnjak Tomislav Butina Joey Didulica Ivan Klasnić Niko Kovač ( c ) Robert Kovač Niko Kranjčar Ivan Leko Jerko Leko Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Stipe Pletikosa Dado Pršo Darijo Srna Anthony Šerić Dario Šimić Josip Šimunić Mario Tokić Stjepan Tomas Igor Tudor Jurica Vranješ Head coach : Zlatko Kranjčar Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Australia 5 5 0 Croatia 0 − 1 Japan 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2006 21 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 0 Croatia Kaká 44 ' Report Olympiastadion , Berlin Attendance : 72,000 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) 18 June 2006 15 : 00 Japan 0 -- 0 Croatia Report FIFA WM Stadion Nürnberg , Nuremberg Attendance : 41,000 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 22 June 2006 21 : 00 Croatia 2 -- 2 Australia Srna 2 ' N. Kovač 56 ' Report Moore 38 ' ( pen . ) Kewell 79 ' Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Attendance : 52,000 Referee : Graham Poll ( England ) Croatia in Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup squads Pletikosa Ćorluka Lovren Srna ( c ) Vrsaljko Rakitić Modrić Perišić Olić Kovačić Mandžukić Croatia 's 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 1 lineup at the 2014 World Cup Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Vedran Ćorluka Eduardo da Silva Nikica Jelavić Mateo Kovačić Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivica Olić Ivan Perišić Stipe Pletikosa Danijel Pranjić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Sammir Gordon Schildenfeld Darijo Srna ( c ) Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Ognjen Vukojević Oliver Zelenika Head coach : Niko Kovač Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil ( H ) 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 + 3 7 Croatia 0 6 6 0 Cameroon 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Group A 12 June 2014 17 : 00 UTC − 3 Brazil 3 -- 1 Croatia Neymar 29 ' , 71 ' ( pen . ) Oscar 90 + 1 ' Report Marcelo 11 ' ( o.g. ) Arena de São Paulo , São Paulo Attendance : 62,103 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 18 June 2014 18 : 00 UTC − 4 Cameroon 0 -- 4 Croatia Report Olić 11 ' Perišić 48 ' Mandžukić 61 ' , 73 ' Arena da Amazônia , Manaus Attendance : 39,982 Referee : Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) 23 June 2014 17 : 00 UTC − 3 Croatia 1 -- 3 Mexico Perišić 87 ' Report Márquez 72 ' Guardado 75 ' Hernández 82 ' Itaipava Arena Pernambuco , Recife Attendance : 41,212 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Croatia in Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Squad ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Subašić Lovren Vida Vrsaljko Strinić Brozović Rakitić Modrić Rebić Perišić Mandžukić Croatia 's 4 -- 3 - 3 lineup at the 2018 World Cup Milan Badelj Filip Bradarić Marcelo Brozović Duje Ćaleta - Car Vedran Ćorluka Tin Jedvaj Lovre Kalinić Nikola Kalinić Mateo Kovačić Andrej Kramarić Dominik Livaković Dejan Lovren Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić ( c ) Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Marko Pjaca Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Ivan Strinić Danijel Subašić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Head coach : Zlatko Dalić Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Round of 16 ( edit ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Final ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) List of matches ( edit ) World Cup Round Opponent Score Result Venue Scorers 1998 Group stage Jamaica 3 -- 1 Lens Stanić , Prosinečki , Šuker Japan 1 -- 0 Nantes Šuker Argentina 0 -- 1 Bordeaux & -- Round of 16 Romania 1 -- 0 Bordeaux Šuker Quarter - final Germany 3 -- 0 Lyon Jarni , Vlaović , Šuker Semi-final France 1 -- 2 Saint - Denis Šuker Third place match Netherlands 2 -- 1 Paris Prosinečki , Šuker 2002 Group stage Mexico 0 -- 1 Niigata & -- Italy 2 -- 1 Ibaraki Olić , Rapaić Ecuador 0 -- 1 Yokohama & -- 2006 Group stage Brazil 0 -- 1 Berlin & -- Japan 0 -- 0 Nuremberg & -- Australia 2 -- 2 Stuttgart Srna , N. Kovač 2014 Group stage Brazil 1 -- 3 São Paulo Marcelo ( o.g. ) Cameroon 4 -- 0 Manaus Olić , Perišić , Mandžukić ( 2 ) Mexico 1 -- 3 Recife Perišić 2018 Group stage Nigeria 2 -- 0 Kaliningrad Etebo ( o.g. ) , Modrić Argentina 3 -- 0 Nizhny Novgorod Rebić , Modrić , Rakitić Iceland 2 -- 1 Rostov - on - Don Badelj , Perišić Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Nizhny Novgorod Mandžukić Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Sochi Kramarić , Vida Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Final France 2 -- 4 Moscow Perišić , Mandžukić Players with most appearances ( edit ) Luka Modrić became Croatia 's record World Cup player when he captained his team in the final of the 2018 tournament . In 1998 , Davor Šuker became the oldest Golden Boot winner ever at age 30 and went on to become the president of the Croatian Football Federation in 2012 . The Croatia national football team in Russia 2018 Luka Modrić is the only Croatian player to ever win the Golden Ball award . He was team captain in 2018 , when Croatia reached the World Cup final . No . Name Matches World Cups Luka Modrić 12 2006 , 2014 and 2018 Dario Šimić 11 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Robert Jarni * 10 1998 and 2002 Dejan Lovren 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Perišić 10 2014 and 2018 Ivan Rakitić 10 2014 and 2018 7 Mario Stanić 9 1998 and 2002 Stipe Pletikosa 9 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Ante Rebić 9 2014 and 2018 10 Zvonimir Soldo 8 1998 and 2002 Davor Šuker 8 1998 and 2002 Ivica Olić 8 2002 , 2006 and 2014 Šime Vrsaljko 8 2014 and 2018 Mateo Kovačić 8 2014 and 2018 Mario Mandžukić 8 2014 and 2018 * Robert Jarni also played one match at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Goalscorers ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Davor Šuker 6 1998 Ivan Perišić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Mario Mandžukić 5 2014 ( 2 ) and 2018 ( 3 ) Robert Prosinečki * 1998 Ivica Olić 2002 and 2014 Luka Modrić 2018 * Robert Prosinečki also scored one goal at the 1990 World Cup , representing SFR Yugoslavia . Awards ( edit ) Team Awards Third Place 1998 Second Place 2018 Individual Awards Golden Boot 1998 : Davor Šuker ( Oldest Golden Boot winner with 30 years ) Silver Ball 1998 : Davor Šuker All - Star Team 1998 : Davor Šuker Golden Ball 2018 : Luka Modrić All - Star Team 2018 : Luka Modrić Squads ( edit ) Croatia squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Ladić 2 Krpan 3 Šerić 4 Štimac 5 Jurić 6 Bilić 7 Asanović 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker 10 Boban ( c ) 11 Marić 12 Mrmić 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Tudor 16 Kozniku 17 Jarni 18 Mamić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 Jurčić 22 Vasilj Coach : Blažević Croatia squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Šerić 3 Šimunić 4 Tomas 5 Rapaić 6 Živković 7 Vugrinec 8 Prosinečki 9 Šuker ( c ) 10 N. Kovač 11 Bokšić 12 Butina 13 Stanić 14 Soldo 15 Šarić 16 Vranješ 17 Jarni 18 Olić 19 Vlaović 20 Šimić 21 R. Kovač 22 Balaban 23 Vasilj Coach : Jozić Croatia squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Srna 3 Šimunić 4 R. Kovač 5 Tudor 6 Vranješ 7 Šimić 8 Babić 9 Pršo 10 N. Kovač ( c ) 11 Tokić 12 Didulica 13 Tomas 14 Modrić 15 I. Leko 16 J. Leko 17 Klasnić 18 Olić 19 N. Kranjčar 20 Šerić 21 Balaban 22 Bošnjak 23 Butina Coach : Z . Kranjčar Croatia squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Pletikosa 2 Vrsaljko 3 Pranjić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Vukojević 9 Jelavić 10 Modrić 11 Srna ( c ) 12 Zelenika 13 Schildenfeld 14 Brozović 15 Badelj 16 Rebić 17 Mandžukić 18 Olić 19 Sammir 20 Kovačić 21 Vida 22 Eduardo 23 Subašić Coach : Kovač Croatia squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Livaković 2 Vrsaljko 3 Strinić 4 Perišić 5 Ćorluka 6 Lovren 7 Rakitić 8 Kovačić 9 Kramarić 10 Modrić ( c ) 11 Brozović 12 L. Kalinić 13 Jedvaj 14 Bradarić 15 Ćaleta - Car 16 N. Kalinić 17 Mandžukić 18 Rebić 19 Badelj 20 Pjaca 21 Vida 22 Pivarić 23 Subašić Coach : Dalić See also ( edit ) List of Croatia international footballers Croatia at the UEFA European Championship References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation World Cup record European Championship record Statistics Hat - tricks Results 1940 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- 19 Players 20 + caps Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) 2018 FIFA World Cup Final Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Croatia at the FIFA World Cup France 1998 Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatia_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856363525 '' Categories : Croatia at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Hrvatski Scots Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did croatia last qualify for world cup | [
"Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions (in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018) since gaining independence in 1991. Before that, from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final, where they lost 4-2 to France.\n"
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"2018"
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984607901295681574 | Welfare state in the United Kingdom | Welfare state in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Welfare state in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Welfare state of the United Kingdom . For the general concept , see Welfare state . Pie chart of UK central government expenditure , 2009 -- 10 . Social Protection is shown in orange , health in red , education in grey , and personal services in light blue . The welfare state represents around two - thirds of total government spending . The welfare state of the United Kingdom comprises expenditures by the government of the United Kingdom intended to improve health , education , employment and social security . The UK system has been classified as a liberal welfare state system . The UK has the one of the largest populations in the world , being third in the EU after Germany and France , and sharing 5th place in the world with Malaysia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Liberal reforms 1.2 Beveridge Report and Labour 2 Impact 3 Expenditure 4 Criticisms 5 Historical statistics on welfare trends 5.1 Benefit rates as a percentage of industrial earnings 5.2 Changes in National Assistance / Supplementary Benefit 5.3 Increases in National Insurance benefits 5.4 Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings 5.5 Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1963 -- 69 5.6 Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income 5.7 Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit 5.8 Changes in real terms in social security benefits 5.9 Percentage change in social security benefits , prices and earnings 5.10 Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income 5.11 The real value of social security benefits , 1948 -- 75 ( £ s , 1981 prices ) 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1984 historian Derek Fraser told the British story in a nutshell . The welfare state , he said : Germinated in the social thought of late Victorian liberalism , reached its infancy in the collectivism of the pre-and post-Great War statism , matured in the universalism of the 1940s and flowered in full bloom in the consensus and affluence of the 1950s and 1960s . By the 1970s it was in decline , like the faded rose of autumn . Both UK and US governments are pursuing in the 1980s monetarist policies inimical to welfare . The welfare state in the modern sense was anticipated by the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832 which found that the old poor law ( a part of the English Poor laws ) was subject to widespread abuse and promoted squalor , idleness and criminality in its recipients , compared to those who received private charity . Accordingly , the qualifications for receiving aid were tightened up , forcing many recipients to either turn to private charity or accept employment . Opinions began to be changed late in the century by reports drawn up by men such as Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth into the levels of poverty in Britain . These reports indicated that in the massive industrial cities , between one - quarter and one - third of the population were living below the poverty line . Liberal reforms ( edit ) The Liberal Party launched the welfare state in Britain with a series of major Liberal welfare reforms in 1906 -- 1914 . The reforms were greatly extended over the next forty years . The minimum wage was introduced in Great Britain in 1909 for certain low - wage industries and expanded to numerous industries , including farm labour , by 1920 . However , by the 1920s , a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasise the usefulness of family allowance targeted at low - income families was the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market . The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view . In 1945 , family allowances were introduced ; minimum wages faded from view . The experience of almost total state control during the Second World War had encouraged the belief that the state might be able to solve problems in wide areas of national life . The Liberal government of 1906 -- 1914 implemented welfare policies concerning three main groups in society : the old , the young and working people . Young Old Working In 1906 local authorities were allowed to provide free school meals . The Children and Young Persons Act 1908 introduced a set of regulations that became known as the Children 's Charter . This imposed severe punishments for neglecting or treating children cruelly . It was made illegal to sell cigarettes to children or send them out begging. Separate juvenile courts were set up , which sent children convicted of a crime to borstals ( a forerunner to modern youth detention centres ) , instead of prison . In 1908 pensions were introduced for the over 70s . In 1909 Labour Exchanges were set up to help unemployed people find work . The National Insurance Act 1911 was passed , ensuring free medical treatment , and sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 26 weeks . An estimated 13 million workers came to be compulsorily covered under this scheme . Beveridge Report and Labour ( edit ) The aftermath of the First World War boosted demands for social reform , and led to a permanent increase in the role of the state in British society . The end of the war also brought a slump , particularly in northern industrial towns , that deepened into the Great Depression by the 1930s . During the war , the government became much more involved in people 's lives via governmental organisation of the rationing of foodstuffs , clothing and fuel and extra milk and meals being given to expectant mothers and children . The wartime coalition government also committed itself to full employment through Keynesian policies , free universal secondary education , and the introduction of family allowances . Many people welcomed this government intervention and wanted it to go further . The Beveridge Report of 1942 , ( which identified five `` Giant Evils '' in society : squalor , ignorance , want , idleness and disease ) essentially recommended a national , compulsory , flat rate insurance scheme which would combine health care , unemployment and retirement benefits . Beveridge himself was careful to emphasise that unemployment benefits should be held to a subsistence level , and after six months would be conditional on work or training , so as not to encourage abuse of the system . That was however predicated on the concept of the `` maintenance of employment '' which meant ' it should be possible to make unemployment of any individual for more than 26 weeks continuously a rare thing in normal times ' and recognised that the imposition of a training condition would be impractical if the unemployed were numbered by the million . After its victory in the 1945 general election , the Labour Party pledged to eradicate the Giant Evils , and undertook policy measures to provide for the people of the United Kingdom `` from the cradle to the grave . '' Included among the laws passed were the National Assistance Act 1948 , National Insurance Act 1946 , and National Insurance ( Industrial Injuries ) Act 1946 . Impact ( edit ) This policy resulted in increased expenditure and a widening of what was considered to be the state 's responsibility . In addition to the central services of education , health , unemployment and sickness allowances , the welfare state also included the idea of increasing redistributive taxation , increasing regulation of industry , food , and housing ( better safety regulations , weights and measures controls , etc . ) The foundation of the National Health Service ( NHS ) did not involve building new hospitals , but nationalisation of existing municipal provision and charitable foundations . The aim was not to substantially increase provision but to standardise care across the country ; indeed William Beveridge believed that the overall cost of medical care would decrease , as people became healthier and so needed less treatment . However , instead of falling , the cost of the NHS has risen by 4 % annually on average due to an ageing population , leading to a reduction in provision . Charges for dentures , and spectacles were introduced in 1951 by the same Labour government that had founded the NHS three years earlier , and prescription charges by the successive Conservative Government were introduced in 1952 . In 1988 , free eye tests for all were abolished , although they are now free for the over-60s . Policies differ in different countries of the United Kingdom , but the provision of a welfare state is still a basic principle of government policy in the United Kingdom today . The principle of health care `` free at the point of use '' became a central idea of the welfare state , which later Conservative governments , although critical of some aspects of the welfare state , did not reverse . Expenditure ( edit ) In the financial year 2014 / 15 , state pensions were overwhelmingly the largest governmental welfare expense , costing £ 86,500,000,000 followed by housing benefit , which accounted for over £ 20,000,000,000 Expenditure in 2015 -- 16 on benefits included : £ 2,300,000,000 paid to unemployed people and £ 27,100,000,000 to people on low incomes , and £ 27,600,000,000 for personal tax credits . UK Government welfare expenditure 2011 -- 12 ( percent ) State pension ( 46 % ) Housing Benefit ( 11 % ) Disability Living Allowance ( 8 % ) Pension Credit ( 5 % ) Income Support ( 4 % ) Rent rebates ( 3 % ) Attendance allowance ( 3 % ) Jobseeker 's Allowance ( 3 % ) Incapacity Benefit ( 3 % ) Council Tax Benefit ( 3 % ) Other ( 11 % ) UK Government welfare expenditure 2014 -- 15 Benefit Expenditure ( £ bn ) State pension 86.5 Tax credits ( Working tax credits and Child tax credits ) 29.7 Housing Benefit 23.5 Disability Living Allowance 15.4 Incapacity benefits 14.1 Child benefit 11.6 Pension Credit 6.6 Attendance Allowance 5.4 Jobseeker 's allowance 3.1 Income Support 2.6 Maternity and paternity pay 2.4 Carer 's allowance 2.3 Winter fuel payments War pensions 0.8 Universal credit 0.1 Other 5.9 TOTAL pounds 213.9 Criticisms ( edit ) Critics of the welfare state claim that , in addition to the vast expense , by relieving citizens of personal responsibility for their own welfare the government has inadvertently promoted irresponsible and immature attitudes , with the result that squalor , ignorance , and idleness are common . In 1980 , T. E. Utley , wrote that the welfare state was `` an arrangement under which we all largely cease to be responsible for our own behaviour and in return become responsible for everyone else 's . The temptations which this way of doing things offers to synthetic anger , fraudulent penitence , all other forms of hypocrisy and the sheer evasion of duty are infinitely too strong for fallen man '' . In 2010 , the Conservative - Lib Dem coalition government led by David Cameron has argued for a reduction of welfare spending in the United Kingdom as part of their programme of austerity . Government ministers have argued that a growing culture of welfare dependency is perpetuating welfare spending , and claim that a cultural change is required to reduce the welfare bill . Public opinion in the UK appears to support a reduction in welfare spending , however commentators have suggested that negative public perceptions are founded on exaggerated assumptions about the proportion of spending on unemployment benefit and the level of benefit fraud . Figures from the Department for Work and Pensions show that benefit fraud is thought to have cost taxpayers £ 1.2 billion during 2012 -- 13 , up 9 % on the year before . This is lower than the £ 1.5 billion of benefit underpayment due to error . In some cases , relatives who bring up a child when the parents can not bring up the child face sanctions and financial penalties , they can be left poor and homeless . There are also widespread complaints from church groups and others that the UK welfare state does insufficient work to prevent poverty , deprivation even hunger . Historical statistics on welfare trends ( edit ) Benefit rates as a percentage of Industrial earnings ( edit ) Benefit rates as a per cent of industrial earnings of male manual workers aged 21 and over ( 1948 -- 71 ) Year ( month ) Single pension Supplementary Benefit for single person Family Allowance for four children 1948 ( October ) 18.9 17.5 10.9 1961 ( April ) 19.1 17.8 9.3 1962 ( April ) 18.4 17.1 8.9 1963 ( May ) 20.8 19.5 8.6 1964 ( April ) 19.2 18.1 8.0 1964 ( October ) 18.7 17.6 7.7 1965 ( April ) 21.2 20.1 7.4 1965 ( October ) 20.4 19.4 7.1 1966 ( April ) 19.8 18.8 6.9 1966 ( October ) 19.7 20.0 6.9 1967 ( April ) 19.4 19.7 6.8 1967 ( October ) 21.0 20.1 7.7 1968 ( April ) 20.2 19.3 11.9 1968 ( October ) 19.6 19.8 12.6 1969 ( April ) 18.8 19.3 12.1 1969 ( November ) 20.0 19.2 11.7 1970 ( April ) 19.0 18.3 11.3 1970 ( November ) 17.6 18.3 10.2 1971 ( March ) ( est . ) 17.3 18.0 10.0 Note on source , as quoted in the text : `` based on statistics of weekly earnings , Employment and Productivity Gazette . '' Changes in National Assistance / supplementary benefit ( edit ) Changes in National Assistance / Supplementary Benefit scale ( 1963 -- 1969 ) ( a ) Date of change Real value single pensioner Real value married man with three children ( b ) Real take home pay for average worker May 1963 100 100 100 March 1965 111 112 106 November 1966 117 110 106 October 1967 122 115 108 November 1969 122 115 110 Notes ( a ) As quoted in the text : `` the scale is calculated using the average discretionary addition ( adjusted to spread winter fuel costs throughout the year ) for retirement pensioners . It does not include any allowance for rent . The price index used for the single pensioner is that in the Employment and Productivity Gazette . '' ( b ) As quoted in the text : `` it is assumed that the children are aged four , six , and eleven . '' Increases in National insurance benefits ( edit ) Increases in National Insurance benefits ( 1963 -- 69 ) : Date of increase Real take home pay for average worker ( a ) Real value of single pension ( b ) Real value of unemployment benefit ( man with wife and three children ) ( c ) March / May 1963 100 100 100 January / March 1965 106 111 110 October 1967 108 114 113 November 1969 110 114 116 Notes ( a ) As quoted by text : `` Based on average earnings for adult male manual workers in manufacturing , allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions . ( b ) As quoted by text : `` Calculated on the special price index for single pensioner households published by the Employment and Productivity Gazette adjusted for housing expenditure using the housing component of the retail price index . Since a disproportionate number of pensioners have controlled tenancies , this may overstate the increase in prices . '' ( c ) This column is deflated by use of the Retail Price Index Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings ( edit ) Social security benefits as a percentage of average earnings for last increases of various governments , 1951 -- 79 Government Sickness / unemployment benefit a a plus earnings related supplement Retirement pensions c Supplementary allowance / benefits d Family allowance / child benefit e Labour ( 1951 ) 25.7 25.7 30.4 30.4 8.0 Conservative ( 1963 ) 33.8 33.8 33.0 31.6 5.3 Labour ( 1969 ) 32.4 52.3 32.4 31.4 3.8 Conservative ( 1973 ) 29.1 46.2 30.5 28.5 3.0 Labour ( 1978 ) 30.5 44.4 37.4 30.2 3.7 a , b Man plus dependent wife . c Man plus dependent wife on his insurance . d Married couple . e For one child . Social policy benefits and earnings under the Labour Government 1963 -- 69 ( edit ) Social policy benefits and earnings under Labour 1963 -- 69 : Year Unemployment , sickness , and retirement benefits ( single ) Retirement pension ( married ) National assistance / supplementary benefit ( married couple ) Adult male manual workers ( weekly earnings ) Adult male administrative , technical , and clerical employees ( weekly earnings ) 1963 100 100 100 100 100 1969 148 149 150 154 148 Supplementary benefits rates as a proportion of income ( edit ) Supplementary benefit rates as a proportion of gross and net income at average earnings , married couple : Year End of year ( a ) As % of gross average earnings Ordinary rate Long term rate 1973 28.5 31.4 28.1 33.6 29.8 36.2 1976 30.8 37.1 1977 32.3 38.9 1978 30.6 37.8 As % of net income ( b ) at average earnings Ordinary rate Long term rate 1973 37.9 41.8 38.8 46.5 42.4 51.5 1976 43.9 52.9 1977 44.1 53.1 1978 41.6 51.4 Supplementary benefit : long term scale rate as proportion of ordinary rate ( % ) Date of introduction Single Married couple 1973 14.0 10.3 23.8 19.8 1975 ( April ) 25.0 20.4 1975 ( November ) 25.7 21.4 1976 23.6 20.3 1977 23.4 20.4 1978 28.0 23.5 Households dependent on Supplementary Benefit ( edit ) Numbers in households dependent on supplementary benefit or with estimated incomes below SB level , 1974 and 1976 ( thousands ) Year Pensioners Under pensionable age family head or single parent ( as % of total ) Unemployed Normally in full - time work Sick or disabled Others 2,680 ( 52 % ) 450 360 480 1,170 1976 2,800 ( 44 % ) 1,080 890 280 1,300 Changes in real terms in social security benefits ( edit ) Changes in real terms in social security benefits , 1964 -- 79 ( in 1981 prices , 1951 = 100 ) : Year Supplementary benefits ( a ) Sickness / unemployment benefit ( b ) Retirement pensions ( c ) Family allowance / child benefit ( d ) 1964 146 176 149 85 1965 166 199 168 85 1966 165 199 168 82 1967 173 318 173 80 1968 173 318 173 77 1969 172 329 172 72 1970 173 329 172 69 1971 178 354 177 80 1972 187 356 183 75 1973 186 342 191 68 191 345 216 78 187 327 215 69 1976 189 323 219 72 1977 190 326 221 69 1978 189 321 228 82 1979 190 308 232 102 Notes ( a ) Refers to married couple . ( b ) Refers to man plus dependent wife . ( c ) Refers to man plus wife on his insurance . After 1971 refers to recipients under 80 years old . ( d ) Includes family allowance and tax allowance combined for second child up to 1977 , when these were unified into the child benefit . Percentage change in social security benefits , prices and earnings ( edit ) Percentage change in social security benefits , prices , and earnings since previous updating ( 1974 -- 1978 ) : Date Unemployment and sickness benefit ( a ) Retirement pension ( b ) Prices ( c ) Average earnings ( d ) July 1974 17.0 29.0 13.5 12.9 April 1975 14.0 16.0 17.7 17.4 November 1975 13.3 14.7 11.7 10.7 November 1976 16.2 15.0 15.0 12.8 November 1977 14.0 14.4 13.0 9.6 November 1978 7.1 11.4 8.1 14.6 Total increase October 1973 -- 1978 114.3 151.6 109.6 107.9 ( a ) Single person . ( b ) Single pensioner under age 80 . ( c ) General index of retail prices . ( d ) Average gross weekly earnings of full - time adult male manual workers . For November 1978 , October 1977 to October 1978 increase used . Unemployment and sickness benefits as a percentage of income ( edit ) Unemployment or sickness benefits as percentage of net income ( a ) at average earnings ( b ) : Year Single person Married couple Married couple with two children Excl . ERS Inc . ERS ( c ) Excl . ERS Inc . ERS ( c ) Excl . ERS Inc . ERS ( c ) 1965 27.0 27.0 41.2 41.2 49.3 49.3 1970 25.0 53.3 38.4 65.2 48.3 72.7 1973 24.8 48.4 38.7 61.5 49.5 70.6 25.6 48.6 39.5 61.6 50.2 70.3 24.5 45.9 38.0 58.4 48.3 67.0 1976 24.9 46.7 38.3 59.1 48.4 67.3 1977 25.8 47.9 39.1 59.9 49.7 68.8 1978 25.4 45.1 38.8 57.4 49.6 66.9 ( a ) After allowing for income tax and national insurance contributions . ( b ) Average earnings of adult male manual workers . ( c ) Earnings Related Supplement calculated using average earnings in October of the relevant tax year . The real value of social security benefits , 1948 -- 75 ( £ s , 1981 prices ) ( edit ) Unemployment benefit July 1948 : 19.64 April 1961 : 26.88 September 1971 : 34.96 November 1975 : 36.47 Retirement pension July 1948 : 19.64 April 1961 : 26.88 September 1971 : 34.96 November 1975 : 42.96 Supplementary benefit July 1948 : 17.93 April 1961 : 25.31 September 1971 : 33.39 November 1975 : 35.10 Child support : one child July 1948 : 4.87 April 1961 : 4.36 September 1971 : 4.27 November 1975 : 3.67 Child support : three children July 1948 : 17.60 April 1961 : 16.62 September 1971 : 15.36 November 1975 : 13.81 See also ( edit ) politics portal Social welfare Welfare reform Housing : Public housing Housing estate Council house References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gøsta Esping - Andersen ( 1998 ) . The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press ; Polity Press . ISBN 9780745607962 . https://books.google.com/books/about/?id=zW2ungEACAAJ Jump up ^ Ferragina , Emanuele , and Martin Seeleib - Kaiser . `` Thematic Review : Welfare regime debate : past , present , futures ? . '' Policy & Politics 39.4 ( 2011 ) : 583 -- 611 . http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010 Jump up ^ Derek Fraser , The evolution of the British welfare state : a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1984 ) p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britain 1905 -- 1975 : The Liberal reforms 1906 -- 1914 '' . GCSE Bitesize . BBC . Jump up ^ Jane Lewis , `` The English Movement for Family Allowances , 1917 -- 1945 . '' Histoire sociale / Social History 11.22 ( 1978 ) pp. 441 -- 59 . Jump up ^ John Macnicol , Movement for Family Allowances , 1918 -- 45 : A Study in Social Policy Development ( 1980 ) . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schifferes ( 26 July 2005 ) . `` Britain 's long road to the welfare state '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Why were school dinners brought in ? '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Children 's Act was created to protect the poorest children in society from abuse '' . Intriguing History . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Gazeley , Ian ( 17 July 2003 ) . Poverty in Britain 1900 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0333716199 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Working People '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ David Taylor ( 1988 ) . Mastering Economic and Social History . Macmillan Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 36804 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spicker , Paul . `` Social policy in the UK '' . spicker.uk . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) http://www.spicker.uk/social-policy/uk.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Beveridge Report and the postwar reforms '' ( PDF ) . Policy Studies Institute . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A history of NHS spending in the UK '' . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of health and care funding reform in England '' . Socialist Health Association . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NHS Charges , Third Report of Session 2005 -- 06 '' ( PDF ) . publications.parliament.uk . House of Commons Health Committee . 18 July 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welfare spending p. 132 '' ( PDF ) . 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benefits for unemployed people '' ( PDF ) . A Survey of the UK Benefit System . Institute for Fiscal Studies . November 2012 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Benefits for people on low incomes '' ( PDF ) . A Survey of the UK Benefit System . Institute for Fiscal Studies . November 2012 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , James ( 2013 ) . The Welfare State We 're In ( 3 ed . ) . Biteback . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1849544504 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Theodore ( 2007 ) . Our Culture , What 's Left of It : The Mandarins and the Masses . Ivan R. Dee . p. 360 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56663 - 721 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peter Oborne ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Britain would be a better place if families looked after their own '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron : ' Do n't complain about welfare cuts , go and find work ' '' . 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conservative conference : Welfare needs ' cultural shift ' '' . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Grice , Andrew ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` Voters ' brainwashed by Tory welfare myths ' , shows new poll '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Support for benefit cuts dependent on ignorance , TUC - commissioned poll finds '' . TUC . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Hayley ( 13 December 2013 ) . `` Majority of benefit cheats not prosecuted , official figures show '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fraud and Error in the Benefit System : 2012 / 13 Estimates ( Great Britain ) '' ( PDF ) . gov.uk . Department for Work and Pensions . January 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinship carers at risk of poverty and debt due to welfare cuts , says charity The Guardian Jump up ^ Church of England bishops demand action over hunger ^ Jump up to : Labour and inequality : sixteen fabian essays edited by Peter Townsend and Nicholas Bosanquet ^ Jump up to : The Labour Party in Crisis by Paul Whiteley Jump up ^ Taxation , Wage Bargaining and Unemployment by Isabela Mares ^ Jump up to : Labour and Equality : A Fabian Study of Labour in Power , 1974 -- 79 edited by Nick Bosanquet and Peter Townsend ^ Jump up to : The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 by Rodney Lowe Bibliography ( edit ) Béland , Daniel , and Alex Waddan . `` Conservatives , partisan dynamics and the politics of universality : reforming universal social programmes in the UK and Canada . '' Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 22 # 2 ( 2014 ) : 83 -- 97 . Calder , Gideon , and Jeremy Gass . Changing Directions of the British Welfare State ( University of Wales Press , 2012 ) . Esping - Andersen , Gosta ; The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism , Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press ( 1990 ) . Ferragina , Emanuele and Seeleib - Kaiser , Martin . `` Welfare Regime Debate : Past , Present , Futures ? '' Policy & Politics 39 # 4 pp. 583 -- 611 ( 2011 ). http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2011/00000039/00000004/art00010. * * Fraser , Derek . The evolution of the British welfare state : a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution ( 2nd ed. 1984 ) . Gilbert , Bentley B . The Evolution Of National Insurance In Great Britain : The Origins of the Welfare State ( 1966 ) . Harris , Bernard . The origins of the British welfare state : social welfare in England and Wales , 1800 -- 1945 ( Palgrave , 2004 ) . Häusermann , Silja , Georg Picot , and Dominik Geering . `` Review article : Rethinking party politics and the welfare state -- recent advances in the literature . '' British Journal of Political Science 43.01 ( 2013 ) : 221 -- 40 . online Hay , Roy . `` Employers and social policy in Britain : The evolution of welfare legislation , 1905 -- 14 . '' Social History 2.4 ( 1977 ) : 435 -- 55 . Hay , James Roy . Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms , 1906 -- 14 ( 1975 ) 78pp full text online Levine - Clark , Marjorie . Unemployment , Welfare , and Masculine Citizenship : So Much Honest Poverty in Britain , 1870 -- 1930 ( Springer , 2015 ) . Mommsen , Wolfgang J. , and Wolfgang Mock , eds . The emergence of the welfare state in Britain and Germany , 1850 -- 1950 ( Taylor & Francis , 1981 ) . Slater , Tom . `` The myth of `` Broken Britain '' : welfare reform and the production of ignorance . '' Antipode 46.4 ( 2014 ) : 948 -- 69 . online Weiler , Peter . The New Liberalism : Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain , 1889 -- 1914 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Welshman John . Underclass : A History of the Excluded , 1880 -- 2000 ( 2006 ) excerpt External links ( edit ) Text of the Beveridge Report The Welfare State -- Never Ending Reform Brief history of the Welfare State by Frank Field ( BBC website ) The UK Economy at the Crossroads , research paper from the Center for Economic and Policy Research ( hide ) Welfare in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=838020841 '' Categories : Welfare state in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Kurdî 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 13 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the welfare state introduced to britain | [
"The Liberal Party launched the welfare state in Britain with a series of major Liberal welfare reforms in 1906–1914.[4] The reforms were greatly extended over the next forty years.[4]"
] | [
"1906"
] |
-5061401386878129979 | Orange Is the New Black (season 5) | Orange is the New Black ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Orange is the New Black ( season 5 ) Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Natasha Lyonne Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Michael Harney Selenis Leyva Taryn Manning Adrienne C. Moore Jessica Pimentel Dascha Polanco Elizabeth Rodriguez Nick Sandow Yael Stone Kate Mulgrew Laura Prepon Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The fifth season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 9 , 2017 , at 12 : 00 am PST in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 51 -- 60 minutes . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.3. 1 Inmates 2.3. 2 Staff 2.3. 3 Others 3 Production 3.1 Cyberhack 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Litchfield Prison erupts into a riot when the inmates are not satisfied with Caputo 's handling of Poussey 's death . Daya shoots CO Thomas Humphrey in the thigh after he begins begging for his life in Spanish , a language she does not speak . His life is eventually saved by Sophia , who has paramedic training from her days as a firefighter . Piper and Alex try to take Linda hostage , but then feel bad for her and help her disguise herself as an inmate . Taystee , Black Cindy , Janae and Alison force Caputo to read a statement about Poussey 's death , which Taystee records on an iPad . Josh , a PR representative from MCC who was visiting Caputo , helps her upload it to Twitter , since he thinks the story of a renegade CO reflects better on the company than out - of - control inmates . Daya attempts to contact Aleida , but an unseen person knocks her unconscious and steals the gun from her . 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The prison stays under control of the inmates , who are holding several corrections officers hostage . The Hispanics force the COs to strip down to their underwear in front of a packed chapel . The video of Caputo , meant to spark outrage , instead gets mocked with memes featuring the hashtag # BlackLattesMatter because Cindy is shown drinking a latte . Humphrey , who suffered major blood loss , has a stroke in the prison infirmary , which is staffed by only a nurse . Daya , nearing an emotional breakdown worrying over her future , claims she lost the gun , while CO Artesian McCullough suspects the gun is gone . Taystee uploads a photo of all the COs , plus Caputo , in their underwear . It is revealed that Frieda has a secret `` bunker '' built out of an unused pool that was never filled in , also stocked with food she has hoarded . Flashback : Frieda 's life as a child during the Cuban Missile Crisis reveals her father was paranoid about the Soviet Union and a nuclear war , and had an underground bunker in the woods , also stocked with food and weapons . 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Worried over the public backlash -- and celebrity chef Judy King -- MCC decides to give in to the inmates and meet their demands . Linda tries to fit in with the inmates , but is shocked at the substandard conditions of the prison . Piper and Alex , looking at Linda 's phone , are shocked to find photos of her kissing Caputo . The inmates work together to compile a list of demands , which includes reinstating the GED program , better healthcare , amnesty for the inmates involved in the riot , the arrest of CO Bayley for Poussey 's death , and Flaming Hot Cheetos . Bayley , meanwhile , goes to the police station and tries to confess murder , but the police dismiss him as a drunk veteran back from the Iraq War with PTSD and put him in the drunk tank . A frightened Judy King , a victim of a random pantsing by meth heads Angie and Leanne , attempts to escape but is attacked by the white supremacists . The COs , locked in a room , plot to regain control of the prison after Artesian 's tip that the inmates do not have the gun anymore . As they prepare to attack the inmates , Caputo sees Linda among them . Flashback : Linda 's college days in a sorority in the 1990s show that while at a party , she left her drunk friend outside in the snow and she ended up freezing to death . 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The COs , who are preparing to attack once they are brought food , abort the mission on Caputo 's command . Meth heads Angie and Leanne try to pants Gloria , and the gun falls to the crowd , which they recover . High , they want the COs to perform a talent show for their enjoyment . The `` talents '' include singing from CO Dixon ; a Mormon - themed magic show from CO Blake ; an Italian monologue from Josh ; and a strip show from CO Stratman . Leanne declares Josh the winner merely because he is the prettiest . Suzanne , who believes Poussey 's spirit is still where she died , sets up a shrine on the spot of her death and organizes a séance . Blanca and Red , high on amphetamines that Blanca claimed were vitamins , raid the administrative files looking for dirt on the COs . They discover that Piscatella was transferred to Litchfield from a male prison after the death of an inmate , who was discovered in the shower with burns on 80 % of his body . Judy King is tied to a board , crucifixion - style , by the white supremacists , who think she has a stash of food . She lies to them and says she is expecting a drop of supplies on the roof of the prison from a helicopter . They go up to the roof and realizing she lied , they try to throw her off , and she faints . Then , a helicopter arrives , but it is a news helicopter carrying cameramen , who take photos and record Judy tied up and unconscious . Flashback : Alison persuades her husband to accept a polygamous lifestyle because she feels overwhelmed by the time constraints of the housework and raising their daughter , Farah . Then , another woman , Sahar , moves in , but Alison gets jealous . 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Video of Judy King is widely misreported as a terrorist attack against Christians , as the white supremacists had their heads covered and are mistaken for Muslims . The governor is livid about MCC 's passive stance and sends his own team to Litchfield . On the outside , Aleida struggles to find employment . Gloria calls her but is unable to tell her about Daya . Janae , Alison , Black Cindy and Taystee free Judy in order to stop the disinformation about the situation . They clean her up and have Josh give her talking points , before all four go outside to face the press . Judy begins to give her statement but Taystee interrupts her with an emotional speech about how Judy was kept separately from them because of her wealth and status . She says their fight is not with Judy but with the system that punishes poor and black people . Meanwhile , Angie and Leanne find Charlie Coates in the laundry room after he had been with Pennsatucky . They plan to take him hostage but Pennsatucky grabs the gun from Angie 's waistband . She throws the gun to Charlie and it accidentally fires , shooting Leanne in the finger . Charlie uses the weapon to escape the prison and goes outside , where the CERT greets him with guns drawn ; then , he faints . Flashback : A teenaged Watson tours an elite prep school and is mesmerized by the wealth and depth of education . She witnesses a rehearsal for the school 's ( all - white ) production of Dreamgirls and is shocked by a white girl in an Afro wig performing `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going . '' Returning to her school , she is discouraged by her poor conditions and develops a negative attitude . 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The inmates organize a mock trial for Pennsatucky , with Big Boo acting as her representative . Using Saved by the Bell episodes , Big Boo casts doubt on Angie 's credibility , and Pennsatucky is given community service as a sentence . Aleida appears on the local news to talk about Litchfield , but it is a disaster . Morello has sex with Nicky and realizes she is pregnant . The inmates receive boxes of Flaming Hot Cheetos and tampons from the governor , who wants them to release the hostages . They refuse to do so until the rest of their demands are met . Then , they have a bonfire of Cheetos in front of the press . Flashback : Taystee celebrates her 18th birthday in a group home . She meets her birth mother , who was 15 when she first got pregnant . Her mother now has a husband and a young daughter and does not want to tell them about Taystee . Then , Taystee , who mistakenly believed she was going to go live with her mother , runs away from the group home . 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Morello 's husband leaves her after she announces her pregnancy . The imprisoned guards are forced to clean bunks . Poussey 's friends try to think of the best way to honor her memory ; Soso wants it to be something Poussey herself would have wanted , and they reinvigorate the library by putting books all over the prison . Red , with help from Blanca , tries to entice Piscatella into the prison . Linda has sex with Big Boo . Red tries to guess Humphrey 's smartphone password , and cuts off his fingertip to access it using his thumbprint . Another riot breaks out , but this time it is because the inmates are out of coffee . 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Red and Blanca send text messages from Humphrey 's phone to Piscatella claiming the inmates are not armed anymore and encouraging him to break into the prison via a window at night . He takes the information to the CERT , who blow him off . Aleida does a live TV interview with Meredith Vieira and Judy King , who breaks the news about Humphrey being shot . She does not remember the shooter 's name but describes Daya , leaving Aleida in shock . The news reaches Piscatella , who is mocked by the CERT members . Figueroa returns to the prison , this time as a negotiator for MCC . She claims they can not afford to meet the inmates ' demands , but Taystee -- who has done her research via the Internet and Caputo 's files -- shuts her down . However , once Figueroa receives a phone call about Humphrey , she says amnesty for all the inmates is off the table . After a discussion with Piper and others , Taystee agrees to hand over Daya , who first calls Mendez 's mother to ask her to adopt her daughter out of foster care and asks her to give the child some space due to Aleida 's control she received when she was younger . Gloria learns that her son is in the ICU after being severely beaten . Piscatella , after texting `` Humphrey '' that he was going to stand down , enters the prison after dark instead . Flashback : A 14 - year - old Daya pursues a boy based on her mother 's insistence , despite her best friend 's feelings for him . Daya ends up rejected by the boy and dumped by her friend . 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Red , coming down from her drug high , is nursed by Nicky , who thinks her warnings about Piscatella being in the prison are hallucinations . Piscatella , in full riot gear , attacks Blanca in a utility room , where she had gone to set a boobytrap in case he showed up anyway . Inmates begin disappearing one by one , including Nicky and Boo , but nobody believes Red . Gloria begs Caputo -- locked in a Porta - Potty -- to let her out on furlough to see her son , but Caputo says he can not help her until she lets the hostages go . After Boo disappears , Linda desperately seeks out Caputo , who was let out to back up the inmates ' claim of slave labor to Figueroa . Zirconia , who had turned Linda 's high heels into shivs after Piper and Alex first found her , recognizes her as a hostage , but Linda runs away with one of the shoe shivs . Morello , hurt by Nicky 's comments that her pregnancy is all in her head , convinces Suzanne to stop taking her psych medicine . Red finds Frieda 's map to the `` bunker '' in her cooking book and discovers Piscatella prisoners on her way there by accident . However , while trying to free them , Piscatella arrives . Flashback : In the late 1970s , Red is a young woman in the Soviet Union working a menial factory job . Her rebellious friend Nadezhda introduces her to the world of underground discos and black - market Levi 's jeans , but Nadezhda soon vanishes . Red 's ex-boyfriend , Dmitri -- whom she had dumped for being too dull -- proposes they lie about being Jewish in order to escape to the United States , as Jews were being allowed to immigrate to countries other than Israel . 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Piscatella has Red , Piper , Alex and other inmates tied up in a room , where he uses a knife to cut off Red 's hair . Piper gets the duct tape off her mouth and yells for help , which is heard by Gina , who is holed up playing cards in Frieda 's basement `` bunker '' with Yoga Jones , Anita and other inmates . The entrance to the room they are in leads to where Piscatella is . Gloria tries to free the prison guards but is interrupted . Maureen , who has still not recovered from the beating , is found delirious in the bathroom by Suzanne , who takes her to the infirmary . Suzanne , by now in a psychotic state , finds Humphrey dead . Gina lures Piscatella into the basement , where Frieda knocks him out with a homemade poison dart . Flashback : At his earlier job as CO in a male prison , Piscatella , then soft at heart , and inmate Driscoll are having an affair . Driscoll is supportive and loving of Piscatella , whose mother had hoped to `` fix '' him . Another inmate , Resado , spies on them together in the kitchen , and later , he and other inmates beat and rape Driscoll in a bathroom . Piscatella handcuffs Resado to the shower and leaves him under scalding hot water to die . 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The inmates drag the unconscious Piscatella into Frieda 's `` bunker '' , where they argue about what should be done . Once Red says she wants revenge , they end up tying her up too , which makes her despair that Piscatella will never see justice . Gina reveals she recorded a video of Piscatella brutally breaking Alex 's arm , and they post it on the Internet . Gloria , desperate to see her son in the hospital , tries sneaking each of the hostage guards outside one at a time while the other inmates , including Ouija , get high on drugs . Claiming she is going to teach them a lesson , she drags them out and locks them in the Porta - Pottys . Taystee , after 12 hours of trying to get Figueroa to see the benefits of improving prison conditions , discovers she truly has a knack for advocacy . Boo continues her romance with Linda , but is crushed when she sees a photo of her with Caputo on her phone and discovers her whole story is a lie . Suzanne goes into a psychotic break , but Morello , in the dispensary , refuses to say what medicine Suzanne takes ; she is overpowered by Cindy , who takes a bottle of lithium that she believes to help calm people down . Morello finds a pregnancy test and takes it , confirming her suspicion that she is pregnant . As her unconscious son is taken to have a brain surgery , Gloria confesses her plan to Maria , who gives her full support ; Maria says she always thinks of her little girl and understands that parents would do anything for their children . Gloria sneaks Luschek , the final guard , outside , but discovers that her plan of delivering the guards to Caputo has been dashed when she sees that there is a hole in the fence and the guards have escaped . Gloria breaks down and tries to escape through the hole , crying about her son , which makes the other inmates realize what she had been planning . 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The guards -- except Luschek -- are led to the MCC management , but are led by Maria , who wants to get out to see her little girl . Maria explains the `` deal '' to shorten her sentence if she lets the guards go , but is told by a state employee that that is not possible . The MCC learns that it was not Taystee who sent out the guards as part of an acceptance of the negotiation , and decide to send the CERT in to end the riot . Morello shows half a dozen positive pregnancy tests to a stunned Nicky , who calls her husband and convinces him to take responsibility . Linda makes excuses to Big Boo , telling her that she now understands the inmates are not living in a decent environment , but Big Boo is unmoved and demands Linda send her US $5,000 via PayPal to keep the secret of her affair with Caputo . A distraught Bayley travels by bus to meet Poussey 's father and confess that her death was his fault . Her father angrily tells him that he is not going to give Bayley the peace he seeks by forgiving him , nor punish him by beating him , and that his punishment will be having to live the rest of his life with what he has done -- which is a better fate , he says , than the fate Poussey got . Pennsatucky escapes from the prison via the hole in the fence and breaks into Charlie 's cabin . In Frieda 's `` bunker '' , Piper proposes to Alex , who says yes . Taystee discovers the guards escaped and tries to go to the prison doors to talk to the CERT officers , but it is too late as they immediately swarm Litchfield . Flashback : Piper and her then - boyfriend , Larry Bloom , get tattoos . She later drunk dials Alex , saying that she is still on her mind and misses her . 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Dozens of CERT members in riot gear break down the prison doors , with smoke bombs , stun guns and batons in hand , causing pandemonium as they handcuff all the inmates . The CERT members discover the dead Humphrey , and escalate their tactics to `` by any means necessary . '' Black Cindy and Taystee panic as Suzanne is unconscious from the lithium . They eventually get help from Nicky , who takes them down to Frieda 's hiding place , where they inject her with the only thing they can find , an epi - pen , which finally revives Suzanne . Angie and Leanne burn all the prison records to erase their history of infractions . Deciding not to go down without a fight , Ouija , Pidge and the white supremacists barricade themselves inside a dorm and manage to injure some of the CERT members with booby traps before being restrained . The inmates are led outside in handcuffs in front of a crowd of families and the press . Maritza and Flaca are thrilled to see rabid fans of their beauty tutorials on the Internet cheering for them . Linda tries to tell an officer she is from MCC , but she is ignored after Big Boo and other inmates mock her by also claiming the same thing . The count of the inmates leaves them 10 short , and Caputo tells them about the old pool that Figueroa never got filled . The CERT chief assumes the fact that the remaining inmates are hiding `` strategically '' means they are planning an offensive against the officers , and says that the governor has already approved any casualties necessary . Pennsatucky and Charlie watch TV together inside his cabin . Nicky brings Taystee , Black Cindy and Suzanne to Frieda 's `` bunker '' , where Taystee is shocked to see Piscatella tied up . She takes Frieda 's gun and points it at him , telling him he is to blame for Poussey 's death . Instead of killing him , she breaks down crying . Red , surprisingly , releases Piscatella and tells him to leave without touching anyone . Piscatella slowly walks out into one of the prison halls , only to be shot and killed by an inexperienced CERT officer , who did not recognize him through the smokebombs . As night falls , the inmates outside are loaded onto buses and figure they are headed to new prisons ; Flaca and Maritza are separated . In the `` bunker '' , the remaining inmates -- Alex , Piper , Taystee , Nicky , Red , Black Cindy , Frieda , Suzanne , Blanca , and Gloria -- link arms as the CERT blows the doors off . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . Special guest stars ( edit ) Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio Blair Brown as Judy King Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza Francesca Curran as Helen `` Skinhead Helen '' Van Maele Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman Mike Houston as Lee Dixon Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella John Palladino as Josh Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey Others Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Ian Paola as Yadriel John Magaro as Vince Muccio Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( guest ) Production ( edit ) In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . Cyberhack ( edit ) In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_5)&oldid=862339789 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2017 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | orange is the new black riot season 5 | [] | [] |
-6321216204132726236 | Ravinder Singh (author) | Ravinder Singh ( author ) - wikipedia Ravinder Singh ( author ) Jump to : navigation , search Ravinder Singh Ravinder Singh ( 1982 - 02 - 04 ) 4 February 1982 ( age 35 ) Burla , Sambalpur , Odisha , India Occupation Writer Nationality Indian Alma mater Indian School of Business , Hyderabad Genre Fiction Notable works I Too Had a Love Story Spouse Khushboo Chauhan Website ravindersinghonline.com Ravinder Singh ( Punjabi : ਰਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ) ( born 4 February 1982 ) is an Indian author . He has written five novels entitled `` I Too Had a Love Story '' , `` Can Love Happen Twice ? '' , `` Like it happened Yesterday '' , `` Your Dreams are Mine Now '' and `` This Love That Feels Right '' . Sss Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 2 Literary career 3 Works 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Ravinder Singh was born in a Sikh family in Burla , Sambalpur , Odisha . He spent his childhood days in Burla Sambalpur City . He completed his schooling from Guru Nanak Public School , Sambalpur , Odisha . He received a Bachelor of Engineering in computer science engineering from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College in Karnataka . Then he moved to Bhubaneshwar to work at Infosys Technologies for five years . He did his MBA from Indian School of Business in Hyderabad . He was working as a Sr. Program Manager at Microsoft when he decided to become a full - time author . His girlfriend died in 2007 before they got formally engaged . He adapted his own story into a novel . The book I Too Had a Love Story was reviewed by N.R. Narayana Murthy , Chairman Emeritus of Infosys Technologies , who called it `` Simple , honest and touching ''. Now married to Khusboo Chauhan who was one of the readers of his first novel and was so deeply moved that she went to a Gurudwara to pray for him , without imagining that one day she would get married to him . That event occurred on September , 23 , 2012 . Literary career ( edit ) Singh 's first book is based on a real - life incident of his meeting a girl and his love life . After a six - month search , an editing team sent the manuscript to the publisher Shristi , who published the book . The book was unveiled at a press conference in Chandigarh by Anupam Mittal . He also launched the audio version of I Too Had a Love Story in mid-2011 . I Too Had a Love Story is also published in Kannada language , entitled Nannadu Ondu prema kathe . `` After the unfortunate incident , I was looking for a reason to live . And I started to pen down the moments I had been through . '' `` I ca n't deny that . I had to go back in time , close my eyes , relive the moments , tears rolled down and I wrote the words . '' -- Singh talking at the launch of I Too Had a Love St . Works ( edit ) I too had a love story Can love happen twice ? Love Stories That Touched My Heart Like it Happened Yesterday Your Dreams Are Mine Now Tell me a story This Love that feels Right References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Too Had A Love Story '' . The Telegraph . 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Debutante novelist already a heartthrob '' ( pdf ) . Vitastapublishing . March 2011 . p. 5 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yuppy by day , writer by night '' . The Telegraph . 21 March 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love 's labour not lost '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Tender moments , touchingly told '' . The Tribune . 14 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Story of Love and Loss '' . India Today . 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listen to Novel '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Audio Book of Love and Loss '' . The Indian Express . 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Can love happen twice ? '' . Rediff. 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A writer 's journey '' . The Tribune . 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ravinder Singh '' . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diverse talent at ISB class of 2012 '' . The Hindu . 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I too had a love story by Ravinder Singh '' . 25 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Straight from the heart '' . New Indian express . Jump up ^ `` Author Ravinder Singh Biography , Books , Novels , Marriage , Wife , Children '' . Youth developers . External links ( edit ) Official website Books By Ravinder Singh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravinder_Singh_(author)&oldid=796659643 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people Indian male novelists Writers from Odisha Punjabi people Writers from Kolkata 21st - century Indian novelists Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Punjabi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 09 : 32 . About Wikipedia | can love happen twice is a real story or fiction | [] | [] |
759410297476904847 | Youngstown, Ohio | Youngstown , Ohio - wikipedia Youngstown , Ohio Jump to : navigation , search `` Youngstown '' redirects here . For other uses , see Youngstown ( disambiguation ) . Youngstown , Ohio City Location of Youngstown in Mahoning County and state of Ohio Location of Ohio in the United States Coordinates : 41 ° 6 ′ N 80 ° 39 ′ W / 41.100 ° N 80.650 ° W / 41.100 ; - 80.650 Coordinates : 41 ° 6 ′ N 80 ° 39 ′ W / 41.100 ° N 80.650 ° W / 41.100 ; - 80.650 Country United States State Ohio County Mahoning , Trumbull Founded 1796 Incorporated 1848 ( village ) -- 1867 ( city ) Government Type Mayor - council Mayor Jamael Tito Brown Area City 34.2 sq mi ( 88.5 km ) Land 33.9 sq mi ( 87.8 km ) Water 0.3 sq mi ( 0.77 km ) Elevation 850 ft ( 259 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 66,982 Estimate ( 2013 ) 65,184 Density 2,312.9 / sq mi ( 893.0 / km ) Urban 387,550 ( US : 97th ) Metro 555,506 ( US : 97th ) Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 44501 -- 44507 , 44509 - 44515 , 44555 Area code ( s ) 234 / 330 FIPS code 39 - 88000 GNIS feature ID 1058156 Website youngstownohio.gov Youngstown is a city in and the county seat of Mahoning County in the U.S. state of Ohio , with small portions extending into Trumbull County . According to the 2010 Census , Youngstown had a city proper population of 66,982 , while the Youngstown - Warren - Boardman , OH - PA Metropolitan Statistical Area it anchors contained 565,773 people in Mahoning and Trumbull counties in Ohio , and Mercer County in Pennsylvania . Youngstown is located on the Mahoning River , approximately 65 miles ( 105 km ) southeast of Cleveland and 61 miles ( 100 km ) northwest of Pittsburgh . Despite having its own media market , Youngstown is often included in commercial and cultural depictions of both Northeast Ohio as well as the Pittsburgh Tri-State Area due to these proximities . Youngstown lies 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of the Pennsylvania state line , midway between New York City and Chicago via Interstate 80 . The city was named for John Young , an early settler from Whitestown , New York , who established the community 's first sawmill and gristmill . Youngstown is in a region of the United States that is often referred to as the Rust Belt . Traditionally known as a center of steel production , Youngstown was forced to redefine itself when the U.S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s , leaving communities throughout the region without major industry . The city has experienced a decline of over 60 % of its population since 1959 . Youngstown also falls within the Appalachian Ohio region , among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Industrial age 1.3 Redevelopment 2 Geography and climate 2.1 Geography 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 4 Economy 4.1 History 4.2 Current economy 5 Government 6 Crime 7 Education 7.1 Primary and secondary 7.2 Higher education 8 Attractions 8.1 Covelli Centre 8.2 Theater 8.3 Museums 9 Sports 10 Neighborhoods 11 Transportation 12 Media 13 Sister cities 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Governor David Tod Youngstown was named for New York native John Young , who surveyed the area in 1796 and settled there soon after . On February 9 , 1797 , Young purchased the township of 15,560 acres ( 6,300 ha ) from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085 . The 1797 establishment of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19 , 1802 . The area including present - day Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve , a section of the Northwest Territory that Connecticut initially did not cede to the Federal government . Upon cession , Connecticut retained the title to the land in the Western Reserve , which it sold to the Connecticut Land Company for $1,200,000 . While many of the area 's early settlers came from Connecticut , Youngstown attracted a significant number of Scots - Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania . The first European Americans to settle permanently in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and wife Catherine Dougherty . By 1798 , Youngstown was the home of several families who were concentrated near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River . Boardman Township was founded in 1798 by Elijah Boardman , a member of the Connecticut Land Company . Also founded in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum who was a settler from New Jersey . As the Western Reserve 's population grew , the need for administrative districts became apparent . In 1800 , territorial governor Arthur St. Clair established Trumbull County ( named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull ) , and designated the smaller settlement of Warren as its administrative center , or `` county seat '' . In 1813 , Trumbull County was divided into townships , with Youngstown Township comprising much of what became Mahoning County . The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848 , and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city . It became the county seat in 1876 , when the administrative center of Mahoning County was moved from neighboring Canfield . Youngstown has been Mahoning County 's county seat to this day . Industrial age ( edit ) The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century paved the way for the Youngstown area 's inclusion on the network of the famed Erie Canal . The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835 , and the canal was completed in 1840 . Local industrialist David Tod , who was later Ohio governor during the Civil War , persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal mined in the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland . The arrival of the railroad in 1856 smoothed the path for further economic growth . Youngstown , 1910s : Central Square and Viaduct ( view looking south ) Youngstown 's industrial development changed the face of the Mahoning Valley . The community 's burgeoning coal industry drew hundreds of immigrants from Wales , Germany , and Ireland . With the establishment of steel mills in the late 19th century , Youngstown became a popular destination for immigrants from Eastern Europe , Italy , and Greece . In the early 20th century , the community saw an influx of immigrants from non-European countries including what is modern day Lebanon , Palestine / Israel , and Syria . By the 1920s , this dramatic demographic shift produced a nativist backlash , and the Mahoning Valley became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity . The situation reached a climax in 1924 , when street clashes between Klan members and Italian and Irish Americans in neighboring Niles led Ohio Governor A. Victor Donahey to declare martial law . By 1928 the Klan was in steep decline ; and three years later , the organization sold its Canfield , Ohio , meeting area , Kountry Klub Field . The growth of industry attracted people from within the borders of the United States , and from Latin America . By the late 19th century , African Americans were well represented in Youngstown , and the first local congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1871 . In the 1880s , local attorney William R. Stewart was the second African American elected to the Ohio House of Representatives . A large influx of African Americans in the early 20th century owed much to developments in the industrial sector . During the national Steel Strike of 1919 , local industrialists recruited thousands of workers from the South , many of whom were Black . This move inflamed racist sentiment among local Whites , and for decades , African - American steelworkers experienced discrimination in the workplace . Migration from the South rose dramatically in the 1940s , when the mechanization of southern agriculture brought an end to the exploitative sharecropping system , leading onetime farm laborers to seek industrial jobs . The city 's population became more diverse after the end of World War II , when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers . In the 1950s , the Latino population grew significantly ; and by the 1970s , St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish - speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area . While diversity is among the community 's enduring characteristics , the industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s . In response to subsequent challenges , the city has taken well - publicized steps to diversify economically , while building on some traditional strengths . Redevelopment ( edit ) The George Voinovich Center ( left ) and Mahoning County Children 's Services Center ( right ) Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction . Recent additions include the George Voinovich Government Center and state and federal courthouses : the Seventh District Court of Appeals and the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse . The latter features an award - winning design by the architectural firm , Robert A.M. Stern Architects . Looking down Federal Street In 2005 , Federal Street , a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian - oriented plaza , was reopened to through traffic . The downtown area has seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others . The re-opened Federal Street In 2004 , construction began on a 60 - home upscale development called Arlington Heights , and a grant from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development allowed for the demolition of Westlake Terrace , a sprawling and dilapidated public housing project . Today , the site features a blend of senior housing , rental townhouses and for - sale single - family homes . Low real - estate prices and the efforts of the Youngstown Central Area Improvement Corporation ( CIC ) have contributed to the purchase of several long - abandoned downtown buildings ( many by out - of - town investors ) and their restoration and conversion into specialty shops , restaurants , and eventually condominiums . Further , a nonprofit organization called Wick Neighbors is planning a $250 million New Urbanist revitalization of Smoky Hollow , a former ethnic neighborhood that borders the downtown and university campus . The neighborhood will eventually comprise about 400 residential units , university student housing , retail space , and a central park . Construction for the project began in 2006 . New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth . One of the area 's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator . This nonprofit organization , based in a former downtown department store building , fosters the growth of fledgling technology - based companies . The incubator , which boasts more than a dozen business tenants , has recently completed construction on the Taft Technology Center , where some of its largest tenants will locate their offices . In line with these efforts to change the community 's image , the city government , in partnership with Youngstown State University , has organized an ambitious urban renewal plan known as Youngstown 2010 . The stated goals of Youngstown 2010 include the creation of a `` cleaner , greener , and better planned and organized Youngstown '' . In January 2005 , the organization unveiled a master plan prepared by Urban Strategies Inc. of Toronto , which had taken shape during an extensive process of public consultation and meetings that gathered input from citizens . The plan , which included platforms such as the acceptance of a reduced population and an improved image and quality of life , received national attention and is consistent with efforts in other metropolitan areas to address the phenomenon of urban depopulation . Youngstown 2010 received an award for public outreach from the American Planning Association in 2007 . Geography and climate ( edit ) Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 34.60 square miles ( 89.61 km ) , of which 33.96 square miles ( 87.96 km ) is land and 0.64 square miles ( 1.66 km ) is water . Located in the Cleveland tri-state area , Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau . At the end of the last Ice Age , the glaciers left behind a uniform plain with valleys eroded by the Mahoning River crossing the plain . Lakes created by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained , leaving behind fertile terrain . Climate ( edit ) Youngstown has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) , typical of the Midwest , with four distinct seasons , and lies in USDA hardiness zone 6a . Winters are cold and dry but typically bring a mix of rain , sleet , and snow with occasional heavy snowfall and icing . January is the coldest month with an average mean temperature of 25.8 ° F ( − 3.4 ° C ) , with temperatures on average dropping to or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) on 4.1 days and staying at or below freezing on 43 days per year . Snowfall averages 62.7 inches ( 159 cm ) per season , significantly less than the snowbelt areas closer to Lake Erie . The snowiest month on record was 53.1 inches ( 135 cm ) in December 2010 , while winter snowfall amounts have ranged from 118.7 in ( 301 cm ) in 2010 -- 11 to 25.2 in ( 64 cm ) in 1948 -- 49 . Springs generally see a transition to fewer weather systems that produce heavier rainfall . Summers are typically very warm and humid with temperatures exceeding 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 7.7 days per year on average ; the annual count has been as high as 40 days in 1943 , while the most recent year to not reach that mark is 2014 . July is the warmest month with an average mean temperature of 70.5 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . Autumn is relatively dry with many clear warm days and cool nights . The all - time record high temperature in Youngstown of 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) was established on July 10 , 1936 , which occurred during the Dust Bowl , and the all - time record low temperature of − 22 ° F ( − 30 ° C ) was set on January 19 , 1994 . The first and last freezes of the season on average fall on October 10 and May 6 , respectively , allowing a growing season of 156 days ; freezing temperatures have been observed in every month except July . The normal annual mean temperature is 49.0 ° F ( 9.4 ° C ) . Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30 - year average from 1981 -- 2010 is 38.91 inches ( 988 mm ) , falling on an average 160 days . Monthly precipitation has ranged from 10.66 in ( 271 mm ) in June 1986 to 0.16 in ( 4.1 mm ) in October 1924 , while for annual precipitation the historical range is 54.01 in ( 1,372 mm ) in 2011 to 23.79 in ( 604 mm ) in 1963 . ( hide ) Climate data for Youngstown , Ohio ( Youngstown -- Warren Regional Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1897 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 71 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 82 ( 28 ) 90 ( 32 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 103 ( 39 ) 100 ( 38 ) 99 ( 37 ) 88 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 76 ( 24 ) 103 ( 39 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 56.1 ( 13.4 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 72.7 ( 22.6 ) 80.7 ( 27.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 89.8 ( 32.1 ) 91.2 ( 32.9 ) 90.1 ( 32.3 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) 92.4 ( 33.6 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 36.1 ( 2.3 ) 45.8 ( 7.7 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 81.4 ( 27.4 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 60.6 ( 15.9 ) 48.9 ( 9.4 ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 20.7 ( − 6.3 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 46.7 ( 8.2 ) 55.4 ( 13 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 51.4 ( 10.8 ) 41.5 ( 5.3 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 24.0 ( − 4.4 ) 39.7 ( 4.3 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) − 2.1 ( − 18.9 ) 1.2 ( − 17.1 ) 8.4 ( − 13.1 ) 22.5 ( − 5.3 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 44.5 ( 6.9 ) 36.8 ( 2.7 ) 27.6 ( − 2.4 ) 18.7 ( − 7.4 ) 5.5 ( − 14.7 ) − 5.3 ( − 20.7 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 22 ( − 30 ) − 16 ( − 27 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 40 ( 4 ) 32 ( 0 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 20 ( − 7 ) ( − 17 ) − 12 ( − 24 ) − 22 ( − 30 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.55 ( 64.8 ) 2.15 ( 54.6 ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 3.36 ( 85.3 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.88 ( 98.6 ) 4.31 ( 109.5 ) 3.24 ( 82.3 ) 3.75 ( 95.3 ) 2.77 ( 70.4 ) 3.18 ( 80.8 ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 38.91 ( 988.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 16.6 ( 42.2 ) 12.8 ( 32.5 ) 10.9 ( 27.7 ) 3.0 ( 7.6 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 3.6 ( 9.1 ) 15.0 ( 38.1 ) 62.7 ( 159.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 17.1 14.3 14.1 14.5 13.6 12.3 10.7 10.0 10.6 11.5 14.1 17.2 160.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 13.6 10.4 7.5 2.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 3.7 11.5 50.3 Source : NOAA , Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1820 273 -- 1830 384 40.7 % 1840 654 70.3 % 1850 2,802 328.4 % 1860 2,759 − 1.5 % 1870 8,075 192.7 % 1880 15,435 91.1 % 1890 33,220 115.2 % 1900 44,885 35.1 % 1910 79,066 76.2 % 1920 132,358 67.4 % 1930 170,002 28.4 % 1940 167,720 − 1.3 % 1950 168,330 0.4 % 1960 166,689 − 1.0 % 1970 139,788 − 16.1 % 1980 115,427 − 17.4 % 95,787 − 17.0 % 2000 82,026 − 14.4 % 66,982 − 18.3 % Est. 2016 64,312 − 4.0 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census population estimate was 65,062 people . The Mahoning Valley area as a whole has 763,207 residents . The United States Census Bureau 's 2011 American Community Survey estimated a median household income of $24,006 . A 2007 report by CNNMoney.com stated that Youngstown has the lowest median income of any U.S. city with more than 65,000 residents . Between 1960 and 2010 , the city 's population declined by over 60 % . Youngstown 's vacant - housing rate is twenty times that of the national average . 2010 Census ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , Youngstown has 26,839 households and 15,150 families in the city . The population density is 755.2 / km2 ( 1958.5 / sq mi ) . There are 33,123 housing units at an average density of 968.5 per square mile ( 373.4 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 47.0 % White , 45.2 % African American , 0.4 % Native American , 0.4 % Asian , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 3.3 % of some other race , and 3.7 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.3 % of the population . The European ancestry included had 10.8 % Italian , 10.8 % Irish , 10.0 % German , and 4.2 % English ancestries . Among the Hispanic population , 5.7 % are Puerto Rican , 1.9 % Mexican , 0.1 % Cuban , and 0.7 % some other Hispanic or Latino . Records suggest that 28.6 % of the households have children under the age of 18 . Of these , 25.6 % are married couples living together , 24.8 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 43.6 % are non-families . Meanwhile , 37.8 % of all households comprise a single person , and 14.5 % of households comprise a person over 65 years of age living alone . The average household size is 2.28 and the average family size is 3.02 . The population is spread out with 22.8 % under the age of 18 , 10.8 % from 18 to 24 , 24.3 % from 25 to 44 , 26.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 15.8 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 38 years . For every 100 females there are 96.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there are 95 males . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Youngstown , Ohio History ( edit ) Youngstown Sheet & Tube and Viaduct Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as `` old growth '' hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal , the Youngstown area eventually developed a thriving steel industry , starting with the area 's blast furnace in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton . By the mid-19th century , Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants , and because of easy rail connections to adjacent states , the iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s despite the depletion of local natural resources . At the turn of the 20th century , local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing , amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley 's industry in the hands of national corporations . In the late 1930s , the community 's steel sector gained national attention once again , when Youngstown became a site of the so - called `` Little Steel Strike '' , an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee , a precursor to United Steelworkers , to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies . On June 21 , 1937 , strike - related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries . Despite the violence , historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from `` basically local and ineffective organizations into all - encompassing , nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers '' . Between the 1920s and 1960s , the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel . At the same time , Youngstown never became economically diversified , as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago , Pittsburgh , Akron , or Cleveland . Hence , when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s , the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives . The September 19 , 1977 , announcement of the closure of a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube , an event still referred to as `` Black Monday '' , is widely regarded as the death knell of the old area steel industry in Youngstown . In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns , the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs , 400 satellite businesses , $414 million in personal income , and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues . The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector . Current economy ( edit ) Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations , though nothing on the scale seen during the `` glory days '' of the `` Steel Valley '' . The largest employer in the city is Youngstown State University ( YSU ) , an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students , located just north of downtown . The blow dealt to the community 's industrial economy in the 1970s was slightly mitigated by the presence of auto production plants in the metropolitan area . In the late 1980s , the Avanti , an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette , was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown 's Albert Street . This company moved away after just a few years . A mainstay of Youngstown 's industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant . The General Motors ' Lordstown Assembly plant is the largest industrial employer in the area . One of the nation 's largest auto plants in terms of square feet , the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala , Vega , and Cavalier . It was recently expanded and retooled with a new paint facility . The largest industrial employers within the Youngstown city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company ( formerly North Star Steel ) , in the Brier Hill district , and Exal Corporation on Poland Avenue . The latter has recently expanded its operations . Downtown Youngstown at night Youngstown 's downtown , which once underscored the community 's economic difficulties , is a site of new business growth . The Youngstown Business Incubator ( YBI ) , in the heart of the downtown , houses several start - up technology companies that have received office space , furnishings , and access to utilities . Some companies supported by the incubator have earned recognition , and a few are starting to outgrow their current space . One such company -- Turning Technologies -- has been rated by Inc. Magazine as the fastest - growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest - growing privately held company overall . In an effort to keep such companies downtown , the YBI secured approval to demolish a row of vacant buildings nearby to clear space for expansion . The project will be funded by a $2 million federal grant awarded in 2006 . In 2014 , the YBI was ranked as the number 1 university associated business incubator in the world by the Swedish UBII ( University Business Incubator Index ) . In 2015 , the YBI was the top University Associated Incubator in North America , and came in second to the Dublin Enterprise & Technology Centre , also known as the Guinness Enterprise Centre , in Dublin . Extensive coverage of Youngstown 's economic challenges has overshadowed the city 's long entrepreneurial tradition . A number of products and enterprises introduced in Youngstown later became national household names . Among these is Youngstown - based Schwebel 's Bakery , which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century . The company now distributes bread products nationally . In the 1920s , Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties , and the popular franchise of Handel 's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s . In the 1950s , Youngstown - born developer Edward J. DeBartolo , Sr. established one of the country 's first modern shopping plazas in the suburb of Boardman . The fast - food chain , Arby 's , opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964 , and Arthur Treacher 's Fish & Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s . More recently , the city 's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now - defunct pharmacy chain store Phar - Mor , which had been established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus . Buildings in Downtown Youngstown Government ( edit ) Youngstown is governed by a mayor who is elected every four years and limited to a maximum of two terms . Mayors are traditionally inaugurated on or around January 2 . The city has tended to elect Democratic mayors since the late 1920s because of the local unions ' support for Democratic candidates for office . Youngstown 's current mayor is John McNally IV . Jay Williams was the city 's first African - American mayor and its first independent mayor since 1922 . Williams belonged to the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bi-partisan group with the stated goal of `` making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets '' . He left his position in Youngstown to become President Barack Obama 's auto czar , directing the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry . Residents elect an eight - member city council composed of representatives of the city 's seven wards and a council president . The council , in turn , appoints a city clerk . The council traditionally meets every first and third Wednesday of the month . City council meetings are generally held from the third week in September to the third week in June . Meanwhile , the board of control oversees contracts for public projects within the municipal limits . The Youngstown Police Department and Youngstown Fire Department fall under the board 's supervision , as do the parks , civil service , community development , health , planning , and water departments . Youngstown 's finance department oversees all municipal finances and supervises the departments of economic development and income tax . The city 's department of public works has sweeping supervisory responsibilities and oversees the departments of engineering , building inspection , building and grounds , signal and sign , demolition and housing , litter and recycling , street , and water waste treatment . The city 's law department represents the city on all legal issues , serving as counsel to all municipal departments . Crime ( edit ) Crime has been a lingering problem in many of the Rust Belt 's big and small urban communities , hampering economic recovery . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , Youngstown was nationally identified with gangland slayings that were often committed with car bombs . The town gained the nicknames `` Murdertown , USA '' and `` Bomb City , USA , '' while the phrase `` Youngstown tune - up '' became a nationally popular slang term for car - bomb assassination . The image of Youngstown 's association with crime was reinforced by the construction of prisons inside the metropolitan area . As of 2012 , three adult correctional facilities continue to operate within city limits : the Mahoning County Justice Center the Northeast Ohio Correctional Center , and the Ohio State Penitentiary . For decades , Youngstown was a haven for organized crime , and related corruption was ingrained into the fabric of its society . A 2000 publication in The New Republic listed a `` chief of police , the outgoing prosecutor , the sheriff , the county engineer , members of the local police force , a city law director , several defense attorneys , politicians , judges , and a former assistant U.S. attorney '' as controlled by the Mob . The city accelerated measures to limit the influence of organized crime upon all sectors of municipal life . The climax of this ongoing effort was the arrest , trial , and 2002 conviction of former U.S. Representative James A. Traficant , Jr . ( D ) , on bribery , tax fraud , and racketeering charges . Although this has since been cleaned up somewhat , in 2006 , Youngstown was ranked by Morgan Quitno Press , a Kansas - based publishing and research company , as the 9th most dangerous city in the United States . Education ( edit ) Primary and secondary ( edit ) The Youngstown City School District manages all public education within the city . As of 2007 , the school district was engaged in a process of reconfiguration , consolidating existing schools while building some new ones . District high schools once included South , North , Chaney , Rayen , East , Woodrow Wilson , Youngstown Early College , and Choffin Career and Technical Center . This roster has changed ; Chaney expanded , North , South , and the original East were closed , and Rayen and Wilson were closed to make way for a newly built and re-opened East High School . Youngstown City School District participates in an `` Early College '' program , in cooperation with Youngstown State University . This program enables high school students to attend classes on campus and earn college credit . The Diocese of Youngstown once oversaw more than 20 schools within the city limits . As a result of dwindling enrollment , only four Catholic schools continue to operate within Youngstown proper . These include two elementary schools -- St. Christine 's and St. Joseph the Provider -- and two secondary schools , Ursuline and Cardinal Mooney . ( The two high schools share a heated and longstanding rivalry in athletics . ) Several additional Catholic schools operate in Mahoning , Trumbull , Columbiana , Portage , Stark , and Ashtabula counties . Youngstown hosts a small number of private schools . These include Valley Christian School , a nondenomenational K - 12 school located on the south side of the city ; Akiva Academy , a progressive K -- 8 school located in the Jewish Community Center ; and the Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley , which offers alternative learning environments for students ranging from preschool to eighth grade . Youngstown has a high school graduation rate of 65 % . Higher Education ( edit ) Youngstown State University 's Jones Hall Youngstown State University , the primary institution of higher learning in the Youngstown - Warren metropolitan area , traces its origins to a local YMCA program that began offering college - level courses in 1908 . YSU joined the Ohio system of higher education in 1967 . The university consists of six colleges : The College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences ( CLASS ) ; The College of Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM ) ; The Willamson College of Business ; The Bitonte College of Health and Human Services ; The College of Fine and Performing Arts ( FPA ) , and the College of Education . Once regarded as a commuter school , YSU serves about 13,000 students , many from outside the Youngstown area . The campus is just north of the city 's downtown and south of Youngstown 's historic Fifth Avenue district , a neighborhood of Tudor - , Victorian - , and Spanish Colonial Revival - style homes . YSU offers tuition rates that are lower than the average of other public universities in Ohio , at $3,856 per semester for undergraduates . The university 's assets include the Dana School of Music , an All - Steinway school . The Dana School of Music is one of the six oldest continuously operating schools of music in the United States . Youngstown State 's Engineering programs are accredited through ABET , making it one of the best Engineering Schools in the country , many graduates from the school have gone on to become the founders and heads for various Fortune 100 companies . Attractions ( edit ) In 2012 , Forbes.com ranked Youngstown , Ohio 4th among the best cities in the U.S. for raising a family . The article included the city 's schools , current low crime , cost - of - living , and property rates in its decision . Covelli Centre ( edit ) Main article : Covelli Centre Despite the impact of regional economic decline , Youngstown offers an array of cultural and recreational resources . Moreover , the community 's range of attractions has increased in recent years . The newest addition is the Covelli Centre , a venue for Tier I Jr . A hockey games , concerts , `` on ice '' shows , and other forms of entertainment . Theater ( edit ) The community 's culture center is Powers Auditorium , a former Warner Brothers movie palace that serves as the area 's primary music hall while providing a home for the Youngstown Symphony Orchestra . This downtown landmark is one of five auditoriums within the city limits . Ford Recital Hall was built in 2006 as an addition to newly renovated Powers Auditorium . Imposing and neo-classical Stambaugh Auditorium , on the city 's north side , has served for decades as a site of concerts and is often rented for private events . The facility also hosts the Stambaugh Youth Concert Band . Bruce Springsteen , who sang about the decline of Youngstown 's steel industry and its adverse effects on local workers in his ballad `` Youngstown '' , played at Stambaugh Auditorium on January 12 , 1996 , as part of his solo Ghost of Tom Joad Tour . Former violinist for the Dave Matthews Tribute Band , Jason C. Genaro , is from Youngstown , Ohio . Oakland Center for the Arts , in the downtown area , is a venue for locally produced plays . This institution is complemented by the Youngstown Playhouse on the city 's south side . The Youngstown Playhouse , Mahoning County 's primary community theater , has served the area for more than 80 years , despite intermittent financial problems . Well known theatrical personalities from the Youngstown area include comedic actor Joe Flynn , screen actress Elizabeth Hartman , singer and Broadway performer Maureen McGovern , and television and screen actor Ed O'Neill . Museums ( edit ) The Butler Institute of American Art is on the northeastern edge of the Youngstown State University campus . This institution was established by industrialist Joseph G. Butler , Jr. , in 1919 as the first museum in the country dedicated to American art . Across the street from the Butler Institute stands the McDonough Museum of Art , YSU 's University Art Museum and the Mahoning Valley 's center for contemporary art . The McDonough , established in 1991 , features changing exhibitions by regional , national and international artists and provides public access to the work of students , faculty and alumni from the Department of Art . The Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum , also on the YSU campus , is operated by the university 's geology department and housed in a campus building . The Butler Institute of American Art To the immediate north of YSU is the Arms Family Museum of Local History . The museum , housed in a 1905 Arts & Crafts style mansion on the main artery of Wick Avenue , is managed by the Mahoning Valley Historical Society . Once the estate of a local industrialist , the museum maintains period rooms that showcase the original contents of the household , including furnishings , art objects , and personal artifacts . The museum mounts rotating exhibits on topics related to local history . Recently , the museum opened the `` Anne Kilcawley Christman Hands - on History Room '' . The MVHS Archival Library operates in the estate 's former carriage house , near the back of the site . The Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor sits south of the YSU campus on a grade overlooking the downtown area . This museum , owned and operated by the Ohio Historical Society , focuses on the Mahoning Valley 's history of steel production . Other museums include the Children 's Museum of the Valley , an interactive educational center in the downtown area , and the Davis Education and Recreation Center , a small museum that showcases the history of Youngstown 's Mill Creek Park . On the city 's north side the Youngstown Steel Heritage Foundation is constructing the Tod Engine Heritage Park , featuring a collection of steel industry equipment and artifacts . The main exhibit is a 1914 William Tod Co. rolling mill steam engine that was built in Youngstown and used at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Brier Hill Works . The Tod Engine is one of three remaining rolling mill engines in the United States and is a Mechanical and Materials Engineering Landmark . Youngstown 's most popular resource is Mill Creek Park , a five - mile ( 8 km ) - long stretch of landscaped woodland reminiscent of Rock Creek Park in Washington , D.C. Mill Creek Park is the oldest park district in Ohio , established as a township park in 1891 . The park 's highlights include the restored 19th century Lanterman 's Mill , the rock formations of Bear 's Den , scores of nature trails , the Fellows Riverside Gardens and Education Center , the `` Cinderella '' iron link bridge , and two 18 hole Donald Ross golf courses . Mill Creek Park 's `` Cinderella '' iron link bridge Mill Creek Park encompasses approximately 2,600 acres ( 1,100 ha ) , 20 miles ( 32 km ) of drives and 15 miles ( 24 km ) of foot trails . Its attractions include gardens , streams , lakes , woodlands , meadows , and wildlife . Fellows Riverside Gardens ' popular lookout point offers visitors contrasting views of the area . From the south side , the canopied woodlands overlooking Lake Glacier are visible ; from the north side , visitors are presented with a view of downtown Youngstown . The park features two 18 - hole golf courses . The North Course is on rolling terrain , while the South Course features narrow , tree - lined fairways . Other features include playgrounds , athletic fields , and picnic areas . In 2005 , Mill Creek Park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places . A plaque commemorating this event is near a memorial statue of Volney Rogers , the Youngstown attorney who set aside land for the creation of Mill Creek Park . A smaller recreational area called Wick Park is on the historic North side . Wick Park 's periphery is lined with early 20th - century mansions built by the city 's industrialists , business leaders , and professionals during Youngstown 's `` boom '' years . Stambaugh Auditorium , a popular venue for concerts and other public events , is near the park 's southwestern edge . Another small recreational area called Crandall Park is also on the North side . Crandall Park offers well - maintained and landscaped homes , tree - lined streets , and walkable access to shopping and recreations . Several cemeteries ( notably historic Oak Hill Cemetery ) and small recreational spaces are scattered throughout the city . Some of those recreational spaces include Homestead Park , John White park , Lynn park , Borts Pool , and the Northside Pool . Sports ( edit ) Club League Venue Established Championships Youngstown Phantoms USHL , Ice hockey Covelli Centre 2003 Youngstown has enjoyed a long tradition of professional and semi-professional sports . In earlier decades , the city produced scores of minor league baseball teams , including the Youngstown Ohio Works , Youngstown Champs , Youngstown Indians , Youngstown Steelmen , Youngstown Browns , Youngstown Gremlins , and Youngstown Athletics . Local enthusiasm for baseball was such that the community hosted championship games of the National Amateur Baseball Federation throughout the 1930s and 1940s . The area 's minor league baseball teams were supplemented by semi-professional football teams , including the Youngstown Patricians , who won the 1915 championship of the informal `` Ohio League '' ( a direct predecessor to the National Football League ) , and the Youngstown Hardhats , who competed in the Middle Atlantic Football League in the 1970s and early 1980s . For three seasons , Youngstown was home to the Mahoning Valley Thunder of the now - defunct af2 , the minor league for the Arena Football League until 2009 when the franchise ceased operations . Local minor league basketball teams included the Youngstown Pride of the WBA from 1987 to 1992 , the Youngstown Hawks of the IBA in 1999 , and the Mahoning Valley Wildcats of the IBL in 2005 . Covelli Centre ( known then as the Chevrolet Centre ) was the home of the Youngstown SteelHounds hockey team that played in the Central Hockey League until May 2008 . In 2005 the Ohio Redbulls semi-pro football of the United States Football Association ( owned by Will Smith ) won their first championship . ( 1 ) The community has a lengthy tradition of collegiate sports . The Youngstown State University Penguins , a major regional draw , compete in the Missouri Valley Football Conference . The Penguins , noted participants in FCS ( I - AA ) football , play their games at Stambaugh Stadium and enjoy one of the more supportive fan bases . All other YSU athletic teams compete in the Horizon League , which does not sponsor football . The Youngstown State men and women 's basketball teams hold their games at Youngstown State 's Beeghly Center . The teams average about 2,500 fans per game , a number that has been on the rise the past two seasons with a new style of play under Head Coach Jerry Slocum . In addition , the YSU baseball and softball teams have enjoyed local support and success . The baseball team reached the NCAA super-regionals in 2005 , and the softball team did so in 2006 . Youngstown has produced a significant number of boxing champions , including bantamweight Greg Richardson , lightweights Ray `` Boom Boom '' Mancini and Harry Arroyo , and middleweight Kelly Pavlik . One of the city 's most recent sports - related attractions is the Covelli Centre , which was funded primarily through a $26 million federal grant . Located on the site of an abandoned steel mill , the large , high - tech facility opened in October 2005 . It was formerly called the Chevrolet Center , and during planning it was known as the Youngstown Convocation Center . The Centre 's main tenants are the Youngstown Phantoms , who play in the United States Hockey League . Previously , it was home to the Youngstown Steelhounds hockey team , who played in the CHL . The city plans to develop vacant land adjacent to the Centre for a park , a riverwalk ( the Mahoning River flows through the site ) , an amphitheater , or an athletic stadium for the city 's public and private high schools . These investments reflect wide appreciation of Youngstown 's athletic tradition , which has produced noted figures in a variety of sports . Prominent athletes with connections to the city include former world boxing champions Greg Richardson , IBF lightweight champion Harry Arroyo , College Football Hall of Fame end Bob Dove , Hall of Fame umpire Billy Evans , major league pitcher Dave Dravecky , NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar , IBF cruiserweight champion Jeff Lampkin , WBA lightweight champion Ray `` Boom Boom '' Mancini , major league manager Jimmy McAleer , WBC and WBO middleweight champion Kelly Pavlik , legendary baseball trainer `` Bonesetter '' Reese , major league outfielder George Shuba , and Heisman Trophy recipient Frank Sinkwich . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Downtown 's Central Square ( Federal Plaza ) from the east Arlington Heights Beachwood Bel Brier Hill Brownlee Woods Buckeye Plat -- extension of Brownlee Woods , Struthers. Jackson Elementary School Cornersburg Cottage Grove Downtown Down The Hill ( SouthSide ) Fifth Avenue Fosterville Garden District Hazelton Idora Indian Village Kirkmere Lansdowne Lansingville Lincoln Knolls Mahoning Commons Nebo Newport North Heights Oak Hill Ohio Works Performance Place Pleasant Grove Riverbend Rocky Ridge Salt Springs Schenley Scienceville Sharon Line Smoky Hollow University Transportation ( edit ) The Youngstown area is served by the Western Reserve Transit Authority ( WRTA ) bus system , which is supported through Mahoning County property and sales taxes . WRTA , whose main terminal is in the downtown area , provides service throughout the city and into surrounding Mahoning and Trumbull counties . The downtown terminal serves as the Youngstown area 's Greyhound terminal . In the vicinity of the WRTA terminal is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station . The historic terminal building has now been converted into a banquet hall , served Amtrak 's Three Rivers as a train station from 1995 to 2005 . The local railroads now serve freight trains exclusively . The Youngstown - Warren Regional Airport is currently served by three airlines ( Allegiant Air , Sun Country Airlines and Via Air , in order of market share ) , five rental car agencies Alamo , National , Enterprise , Budget , Avis , and has direct non-stop flights to Orlando ( Allegiant ) , Fort Myers ( Allegiant ) , Tampa ( Allegiant ) , Atlantic City ( Via Air ) , Tunica ( Via Air , Sun Country ) , and Gulfport ( Sun Country ) . Additional seasonal service includes flights to Myrtle Beach , SC ( Allegiant ) . On June 23 , 2016 , Uber launched its services in Youngstown , covering all of Mahoning County and most of Trumbull County . Media ( edit ) Youngstown features diverse media , including television , print and radio . Newspapers include The Buckeye Review ( bi-monthly / African - American ) , The Business Journal ( bi-monthly / business ) , The Catholic Exponent ( bi-monthly / religious ) , Daily Legal News ( daily / legal ) , The Jambar ( bi-weekly / college ) , The Jewish Journal ( monthly / Jewish ) , The Metro Monthly ( monthly / news , features , calendar ) , Morning Journal ( daily / Columbiana County news ) , The Review ( daily ( serving southern Columbiana County ) / news , features ) , Senior News ( monthly / seniors ) , The Journal ( weekly / Struthers , Campbell and Lowellville ) , Parent Magazine ( monthly / children 's ) , Peace Action Youngstown ( quarterly / peace activism ) , The Town Crier ( weekly / suburban news ) , Record Courier ( daily / Portage County news ) , Akron Beacon Journal ( daily / regional news ) , The Plain Dealer ( daily / regional news ) , Pittsburgh Post Gazette ( daily / regional news ) , Warren Tribune Chronicle ( daily / regional news ) , and The Vindicator ( daily / regional news ) , The News Outlet ( university based media collaborative ) Youngstown is served by 10 television stations , three of which are repeaters of TV stations in other cities , and a fourth coming in the near future from Pittsburgh NBC affiliate WPXI in nearby New Castle , Pennsylvania , that would easily penetrate Youngstown pending FCC approval . This is unusual for a mid-sized city near large metro areas such as Cleveland and Pittsburgh . Nearby Akron , with a larger population than Youngstown and Warren combined , has no local television stations and relies on Cleveland for its local news . The community 's 273,480 television households make the Youngstown market the nation 's 106th largest , according to Nielsen Media Research . The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including : WFMJ - TV ( channel 21 , NBC ) , WYTV ( channel 33 , ABC ) , WYFX - LD ( channel 17 / 62 & 27.2 on WKBN - DT2 , Fox ) , WKBN - TV ( channel 27 , CBS ) , MY - YTV ( channel 33.2 , MNTV ) , and WBCB ( channel 21.2 , The CW ) . WFMJ - TV and its digital subchannel WBCB are both locally owned & operated by the Maag family , owners of The Vindicator . The rest of Youngstown 's commercial television stations are either owned and operated by Media General or operated by MG through a shared services agreement . Western Reserve Public Media airs on channel 45 ( WNEO ) from Alliance , Ohio , and channel 49 ( WEAO ) from Akron is a member of PBS . Youngstown is served by 37 different radio stations in the metropolitan area making it the 119th largest radio market in the United States . Stations include 17 on the AM band and 20 on the FM band . The majority of the most powerful and popular radio stations in the Youngstown - Warren market are divided between two national media companies : Clear Channel and Cumulus Media . Sister cities ( edit ) Spišská Nová Ves , Slovakia , since 1991 In popular culture ( edit ) Bruce Springsteen wrote a song called `` Youngstown '' about the industrial history of Youngstown in his album The Ghost of Tom Joad , which he released in 1995 . See also ( edit ) List of people from Youngstown , Ohio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Knowing Youngstown : John Young 's Land Purchase '' . The Youngstown Daily Vindicator . October 15 , 1924 . p. 7hi . Jump up ^ Aley ( 1975 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Knepper , George W ( 2002 ) . The Official Ohio Lands Book ( PDF ) . Auditor of the State of Ohio . pp. 23 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Upton , Harriet Taylor ( 1910 ) . Cutler , Harry Gardner , ed . History of the Western Reserve . 1 . New York : Lewis Publishing Company . pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Peters , William E. ( 1918 ) . Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision . W.E. Peters . p. 153 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Thomas ( 1907 ) . 20th Century History of Youngstown and Mahoning County , Ohio . Biographical Publishing Company . pp. 169 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Aley ( 1975 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Jenkins ( 1990 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jenkins ( 1990 ) , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Aley ( 1975 ) , p. 259 . ^ Jump up to : Aley ( 1975 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Aley ( 1975 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Brody ( 1960 ) , pp. 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Bruno ( 1999 ) , pp. 155 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Linkon and Russo ( 2002 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Lemann ( 1991 ) , pp. 3 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Linkon and Russo ( 2002 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 . ^ Jump up to : Nasser , Haya El ( December 26 , 2006 ) . `` As older cities shrink , some reinvent themselves '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Battisti and Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse '' . U.S. General Services Administration . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` City unveils its new logo '' . The Vindicator . September 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Skolnick , David ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` City is looking up expert says '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Shilling , Don ( September 8 , 2006 ) . `` $2 M will expand incubator '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Laura ( 2013 ) . Decline - Oriented Urban Governance in Youngstown , Ohio ( chapter in The City After Abandonment ) . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ `` ' Youngstown 2010 ' Plan Honored with Award for Public Outreach '' . Planning.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Breckenridge , Tom ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' The Tech Belt Initiative ' to link Cleveland , Youngstown , Pittsburgh to share gains , dollars '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , Ohio . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Aley ( 1975 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Agriculture . United States National Arboretum . USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map ( Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 19 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown , OH Climate '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : OH YOUNGSTOWN RGNL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2007 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Income in the Past 12 Months ( in 2011 Inflation - Adjusted Dollars ) : 2011 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( August 31 , 2007 ) . `` The richest ( and poorest ) places in the U.S '' . CNN . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tavernise , Sabrina ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Trying to Overcome the Stubborn Blight of Vacancies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Youngstown , Ohio - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown , Ohio - Age Groups and Sex : 2010 Census Summary File 1 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Shellock , Marie ( 1 May 2007 ) . `` Defining moment in local labor history occurred 70 years ago '' . The Metro Monthly . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Fuechtmann ( 1989 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Fuechtmann ( 1989 ) , pp. 41 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Bruno ( 1999 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Bruno ( 1999 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Linkon and Russo ( 2002 ) , pp. 131 -- 132 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown - Warren area largest employers '' . Youngstown - Warren Regional Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Communities along the Mahoning River '' . Youngstown State University . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Washington , Frank ( April 3 , 1989 ) . `` Buffing Up an Old Classic -- Avanti Drives Again '' . Newsweek . CXIII : 46 . ^ Jump up to : Lyne , Jack ( 2002 ) . GM Doling Out $500 M to Build New Model in North Ohio . Site Selection Online Insider . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Exal Corporation '' . Macrae Blue Book . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top Inc. 5000 Companies by Industry 2007 -- Software '' . Inc. Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Business Incubator named world 's best : the Mix '' . Cleveland.com. 2014 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lindsay McCoy . `` Youngstown Business Incubator ranked number one worldwide - WFMJ.com News weather sports for Youngstown - Warren Ohio '' . Wfmj.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Youngstown Business Incubator blazing a trail around the world '' . Vindy.com. 2014 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Business Incubator again receives top world ranking '' . Vindy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` It all began in 1906 , in a small kitchen in Campbell , Ohio ... '' Schwebel 's Baking Company . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Shilling , Don ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` A Youngstown candy maker invented the Good Humor bar '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 176 Jump up ^ Solomon , Jolie ( August 31 , 1992 ) . `` Mickey 's Secret Life : The mystery man behind the Phar - Mor scandal was obsessed with winning -- and lost big '' . Newsweek . pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Blue et al. ( 1995 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Skolnick , David ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Community leaders extol mayoral victory '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2006 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayors Against Illegal Guns : Coalition Members '' . Mayors Against Illegal Guns . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Youngstown crime rates and statistics . Neighborhood Scout . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Heltzel , Bill ( December 7 , 1997 ) . `` Mob Rule in Youngstown '' . The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. C - 1 . Jump up ^ Grann , David ( July 10 , 2000 ) . `` Crimetown USA -- The city that fell in love with the mob '' . The New Republic . p. 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clines , Francis X . ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` Imprisoned fathers tell their children : do n't follow in our footsteps '' . The New York Times . pp. 9 -- 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Mahoningsheriff.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Just - in - Time Beds . `` CCA Facilities Corrections Corporation of America '' . Cca.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Penitentiary '' . Drc.ohio.gov . August 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grann , David ( July 10 , 2000 ) . `` Crimetown USA '' . The New Republic . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Clines , Francis X. ( April 12 , 2002 ) . `` Ohio Congressman guilty in bribery and kickbacks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ From America 's 9th Most Dangerous ... `` New YTOWN . Newytown.wordpress.com ( 2006 - 11 - 06 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gwin , Harold ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Students and parents to receive introduction to new East High '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Early College '' . Youngstown State University . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gwin , Harold ( June 7 , 2006 ) . `` Final bell tolls for two schools '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ About our school . Archived August 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . The Montessori School of the Mahoning Valley . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Woefully low graduation rates in America must be reversed '' . Vindy.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Gwin , Harold ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` Unofficial historian : Y gave YSU its start '' . The Vindicator . p . B - 1 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Pellegrini , Mary Ellen ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Wick Park historic district -- three groups will work together to ensure that striking neighborhoods will be preserved '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dick , Denise ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` YSU panel OKs 3.5 % tuition increase '' . Vindy.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` List of Cheapest Colleges and Universities in Ohio ( OH ) ( Lowest Tuition , In - State ) '' . Collegestats.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dana School of Music '' . Youngstown State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Van Riper , Tom ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Best Cities For Raising A Family '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Sam Warner Memorial -- Brothers Will Build a $1,000,000 Movie Theatre in Youngstown '' . The New York Times . March 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` DeYor Performing Arts Center Homepage '' . Youngstown Symphony . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stambaugh Auditorium Homepage '' . Stambaugh Auditorium . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Linkon and Russo ( 2002 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Flynn Drowns in Pool ; Youngstown Native Was TV Comedian '' . The Youngstown Vindicator . July 20 , 1974 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Biff Hartman of Playhouse Roles Has Broadway Lead '' . The Steel Valley News . November 22 , 1964 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McGovern brings wealth of talent to SRU Performing Arts Series show '' ( Press release ) . Slippery Rock University . October 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pallante , Sally ; Scotty Hanahan ; Jim Dunn ; Ted Miller ; Martin Pallante ; Terry Dunn ( 2004 ) . Irish in Youngstown and the Greater Mahoning Valley . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . p. 105 . Jump up ^ `` About the Butler '' . Butler Institute of American Art . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` McDonough Museum of Art '' . Youngstown State University . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence R. Smith Mineral Museum '' . Youngstown State University . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2006 . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown Historical Center of Industry & Labor '' . The Ohio Historical Society . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Museum of the Valley Homepage '' . Children 's Museum of the Valley . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mill Creek Metro Parks Homepage '' . Mill Creek Metro Parks . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tod Engine Page '' . Tod Engine Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mahoning Valley Historical Society page on Mill Creek Park '' . Mahoning Valley Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Bridge Shines Again '' . The Vindicator . November 21 , 2007 . p . B - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Golf '' . Mill Creek Metro Parks . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gwin , Harold ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Ceremony marks placement on National Register '' . The Vindicator . Jump up ^ Crandall Park North , City of Youngstown , Ohio , archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 , retrieved October 10 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Company Sports Teams and the Early Industrialization of Youngstown , Ohio '' . Youngstown State University . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ward , Frank B. ( September 16 , 1946 ) . `` Along the Sports Rialto '' . The Youngstown Vindicator . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Frolund , Vic . `` The Story of the Patricians '' . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bassetti , John ; Kovach , John ( March 31 , 2007 ) . `` Area breeds toughness , tradition ; From players , coaches , officials , the area has been well - represented in the NFL '' . The Vindicator . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Youngstown Thunder af2 football team folds '' . Vindy.com. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` YSU Sports Homepage '' . Youngstown State University . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bassetti , John ( December 5 , 1999 ) . `` Valley boxers , led by Mancini , ruled the ring '' . The Vindicator . Jump up ^ Skolnick , David ( November 18 , 2005 ) . `` Sealing the deal on Chevrolet Centre '' . The Vindicator . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dove , Ex-Notre Dame and Pro Standout , Elected to LA Citizen Savings Hall of Fame '' . Youngstown Vindicator . September 21 , 1975 . p . D - 3 . Jump up ^ Baker , Jon ( July 1 , 2005 ) . `` In Valley 's History , Evans Was an Early Scrapper '' . The Valley Voice . Jump up ^ `` Dravecky Big Help in Padres ' Bid for N.L. West Pennant '' . The Youngstown Vindicator . August 15 , 1982 . p . D - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jim M'Aleer , Noted In Ball World , Is Dead '' . The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. April 29 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Scalzo , Joe ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Pavlik credits Valley support for victory '' . The Vindicator . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bonesetter Reese Is Dead At Age Of 76 -- Career Ends For Man Who Devoted Life To Ministering To Sufferers '' . The Youngstown Telegram . November 30 , 1931 . Jump up ^ Kovach , John ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` ' Shotgun ' George Shuba recounts his baseball life '' . The Vindicator . p. C - 3 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ WRTA Youngstown . Western Reserve Transit Authority . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 Jump up ^ `` The B & O Station Banquet Hall '' . The B & O Station Banquet Hall . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown - Warren Regional Airport '' . Yngairport.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://wkbn.com/2016/06/22/uber-launching-in-youngstown-area/ Jump up ^ `` Ohio TV Information '' . Radio Station World . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` TV Query Results - Video Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Sampling the Population '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitron Radio Market Rankings : Spring 2008 '' . arbitron.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Youngstown - Spišská Nová Ves Sister Cities Program . 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aley , Howard C. ( 1975 ) . A Heritage to Share : The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley . Youngstown , OH : The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County , Ohio . Blue , Frederick J. ; Jenkins , William D. ; Lawson , William H. ; Reedy , Joan M. ( 1995 ) . Mahoning Memories : A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County . Virginia Beach , VA : The Donning Company . ISBN 0 - 89865 - 944 - 2 . Brody , David ( 1960 ) . Steelworkers in America . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Bruno , Robert ( 1999 ) . Steelworker Alley : How Class Works in Youngstown . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3439 - 4 . Fuechtmann , Thomas G. ( 1989 ) . Steeples and Stacks : Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33481 - 0 . Jenkins , William D. ( 1990 ) . Steel Valley Klan : The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio 's Mahoning Valley . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 415 - 6 . Knepper , George W. ( 1989 ) . Ohio and Its People . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 377 - X . Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73347 - 7 . Linkon , Sherry Lee ; Russo , John ( 2002 ) . Steeltown U.S.A. : Work & Memory in Youngstown . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1161 - 4 . Warner , Jack L. ( 1964 ) . My First Hundred Years in Hollywood . New York : Random House . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYoungstown , Ohioat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website City of Youngstown City Council Historic places List of mayors People Fire Steel Valley Rust Belt Neighborhoods Beachwood Boulevard Park Brier Hill Brownlee Woods Buckeye Cornersburg Crandall Park North Downtown Fifth Avenue Fosterville Garden District Golf View Acres East Golf View Acres West Hazelton Idora Indian Village Kirkmere Lansdowne Lansingville Lincoln Knolls Mahoning Commons Newport North Heights Oak Hill Ohio Works Performance Place Pleasant Grove Riverbend Rocky Ridge Salt Springs Schenley Sharon Line Smoky Hollow University Wick Park History Steel Youngstown Sheet and Tube National Steel Corporation Ling - Temco - Vought U.S. Steel Republic Steel Little Steel strike Steel strike of 1919 Steel Workers Organizing Committee Companies founded in Youngstown Handel 's Good Humor Arthur Treacher 's Phar - Mor Warner Bros . Strouss Sports Professional Scrappers MiLB Youngstown Steelmen ( defunct ) Phantoms USHL Little Steel Derby Girls ( Roller derby ) Youngstown State Penguins Horizon League Sports venues Eastwood Field Stambaugh Stadium Beeghly Center Covelli Centre Education Public schools City School District Youngstown Early College Stambaugh Charter Academy Rayen Early College Horizon Science Academy Youngstown Youngstown Academy of Excellence Southside Academy Youngstown Community School Summit Academy - Youngstown Steam Academy Youngstown Higher education Youngstown State University Eastern Gateway Community College Municipalities and communities of Mahoning County , Ohio , United States County seat : Youngstown Cities Alliance ‡ Campbell Canfield Columbiana ‡ Salem ‡ Struthers Youngstown ‡ Villages Beloit Craig Beach Lowellville New Middletown Poland Sebring Washingtonville ‡ Townships Austintown Beaver Berlin Boardman Canfield Coitsville Ellsworth Goshen Green Jackson Milton Poland Smith Springfield CDPs Austintown Boardman Damascus ‡ Maple Ridge Mineral Ridge ‡ Unincorporated communities Berlin Center Blanco Calla Coitsville Center East Lewistown Ellsworth Fredericksburg Garfield Greenford Hickory Corners Knaufville Lake Milton Locust Grove Millville New Albany New Buffalo New Springfield North Benton North Jackson North Lima Ohltown Patmos Petersburg Poland Center Pricetown ‡ Rosemont Snodes West Austintown Woodworth Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Trumbull County , Ohio , United States County seat : Warren Cities Cortland Girard Hubbard Niles Warren Youngstown ‡ Villages Lordstown McDonald Newton Falls Orangeville West Farmington Yankee Lake Townships Bazetta Bloomfield Braceville Bristol Brookfield Champion Farmington Fowler Greene Gustavus Hartford Howland Hubbard Johnston Kinsman Liberty Mecca Mesopotamia Newton Southington Vernon Vienna Warren Weathersfield CDPs Bolindale Brookfield Center Champion Heights Churchill Hilltop Howland Center Kinsman Center Leavittsburg Maplewood Park Masury McKinley Heights Mineral Ridge ‡ Morgandale South Canal Vienna Center West Hill Unincorporated communities Bristolville Burghill Center of the World Corinth Delightful Farmdale Fowler Hartford Mecca North Bloomfield Phalanx Pricetown ‡ Sodom Southington Stanhope ‡ Tyrrell West Mecca Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Ohio Columbus ( capital ) Topics History Geography People Government Administrative divisions Law Elections Delegations Colleges and universities Motto Tourist attractions Portal Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau Appalachian Ohio Black Swamp The Bluegrass Extreme Northwest Ohio Glacial till plains Lake Erie Lake Erie Islands Mahoning Valley Miami Valley Northeast Ohio Northwest Ohio Vacationland Western Reserve Metro areas Akron Canton Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Findlay - 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-8030835481996508123 | P. F. Chang's China Bistro | P.F. Chang 's China Bistro - wikipedia P.F. Chang 's China Bistro P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Type Private Industry Restaurant Genre Casual dining Founded 1993 ( 1993 ) Scottsdale , Arizona , U.S. Founder Paul Fleming Philip Chiang Headquarters 7676 E. Pinnacle Peak Road Scottsdale , Arizona , U.S. 85255 Number of locations 305 ( Worldwide , 2018 ) Area served Worldwide Key people Michael Osanloo CEO of P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc . Products Asian American cuisine Owner Centerbridge Partners Website pfchangs.com Footnotes / references P.F. Chang 's China Bistro is an Asian - themed US casual dining restaurant chain founded in 1993 by Paul Fleming and Philip Chiang , owned and operated by Centerbridge Partners , and headquartered in Scottsdale , Arizona . The chain specializes in American Chinese cuisine , plus other Asian dishes . Employees describe the menu as `` Asian flavors . '' As of October 2017 , P.F. Chang 's operated 208 restaurants in the United States and more than 100 in international markets under licensee agreements . Countries include Canada , Mexico , Argentina , Chile , Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Panama , Turkey , Lebanon , Philippines , South Korea , Dominican Republic , Egypt , Jordan , Kuwait , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , United Arab Emirates , and the United Kingdom . `` P.F. Chang 's '' is the namesake of Paul Fleming ( P.F. ) and Philip Chiang ( whose surname was simplified to Chang ) . Contents 1 History 1.1 2004 restatement 2 Menu 3 Data Breaches 3.1 2013 - 14 Credit Card Breach 3.2 2018 Security Vulnerability 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) A P.F. Chang 's China Bistro at Stamford Town Center , Connecticut ( now closed ) The chain was founded in 1993 by Paul Fleming and Philip Chiang - son of Cecilia Chiang . The first restaurant was opened at the Scottsdale Fashion Square in Scottsdale , Arizona . In 1993 , P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc. was formed from the acquisition of the original four bistro restaurants . On July 2 , 2012 Centerbridge Partners completed the purchase of P.F. Changs China Bistro and the company is no longer publicly held . In 2010 , `` P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Home Menu '' was introduced . The brand represents a group of frozen appetizers and meals that were sold under license by Unilever . ConAgra Foods , Inc. acquired the P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Home Menu license from Unilever in August 2012 . In December 2017 , the company announced that they would open a location in Shanghai during the first part of 2018 , P.F. Chang 's first location in China . 2004 restatement ( edit ) On March 15 , 2004 , the company reported that it had modified its partnership accounting , which resulted in a restatement of its financial results for prior years . On March 17 , 2005 , the company adjusted its accounting for leases in order to conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles . Accordingly , management and the audit committee determined that the company 's previously issued consolidated financial statements , including those in the company 's Annual Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended Dec. 28 , 2003 , and those in the company 's Quarterly Reports on Form 10 - Q for the first three fiscal quarters of 2004 , should no longer be relied upon . Menu ( edit ) A P.F. Chang 's China Bistro location in Columbia , Maryland . The chain specializes in American Chinese cuisine . Wine , specialty drinks , Asian beers , sake , cappuccino and espresso are available outside standard beverage offerings . Data breaches ( edit ) 2013 - 14 credit card Breach ( edit ) In mid-2014 , information regarding credit card breaches at P.F. Chang 's restaurant was brought to light by various sources , and later confirmed by P.F. Chang 's . 2018 security vulnerability ( edit ) On April 9th 2018 , an independent security researcher , Akshay ' Ax ' Sharma demonstrated a security flaw in P.F. Chang 's Rewards program which enabled leakage of members ' information , due to a poorly implemented API. . See also ( edit ) Arizona portal Companies portal Food portal Pei Wei Asian Diner List of Chinese restaurants References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc . ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` FY 2011 10 - K '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chef 's Corner , Recipes and Tutorials '' . P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Wants to be The American Bistro of Shanghai '' . Ad Age . 2018 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Dubai Chinese Cuisine '' . Mall of the Emirates . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs '' . P.F. Chang 's China Bistro , Inc. 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Products '' . Unilever . 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Iconic Asian restaurant chain P.F. Chang 's is opening its first location in China as an ' American bistro ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Modifies Its Partnership Accounting '' . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Announces Lease Accounting Changes '' . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Confirms Credit Card Breach '' . Jump up ^ `` P.F. Chang 's Security Flaw revealed , following Panera Bread 's leak '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._F._Chang%27s_China_Bistro&oldid=864322523 '' Categories : Restaurant chains in the United States Fast casual restaurants Companies based in Scottsdale , Arizona 2012 mergers and acquisitions Private equity portfolio companies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 13 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what does p.f. chang's stand for | [
"\"P. F. Chang's\" is the namesake of Paul Fleming (P. F.) and Philip Chiang (whose surname was simplified to Chang).[5]\n",
"\"P. F. Chang's\" is the namesake of Paul Fleming (P. F.) and Philip Chiang (whose surname was simplified to Chang).[5]\n"
] | [
"Paul Fleming (P. F.)",
"Philip Chiang"
] |
-8343259084338274383 | Glaucus atlanticus | Glaucus atlanticus - wikipedia Glaucus atlanticus This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Pteraeolidia ianthina . Glaucus atlanticus Glaucus atlanticus Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Mollusca Class : Gastropoda ( unranked ) : clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Nudipleura clade Nudibranchia clade Dexiarchia clade Cladobranchia clade Aeolidida Superfamily : Aeolidioidea Family : Glaucidae Genus : Glaucus Species : G. atlanticus Binomial name Glaucus atlanticus Forster , 1777 Synonyms Doris radiata Gmelin , 1791 ( synonym ) Glaucus distichoicus d'Orbigny , 1837 Glaucus flagellum Blumenblach , 1803 ( synonym ) Glaucus hexapterigius Cuvier , 1805 ( synonym ) Glaucus lineatus Reinhardt & Bergh , 1864 Glaucus longicirrhus Reinhardt & Bergh , 1864 Glaucus atlanticus ( common names include the sea swallow , blue angel , blue glaucus , blue dragon , blue sea slug and blue ocean slug ) is a species of small , blue sea slug , a pelagic aeolid nudibranch , a shell-less gastropod mollusk in the family Glaucidae . These sea slugs are pelagic : they float upside down by using the surface tension of the water to stay up , where they are carried along by the winds and ocean currents . Glaucus atlanticus is camouflaged : the blue side of their body faces upwards , blending in with the blue of the water . The silver / grey side of the sea slugs faces downwards , blending in with the silvery surface of the sea . Glaucus atlanticus feeds on other pelagic creatures , including the venomous siphonophore , the Portuguese man o ' war . This sea slug stores stinging nematocysts from the cnidarian within its own tissues as defense against predation . Humans handling the slug may receive a very painful and potentially dangerous sting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Buoyancy and coloration 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Life history and behavior 6 Sting 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) This species looks similar to , and is closely related to , Glaucus marginatus , which is now understood to be not one species , but a cryptic species complex of four separate species that live in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean . Description ( edit ) At maturity Glaucus atlanticus can be up to 3 centimetres ( 1.2 in ) in length . It is silvery grey on its dorsal side and dark and pale blue ventrally . It has dark blue stripes on its head . It has a flat , tapering body and six appendages that branch out into rayed , finger - like cerata . The radula of this species bares serrated teeth . Buoyancy and coloration ( edit ) With the aid of a gas - filled sac in its stomach , G. atlanticus floats at the surface . Due to the location of the gas sac , this species floats upside down . The upper surface is actually the foot ( the underside in other slugs and snail ) , and this has either a blue or blue - white coloration . The true dorsal surface ( carried downwards in G. atlanticus ) is completely silver - grey . This coloration is an example of countershading , which helps protect it from predators that might attack from below and from above . The blue coloration is also thought to reflect harmful UV sunlight . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) The blue sea slug is shown here out of water , and thus collapsed ; these were found on a beach . Picking up the animal can result in a painful sting , with symptoms similar to those caused by the Portuguese man o ' war . The slug in the water This nudibranch is pelagic , and there is some evidence that it occurs throughout the world 's oceans , in temperate and tropical waters . It has been recorded from the east and south coasts of South Africa , European waters , the east coast of Australia , and Mozambique . Glaucus atlanticus was recently found in the Humboldt Current ecosystem in Peru in 2013 , and off Andhra Pradesh in India in 2012 . This is in line with the known habitat characteristics of the species : they live in warm temperate climates in the Southern Pacific , and in circumtropical and Lusitanian environments . Before finding Glaucus atlanticus off Andhra Pradesh , these nudibranchs were documented as having been seen in the Bay of Bengal and off the coast of Tamil Nadu , India , over 677 kilometers apart . Glaucus atlanticus was also recently found off Bermuda in January 2016 . Although these sea slugs live on the open ocean , they sometimes accidentally wash up onto the shore , and therefore they may be found on beaches . Life History and behavior ( edit ) G. atlanticus preys on other larger pelagic organisms . The sea slugs can move toward prey or mates by using their cerata to make slow swimming movements . They are known to prey on the dangerously venomous Portuguese man o ' war Physalia physalis ; the by - the - wind - sailor Velella velella ; the blue button Porpita porpita ; and the violet snail , Janthina janthina . Occasionally , individuals attack and eat other individuals in captivity . G. atlanticus is able to feed on Physalia physalis due to its immunity to the venomous nematocysts . The slug consumes the entire organism and appears to select and store the most venomous nematocysts for its own use . The nematocysts are collected in specialized sacs ( cnidosacs ) at the tip of the animal 's cerata , the thin feather - like `` fingers '' on its body . Because Glaucus concentrates the venom , it can produce a more powerful and deadly sting than the Man o ' War on which it feeds . Like almost all heterobranchs , Glaucus is a hermaphrodite , having both male and female reproductive organs . Unlike most nudibranchs , which mate with their right sides facing , sea swallows mate with ventral sides facing . After mating , both animals produce egg strings . Sting ( edit ) The Glaucus atlanticus is able to swallow the venomous nematocysts from siphonophores such as the Portuguese man o ' war , and store them in the extremities of its finger - like cerata . Picking up the animal can result in a painful sting , with symptoms similar to those caused by the Portuguese man o ' war . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : WoRMS . `` Glaucus '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Lalli , C.M. ; Gilmer , R.W. ( 1989 ) . Pelagic snails : the biology of holoplanktonic gastropod mollusks . Stanford University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1490 - 7 . Retrieved 13 Jan 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Churchill , C.K.C. ; Valdés , Á ; Ó Foighil , D. ( 2014 ) . Molecular and morphological systematics of neustonic nudibranchs ( Mollusca : Gastropoda : Glaucidae : Glaucus ) , with descriptions of three new cryptic species . Invertebrate Systematics. 28 ( 2 ) : 174 - 195 . Jump up ^ `` Glaucus atlanticus ( blue sea slug ) '' . The Natural History Museum . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Piper , R. ( 2007 ) . Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33922 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thompson , T.E. ; McFarlane , I.D. ( 2008 ) . `` Observations on a collection of Glaucus from the Gulf of Aden with a critical review of published records of Glaucidae ( Gastropoda , Opisthobranchia ) '' . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London . 178 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 123 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1967. tb00967. x . Jump up ^ http://bluedragonslug.weebly.com/habitat.html Jump up ^ uribe , Roberto ; Nakamura , Katia ; Indacochea , Aldo ; Pacheco , Aldo ; Hooker , Yuri ; Schrödl , Michael ( September 2013 ) . `` A review on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from Peru , with the addition of three new records '' ( PDF ) ( 0341 - 8391 ) : 43 -- 60 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston - Barnes , Owain ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Diver finds ' blue dragons ' at Spittal Pond '' . The Royal Gazette . Jump up ^ TAPROBANICA . Taprobanica Private Limited . April 2012 . pp. 52 -- 53 . Retrieved 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Srinivasulu , Bhargavi , C. Srinivasulu , and G. Chethan Kumar . `` First record of the blue sea slug ( Glaucus atlanticus ) from Andhra Pradesh -- India . '' TAPROBANICA : The Journal of Asian Biodiversity 4.1 ( 2012 ) : 52 - 53 . Jump up ^ MacLellan , Amelia `` Glaucus atlanticus ( blue sea slug ) '' . The Natural History Museum . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Rudman , W.B. ( 6 November 1998 ) . `` Glaucus atlanticus Forster , 1777 '' . Sea Slug Forum . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Debelius , H. ; Kuiter , R.H. ( 2007 ) . Nudibranchs of the world . IKAN - Unterwasserarchiv . ISBN 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rudman , W.B. ( 6 November 1998 ) . `` Glaucus atlanticus Forster , 1777 '' . Sea Slug Forum . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ottuso , Patrick Thomas ( May 2009 ) . `` Aquatic antagonists : Indirect nematocyst envenomation and acute allergic contact dermatitis due to nudibranchs '' ( PDF ) . Cutis. 83 . Further reading ( edit ) Churchill , Celia K.C. ; Valdés , Ángel ; Foighil , Diarmaid Ó. ( April 2014 ) . `` Afro - Eurasia and the Americas present barriers to gene flow for the cosmopolitan neustonic nudibranch Glaucus atlanticus '' . Marine Biology ( Berlin ) . 161 ( 4 ) : 899 -- 910 . doi : 10.1007 / s00227 - 014 - 2389 - 7 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Valdés , Ángel ; Orso Angulo Campillo ( November 2004 ) . `` Systematics of Pelagic Aeolid Nudibranchs Of The Family Glaucidae ( Mollusca , Gastropoda ) '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . 75 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 389 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 04 . MILLER , M.C. ( January 1974 ) . `` Aeolid nudibranchs ( Gastropoda : Opisthobranchia ) of the family Glaucidae from New Zealand waters '' . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 54 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1974. tb00792. x . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glaucus atlanticus . Wikispecies has information related to : Glaucidae Sea Slug Forum Glaucus atlanticus at the Encyclopedia of Life Taxon identifiers Wd : Q131757 ADW : Glaucus_atlanticus EoL : 451180 GBIF : 5190072 iNaturalist : 50498 ITIS : 78750 NCBI : 1154737 WoRMS : 140022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glaucus_atlanticus&oldid=798374626 '' Categories : Glaucidae Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 15 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | blue dragon sea slug where do they live | [] | [] |
-3349107824275039276 | List of Southwest Airlines destinations | List of Southwest Airlines destinations - wikipedia List of Southwest Airlines destinations As of August 2018 , Southwest Airlines has scheduled flights to 99 destinations in 40 states , Puerto Rico , Mexico , Central America and the Caribbean , the newest being Providenciales , Turks and Caicos Islands on November 5 , 2017 . The airline has 15 focus cities and operates over 4,000 flights each day . Contents 1 Destinations 1.1 AirTran cities acquired by Southwest 1.2 International service 1.3 Hawaii service 1.4 Chart 2 References 3 External links Destinations ( edit ) Southwest does not use the `` hub and spoke '' system of other major airlines , preferring the `` point - to - point '' system . It has large operations in certain airports . An average of 80 percent of Southwest passengers are local passengers -- only 20 percent of all passengers are connecting passengers . This is higher than most airlines , where many passengers connect in hub cities . However , at Southwest 's focus cities , the percentage of connecting passengers can reach 30 percent . Recent numbers indicate that the number of connecting passengers is steadily rising . As part of its effort to control costs , Southwest sometimes uses secondary airports in cities with high costs . Secondary airports have lower costs and may be more convenient to travelers than major airports . Some examples include : Chicago , Illinois : Southwest uses Midway International Airport instead of O'Hare International Airport . Dallas , Texas : Southwest uses Dallas Love Field instead of Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport . Houston , Texas : Southwest uses William P. Hobby Airport instead of George Bush Intercontinental Airport . Miami / Fort Lauderdale , Florida : Southwest uses Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport instead of Miami International Airport . New York City , New York : Southwest uses Newark Liberty International Airport , LaGuardia Airport and Long Island MacArthur Airport airports instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport . AirTran cities acquired by Southwest ( edit ) Through Southwest 's acquisition of AirTran Airways , Southwest opened a focus city in Atlanta and acquired additional slots at Washington -- National and New York -- LaGuardia . In addition , Southwest added service to the following destinations . Aruba Atlanta , Georgia Cancún , Mexico Charlotte , North Carolina Des Moines , Iowa Grand Rapids , Michigan Memphis , Tennessee Mexico City , Mexico Montego Bay , Jamaica Nassau , Bahamas Pensacola , Florida Portland , Maine Punta Cana , Dominican Republic Richmond , Virginia Rochester , New York San José del Cabo , Mexico San Juan , Puerto Rico Wichita , Kansas International service ( edit ) Southwest began planning international service when it acquired AirTran , which already served international destinations . Southwest 's first approach to international service came on April 19 , 2012 when it signed a contract with the Amadeus IT Group to launch an international reservation system . This agreement gave the airline the capability to begin flying to destinations outside of the United States . Southwest debuted the international reservation system on January 27 , 2014 when its first international flights went on sale . This was followed by the first international flights which began on July 1 , 2014 to Aruba ( AUA ) , Montego Bay , Jamaica ( MBJ ) and Nassau , Bahamas ( NAS ) . Southwest built a 5 gate international terminal at William P. Hobby Airport that opened in 2015 . Southwest also built a 5 gate international terminal in Fort Lauderdale that opened in 2017 . Hawaii service ( edit ) On October 11 , 2017 , Southwest announced they would add service to Hawaii beginning in 2018 , pending government approval . The airline announced that the flights to Hawaii will be operated from four California cities : Oakland , San Diego , San Jose , and Sacramento , utilizing their Boeing 737 - 800 and 737 MAX 8 aircraft . As announced Southwest Airlines will begin service to the following destinations : Honolulu ( Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ) , Kahului ( Kahului Airport ) , Kailua - Kona ( Kona International Airport ) , Lihue ( Lihue Airport ) . Chart ( edit ) As of June 2018 , this is a list of destinations that Southwest Airlines serves . Operating Base Focus city Future destination Terminated destination Country ( State / Province ) City Airport City Count Begin End Refs Aruba Oranjestad Queen Beatrix International Airport 85 2014 Present Bahamas Nassau Lynden Pindling International Airport 86 2014 Present Belize Belize City Philip S.W. Goldson International Airport 93 2015 Present Cayman Islands George Town Owen Roberts International Airport 97 2017 Present Costa Rica Liberia Daniel Oduber Quirós International Airport 94 2015 Present Costa Rica San José Juan Santamaría International Airport 91 2015 Present Cuba Havana José Martí International Airport 96 2016 Present Cuba Santa Clara Abel Santamaría Airport -- 2016 2017 Cuba Varadero Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport -- 2016 2017 Dominican Republic Punta Cana Punta Cana International Airport 89 2014 Present Jamaica Montego Bay Sangster International Airport 84 2014 Present Mexico ( Baja California Sur ) San José del Cabo Los Cabos International Airport 88 2014 Present Mexico ( Federal District ) Mexico City Mexico City International Airport 90 2014 Present Mexico ( Jalisco ) Puerto Vallarta Lic . Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport 92 2015 Present Mexico ( Quintana Roo ) Cancún Cancún International Airport 87 2014 Present Turks and Caicos Islands Providenciales Providenciales International Airport 99 2017 Present United States ( Alabama ) Birmingham Birmingham - Shuttlesworth International Airport 25 Present United States ( Arizona ) Phoenix Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport 16 1982 Present United States ( Arizona ) Tucson Tucson International Airport 43 1994 Present United States ( Arkansas ) Little Rock Little Rock National Airport 20 1984 Present United States ( California ) Burbank Hollywood Burbank Airport 29 1990 Present United States ( California ) Long Beach Long Beach Airport 95 2016 Present United States ( California ) Los Angeles Los Angeles International Airport 19 1982 Present United States ( California ) Oakland Oakland International Airport 28 1989 Present United States ( California ) Ontario Ontario International Airport 23 1985 Present United States ( California ) Orange County John Wayne Airport 37 1994 Present United States ( California ) Sacramento Sacramento International Airport 31 1991 Present United States ( California ) San Diego San Diego International Airport 17 1982 Present United States ( California ) San Francisco San Francisco International Airport 63 1982 , 2007 2001 , Present United States ( California ) San José San Jose International Airport 35 1993 Present United States ( Colorado ) Denver Denver International Airport 61 2006 Present United States ( Colorado ) Denver Stapleton International Airport -- 1986 United States ( Connecticut ) Hartford Bradley International Airport 53 1999 Present United States ( Florida ) Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport 45 Present United States ( Florida ) Fort Myers Southwest Florida International Airport 60 2005 Present United States ( Florida ) Jacksonville Jacksonville International Airport 49 1997 Present United States ( Florida ) Key West Key West International Airport -- 2012 2014 United States ( Florida ) Orlando Orlando International Airport 47 Present United States ( Florida ) Palm Beach Palm Beach International Airport 56 2001 Present United States ( Florida ) Panama City Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport 68 Present United States ( Florida ) Pensacola Pensacola International Airport 82 2013 Present United States ( Florida ) Tampa Tampa International Airport 46 Present United States ( Georgia ) Atlanta Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport 72 2012 Present United States ( Hawaii ) Honolulu Daniel K. Inouye International Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Hawaii ) Kahului Kahului Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Hawaii ) Kailua - Kona Kona International Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Hawaii ) Lihue Lihue Airport -- 2018 Future United States ( Idaho ) Boise Boise Airport 41 1994 Present United States ( Illinois ) Chicago Chicago Midway International Airport 21 1985 Present United States ( Indiana ) Indianapolis Indianapolis International Airport 27 1989 Present United States ( Iowa ) Des Moines Des Moines International Airport 74 2012 Present United States ( Kansas ) Wichita Wichita Eisenhower National Airport 79 2013 Present United States ( Kentucky ) Covington / Cincinnati Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky International Airport 98 2017 Present United States ( Kentucky ) Louisville Louisville International Airport 34 1993 Present United States ( Louisiana ) New Orleans Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport 11 1979 Present United States ( Maine ) Portland Portland International Jetport 78 2013 Present United States ( Maryland ) Baltimore / Washington , D.C. Baltimore - Washington International Airport 36 1993 Present United States ( Massachusetts ) Boston Logan International Airport 66 2009 Present United States ( Michigan ) Detroit Coleman A. Young International Airport -- 1993 United States ( Michigan ) Detroit Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport 26 Present United States ( Michigan ) Flint Bishop International Airport -- 2013 2018 United States ( Michigan ) Grand Rapids Gerald R. Ford International Airport 80 2013 Present United States ( Minnesota ) Minneapolis / St. Paul Minneapolis - Saint Paul International Airport 64 2009 Present United States ( Mississippi ) Jackson Jackson International Airport -- 1997 2014 United States ( Missouri ) Branson Branson Airport -- 2013 2014 United States ( Missouri ) Kansas City Kansas City International Airport 18 1982 Present United States ( Missouri ) St. Louis Lambert - Saint Louis International Airport 22 1985 Present United States ( Nebraska ) Omaha Eppley Airfield 44 1995 Present United States ( Nevada ) Las Vegas McCarran International Airport 15 1982 Present United States ( Nevada ) Reno / Tahoe Reno - Tahoe International Airport 30 1990 Present United States ( New Hampshire ) Manchester Manchester - Boston Regional Airport 50 1998 Present United States ( New Jersey ) Newark Newark Liberty International Airport 71 2011 Present United States ( New Mexico ) Albuquerque Albuquerque International Sunport 14 1980 Present United States ( New York ) Albany Albany International Airport 54 2000 Present United States ( New York ) Buffalo Buffalo Niagara International Airport 55 2000 Present United States ( New York ) Long Island / Islip Long Island MacArthur Airport 51 1999 Present United States ( New York ) New York City LaGuardia Airport 65 2009 Present United States ( New York ) Rochester Greater Rochester International Airport 77 2013 Present United States ( North Carolina ) Charlotte Charlotte / Douglas International Airport 75 2013 Present United States ( North Carolina ) Raleigh - Durham Raleigh - Durham International Airport 52 1999 Present United States ( Ohio ) Akron / Canton Akron - Canton Regional Airport -- 2012 2017 United States ( Ohio ) Cleveland Cleveland Hopkins International Airport 32 1992 Present United States ( Ohio ) Columbus John Glenn Columbus International Airport 33 1992 Present United States ( Ohio ) Dayton Dayton International Airport -- 2012 2017 United States ( Oklahoma ) Oklahoma City Will Rogers World Airport 12 1980 Present United States ( Oklahoma ) Tulsa Tulsa International Airport 13 1980 Present United States ( Oregon ) Portland Portland International Airport 38 1994 Present United States ( Pennsylvania ) Philadelphia Philadelphia International Airport 58 Present United States ( Pennsylvania ) Pittsburgh Pittsburgh International Airport 59 2005 Present United States ( Puerto Rico ) San Juan Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport 76 2013 Present United States ( Rhode Island ) Providence T.F. Green Airport 48 Present United States ( South Carolina ) Charleston Charleston International Airport 70 2011 Present United States ( South Carolina ) Greenville / Spartanburg Greenville - Spartanburg International Airport 69 2011 Present United States ( Tennessee ) Memphis Memphis International Airport 81 2013 Present United States ( Tennessee ) Nashville Nashville International Airport 24 1986 Present United States ( Texas ) Amarillo Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport 10 1978 Present United States ( Texas ) Austin Austin - Bergstrom International Airport 9 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Beaumont / Port Arthur Jack Brooks Regional Airport -- 1979 1980 United States ( Texas ) Corpus Christi Corpus Christi International Airport 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Dallas Dallas Love Field 1971 Present United States ( Texas ) El Paso El Paso International Airport 8 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Harlingen / South Padre Island Valley International Airport Present United States ( Texas ) Houston William P. Hobby Airport 1971 Present United States ( Texas ) Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport -- 1971 , 1980 1972 , 2005 United States ( Texas ) Lubbock Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport 6 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) Midland / Odessa Midland International Airport 7 1977 Present United States ( Texas ) San Antonio San Antonio International Airport 1971 Present United States ( Utah ) Salt Lake City Salt Lake City International Airport 42 1994 Present United States ( Virginia ) Norfolk Norfolk International Airport 57 2001 Present United States ( Virginia ) Richmond Richmond International Airport 83 2013 Present United States ( Virginia ) Washington , D.C. / Arlington Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport 73 2012 Present United States ( Virginia ) Dulles Washington Dulles International Airport 62 2006 Present United States ( Washington ) Everett Paine Field -- 2018 Future United States ( Washington ) Seattle / Tacoma Seattle -- Tacoma International Airport 39 1994 Present United States ( Washington ) Spokane Spokane International Airport 40 1994 Present United States ( Wisconsin ) Milwaukee General Mitchell International Airport 67 2009 Present United States ( Wyoming ) Jackson Hole Jackson Hole Airport -- 1985 1986 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.southwest.com/flight/routemap_dyn.html Jump up ^ `` Southwest Corporate Fact Sheet - Corporate Fact Sheet - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . swamedia.com . Jump up ^ Jeremy Sickler . `` Chapter 7 : Flight Arrival Flow : Southwest vs. Legacy Carriers '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2004 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maxon , Terry . `` Factoids from Southwest Airlines ' annual report '' . Dallas News . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Southwest Airlines ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` Southwest Airlines and AirTran Airways Confirm Plans to Maintain AirTran Airways Operations at 22 Domestic and International Airports - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . Southwest Airlines . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines Newsroom : Releases '' . Swamedia.com. April 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Lauderdale Hollywood International Airport overhauls terminal to add international travel '' . Sun Sentinel . Jump up ^ http://wnep.com/2017/10/14/southwest-airlines-to-start-flying-to-hawaii/ Jump up ^ https://www.southwestaircommunity.com/t5/Southwest-Stories/Summer-is-Here-Summer-2017-Schedule-is-now-Published/ba-p/50394 ^ Jump up to : http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article158696934.html Jump up ^ https://www.swamedia.com/pages/when-did-we-arrive ^ Jump up to : `` Openings / Closings - By Category - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . swamedia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Southwest Airlines To Cease Operations In Three Cities - Southwest Airlines Newsroom '' . swamedia.com . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segal , Dave ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Southwest Airlines makes it official : Hawaii service on the way '' . Star - Advertiser . Honolulu . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jason Williams ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Long - time coming : Southwest lands in Cincinnati '' . cincinnati.com . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines pulls plug on flights from Flint '' . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://myeverettnews.com/2018/01/25/southwest-airlines-announces-plans-to-fly-from-paine-field-everett-this-fall/ External links ( edit ) Southwest Airlines Route Map Southwest Airlines Gary C. Kelly , Chairman and CEO - Tom Nealon , President Subsidiaries AirTran Airways ATA Airlines Morris Air TranStar Airlines People Herb Kelleher Rollin King J. George Mikelsons Gary C. Kelly Colleen Barrett Incidents Flight 1455 Flight 1763 Flight 1248 Flight 2294 Flight 812 Flight 345 Flight 3472 Flight 1380 Television shows Airline On the Fly Related History Access Now , Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co . Southwest Airlines destinations Southwest Effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Southwest_Airlines_destinations&oldid=854125320 '' Categories : Southwest Airlines Lists of airline destinations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 03 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does southwest fly to in south carolina | [
"\n\n\nCountry (State/Province)\n\nCity\n\nAirport\n\nCity Count\n\nBegin\n\nEnd\n\nRefs\n\n\nAruba\nOranjestad\nQueen Beatrix International Airport\n85\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBahamas\nNassau\nLynden Pindling International Airport\n86\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBelize\nBelize City\nPhilip S. W. Goldson International Airport\n93\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCayman Islands\nGeorge Town\nOwen Roberts International Airport\n97\n2017\nPresent\n[9]\n\n\nCosta Rica\nLiberia\nDaniel Oduber Quirós International Airport\n94\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCosta Rica\nSan José\nJuan Santamaría International Airport\n91\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nHavana\nJosé Martí International Airport\n96\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nSanta Clara\nAbel Santamaría Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nCuba\nVaradero\nJuan Gualberto Gómez Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nDominican Republic\nPunta Cana\nPunta Cana International Airport\n89\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nJamaica\nMontego Bay\nSangster International Airport\n84\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Baja California Sur)\nSan José del Cabo\nLos Cabos International Airport\n88\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Federal District)\nMexico City\nMexico City International Airport\n90\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Jalisco)\nPuerto Vallarta\nLic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport\n92\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Quintana Roo)\nCancún\nCancún International Airport\n87\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nTurks and Caicos Islands\nProvidenciales\nProvidenciales International Airport\n99\n2017\nPresent\n[11]\n\n\nUnited States (Alabama)\nBirmingham\nBirmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport\n25\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nPhoenix\nPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport\n16\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nTucson\nTucson International Airport\n43\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arkansas)\nLittle Rock\nLittle Rock National Airport\n20\n1984\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nBurbank\nHollywood Burbank Airport\n29\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLong Beach\nLong Beach Airport\n95\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLos Angeles\nLos Angeles International Airport\n19\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOakland\nOakland International Airport\n28\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOntario\nOntario International Airport\n23\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOrange County\nJohn Wayne Airport\n37\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSacramento\nSacramento International Airport\n31\n1991\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Diego\nSan Diego International Airport\n17\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Francisco\nSan Francisco International Airport\n63\n1982, 2007\n2001, Present\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan José\nSan Jose International Airport\n35\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nDenver International Airport\n61\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nStapleton International Airport\n—\n1983\n1986\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Connecticut)\nHartford\nBradley International Airport\n53\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Lauderdale\nFort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport\n45\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Myers\nSouthwest Florida International Airport\n60\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nJacksonville\nJacksonville International Airport\n49\n1997\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nKey West\nKey West International Airport\n—\n2012\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nOrlando\nOrlando International Airport\n47\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPalm Beach\nPalm Beach International Airport\n56\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPanama City\nNorthwest Florida Beaches International Airport\n68\n2010\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPensacola\nPensacola International Airport\n82\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nTampa\nTampa International Airport\n46\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Georgia)\nAtlanta\nHartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\n72\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nHonolulu\nDaniel K. Inouye International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[14]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKahului\nKahului Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[15]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKailua-Kona\nKona International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[16]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nLihue\nLihue Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[17]\n\n\nUnited States (Idaho)\nBoise\nBoise Airport\n41\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Illinois)\nChicago\nChicago Midway International Airport\n21\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Indiana)\nIndianapolis\nIndianapolis International Airport\n27\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Iowa)\nDes Moines\nDes Moines International Airport\n74\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kansas)\nWichita\nWichita Eisenhower National Airport\n79\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nCovington/Cincinnati\nCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport\n98\n2017\nPresent\n[18]\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nLouisville\nLouisville International Airport\n34\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Louisiana)\nNew Orleans\nLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport\n11\n1979\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maine)\nPortland\nPortland International Jetport\n78\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maryland)\nBaltimore/Washington, D.C.\nBaltimore-Washington International Airport\n36\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Massachusetts)\nBoston\nLogan International Airport\n66\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nColeman A. Young International Airport\n—\n1988\n1993\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nDetroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport\n26\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nFlint\nBishop International Airport\n—\n2013\n2018\n[19]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nGrand Rapids\nGerald R. Ford International Airport\n80\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Minnesota)\nMinneapolis/St. Paul\nMinneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport\n64\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Mississippi)\nJackson\nJackson International Airport\n—\n1997\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nBranson\nBranson Airport\n—\n2013\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nKansas City\nKansas City International Airport\n18\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nSt. Louis\nLambert-Saint Louis International Airport\n22\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nebraska)\nOmaha\nEppley Airfield\n44\n1995\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nLas Vegas\nMcCarran International Airport\n15\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nReno/Tahoe\nReno-Tahoe International Airport\n30\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Hampshire)\nManchester\nManchester-Boston Regional Airport\n50\n1998\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Jersey)\nNewark\nNewark Liberty International Airport\n71\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Mexico)\nAlbuquerque\nAlbuquerque International Sunport\n14\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nAlbany\nAlbany International Airport\n54\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nBuffalo\nBuffalo Niagara International Airport\n55\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nLong Island/Islip\nLong Island MacArthur Airport\n51\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nNew York City\nLaGuardia Airport\n65\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nRochester\nGreater Rochester International Airport\n77\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nCharlotte\nCharlotte/Douglas International Airport\n75\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nRaleigh-Durham\nRaleigh-Durham International Airport\n52\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nAkron/Canton\nAkron-Canton Regional Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nCleveland\nCleveland Hopkins International Airport\n32\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nColumbus\nJohn Glenn Columbus International Airport\n33\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nDayton\nDayton International Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nOklahoma City\nWill Rogers World Airport\n12\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nTulsa\nTulsa International Airport\n13\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oregon)\nPortland\nPortland International Airport\n38\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPhiladelphia\nPhiladelphia International Airport\n58\n2004\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPittsburgh\nPittsburgh International Airport\n59\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Puerto Rico)\nSan Juan\nLuis Muñoz Marín International Airport\n76\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Rhode Island)\nProvidence\nT. F. Green Airport\n48\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nCharleston\nCharleston International Airport\n70\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nGreenville/Spartanburg\nGreenville-Spartanburg International Airport\n69\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nMemphis\nMemphis International Airport\n81\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nNashville\nNashville International Airport\n24\n1986\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAmarillo\nRick Husband Amarillo International Airport\n10\n1978\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAustin\nAustin-Bergstrom International Airport\n9\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nBeaumont/Port Arthur\nJack Brooks Regional Airport\n—\n1979\n1980\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nCorpus Christi\nCorpus Christi International Airport\n5\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nDallas\nDallas Love Field\n1\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nEl Paso\nEl Paso International Airport\n8\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHarlingen/South Padre Island\nValley International Airport\n4\n1975\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nWilliam P. Hobby Airport\n3\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport\n—\n1971, 1980\n1972, 2005\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nLubbock\nLubbock Preston Smith International Airport\n6\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nMidland/Odessa\nMidland International Airport\n7\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nSan Antonio\nSan Antonio International Airport\n2\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Utah)\nSalt Lake City\nSalt Lake City International Airport\n42\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nNorfolk\nNorfolk International Airport\n57\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nRichmond\nRichmond International Airport\n83\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nWashington, D.C./Arlington\nRonald Reagan Washington National Airport\n73\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nDulles\nWashington Dulles International Airport\n62\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nEverett\nPaine Field\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[20]\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSeattle/Tacoma\nSeattle–Tacoma International Airport\n39\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSpokane\nSpokane International Airport\n40\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wisconsin)\nMilwaukee\nGeneral Mitchell International Airport\n67\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wyoming)\nJackson Hole\nJackson Hole Airport\n—\n1985\n1986\n\n",
"\n\n\nCountry (State/Province)\n\nCity\n\nAirport\n\nCity Count\n\nBegin\n\nEnd\n\nRefs\n\n\nAruba\nOranjestad\nQueen Beatrix International Airport\n85\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBahamas\nNassau\nLynden Pindling International Airport\n86\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nBelize\nBelize City\nPhilip S. W. Goldson International Airport\n93\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCayman Islands\nGeorge Town\nOwen Roberts International Airport\n97\n2017\nPresent\n[9]\n\n\nCosta Rica\nLiberia\nDaniel Oduber Quirós International Airport\n94\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCosta Rica\nSan José\nJuan Santamaría International Airport\n91\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nHavana\nJosé Martí International Airport\n96\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nCuba\nSanta Clara\nAbel Santamaría Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nCuba\nVaradero\nJuan Gualberto Gómez Airport\n—\n2016\n2017\n[10]\n\n\nDominican Republic\nPunta Cana\nPunta Cana International Airport\n89\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nJamaica\nMontego Bay\nSangster International Airport\n84\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Baja California Sur)\nSan José del Cabo\nLos Cabos International Airport\n88\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Federal District)\nMexico City\nMexico City International Airport\n90\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Jalisco)\nPuerto Vallarta\nLic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport\n92\n2015\nPresent\n\n\n\nMexico (Quintana Roo)\nCancún\nCancún International Airport\n87\n2014\nPresent\n\n\n\nTurks and Caicos Islands\nProvidenciales\nProvidenciales International Airport\n99\n2017\nPresent\n[11]\n\n\nUnited States (Alabama)\nBirmingham\nBirmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport\n25\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nPhoenix\nPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport\n16\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arizona)\nTucson\nTucson International Airport\n43\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Arkansas)\nLittle Rock\nLittle Rock National Airport\n20\n1984\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nBurbank\nHollywood Burbank Airport\n29\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLong Beach\nLong Beach Airport\n95\n2016\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nLos Angeles\nLos Angeles International Airport\n19\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOakland\nOakland International Airport\n28\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOntario\nOntario International Airport\n23\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nOrange County\nJohn Wayne Airport\n37\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSacramento\nSacramento International Airport\n31\n1991\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Diego\nSan Diego International Airport\n17\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan Francisco\nSan Francisco International Airport\n63\n1982, 2007\n2001, Present\n\n\n\nUnited States (California)\nSan José\nSan Jose International Airport\n35\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nDenver International Airport\n61\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Colorado)\nDenver\nStapleton International Airport\n—\n1983\n1986\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Connecticut)\nHartford\nBradley International Airport\n53\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Lauderdale\nFort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport\n45\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nFort Myers\nSouthwest Florida International Airport\n60\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nJacksonville\nJacksonville International Airport\n49\n1997\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nKey West\nKey West International Airport\n—\n2012\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nOrlando\nOrlando International Airport\n47\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPalm Beach\nPalm Beach International Airport\n56\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPanama City\nNorthwest Florida Beaches International Airport\n68\n2010\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nPensacola\nPensacola International Airport\n82\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Florida)\nTampa\nTampa International Airport\n46\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Georgia)\nAtlanta\nHartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport\n72\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nHonolulu\nDaniel K. Inouye International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[14]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKahului\nKahului Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[15]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nKailua-Kona\nKona International Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[16]\n\n\nUnited States (Hawaii)\nLihue\nLihue Airport\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[17]\n\n\nUnited States (Idaho)\nBoise\nBoise Airport\n41\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Illinois)\nChicago\nChicago Midway International Airport\n21\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Indiana)\nIndianapolis\nIndianapolis International Airport\n27\n1989\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Iowa)\nDes Moines\nDes Moines International Airport\n74\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kansas)\nWichita\nWichita Eisenhower National Airport\n79\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nCovington/Cincinnati\nCincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport\n98\n2017\nPresent\n[18]\n\n\nUnited States (Kentucky)\nLouisville\nLouisville International Airport\n34\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Louisiana)\nNew Orleans\nLouis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport\n11\n1979\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maine)\nPortland\nPortland International Jetport\n78\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Maryland)\nBaltimore/Washington, D.C.\nBaltimore-Washington International Airport\n36\n1993\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Massachusetts)\nBoston\nLogan International Airport\n66\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nColeman A. Young International Airport\n—\n1988\n1993\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nDetroit\nDetroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport\n26\n1987\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nFlint\nBishop International Airport\n—\n2013\n2018\n[19]\n\n\nUnited States (Michigan)\nGrand Rapids\nGerald R. Ford International Airport\n80\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Minnesota)\nMinneapolis/St. Paul\nMinneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport\n64\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Mississippi)\nJackson\nJackson International Airport\n—\n1997\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nBranson\nBranson Airport\n—\n2013\n2014\n[13]\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nKansas City\nKansas City International Airport\n18\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Missouri)\nSt. Louis\nLambert-Saint Louis International Airport\n22\n1985\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nebraska)\nOmaha\nEppley Airfield\n44\n1995\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nLas Vegas\nMcCarran International Airport\n15\n1982\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Nevada)\nReno/Tahoe\nReno-Tahoe International Airport\n30\n1990\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Hampshire)\nManchester\nManchester-Boston Regional Airport\n50\n1998\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Jersey)\nNewark\nNewark Liberty International Airport\n71\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New Mexico)\nAlbuquerque\nAlbuquerque International Sunport\n14\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nAlbany\nAlbany International Airport\n54\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nBuffalo\nBuffalo Niagara International Airport\n55\n2000\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nLong Island/Islip\nLong Island MacArthur Airport\n51\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nNew York City\nLaGuardia Airport\n65\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (New York)\nRochester\nGreater Rochester International Airport\n77\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nCharlotte\nCharlotte/Douglas International Airport\n75\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (North Carolina)\nRaleigh-Durham\nRaleigh-Durham International Airport\n52\n1999\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nAkron/Canton\nAkron-Canton Regional Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nCleveland\nCleveland Hopkins International Airport\n32\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nColumbus\nJohn Glenn Columbus International Airport\n33\n1992\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Ohio)\nDayton\nDayton International Airport\n—\n2012\n2017\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nOklahoma City\nWill Rogers World Airport\n12\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oklahoma)\nTulsa\nTulsa International Airport\n13\n1980\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Oregon)\nPortland\nPortland International Airport\n38\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPhiladelphia\nPhiladelphia International Airport\n58\n2004\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Pennsylvania)\nPittsburgh\nPittsburgh International Airport\n59\n2005\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Puerto Rico)\nSan Juan\nLuis Muñoz Marín International Airport\n76\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Rhode Island)\nProvidence\nT. F. Green Airport\n48\n1996\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nCharleston\nCharleston International Airport\n70\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (South Carolina)\nGreenville/Spartanburg\nGreenville-Spartanburg International Airport\n69\n2011\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nMemphis\nMemphis International Airport\n81\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Tennessee)\nNashville\nNashville International Airport\n24\n1986\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAmarillo\nRick Husband Amarillo International Airport\n10\n1978\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nAustin\nAustin-Bergstrom International Airport\n9\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nBeaumont/Port Arthur\nJack Brooks Regional Airport\n—\n1979\n1980\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nCorpus Christi\nCorpus Christi International Airport\n5\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nDallas\nDallas Love Field\n1\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nEl Paso\nEl Paso International Airport\n8\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHarlingen/South Padre Island\nValley International Airport\n4\n1975\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nWilliam P. Hobby Airport\n3\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nHouston\nGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport\n—\n1971, 1980\n1972, 2005\n[12]\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nLubbock\nLubbock Preston Smith International Airport\n6\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nMidland/Odessa\nMidland International Airport\n7\n1977\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Texas)\nSan Antonio\nSan Antonio International Airport\n2\n1971\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Utah)\nSalt Lake City\nSalt Lake City International Airport\n42\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nNorfolk\nNorfolk International Airport\n57\n2001\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nRichmond\nRichmond International Airport\n83\n2013\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nWashington, D.C./Arlington\nRonald Reagan Washington National Airport\n73\n2012\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Virginia)\nDulles\nWashington Dulles International Airport\n62\n2006\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nEverett\nPaine Field\n—\n2018\nFuture\n[20]\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSeattle/Tacoma\nSeattle–Tacoma International Airport\n39\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Washington)\nSpokane\nSpokane International Airport\n40\n1994\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wisconsin)\nMilwaukee\nGeneral Mitchell International Airport\n67\n2009\nPresent\n\n\n\nUnited States (Wyoming)\nJackson Hole\nJackson Hole Airport\n—\n1985\n1986\n\n"
] | [
"Greenville/Spartanburg",
"Charleston"
] |
1761143608984220497 | Crater Lake National Park | Crater Lake National park - wikipedia Crater Lake National park Crater Lake National Park IUCN category II ( national park ) Panoramic view of Crater Lake Location of Crater Lake in the United States Location in Oregon Show map of the US Show map of Oregon Show all Location Klamath County , Oregon , United States Nearest city Klamath Falls Coordinates 42 ° 54 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W / 42.91183 ° N 122.14807 ° W / 42.91183 ; - 122.14807 Coordinates : 42 ° 54 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W / 42.91183 ° N 122.14807 ° W / 42.91183 ; - 122.14807 Area 183,224 acres ( 741.48 km ) Established May 22 , 1902 ( 1902 - 05 - 22 ) Visitors 711,749 ( in 2017 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Official website Crater Lake National Park is an American national park located in southern Oregon . Established in 1902 , Crater Lake is the fifth - oldest national park in the United States and the only national park in Oregon . The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake , a remnant of a destroyed volcano , Mount Mazama , and the surrounding hills and forests . The lake is 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) deep at its deepest point , which makes it the deepest lake in the United States , the second - deepest in North America and the ninth - deepest in the world . Crater Lake is often referred to as the seventh - deepest lake in the world , but this former listing excludes the approximately 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) depth of subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica , which resides under nearly 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) of ice , and the recent report of a 2,740 - foot ( 840 m ) maximum depth for Lake O'Higgins / San Martin , located on the border of Chile and Argentina . However , when comparing its average depth of 1,148 feet ( 350 m ) to the average depth of other deep lakes , Crater Lake becomes the deepest in the Western Hemisphere and the third - deepest in the world . The impressive average depth of this volcanic lake is due to the nearly symmetrical 4,000 - foot - deep ( 1,200 m ) caldera formed 7,700 years ago during the violent climactic eruptions and subsequent collapse of Mount Mazama and the relatively moist climate that is typical of the crest of the Cascade Range . The caldera rim ranges in elevation from 7,000 to 8,000 feet ( 2,100 to 2,400 m ) . The United States Geological Survey benchmarked elevation of the lake surface is 6,178 feet ( 1,883 m ) . The national park encompasses 183,224 acres ( 286.29 sq mi ; 741.48 km ) . Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it . All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or subsurface seepage . The lake 's water commonly has a striking blue hue , and the lake is refilled entirely from direct precipitation in the form of snow and rain . Contents 1 Geology 2 Climate 3 Fauna 4 Park features 5 History 6 Activities 7 Trails 7.1 Cleetwood Cove 7.2 The Watchman 7.3 Lightning Spring 7.4 Castle Crest Wildflower Garden 7.5 Plaikni Falls 7.6 Garfield Peak 8 See also 9 References 10 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) Further information : Mount Mazama Satellite view of Crater Lake Relief map of the Crater Lake area Volcanic activity in this area is fed by subduction off the coast of Oregon as the Juan de Fuca Plate slips below the North American Plate ( see plate tectonics ) . Heat and compression generated by this movement has created a mountain chain topped by a series of volcanoes , which together are called the Cascade Range . The large volcanoes in the range are called the High Cascades . However , there are many other volcanoes in the range as well , most of which are much smaller . About 400,000 years ago , Mount Mazama began its existence in much the same way as the other mountains of the High Cascades , as overlapping shield volcanoes . Over time , alternating layers of lava flows and pyroclastic flows built Mazama 's overlapping cones until it reached about 11,000 feet ( 3,400 m ) in height . As the young stratovolcano grew , many smaller volcanoes and volcanic vents were built in the area of the park and just outside what are now the park 's borders . Chief among these were cinder cones . Although the early examples are gone -- cinder cones erode easily -- there are at least 13 much younger cinder cones in the park , and at least another 11 or so outside its borders , that still retain their distinctive cinder cone appearance . There continues to be debate as to whether these minor volcanoes and vents were parasitic to Mazama 's magma chamber and system or if they were related to background Oregon Cascade volcanism . After a period of dormancy , Mazama became active again . Then , around 5700 BC , Mazama collapsed into itself during a tremendous volcanic eruption , losing 2,500 to 3,500 feet ( 760 to 1,070 m ) in height . The eruption formed a large caldera that , depending on the prevailing climate , was filled in about 740 years , forming a beautiful lake with a deep blue hue , known today as Crater Lake . The eruptive period that decapitated Mazama also laid waste to much of the greater Crater Lake area and deposited ash as far east as the northwest corner of what is now Yellowstone National Park , as far south as central Nevada , and as far north as southern British Columbia . It produced more than 150 times as much ash as the May 18 , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . This ash has since developed a soil type called andisol . Soils in Crater Lake National Park are brown , dark brown or dark grayish - brown sandy loams or loamy sands which have plentiful cobbles , gravel and stones . They are slightly to moderately acidic and their drainage is somewhat excessive . Climate ( edit ) November panoroma from Rim Village . During the winter , the road up to Rim Village is normally plowed but Rim Drive is closed . Snow is relatively rare at low elevations in western Oregon , but it is common at higher elevations , especially at Crater Lake . Measurements at park headquarters , 6,475 feet ( 1,974 m ) above sea level , show that snow falls more often here than at any other long - term weather station in Oregon . Winter , which typically begins at the park in September and runs through June , includes an average of 98 days with measurable snowfall . Up to 37 inches ( 94 cm ) of snow have fallen on the park in a single day ( in 1937 , 1951 , and 1971 ) , 313 inches ( 800 cm ) in a month ( January 1950 ) , and 903 inches ( 2,290 cm ) in a year ( 1950 ) . Snow typically accumulates in the park to depths of 10 to 15 feet ( 3.0 to 4.6 m ) by early spring . Most of the park 's roads remain closed through late spring , and snow lingers into the summer . In July and August , snowfall is uncommon , and `` one magnificent day typically follows another '' . January is the coldest month , when highs average about 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) and lows average about 18 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) . August is the warmest month , with an average high of roughly 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) and an average low of about 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . Between 1962 and 1990 , the highest recorded temperature was 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) , and the lowest was − 21 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) . Annual precipitation averages about 66 inches ( 1,700 mm ) a year . December is the wettest , averaging about 11 inches ( 280 mm ) . Although snow covers Crater Lake National Park for eight months of the year ( average annual snowfall is 533 inches ( 1,350 cm ) ) , the lake rarely freezes over due in part to a relatively mild onshore flow from the Pacific Ocean . The last recorded year in which the lake froze over was in 1949 , a very long , cold winter . A 95 % surface freeze occurred in 1985 . The immense depth of Crater Lake acts as a heat reservoir that absorbs and traps sunlight , maintaining the lake temperature at an average of 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) on the surface and 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) at the bottom throughout the year . The surface temperature fluctuates a bit , but the bottom temperature remains quite constant . hide Climate data for Crater Lake ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 34.6 ( 1.4 ) 35.1 ( 1.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 41.7 ( 5.4 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 52.1 ( 11.2 ) 38.2 ( 3.4 ) 34.0 ( 1.1 ) 48.5 ( 9.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 18.5 ( − 7.5 ) 19.8 ( − 6.8 ) 23.0 ( − 5 ) 28.3 ( − 2.1 ) 33.3 ( 0.7 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) 40.6 ( 4.8 ) 36.2 ( 2.3 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) 22.6 ( − 5.2 ) 18.8 ( − 7.3 ) 27.6 ( − 2.5 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 9.32 ( 236.7 ) 7.75 ( 196.9 ) 7.48 ( 190 ) 5.37 ( 136.4 ) 3.55 ( 90.2 ) 2.22 ( 56.4 ) 1.02 ( 25.9 ) 1.00 ( 25.4 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 4.44 ( 112.8 ) 10.29 ( 261.4 ) 11.41 ( 289.8 ) 65.7 ( 1,668.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 85.5 ( 217.2 ) 73.8 ( 187.5 ) 73.4 ( 186.4 ) 48.8 ( 124 ) 17.4 ( 44.2 ) 4.1 ( 10.4 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 3.1 ( 7.9 ) 17.3 ( 43.9 ) 71.1 ( 180.6 ) 92.7 ( 235.5 ) 487.4 ( 1,238.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 17.9 15.9 18.1 15.5 11.2 8.1 3.9 4.0 5.8 9.8 17.5 18.0 145.7 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 15.9 14.3 16.1 12.6 6.0 2.0 0.2 0.1 1.0 4.7 13.2 16.4 102.5 Source : NOAA Fauna ( edit ) Mammals that are residents of this national park are Canadian lynxes , bobcats , beavers , chipmunks , pikas , foxes , cougars , squirrels , porcupines , black bears , coyotes , timber wolves , badgers , deer , elk , muskrats , and martens . Birds that commonly fly through this park including raptors are American dippers , Peregrine falcons , ravens , Clark 's nutcrackers , gray jays , bald eagles , hummingbirds and spotted owls while Canada geese float on its lake . Park features ( edit ) Comfort Station Number 4 The Pinnacles Some notable park features created by this huge eruption are : The Pumice Desert : A very thick layer of pumice and ash leading away from Mazama in a northerly direction . Even after thousands of years , this area is largely devoid of plants due to excessive porosity ( meaning water drains through quickly ) and poor soil composed primarily of regolith . The Pinnacles : When the very hot ash and pumice came to rest near the volcano , it formed 200 - to - 300 - foot - thick ( 60 to 90 m ) gas - charged deposits . For perhaps years afterward , hot gas moved to the surface and slowly cemented ash and pumice together in channels and escaped through fumaroles . Erosion later removed most of the surrounding loose ash and pumice , leaving tall pinnacles and spires . Other park features Mount Scott is a steep andesitic cone whose lava came from magma from Mazama 's magma chamber ; geologists call such volcano a parasitic or satellite cone . Volcanic eruptions apparently ceased on Scott sometime before the end of the Pleistocene ; one remaining large cirque on Scott 's northwest side was left unmodified by post-ice - age volcanism . In the southwest corner of the park stands Union Peak , an extinct volcano whose primary remains consist of a large volcanic plug , which is lava that solidified in the volcano 's neck . Crater Peak is a shield volcano primarily made of andesite and basalt lava flows topped by andesitic and dacite tephra . Timber Crater is a shield volcano located in the northeast corner of the park . Like Crater Peak , it is made of basaltic and andesitic lava flows but , unlike Crater , it is topped by two cinder cones . Rim Drive is the most popular road in the park ; it follows a scenic route around the caldera rim . Llao Rock on the north side rises 1,800 feet ( 550 m ) above the lake , with a 1.3 - mile ( 2.1 km ) trail from Rim Drive leading to the summit . The Pacific Crest Trail , a 2,650 - mile ( 4,260 km ) long - distance hiking and equestrian trail that stretches from the Mexican to Canadian borders , passes through the park . Old - growth forests covering 50,000 acres ( 20,000 ha ) . 180 - degree panoramic photograph of Crater Lake from the top of nearby Mount Scott , looking west . Two snow - covered peaks can be seen in the distance : to the right of the lake is Mount Thielsen , and in the far left of the photo is Mount McLoughlin . History ( edit ) Aerial view of Crater Lake Local Native Americans witnessed the collapse of Mount Mazama and kept the event alive in their legends . One ancient legend of the Klamath people closely parallels the geologic story which emerges from today 's scientific research . The legend tells of two Chiefs , Llao of the Below World and Skell of the Above World , pitted in a battle which ended up in the destruction of Llao 's home , Mt . Mazama . The battle was witnessed in the eruption of Mt . Mazama and the creation of Crater Lake . A trio of gold prospectors : John Wesley Hillman , Henry Klippel , and Isaac Skeeters were the first white people to visit the lake . On June 12 , 1853 , they stumbled upon the long , sloping mountain while hunting for provisions . Stunned by vibrant blue color of the lake , they named the indigo body of water `` Deep Blue Lake '' and the place on the southwest side of the rim where he first saw the lake later became known as Discovery Point . But gold was more on the minds of settlers at the time and the discovery was soon forgotten . The suggested name later fell out of favor by locals , who preferred the name Crater Lake . William Gladstone Steel devoted his life and fortune to the establishment and management of a national park at Crater Lake . His preoccupation with the lake began in 1870 . In his efforts to bring recognition to the park , he participated in lake surveys that provided scientific support . He named many of the lake 's landmarks , including Wizard Island , Llao Rock , and Skell Head . With the help of geologist Clarence Dutton , Steel organized a USGS expedition to study the lake in 1886 . The party carried the Cleetwood , a half - ton survey boat , up the steep slopes of the mountain then lowered it to the lake . From the stern of the Cleetwood , a piece of pipe on the end of a spool of piano wire sounded the depth of the lake at 168 different points . Their deepest sounding , 1,996 feet ( 608 m ) , was very close to the modern official depth of 1,949 feet ( 594 m ) made in 2000 by sonar . At the same time , a topographer surveyed the area and created the first professional map of the Crater Lake area . Crater Lake Lodge Partly based on data from the expedition and lobbying from Steel and others , Crater Lake National Park was established May 22 , 1902 by President Theodore Roosevelt . And because of Steel 's involvement , Crater Lake Lodge was opened in 1915 and the Rim Drive was completed in 1918 . Highways were later built to the park to help facilitate tourism . The 1929 edition of O Ranger ! described access and facilities available by then : Crater Lake National Park is reached by train on the Southern Pacific Railroad lines into Medford and Klamath Falls , at which stops motor stages make the short trip to the park . A hotel on the rim of the lake offers accommodations . For the motorist , the visit to the park is a short side trip from the Pacific and Dalles - California highways . He will find , in addition to the hotel , campsites , stores , filling stations . The park is open to travel from late June or July 1 for as long as snow does not block the roads , generally until October . The lake is described in the poetry of Joaquin Miller . Activities ( edit ) Daily Trips ( 1931 ) There are many hiking trails and several campgrounds inside the park . Unlicensed fishing is allowed without any limitation of size , species , or number . The lake is believed to have no indigenous fish , but several species of fish were introduced beginning in 1888 until all fish stocking ended in 1941 . Kokanee salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) now thrive and reproduce here naturally . Swimming is allowed in the lake , and the boat tours , which stop at Wizard Island , a cinder cone inside the lake , operate daily during the summer . All lake access for people is from Cleetwood Trail , a steep walking trail , and there are no roads for cars , trucks , or wagons that lead to the waterfront . All of the boats in the lake were delivered by helicopter . Numerous observation points along the caldera rim for the lake are readily accessible by automobile via the `` Rim Drive '' , which is 33 miles ( 53 km ) long and has an elevation gain of 3,800 feet ( 1,200 m ) . The highest point in Crater Lake National Park is Mount Scott at 8,929 feet ( 2,722 m ) . Getting there requires a fairly steep 2.5 - mile ( 4.0 km ) hike from the Rim Drive trailhead . On a clear day , visibility from the summit exceeds 100 miles ( 160 km ) , and one can , in a single view , take in the entire caldera . Also visible from this point are the white - peaked Cascade Range volcanoes to the north , the Columbia River Plateau to the east , and the Western Cascades and the more - distant Klamath Mountains to the west . The scenery of Crater Lake is fully accessible during the summer months . Heavy snowfalls in this park during the fall , winter , and spring months force many road and trail closures , including the popular `` Rim Drive '' , which is generally completely open from July to October and partially open in some other months , such as May , June , and November . Trails ( edit ) View up to Watchman Trail and peak Garfield Peak trail , view east towards Crater Lake Cleetwood Cove ( edit ) The Cleetwood Cove trail originates on the north side of the lake about 4.5 mi ( 7.2 km ) east of North Junction along East Rim Drive . The trail is the only one that accesses the shoreline of the lake , descending 656 feet ( 200 m ) from the Cleetwood Cove parking lot . First opened during the summer of 1960 , the trail is 1.1 mi ( 1.8 km ) long with an 11 % grade that rates it as a strenuous route on the return trip . Due to its steep grade , the trail is not accessible for mobility - impaired visitors . A dock with concessionaire boats facilitates tours around the lake with a stop at Wizard Island for dropping off and picking up passengers . Swimming and fishing are permitted . Snow may cover the trail from October to July with some variance depending on yearly snowfall conditions . The Watchman ( edit ) The Watchman Peak trail begins from the Watchman Overlook parking lot , about 3.8 mi ( 6.1 km ) northwest of Rim Village . The trail is 0.8 mi ( 1.3 km ) long with a 420 - foot ( 130 m ) elevation change . It is a steady uphill trail on an isolated mountain on the west rim of the crater , with several switchbacks , providing wide views of Crater Lake and Wizard Island . Several nearby landmarks are visible from the summit , including Mount McLoughlin , Mount Thielsen , Union Peak , Mount Scott and the Klamath Basin . The trail ends next to a historic fire lookout tower built in 1932 . Lightning spring ( edit ) The Lightning Spring trail starts from the Lightning Spring picnic area . It is a ⁄ - mile ( 1.2 km ) hike with an elevation gain of 250 feet ( 76 m ) . The trail circles around several meadows up to the Lightning Spring creek . The trail is known for the frequent sights of grazing deer . Castle Crest wildflower garden ( edit ) This is considered to be the easiest trail , looping around the Castle Crest Wildflower Garden . It starts from the East Rim Road , near the park 's headquarters . It received its name because of a large stretch of meadows around which the trail circles and which is bursting with wildflowers in the springtime . The trail is about ⁄ mile ( 800 m ) before it reaches the wildflower meadow garden , from which other improvised routes depart . Plaikni Falls ( edit ) The Plaikni Falls trail is the newest trail on the Crater Lake park . It stretches 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) from the trailhead located 1.2 miles ( 1.9 km ) south from the Phantom Ship Overlook on Pinnacles Road , which spins off Rim Drive . The trail leads to Plaikni Falls . Most of the trail is wheelchair - accessible . The final stretch is fairly uphill , which may prove moderately challenging . Garfield Peak ( edit ) Phantom Ship The Garfield Peak trail is a moderately challenging 1.7 - mile ( 2.7 km ) hike to Garfield Peak . The trailhead is located east of the Crater Lake Lodge and gains approximately 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of elevation . Several spots along the trail provide viewpoints overlooking the Phantom Ship island and Dutton Cliff . A few viewpoints offer unique views of Wizard island . The trail is popular in the late afternoon on account of unique shifting colors over the lake and its surroundings . See also ( edit ) Environment portal Oregon portal List of national parks of the United States High Cascades Complex Fires National Park Service Rustic about the architecture of the park structures National Register of Historic Places listings in Crater Lake National Park Protected areas of the United States Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crater Lake '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Charles R. ; James V. Gardner ; Larry A. Mayer ; Mark W. Buktenica ; Peter Darnell ; David W. Ramsey ; Joel E. Robinson ( June 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . Jump up ^ Manuel Nathenson ; Charles R. Bacon ; David W. Ramsey ( 2007 ) . `` Subaqueous geology and a filling model for Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Hydrobiologia. 574 : 13 -- 27 . doi : 10.1007 / s10750 - 006 - 0343 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taylor and Hannan , pp. 39 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Plan Your Visit '' . National Park Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Hannan , p. 24 Jump up ^ Taylor and Hannan , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Taylor and Hannan , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Richard , Terry ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Llao Rock offers unsurpassed first - time viewing opportunity of Crater Lake '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bolsinger , Charles L. ; Waddell , Karen L. ( 1993 ) . `` Area of old - growth forests in California , Oregon , and Washington '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . Resource Bulletin PNW - RB - 197 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Park History '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Albright , Horace M. ; Taylor , Frank J. ( September 6 , 2004 ) ( 1928 ) . `` Glimpses of the National Parks and Monuments '' . Oh , Ranger ! . illustrated by Ruth Taylor White ( Centennial ed . ) . Riverside , Connecticut : The Chatham Press , Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rines , George Edwin , ed. ( 1920 ) . `` Crater Lake National Park '' . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake National Park : Fish '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Jeff ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` New tour boats give Crater Lake a lift '' . Corvallis Gazette Times . Corvallis , OR . Jump up ^ `` Cleetwood Cove Trail '' . Crater Lake Institute . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watchman Peak Trail '' . Crater Lake Institute . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watchman Trail , Crater Lake National Park '' . The American Southwest . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Works cited ( edit ) Taylor , George H. ; Hannan , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Climate of Oregon : From Rain Forest to Desert . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 468 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bacon , Charles R. ; James V. Gardner ; Larry A. Mayer ; Mark W. Buktenica ; Peter Darnell ; David W. Ramsey ; Joel E. Robinson ( June 2002 ) . `` Morphology , volcanism , and mass wasting in Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 114 ( 6 ) : 675 -- 692 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 2002 ) 114 < 0675 : MVAMWI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . Bacon , Charles R. ( 2008 ) . `` Geologic map of Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Caldera , Oregon '' ( online version of paper map with associated booklet and database ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Harmon , Rick ( 2002 ) . Crater Lake National Park : A History . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 537 - 2 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 1988 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes . Missoula : Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 220 - X . Harris , Ann G. ; Esther Tuttle ; Sherwood D. Tuttle ( 1997 ) . Geology of National Parks ( Fifth ed . ) . Iowa : Kendall / Hunt Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 5353 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCrater Lake National Parkat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage `` Crater Lake National Park '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . `` Crater Lake , Oregon '' . Earth Observatory . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . `` Crater Lake National Park Trust '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . `` Crater Lake Digital Research Collection '' . Oregon Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Crater Lake Natural places Mount Mazama Phantom Ship Mount Scott Old Man of the Lake Union Peak Wizard Island Structures Comfort Stations No. 68 No. 72 Crater Lake Lodge Crater Lake Superintendent 's Residence Sinnott Memorial Observation Station Watchman Lookout Station People Clarence Dutton John Wesley Hillman Franklin B. Sprague William Gladstone Steel Designated areas Crater Lake National Park Historic Districts Munson Valley Rim Village Rim Drive Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Gateway Arch Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) Protected areas of Oregon Federal NPS National Parks Crater Lake National Historic Parks and Sites Fort Vancouver NHS Lewis and Clark NHP Nez Perce NHP National Monuments John Day Fossil Beds Newberry National Volcanic Monument ( USFS ) Oregon Caves USFS National Forests Deschutes Fremont -- Winema Malheur Mount Hood Ochoco Rogue River -- Siskiyou Siuslaw Umatilla Umpqua Wallowa -- Whitman Willamette National Grasslands Crooked River National Recreation Areas Hells Canyon Mount Hood Oregon Dunes Row River National Recreation Trail Scenic Areas Cape Perpetua Scenic Area Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area National Wildlife Refuge System Ankeny Bandon Marsh Baskett Slough Bear Valley Cape Meares Cold Springs Deer Flat Hart Mountain Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White - Tailed Deer Klamath Marsh Lewis and Clark Lower Klamath Malheur McKay Creek Nestucca Bay Oregon Islands Siletz Bay Three Arch Rocks Tualatin River Umatilla Upper Klamath Wapato Lake William L. Finley Wildernesses Badger Creek Black Canyon Boulder Creek Bridge Creek Bull of the Woods Clackamas Copper Salmon Cummins Creek Diamond Peak Drift Creek Eagle Cap Gearhart Mountain Grassy Knob Hells Canyon Kalmiopsis Lower White River Mark O. Hatfield Menagerie Middle Santiam Mill Creek Monument Rock Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Mount Thielsen Mount Washington Mountain Lakes North Fork John Day North Fork Umatilla Opal Creek Oregon Badlands Oregon Islands Red Buttes Roaring River Rock Creek Rogue -- Umpqua Divide Salmon -- Huckleberry Sky Lakes Soda Mountain Spring Basin Steens Mountain Strawberry Mountain Table Rock Three Arch Rocks Three Sisters Waldo Lake Wenaha -- Tucannon Wild Rogue National Conservation Lands Cascade -- Siskiyou National Monument Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of Oregon 's National Wild and Scenic Rivers Other Protected Areas Cascade Head Preserve Christmas Valley Sand Dunes Fossil Lake Area of Critical Environmental Concern Lost Forest Research Natural Area South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve Upper and Lower Table Rock Wildwood Recreation Site State Parks List of Oregon 's State Parks Forests Clatsop Elliott Gilchrist Santiam Sun Pass Tillamook Wildlife Areas Bridge Creek Dean Creek Denman E.E. Wilson Elkhorn Fern Ridge Irrigon Jewell Meadows Klamath Ladd Marsh Lower Deschutes Phillip W. Schneider Prineville Riverside Sauvie Island Snake River Islands Summer Lake Wenaha White River Willow Creek Local Metro Blue Lake Cooper Mountain Glendoveer Graham Oaks Howell Oregon Zoo Oxbow Smith and Bybee Mount Talbert Portland Audubon Society of Portland Butterfly Park Crystal Springs Rhododendron Garden Forest Park Hoyt Arboretum Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge Powell Butte Nature Park Tideman Johnson Natural Area Washington Park Tualatin Hills Park and Recreation District Tualatin Hills Nature Park Heritage registers National Register of Historic Places National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks World Network of Biosphere Reserves GND : 4563969 - 3 LCCN : sh91004651 NARA : 10046230 SUDOC : 167776819 VIAF : 244285631 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crater_Lake_National_Park&oldid=849970058 '' Categories : IUCN Category II Crater Lake National Park National parks in Oregon Civilian Conservation Corps in Oregon Crater Lake Parks in Klamath County , Oregon Parks in Douglas County , Oregon Parks in Jackson County , Oregon Protected areas established in 1902 1902 establishments in Oregon Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did crater lake become a national park | [
"Crater Lake National Park is an American national park located in southern Oregon. Established in 1902, Crater Lake is the fifth-oldest national park in the United States and the only national park in Oregon.[3] The park encompasses the caldera of Crater Lake, a remnant of a destroyed volcano, Mount Mazama, and the surrounding hills and forests.\n"
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"1902"
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-5578334498801420974 | List of La Liga hat-tricks | List of La Liga hat - tricks - wikipedia List of La Liga hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search Cristiano Ronaldo is the player with most La Liga hat - tricks in history . Below is the list of players that have scored a hat - trick in a La Liga match since the league 's creation , in 1929 . Since its creation , more than 100 players have scored at least a hat - trick . Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 32 La Liga hat - tricks , making him the player with the most hat - tricks in La Liga history . He is followed by Lionel Messi , with 28 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hat - tricks 2 Multiple hat - tricks 3 References 4 External links Hat - tricks ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Key Player scored four goals Player scored five goals Player scored six goals Player scored seven goals Player scored hat - trick as a substitute The home team Note : The results column shows the home team score first Lionel Messi scored his first La Liga hat - trick on 10 March 2007 . Bata scored 7 goals in a match in 1931 with Athletic Bilbao . László Kubala scored 7 goals in a match in 1952 with Barcelona . Telmo Zarra scored 22 hat - tricks with Athletic Bilbao . Alfredo di Stéfano scored 22 hat - tricks with Real Madrid . Luis Suárez became the first player to score four times in two consecutive games in the history of La Liga . By scoring four goals against Rayo Vallecano on 11 April 2015 , Santi Mina become the youngest player ever to do so in La Liga and the first from Celta since 1979 . Player Nationality For Against Result Date Ref Lazcano , Jaime Jaime Lazcano Spain Real Madrid Europa 5 -- 0 000000001929 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 1929 Cros , Manuel Manuel Cros Spain Europa Arenas Getxo 5 -- 2 000000001929 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1929 Carmelo , Carmelo Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 9 -- 0 000000001929 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1929 Lafuente Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 9 -- 0 000000001929 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1929 Lafuente Spain Athletic Bilbao Racing Santander 0 -- 4 000000001929 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 1929 Sastre , Josep Josep Sastre Spain Barcelona Europa 5 -- 2 000000001929 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 1929 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Racing Santander 5 -- 1 000000001929 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1929 Bestit , Carles Carles Bestit Spain Europa Real Madrid 5 -- 2 000000001929 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1929 Gallart , Ricardo Ricardo Gallart Spain Espanyol Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 1 000000001929 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 1929 Urtizberea , Santiago Santiago Urtizberea Spain Real Unión Arenas Getxo 7 -- 1 000000001929 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 1929 Cosme , Cosme Spain Atlético Madrid Europa 5 -- 4 000000001929 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1929 Luis Marín Spain Atlético Madrid Espanyol 7 -- 1 000000001929 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 1929 Luis Marín Spain Atlético Madrid Europa 5 -- 3 000000001929 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1929 Cholín , Cholín Spain Real Sociedad Racing Santander 7 -- 0 000000001929 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 1929 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Racing Santander 5 -- 0 000000001929 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 1929 Chirri II Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Unión 5 -- 2 000000001930 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1930 Urtizberea , Santiago Santiago Urtizberea Spain Real Unión Racing Santander 6 -- 3 000000001930 - 01 - 12 - 0000 12 January 1930 Gallart , Ricardo Ricardo Gallart Spain Espanyol Barcelona 4 -- 0 000000001930 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1930 Juanito Spain Arenas Getxo Real Unión 7 -- 2 000000001930 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1930 Saro Spain Arenas Getxo Real Unión 7 -- 2 000000001930 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2 February 1930 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Sociedad 1 -- 7 000000001930 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1930 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Sociedad 1 -- 7 000000001930 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1930 Rubio , Gaspar Gaspar Rubio Spain Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 000000001930 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1930 Alfaro , Manuel Manuel Alfaro Spain Real Unión Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 000000001930 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1930 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 6 -- 0 000000001930 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1930 Regueiro , Luis Luis Regueiro Spain Real Unión Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 000000001930 - 02 - 23 - 0000 23 February 1930 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao Arenas Getxo 5 -- 2 000000001930 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 1930 Rivero , Javier Javier Rivero Spain Arenas Getxo Real Madrid 5 -- 1 000000001930 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 1930 Bestit II Spain Europa Real Unión 3 -- 4 000000001930 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 1930 Lazcano , Jaime Jaime Lazcano Spain Real Madrid Barcelona 5 -- 1 000000001930 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 1930 Diego , Fernando Fernando Diego Spain Barcelona Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 3 000000001930 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1930 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Alavés Arenas Getxo 3 -- 2 000000001930 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1930 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Alavés Espanyol 4 -- 1 000000001930 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1930 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Alavés 7 -- 1 000000001930 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1930 Edelmiro , Edelmiro Spain Espanyol Arenas Getxo 5 -- 0 000000001930 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1930 Urtizberea , Santiago Santiago Urtizberea Spain Real Unión Espanyol 6 -- 1 000000001931 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 1931 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Espanyol 6 -- 2 000000001931 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 1931 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Barcelona 12 -- 1 000000001931 - 02 - 08 - 0000 8 February 1931 Telete , Telete Spain Racing Santander Espanyol 4 -- 0 000000001931 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1931 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 000000001931 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1931 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Racing Santander 7 -- 1 000000001931 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1931 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Europa 4 -- 1 000000001931 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1931 Óscar , Óscar Spain Racing Santander Real Sociedad 4 -- 7 000000001931 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1931 Arocha , Ángel Ángel Arocha Spain Barcelona Espanyol 4 -- 4 000000001931 - 03 - 17 - 0000 17 March 1931 Bestit , Carles Carles Bestit Spain Barcelona Real Unión 5 -- 3 000000001931 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 1931 Telete , Telete Spain Racing Santander Alavés 4 -- 0 000000001931 - 03 - 22 - 0000 22 March 1931 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao Espanyol 0 -- 4 000000001931 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 1931 Ramon , Joan Joan Ramon Spain Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 1 000000001931 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 1931 Navarro , Jesús Jesús Navarro Spain Valencia Real Unión 5 -- 1 000000001931 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 1931 Bienzobas , Paco Paco Bienzobas Spain Real Sociedad Valencia 7 -- 1 000000001931 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 1931 Ramon , Joan Joan Ramon Spain Barcelona Alavés 6 -- 0 000000001932 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 1932 Telete , Telete Spain Racing Santander Real Sociedad 1 -- 5 000000001932 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1932 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Arenas Getxo 4 -- 1 000000001932 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 1932 Cholín , Cholín Spain Real Sociedad Arenas Getxo 7 -- 0 000000001932 - 02 - 07 - 0000 7 February 1932 Edelmiro , Edelmiro Spain Espanyol Racing Santander 6 -- 1 000000001932 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 1932 Cisco , Cisco Spain Racing Santander Barcelona 3 -- 2 000000001932 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1932 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Valencia 7 -- 2 000000001932 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1932 Cholín , Cholín Spain Real Sociedad Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 2 000000001932 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1932 Iriondo , Francisco Francisco Iriondo Spain Arenas Getxo Real Unión 5 -- 0 000000001932 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1932 Samitier , Josep Josep Samitier Spain Barcelona Alavés 1 -- 3 000000001932 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1932 Ángel , Ángel Spain Arenas Getxo Valencia 4 -- 1 000000001932 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 1932 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Betis 9 -- 1 000000001932 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1932 Urretavizcaya , Cándido Cándido Urretavizcaya Spain Alavés Racing Santander 8 -- 2 000000001932 - 11 - 27 - 0000 27 November 1932 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Real Madrid Real Sociedad 6 -- 2 000000001932 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1932 Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Spain Real Madrid Real Betis 4 -- 1 000000001932 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1932 Redó , Ubaldo Ubaldo Redó Spain Espanyol Alavés 3 -- 1 000000001933 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1933 Óscar , Óscar Spain Racing Santander Real Sociedad 7 -- 1 000000001933 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1933 Costa , Joan Joan Costa Spain Valencia Alavés 5 -- 2 000000001933 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 1933 Telete , Telete Spain Racing Santander Alavés 9 -- 0 000000001933 - 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03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 1933 Regueiro , Luis Luis Regueiro Spain Real Madrid Arenas Getxo 8 -- 2 000000001933 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 1933 Unamuno , Victorio Victorio Unamuno Spain Athletic Bilbao Valencia 8 -- 2 000000001933 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 1933 Urtizberea , Santiago Santiago Urtizberea Spain Real Sociedad Racing Santander 8 -- 0 000000001933 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 1933 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo Barcelona 7 -- 3 000000001933 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 1933 Uribe , Luis María Luis María Uribe Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Betis 5 -- 0 000000001933 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1933 Iriondo , Francisco Francisco Iriondo Spain Espanyol Racing Santander 5 -- 0 000000001933 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1933 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo Espanyol 3 -- 1 000000001933 - 12 - 10 - 0000 10 December 1933 Goiburu , Severiano Severiano Goiburu Spain Barcelona Racing Santander 6 -- 3 000000001933 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1933 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao Barcelona 6 -- 1 000000001933 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 1933 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Barcelona 6 -- 1 000000001933 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 1933 Iriondo , Francisco Francisco Iriondo Spain Espanyol Arenas Getxo 6 -- 2 000000001933 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 1933 Eugenio , Eugenio Spain Real Madrid Espanyol 3 -- 2 000000001933 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1933 Tolete Spain Real Sociedad Espanyol 3 -- 3 000000001934 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1934 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo Racing Santander 3 -- 1 000000001934 - 01 - 14 - 0000 14 January 1934 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Arenas Getxo 9 -- 0 000000001934 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 1934 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Arenas Getxo 9 -- 0 000000001934 - 02 - 04 - 0000 4 February 1934 Iriondo , Francisco Francisco Iriondo Spain Espanyol Oviedo 5 -- 2 000000001934 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1934 Lángara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo Valencia 7 -- 0 000000001934 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1934 Campanal I , Campanal I Spain Sevilla Espanyol 5 -- 1 000000001934 - 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04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 1935 Ventolrà , Martí Martí Ventolrà Spain Barcelona Real Madrid 5 -- 0 000000001935 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 1935 Campanal I , Campanal I Spain Sevilla Real Sociedad 7 -- 2 000000001935 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1935 Iraragorri , José José Iraragorri Spain Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid 5 -- 2 000000001935 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1935 Sañudo , Ildefonso Ildefonso Sañudo Spain Real Madrid Arenas Getxo 6 -- 1 000000001935 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1935 Unamuno , Victorio Victorio Unamuno Spain Real Betis Racing Santander 0 -- 5 000000001935 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 1935 Guijarro , Manuel Manuel Guijarro Spain Valencia Sevilla 5 -- 0 000000001935 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1935 Paquirri , Paquirri Spain Real Betis Osasuna 5 -- 1 000000001935 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1935 Bata , Bata Spain Athletic Bilbao Real Betis 7 -- 0 000000001935 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1935 Kellemen , Vilmos Vilmos Kellemen Hungary Real Madrid Espanyol 6 -- 0 000000001935 - 11 - 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16 - 0000 16 March 2002 Hierro , Fernando Fernando Hierro Spain Real Madrid Zaragoza 3 -- 1 000000002002 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 2002 Diego Tristán , Diego Tristán Spain Deportivo La Coruña Mallorca 5 -- 0 000000002002 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2002 Musampa , Kiki Kiki Musampa Netherlands Málaga Recreativo Huelva 2 -- 3 000000002002 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2002 Julio Álvarez , Julio Álvarez Venezuela Rayo Vallecano Racing Santander 3 -- 1 000000002002 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2002 Aimar , Pablo Pablo Aimar Argentina Valencia Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 000000002002 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2002 Kluivert , Patrick Patrick Kluivert Netherlands Barcelona Alavés 6 -- 1 000000002002 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2002 Pandiani , Walter Walter Pandiani Uruguay Mallorca Valladolid 1 -- 3 000000002002 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2002 José Mari , José Mari Spain Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 3 000000002002 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2002 Urzaiz , Ismael Ismael Urzaiz Spain Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid 3 -- 3 000000002002 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 2002 Kluivert , Patrick Patrick Kluivert Netherlands Barcelona Mallorca 0 -- 4 000000002002 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2002 Saviola , Javier Javier Saviola Argentina Barcelona Real Betis 4 -- 0 000000002003 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2003 Diego Tristán , Diego Tristán Spain Deportivo La Coruña Alavés 6 -- 0 000000002003 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2003 Ronaldo Brazil Real Madrid Alavés 1 -- 5 000000002003 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2003 Makaay , Roy Roy Makaay Netherlands Deportivo La Coruña Recreativo Huelva 5 -- 0 000000002003 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2003 Raúl , Raúl Spain Real Madrid Valladolid 7 -- 2 000000002003 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2003 Oliveira , Ricardo Ricardo Oliveira Brazil Valencia Mallorca 0 -- 5 000000002003 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2 November 2003 Ballesta , Salva Salva Ballesta Spain Málaga Barcelona 5 -- 1 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2003 Víctor , Víctor Spain Deportivo La Coruña Celta Vigo 0 -- 5 000000002004 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2004 Javi Guerrero , Javi Guerrero Spain Racing Santander Murcia 3 -- 2 000000002004 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 2004 Oliveira , Ricardo Ricardo Oliveira Brazil Valencia Málaga 1 -- 6 000000002004 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2004 Baptista , Júlio Júlio Baptista Brazil Sevilla Murcia 1 -- 3 000000002004 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2004 Mista , Mista Spain Valencia Mallorca 5 -- 1 000000002004 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2004 Baptista , Júlio Júlio Baptista Brazil Sevilla Racing Santander 5 -- 2 000000002004 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2004 Villa , David David Villa Spain Zaragoza Sevilla 4 -- 4 000000002004 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 2004 Fernando Torres , Fernando Torres Spain Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 4 000000002004 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2004 Pachón , Sergio Sergio Pachón Spain Getafe Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 1 000000002004 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2004 Riquelme , Juan Román Juan Román Riquelme Argentina Villarreal Valencia 3 -- 1 000000002005 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2005 Oliveira , Ricardo Ricardo Oliveira Brazil Real Betis Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 4 000000002005 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2005 Ballesta , Salva Salva Ballesta Spain Atlético Madrid Mallorca 4 -- 0 000000002005 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2005 Benayoun , Yossi Yossi Benayoun Israel Racing Santander Deportivo La Coruña 1 -- 4 000000002005 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2005 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán Uruguay Villarreal Barcelona 3 -- 3 000000002005 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2005 Arango , Juan Juan Arango Venezuela Mallorca Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 000000002005 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2005 Nenê Brazil Alavés Getafe 3 -- 4 000000002005 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2005 Zidane , Zinedine Zinedine Zidane France Real Madrid Sevilla 4 -- 2 000000002006 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2006 Martín , Daniel Daniel Martín Spain Real Betis Zaragoza 4 -- 3 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2006 Luis García Spain Espanyol Sevilla 5 -- 0 000000002006 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2006 Villa , David David Villa Spain Valencia Athletic Bilbao 0 -- 3 000000002006 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2006 van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Real Madrid Levante 1 -- 4 000000002006 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2006 van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Real Madrid Osasuna 1 -- 4 000000002006 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 2006 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 3 000000002007 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2007 Pandiani , Walter Walter Pandiani Uruguay Espanyol Real Madrid 4 -- 3 000000002007 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2007 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán Uruguay Villarreal Osasuna 1 -- 4 000000002007 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2007 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Zaragoza 4 -- 3 000000002007 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2007 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Osasuna Levante 1 -- 4 000000002007 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2007 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Barcelona Levante 1 -- 4 000000002007 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2007 Riganò , Christian Christian Riganò Italy Levante Almería 3 -- 0 000000002007 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 2007 Llorente , Joseba Joseba Llorente Spain Valladolid Recreativo Huelva 3 -- 1 000000002008 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2008 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Barcelona Levante 5 -- 1 000000002008 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 2008 Arango , Juan Juan Arango Venezuela Mallorca Recreativo Huelva 7 -- 1 000000002008 - 03 - 09 - 0000 9 March 2008 Xisco Spain Deportivo La Coruña Murcia 3 -- 1 000000002008 - 03 - 30 - 0000 30 March 2008 Güiza , Daniel Daniel Güiza Spain Mallorca Murcia 1 -- 4 000000002008 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2008 Villa , David David Villa Spain Valencia Levante 1 -- 5 000000002008 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2008 Giovani dos Santos , Giovani dos Santos Mexico Barcelona Murcia 3 -- 5 000000002008 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2008 Bilić , Mate Mate Bilić Croatia Sporting Gijón Sevilla 4 -- 3 000000002008 - 09 - 13 - 0000 13 September 2008 van der Vaart , Rafael Rafael van der Vaart Netherlands Real Madrid Sporting Gijón 7 -- 1 000000002008 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2008 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Barcelona Almería 5 -- 0 000000002008 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2008 Tchité , Mohamed Mohamed Tchité Burundi Racing Santander Valencia 2 -- 4 000000002008 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2008 Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Real Madrid Málaga 4 -- 3 000000002008 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2008 Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Barcelona Valladolid 6 -- 0 000000002008 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2008 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry France Barcelona Valencia 4 -- 0 000000002008 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2008 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Getafe Racing Santander 5 -- 1 000000002009 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 2009 Kanouté , Frédéric Frédéric Kanouté Mali Sevilla Valladolid 4 -- 1 000000002009 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2009 Raúl , Raúl Spain Real Madrid Sevilla 2 -- 4 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2009 Forlán , Diego Diego Forlán Uruguay Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 4 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2009 Tamudo , Raúl Raúl Tamudo Spain Espanyol Málaga 3 -- 0 000000002009 - 05 - 31 - 0000 31 May 2009 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Getafe Racing Santander 1 -- 4 000000002009 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2009 Keita , Seydou Seydou Keita Mali Barcelona Zaragoza 6 -- 1 000000002009 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2009 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Getafe Xerez 5 -- 1 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2009 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Tenerife 0 -- 5 000000002010 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2010 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Valencia 3 -- 0 000000002010 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 2010 Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Real Madrid Valladolid 1 -- 4 000000002010 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2010 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Zaragoza 2 -- 4 000000002010 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2010 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Mallorca 1 -- 4 000000002010 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2010 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Racing Santander 6 -- 1 000000002010 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2010 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Almería 0 -- 8 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 000000002010 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 2010 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Villarreal 4 -- 2 000000002011 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2011 Luís Fabiano , Luís Fabiano Brazil Sevilla Levante 4 -- 1 000000002011 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2011 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 000000002011 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Málaga 7 -- 0 000000002011 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2011 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Valencia Getafe 4 -- 2 000000002011 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 2011 Diego Costa , Diego Costa Brazil Atlético Madrid Osasuna 2 -- 3 000000002011 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2011 Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Real Madrid Valencia 3 -- 6 000000002011 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Sevilla 2 -- 6 000000002011 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Getafe 4 -- 0 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2011 Adebayor , Emmanuel Emmanuel Adebayor Togo Real Madrid Almería 8 -- 1 000000002011 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2011 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Argentina Atlético Madrid Mallorca 3 -- 4 000000002011 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2011 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Valencia Racing Santander 4 -- 3 000000002011 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Zaragoza 0 -- 6 000000002011 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2011 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Osasuna 8 -- 0 000000002011 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 2011 Falcao , Radamel Radamel Falcao Colombia Atlético Madrid Racing Santander 4 -- 0 000000002011 - 09 - 18 - 0000 18 September 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 2 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Atlético Madrid 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 2011 Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Real Madrid Espanyol 0 -- 4 000000002011 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2 October 2011 Higuaín , Gonzalo Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina Real Madrid Real Betis 4 -- 1 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Málaga 0 -- 4 000000002011 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2011 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Mallorca 5 -- 0 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Osasuna 7 -- 1 000000002011 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 2011 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Sevilla 2 -- 6 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 2011 Falcao , Radamel Radamel Falcao Colombia Atlético Madrid Real Sociedad 0 -- 4 000000002012 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 2012 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Málaga 1 -- 4 000000002012 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2012 Llorente , Fernando Fernando Llorente Spain Athletic Bilbao Rayo Vallecano 2 -- 3 000000002012 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 2012 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Levante 4 -- 2 000000002012 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 2012 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Valencia 5 -- 1 000000002012 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2012 Kalu Uche , Kalu Uche Nigeria Espanyol Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 1 000000002012 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 2012 Soldado , Roberto Roberto Soldado Spain Valencia Athletic Bilbao 0 -- 3 000000002012 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2012 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Granada 5 -- 3 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2012 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Málaga 4 -- 1 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2012 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Espanyol 4 -- 0 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 Falcao , Radamel Radamel Falcao Colombia Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 0 000000002012 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2012 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 1 000000002012 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 2012 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 5 000000002012 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2012 Falcao , Radamel Radamel Falcao Colombia Atlético Madrid Deportivo La Coruña 6 -- 0 000000002012 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2012 Xabi Prieto , Xabi Prieto Spain Real Sociedad Real Madrid 4 -- 3 000000002013 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Getafe 4 -- 0 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Osasuna 5 -- 1 000000002013 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Sevilla 4 -- 1 000000002013 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2013 Negredo , Álvaro Álvaro Negredo Spain Sevilla Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 000000002013 - 03 - 04 - 0000 4 March 2013 Cesc Fàbregas , Cesc Fàbregas Spain Barcelona Mallorca 5 -- 0 000000002013 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2013 Negredo , Álvaro Álvaro Negredo Spain Sevilla Valencia 4 -- 3 000000002013 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2013 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Valencia 2 -- 3 000000002013 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 2013 El Hamdaoui , Mounir Mounir El Hamdaoui Morocco Málaga Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 0 000000002013 - 09 - 15 - 0000 15 September 2013 Pedro , Pedro Spain Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 4 000000002013 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Sevilla 7 -- 3 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 El - Arabi , Youssef Youssef El - Arabi Morocco Granada Málaga 3 -- 1 000000002013 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2013 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 000000002013 - 11 - 09 - 0000 9 November 2013 Vela , Carlos Carlos Vela Mexico Real Sociedad Celta Vigo 4 -- 3 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 23 November 2013 Sergio García , Sergio García Spain Espanyol Rayo Vallecano 1 -- 4 000000002013 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 2013 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales Real Madrid Valladolid 4 -- 0 000000002013 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 2013 Jonas , Jonas Brazil Valencia Osasuna 3 -- 0 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 Javi Guerra , Javi Guerra Spain Valladolid Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 000000002013 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2013 Pedro , Pedro Spain Barcelona Getafe 2 -- 5 000000002013 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 2013 Alexis Sánchez , Alexis Sánchez Chile Barcelona Elche 4 -- 0 000000002014 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 2014 Uche , Ikechukwu Ikechukwu Uche Nigeria Villarreal Rayo Vallecano 2 -- 5 000000002014 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2014 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Granada 4 -- 0 000000002014 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Osasuna 7 -- 0 000000002014 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Real Madrid 3 -- 4 000000002014 - 03 - 23 - 0000 23 March 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 8 000000002014 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Elche 5 -- 1 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 2014 Neymar , Neymar Brazil Barcelona Granada 6 -- 0 000000002014 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Sevilla 5 -- 1 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 2014 Vela , Carlos Carlos Vela Mexico Real Sociedad Elche 3 -- 0 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Espanyol 5 -- 1 000000002014 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2014 Griezmann , Antoine Antoine Griezmann France Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 4 000000002014 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 2014 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 4 000000002015 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 2015 Barral , David David Barral Spain Levante Málaga 4 -- 1 000000002015 - 02 - 07 - 0000 7 February 2015 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Levante 5 -- 0 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 Bueno , Alberto Alberto Bueno Spain Rayo Vallecano Levante 4 -- 2 000000002015 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 2015 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 2015 Barral , David David Barral Spain Levante Almería 1 -- 4 000000002015 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Granada 9 -- 1 000000002015 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2015 Santi Mina , Santi Mina Spain Celta Vigo Rayo Vallecano 6 -- 1 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2015 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Córdoba 0 -- 8 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Sevilla 2 -- 3 000000002015 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Espanyol 1 -- 4 000000002015 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Getafe 7 -- 3 000000002015 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2015 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Espanyol 0 -- 6 000000002015 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 2015 Agirretxe , Imanol Imanol Agirretxe Spain Real Sociedad Granada 0 -- 3 000000002015 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 2015 Charles , Charles Brazil Málaga Real Sociedad 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2015 Neymar , Neymar Brazil Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 2 000000002015 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2015 Gameiro , Kévin Kévin Gameiro France Sevilla Getafe 5 -- 0 000000002015 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 2015 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Eibar 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 2015 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 3 000000002015 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2015 Sanabria , Antonio Antonio Sanabria Paraguay Sporting Gijón Las Palmas 3 -- 1 000000002015 - 12 - 05 - 0000 5 December 2015 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales Real Madrid Rayo Vallecano 10 -- 2 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 Benzema , Karim Karim Benzema France Real Madrid Rayo Vallecano 10 -- 2 000000002015 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 2015 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Granada 4 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Wales ( ( Real Madrid c.f. < S99df7 ) ) Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 09 - 0000 9 January 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2016 Sanabria , Antonio Antonio Sanabria Paraguay Sporting Gijón Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 000000002016 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Espanyol 6 -- 0 000000002016 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 000000002016 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2016 Aduriz , Aritz Aritz Aduriz Spain Athletic Bilbao Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 1 000000002016 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2 March 2016 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 1 000000002016 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Celta Vigo 7 -- 1 000000002016 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 8 000000002016 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2016 Alcácer , Paco Paco Alcácer Spain Valencia Eibar 4 -- 0 000000002016 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2016 El - Arabi , Youssef Youssef El - Arabi Morocco Granada Levante 5 -- 1 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Sporting Gijón 6 -- 0 000000002016 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Granada 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2016 Luis Suárez , Luis Suárez Uruguay Barcelona Real Betis 6 -- 2 000000002016 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 August 2016 Carrasco , Yannick Yannick Carrasco Belgium Atlético Madrid Granada 7 -- 1 000000002016 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Alavés 1 -- 4 000000002016 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2016 Cristiano Ronaldo , Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2016 Iborra , Vicente Vicente Iborra † Spain Sevilla Celta Vigo 0 -- 3 000000002016 - 12 - 11 - 0000 11 December 2016 Ben Yedder , Wissam Wissam Ben Yedder France Sevilla Real Sociedad 0 -- 4 000000002017 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 2017 Gameiro , Kévin Kévin Gameiro † France Atlético Madrid Sparting Gijón 1 -- 4 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2017 Rossi , Giuseppe Giuseppe Rossi Italy Celta Vigo Las Palmas 3 -- 1 000000002017 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 2017 Morata , Álvaro Álvaro Morata Spain Real Madrid Leganés 2 -- 4 000000002017 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2017 Neymar , Neymar Brazil Barcelona Las Palmas 1 -- 4 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2017 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Espanyol 5 -- 0 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 2017 Zaza , Simone Simone Zaza Italy Valencia Málaga 5 -- 0 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona Eibar 6 -- 1 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 19 September 2017 Bakambu , Cédric Cédric Bakambu DR Congo Villarreal Eibar 3 -- 0 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2017 Iago Aspas , Iago Aspas Spain Celta Vigo Las Palmas 2 -- 5 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 2017 Ibai , Ibai Spain Alavés Girona 2 -- 3 000000002017 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 2017 Multiple hat - tricks ( edit ) Players with at least 10 hat - tricks are shown in this table . Rank Player Hat - tricks Last hat - trick Cristiano Ronaldo 32 19 November 2016 Lionel Messi 28 19 September 2017 Telmo Zarra 22 15 March 1953 Alfredo di Stéfano 22 15 March 1964 5 Mundo 19 10 October 1948 6 César Rodríguez 15 19 October 1952 7 Isidro Lángara 13 15 December 1946 8 Ferenc Puskás 12 15 December 1963 9 László Kubala 11 19 March 1961 Pahiño 11 11 September 1955 Manuel Badenes 11 29 March 1958 12 Quini 10 7 October 1981 Source : BDFútbol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CE Europa 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CE Europa vs. Arenas 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. RCD Espanyol 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. RCD Espanyol 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Athletic Club 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CE Europa 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Racing Santander 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CE Europa vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Athletic Club 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Arenas 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. CE Europa 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. CE Europa 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Racing Santander 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Unión 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Unión 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Unión 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. Atlético Madrid 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Arenas 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. CE Europa 3 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Arenas 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Deportivo Alavés 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Arenas 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Unión vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 12 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Racing Santander 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CE Europa 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Unión 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Deportivo Alavés 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Athletic Bilbao 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo Alavés 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Deportivo Alavés 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 9 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 9 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 9 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Valencia CF 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Madrid 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Arenas Getxo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Racing Santander 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Arenas 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Arenas 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Oviedo 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Valencia CF 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Athletic Bilbao 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arenas Getxo vs. RCD Espanyol 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Arenas Getxo 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Sociedad 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Oviedo 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. RCD Espanyol 8 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Arenas Getxo 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Real Sociedad 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Hércules CF 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CA Osasuna 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Betis 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA Osasuna vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Madrid 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Oviedo 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CA Osasuna 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA Osasuna vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Madrid 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla CF vs. Racing Santander 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hércules CF vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 7 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 7 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Betis 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Hércules CF 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Valencia CF 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Club 3 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Betis 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla CF vs. Valencia CF 10 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla CF vs. Valencia CF 10 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Atlético Madrid 0 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CD Castellón 9 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. Hércules CF 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Celta Vigo 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Valencia CF 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Celta Vigo 10 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sevilla FC 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Aviación 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. CD Castellón 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Celta Vigo 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CD Castellón 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Oviedo 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Aviación 4 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Celta Vigo 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CD Alcoyano 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. CE Sabadell 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Gimnàstic Tarragona 10 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Deportivo Alavés 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Hércules CF 6 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 7 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 7 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 8 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. UD Las Palmas 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Elche CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. Real Betis 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Elche CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. RCD Mallorca 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Elche CF 8 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Elche CF 2 -- 7 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Granada CF 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Elche CF -- '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Granada CF 8 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Real Valladolid 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Betis 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Betis 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Real Oviedo 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. RCD Mallorca 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Córdoba CF 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Valencia CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Murcia 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. Elche CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pontevedra CF vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. RCD Mallorca 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Mallorca vs. Granada CF 4 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Elche CF 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Deportivo La Coruña 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. UD Las Palmas 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CE Sabadell vs. Pontevedra CF 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. UD Las Palmas 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elche CF vs. Sporting Gijón 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elche CF vs. Atlético Madrid 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijón vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sevilla FC 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. CE Sabadell 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. CE Sabadell 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. UD Las Palmas 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs. Sporting Gijón 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Granada CF 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Betis 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Córdoba CF 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. CD Castellón 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burgos CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Granada CF vs. Real Oviedo 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Oviedo 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijón vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sporting Gijón 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. CD Málaga 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijón vs. FC Barcelona 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Celta Vigo 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Sevilla FC 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Granada CF 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Hércules CF 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Rayo Vallecano 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Real Betis 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Hércules CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Celta Vigo 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Rayo Vallecano 9 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Hércules CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. RCD Espanyol 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Sporting Gijón 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Burgos CF 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. RCD Espanyol 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Sevilla FC 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Castellón vs. Valencia CF 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. Real Zaragoza 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. UD Las Palmas 7 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Murcia vs. CD Málaga 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Elche CF 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cádiz CF vs. Racing Santander 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Real Madrid 2 - 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sporting Gijón 4 - 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sporting Gijón 7 - 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Cádiz CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. RCD Espanyol 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Betis 6 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 1 - 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Logroñés vs. Real Madrid 1 - 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CD Castellón 7 - 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cádiz CF vs. Sevilla FC 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. Sevilla FC 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CD Castellón 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. CA Osasuna 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. FC Barcelona 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. Athletic Club 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. RCD Espanyol 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo La Coruña 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Sociedad 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Logroñés vs. Athletic Bilbao 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. CA Osasuna 8 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Albacete 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC vs. CD Logroñés 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Albacete Balompié 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Valencia CF 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. CD Tenerife 5 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. CD Tenerife 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. CD Tenerife 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Albacete 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. Sevilla FC 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Real Valladolid 3 -- 8 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Real Valladolid 3 -- 8 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Sociedad 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. CD Logroñés 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Valencia CF 4 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. RCD Espanyol 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. FC Barcelona 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Sporting Gijón 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Zaragoza 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Oviedo 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. Atlético Madrid 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. Real Betis 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. FC Barcelona 2 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Atlético Madrid 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Betis vs. CD Tenerife 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Salamanca vs. Deportivo La Coruña 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Racing Santander 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Salamanca vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Salamanca vs. Atlético Madrid 5 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. SD Compostela 2 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Oviedo 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Real Madrid 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Deportivo Alavés 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. UD Salamanca 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Deportivo Alavés 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad vs. Racing Santander 2 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Celta Vigo 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Atlético Madrid 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. Real Sociedad 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. UD Las Palmas 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Numancia vs. Real Madrid 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. FC Barcelona 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Athletic Club 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Real Sociedad 4 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Villarreal CF 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celta Vigo vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal CF vs. FC Barcelona 4 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Villarreal CF 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga CF vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Oviedo vs. Deportivo La Coruña 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Valencia CF 3 -- 2 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Bilbao vs. Real Valladolid 1 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Real Sociedad 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Tenerife vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 6 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. UD Las Palmas 7 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Málaga CF 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. Celta Vigo 2 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CA Osasuna vs. Deportivo La Coruña 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Zaragoza 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. RCD Mallorca 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recreativo Huelva vs. Málaga CF 2 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano vs. Racing Santander 3 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs. Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Deportivo Alavés 6 -- 1 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. RCD Mallorca 1 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Athletic Bilbao 3 -- 3 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCD Mallorca vs. FC Barcelona 0 -- 4 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs. Real Betis 4 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Deportivo Alavés 6 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 5 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Recreativo Huelva 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Real Valladolid 7 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 13 September 2003 . Retrieved 13 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca vs. Valencia 0 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 2 November 2003 . Retrieved 2 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga vs. Barcelona 5 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 3 December 2003 . Retrieved 3 December 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celta de Vigo vs. Deportivo La Coruña 0 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 3 January 2004 . Retrieved 3 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander vs. Real Murcia 3 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 25 January 2004 . Retrieved 25 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga vs. Valencia 1 -- 6 '' . Soccerway. 31 January 2004 . Retrieved 31 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Real Murcia vs. Sevilla 1 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 14 February 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Mista magic dazzles Mallorca '' . UEFA.com. 21 March 2004 . Retrieved 21 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Racing Stantader 5 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 18 April 2004 . Retrieved 18 April 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Sevilla 4 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 25 April 2004 . Retrieved 25 April 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Madrid 3 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 23 May 2004 . Retrieved 23 May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe vs. Athletic Club 3 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 3 October 2005 . Retrieved 3 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal vs. Valencia 3 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 23 January 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Real Betis 4 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 12 February 2005 . Retrieved 12 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Mallorca 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 3 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña vs. Racing Santander 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 24 April 2005 . Retrieved 24 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Villarreal 3 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 22 May 2005 . Retrieved 22 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca vs. Real Sociedad 5 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo Alavés vs. Getafe 3 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 18 September 2005 . Retrieved 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Sevila 4 -- 2 '' . Soccerway. 15 January 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Real Betis 4 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 5 February 2006 . Retrieved 5 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Espanyol vs. Sevila 5 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Valencia 0 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Levante vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 10 September 2006 . Retrieved 10 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Osasuna vs. Real Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 12 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` There 's Something about Messi '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer : Real Madrid rallies against Espanyol and rises to top of Spanish League '' . The New York Times . 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Osasuna vs. Villarreal 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Athletic Club 4 -- 3 '' . Soccerway. 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Levante vs. Osasuna 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 20 May 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Levante 1 -- 4 Barcelona '' . ESPN Soccernet. 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Stefano Cantalupi ( 5 November 2007 ) . `` Il Barça riprende a correre Riganò , splendida tripletta '' ( in Italian ) . Gazzetta.it . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Valladolid vs. Recreativo Huelva 3 -- 1 '' . 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Pete ( 25 February 2008 ) . `` Eto'o hat - trick keeps Barcelona in hot pursuit '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barça lose ground with Villarreal loss '' . UEFA.com. 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña 3 -- 1 Murcia '' . ESPN Soccernet. 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid motor further clear at Racing '' . UEFA.com. 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Levante vs. Valencia 1 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real Murcia vs. Barcelona 3 -- 5 '' . Soccerway. 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla FC 4 -- 3 Sporting Gijon '' . ESPN Soccernet. 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 -- 1 Sporting Gijon '' . Real Madrid . 24 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Almería 5 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 25 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia 2 -- 4 Racing Santander '' . ESPN Soccernet. 1 November 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Higuain , Eto'o both notch four goals '' . Sportsnet.ca. 8 November 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Valencia 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe 5 -- 1 Sporting Gijon '' . ESPN Soccernet. 25 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Real Valladolid '' . Soccerway. 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla vs. Real Madrid 2 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club vs. Atlético Madrid 1 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 23 May 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Espanyol 3 -- 0 Málaga '' . ESPN Soccernet. 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Santander 1 - 4 Getafe '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 30 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Real Zaragoza 6 -- 1 '' . Soccerway. 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe 5 - 1 Xerez '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tenerife 0 - 5 Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 - 0 Valencia '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Valladolid 1 - 4 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Zaragoza vs. Barcelona 2 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 21 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca 1 - 4 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 5 May 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Racing Santander '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Almería 0 -- 8 Barcelona '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 5 -- 1 Athletic Bilbao '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 2 Villarreal '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 4 -- 1 Levante '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 -- 0 Atlético Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 -- 0 Málaga '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Getafe 2 -- 4 Valencia '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Osasuna 2 -- 3 Atlético Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 3 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia 3 -- 6 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 6 Real Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 7 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 0 Getafe '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 8 -- 1 Almería '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mallorca 3 -- 4 Atlético Madrid '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Soldado hat - trick earns Valencia the points '' . UEFA.com. 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Luke Matthews ( 28 August 2011 ) . `` Zaragoza 0 - 6 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo fires hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's side record thumping win '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 8 -- 0 Osasuna -- Messi nets three as Barca bounce back '' . ESPN FC. 17 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlético Madrid vs. Racing Santander 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Rayo Vallecano '' . Soccerway. 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Aladdin Tobal0 ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Barcelona 5 - 0 Atletico Madrid : Marvellous Messi fires hat - trick as Pep Guardiola 's side produce thrilling victory '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Espanyol vs. Real Madrid 0 -- 4 '' . Soccerway. 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Stefan Coerts ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Gonzalo Higuain delighted with hat - trick against Real Betis '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` Malaga 0 - 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo hits first - half hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's side brush aside hosts '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jordi Clos ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` FC Barcelona - Reial Mallorca ( 5 - 0 ) : Insatiable Barça '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Luke Matthews ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid 7 - 1 Osasuna : Ronaldo fires hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's men destroy visitors and extend lead at La Liga summit '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` Sevilla 2 - 6 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Jose Mourinho 's men move three points clear of Barcelona '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 21 January 2012 ) . `` Real Sociedad 0 - 4 Atletico Madrid : Falcao hat - trick and Adrian strike ensure Diego Simeone 's impressive start continues '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Malaga 1 - 4 Barcelona : Messi scores exquisite hat - trick and Alexis adds another as champions close gap on league leaders Real Madrid '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Llorente hits hat - trick in Athletic win '' . ESPN FC. 28 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 12 February 2012 ) . `` Real Madrid 4 - 2 Levante : Ronaldo nets superb hat - trick to send Jose Mourinho 's side 10 points clear at summit of La Liga '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Roger Bogunyà ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` FC Barcelona - Valencia : Brilliant Messi leads fight back ( 5 - 1 ) '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 19 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uche y Coutinho ponen la magia en Cornellá '' ( Uche and Coutinho bring the magic to Cornellá ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Soldado treble sinks Athletic ; ESPN Soccernet , 18 March 2012 Jump up ^ Charlie Scott ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 5 - 3 Granada : History - making Messi breaks club goalscoring record as gap at top of La Liga is reduced to five points '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick gives Real Madrid victory at Atlético '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Vasil Kotsev ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Barcelona 4 - 1 Malaga : Imperious Messi nets hat - trick to reach 68 goals for the season and surpass Gerd Muller 's European record '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordi Clos ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` FC Barcelona - Espanyol : Fantastic send off ( 4 - 0 ) '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falcao stars in Atletico romp '' . ESPN FC. 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits hat - trick in rout '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona edge nine - goal thriller '' . ESPN FC. 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Five - star show from Falcao '' . ESPN . 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casillas benched again but Madrid win '' . ESPN FC. 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hits hat - trick in rout '' . ESPN FC. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irrepressible Messi routs Osasuna '' . ESPN FC. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real close gap to Atletico '' . ESPN FC. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Negredo notches three in thumping win '' . ESPN FC. 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fabregas fires Barca to victory '' . ESPN FC. 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Negredo buries Valencia UCL hopes '' . ESPN FC. 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi scores hat - trick in Barcelona win '' . ESPN . 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Málaga CF vs. Rayo Vallecano 5 -- 0 '' . BDFutbol.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 4 Barcelona : Pedro hat - trick seals Blaugrana win '' . Goal.com. 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scored his 22nd hat - trick for Real Madrid against Sevilla but still Lionel Messi and Pele lead the way with trebles '' . Sport.net. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Youssef El - Arabi inspires Granada to win over Malaga '' . Sports Mole. 8 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Hat Trick Against Real Sociedad ( GIF ) '' . Complex. 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Abnos , Alexander ( 23 November 2013 ) . `` Mexico 's Carlos Vela nets four goals in Real Sociedad comeback victory Planet Futbol '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Espanyol golea al Rayo con un triplete de Sergio García '' ( Espanyol thrash Rayo with a hat - trick from Sergio García ) ( in Spanish ) . La Vanguardia. 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 's Gareth Bale nets hat - trick against Real Valladolid '' . The Observer . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jonas treble sinks Osasuna '' . ESPN . 1 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valladolid tops Celta Vigo behind Guerra 's hat trick '' . Fox News . 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Líder sin defensa '' ( Leader with no defense ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barca 4 - 0 Elche : Sanchez hat trick '' . Goal.com. 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ 7 January 2014 Time : 07 : 35 am ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Ikechukwu Uche scores hattrick for Villarreal '' . Kick Off . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ SOCCER ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Aduriz hat trick leads fourth - place Bilbao by Granada '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Becomes Barcelona 's All - Time Top Goalscorer '' . Huffington Post . 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ AP 6 : 55 p.m. EDT March 23 , 2014 ( 23 March 2014 ) . `` Messi 's hat trick gives Barcelona win at Madrid '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña 2 - 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 5 Elche 1 : Cristiano Ronaldo scores four and Gareth Bale hits one in rout '' . The Telegraph . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 6 - 0 Granada '' . BBC . 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bags another hat - trick v Bilbao : All the incredible stats '' . 101 Great Goals. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi makes history with hat trick for Barcelona vs. Sevilla '' . ESPN FC. 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad 3 - 0 Elche '' . BBC Sport. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 6 December 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 - 0 Celta Vigo : Hat - trick hero Cristiano Ronaldo nets 200th La Liga goal to extend record winning run to 18 games '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Patterson ( 7 December 2014 ) . `` Lionel Messi Scores Hat - Trick in Catalan Derby for Barcelona vs. Espanyol '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ath Bilbao 1 - 4 Atl Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 21 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi hits hat trick to close the scoring gap on Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN FC. 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Barral devuelve la alegría al Levante ( Barral makes Levante smile again ) ; Marca , 7 February 2015 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Dermot Ledwith ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` Magical Lionel Messi shines in Barcelona 's five - star show vs. Levante '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Rayo tiene un halcón del área '' ( Rayo has a hawk of the box ) ( in Spanish ) . Marca. 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 8 March 2015 ) . `` Barcelona 6 - 1 Rayo Vallecano : Lionel Messi 12 - minute hat - trick ( his fastest ever ) and Luis Suarez double fuel win to move Barca top of La Liga ... as both teams have a man sent off in hectic game '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Joe Fish ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` Result : David Barral hat - trick earns Levante crucial win at Almeria '' . Sports Mole . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ El Celta halla una Mina ( Celta finds a Mine ( `` Mina '' in English ) ) ; Marca , 11 April 2015 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Córdoba 0 - 8 Barcelona '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores hat trick but Real Madrid come up short for title '' . ESPN FC. 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pete Jonson ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` Real Madrid 7 - 3 Getafe : Cristiano Ronaldo bags hat - trick to reach 61 goals for the campaign as Real see out poor season in style ... and Portuguese star gives his backing to Carlo Ancelotti '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Moyes feels the pressure lifted as Imanol Agirretxe hat - trick seals Real Sociedad 's first win of the season '' . Daily Mail . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Málaga se libera con los tres goles de Charles '' ( Málaga finds liberation with the three goals from Charles ) ( in Spanish ) . Diario AS . 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 4 - 0 Real Sociedad '' . BBC . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Result : Kevin Gameiro hat - trick sinks Getafe as Sevilla record comfortable win '' . Sports Mole. 24 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` Barcelona 3 - 1 Eibar : Luis Suarez hat - trick secures win as La Liga champions come from behind at the Nou Camp with Javier Mascherano sent off late in the victory '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan McIntosh ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Result : Aritz Aduriz hat - trick gives Athletic Bilbao victory over Rayo Vallecano '' . Sports Mole . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sanabria hat - trick makes history '' . Football Espana. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 10 -- 2 Rayo Vallecano '' . BBC . 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona vs. Granada 4 -- 0 '' . Soccerway. 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid and Gareth Bale give Zinedine Zidane the perfect start '' . The Guardian . 9 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Joe Wright ( 17 January 2016 ) . `` Barcelona 6 - 0 Athletic Bilbao : Suarez scores three in Camp Nou rout '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting Gijon thrash Real Sociedad thanks to Antonio Sanabria hat trick '' . ESPN FC. 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat trick helps Real Madrid hammer Espanyol '' . ESPN FC. 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Malyon ( 14 February 2016 ) . `` Barcelona 6 - 1 Celta Vigo : Luis Suarez scores hat - trick as Catalans run riot - 5 things we learned '' . Mirror . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aritz Aduriz hits 30 - goal mark with hat - trick against Deportivo '' . ESPN FC. 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Pete Jenson ( 9 January 2016 ) . `` Rayo Vallecano 1 - 5 Barcelona : Lionel Messi hat - trick sees off nine - man hosts and stretch lead at top of La Liga to eight points '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo La Coruña 0 - 8 Barcelona '' . BBC . 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alcácer pone fin con tres goles a tres meses de sequía de cara a puerta '' ( Alcácer ends a three - month goal drought with three goals ) ( in Spanish ) . Eurosport. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga : Granada thrash Levante to move out of drop zone , as Getafe win too '' . Sky Sport. 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez scored his second consecutive four - goal haul as Barcelona returned to the top of La Liga with victory over Sporting Gijon '' . BBC . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona pipped bitter rivals Real Madrid to the La Liga title thanks to a Luis Suarez hat - trick at Granada '' . BBC . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez scored a hat - trick on the opening day of La Liga as champions Barcelona thrashed Real Betis '' . BBC . 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yannick Carrasco scored a hat - trick as Atletico Madrid came from behind to overwhelm bottom club Granada and reclaim top spot in La Liga '' . BBC . 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo should be named the world 's best player ahead of Lionel Messi despite his faltering form for Real Madrid , says Zinedine Zidane '' . BBC . 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's 39th career hat - trick gave Real Madrid a derby win over city rivals Atletico which increased their lead at the top of La Liga '' . BBC . 19 November 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vicente Iborra comes off the bench to score hat - trick and claim history as Sevilla beat Celta Vigo '' . Mirror. 11 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wissam Ben Yedder hat trick lifts Sevilla into second place '' . ESPN FC. 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gameiro 's five - minute hat trick sees Atletico past Sporting Gijon '' . ESPN FC. 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rossi 's hat trick gives Celta 3 - 1 win over Las Palmas '' . The Brandon Sun . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CD Leganés vs Real Madrid '' . LaLiga . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs FC Barcelona '' . LaLiga . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs RCD Espanyol '' . LaLiga. 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valencia CF vs Málaga CF '' . LaLiga. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona vs SD Eibar '' . LaLiga. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Villarreal CF vs SD Eibar '' . LaLiga. 1 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UD Las Palmas vs RC Celta '' . LaLiga. 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Girona FC vs D. Alavés '' . LaLiga. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( in English ) Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional ( in Spanish ) Royal Spanish Football Federation La Liga 2017 -- 18 clubs Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Betis Celta Vigo Deportivo La Coruña Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Las Palmas Leganés Levante Málaga Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Former clubs Albacete Alcoyano AD Almería UD Almería Arenas Getxo Atlético Tetuán Burgos Cádiz Castellón Compostela Condal Córdoba Cultural Leonesa Elche Europa Extremadura Gimnàstic Granada Hércules Jaén Lleida CD Logroñés CD Málaga Mallorca CP Mérida Rayo Vallecano Murcia Numancia Osasuna Oviedo Pontevedra Racing Santander Real Burgos Real Unión Recreativo Huelva Sabadell Salamanca Sporting Gijón Tenerife Valladolid Xerez Zaragoza Competition Clubs Seasons & winners Relegation play - offs Players foreign Managers Winners Stadia Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table LFP Awards Top Scorer ( LFP ) Top Scorer ( Pichichi ) Spanish Top Scorer ( Zarra ) Best Goalkeeper ( Zamora ) Best Manager ( Miguel Muñoz ) Best referee ( Guruceta ) Don Balón Award Player of the Month Manager of the Month Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Associated competitions Supercopa de España Copa del Rey UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League laliga.es facebook.com/LaLiga twitter.com/LaLiga youtube.com/laliga Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_La_Liga_hat-tricks&oldid=815944531 '' Categories : La Liga Association football - related lists Lists of association football team hat - tricks Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Incomplete lists from August 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 06 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most hat tricks in la liga history | [
"\nBelow is the list of players that have scored a hat-trick in a La Liga match since the league's creation, in 1929. Since its creation, more than 100 players have scored at least a hat-trick. Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 32 La Liga hat-tricks, making him the player with the most hat-tricks in La Liga history. He is followed by Lionel Messi, with 28.\n"
] | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo"
] |
-7393898126390451536 | Filtration | Filtration - wikipedia Filtration Jump to : navigation , search This article is about operation of solid - fluid separation . For the mathematical concept , see filtration ( mathematics ) . For the equipment used , see Filter ( disambiguation ) . For filtration used in winemaking , see Filtration ( wine ) . Diagram of simple filtration : oversize particles in the feed can not pass through the lattice structure of the filter , while fluid and small particles pass through , becoming filtrate . Filtration is any of various mechanical , physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids ( liquids or gases ) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass . The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate . In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed . However , the separation is not complete ; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles ( depending on the pore size , filter thickness and biological activity ) . Filtration occurs both in nature and in engineered systems ; there are biological , geological , and industrial forms . For example , in animals ( including humans ) , renal filtration removes wastes from the blood , and in water treatment and sewage treatment , undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the filter medium , as in slow sand filtration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Methods 3 Filter media 3.1 Achieving flow through the filter 3.2 Filter aid 4 Alternatives 5 Examples 6 See also 7 References Applications ( edit ) Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension , where the fluid can be a liquid , a gas or a supercritical fluid . Depending on the application , either one or both of the components may be isolated . Filtration , as a physical operation is very important in chemistry for the separation of materials of different chemical composition . A solvent is chosen which dissolves one component , while not dissolving the other . By dissolving the mixture in the chosen solvent , one component will go into the solution and pass through the filter , while the other will be retained . This is one of the most important techniques used by chemists to purify compounds . Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations of chemical engineering . It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the feed stream , as in the biofilter , which is a combined filter and biological digestion device . Filtration differs from sieving , where separation occurs at a single perforated layer ( a sieve ) . In sieving , particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained ( see particle size distribution ) . In filtration , a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow the tortuous channels of the filter . Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice , preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter ( blinding ) . Commercially , the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that the surface becomes the main zone of particle separation , even though these products might be described as sieves . Filtration differs from adsorption , where it is not the physical size of particles that causes separation but the effects of surface charge . Some adsorption devices containing activated charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters , although filtration is not their principal function . Filtration differs from removal of magnetic contaminants from fluids with magnets ( typically lubrication oil , coolants and fuel oils ) , because there is no filter medium . Commercial devices called ' magnetic filters ' are sold , but the name reflects their use , not their mode of operation . Methods ( edit ) There are many different methods of filtration ; all aim to attain the separation of substances . Separation is achieved by some form of interaction between the substance or objects to be removed and the filter . The substance that is to pass through the filter must be a fluid , i.e. a liquid or gas . Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted material , i.e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid . Hot Filtration , solution contained in the Erlenmeyer flask is heated on a hot plate in order to prevent re-crystallization of solids in the flask itself There are several filtration techniques depending on the desired outcome namely , hot , cold and vacuum filtration . Some of the major purposes of getting the desired outcome are , for the removal of impurities from a mixture or , for the isolation of solids from a mixture . Hot Filtration for the separation of solids from a hot solution Hot filtration method is mainly used to separate solids from a hot solution . This is done in order to prevent crystal formation in the filter funnel and other apparatuses that comes in contact with the solution . As a result , the apparatus and the solution used are heated in order to prevent the rapid decrease in temperature which in turn , would lead to the crystallization of the solids in the funnel and hinder the filtration process . One of the most important measures to prevent the formation of crystals in the funnel and to undergo effective hot filtration is the use stemless filter funnel . Due to the absence of stem in the filter funnel , there is a decrease in the surface area of contact between the solution and the stem of the filter funnel , hence preventing re-crystallization of solid in the funnel , adversely affecting filtration process . Cold Filtration , the ice bath is used to cool down the temperature of the solution before undergoing the filtration process Cold Filtration method is the use of ice bath in order to rapidly cool down the solution to be crystallized rather than leaving it out to cool it down slowly in the room temperature . This technique results to the formation of very small crystals as opposed to getting large crystals by cooling the solution down at room temperature . Vacuum Filtration technique is most preferred for small batch of solution in order to quickly dry out small crystals . This method requires a Büchner funnel , filter paper of smaller diameter than the funnel , Büchner flask , and rubber tubing to connect to vacuum source . Filter media ( edit ) Two main types of filter media are employed in laboratories : a surface filter , a solid sieve which traps the solid particles , with or without the aid of filter paper ( e.g. Büchner funnel , Belt filter , Rotary vacuum - drum filter , Cross-flow filters , Screen filter ) ; and a depth filter , a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it passes ( e.g. sand filter ) . The first type allows the solid particles , i.e. the residue , to be collected intact ; the second type does not permit this . However , the second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped . Also , when the solid particles are very fine , it is often cheaper and easier to discard the contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve . Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents . Alternatively , in engineering applications , such as swimming pool water treatment plants , they may be cleaned by backwashing . Self - cleaning screen filters utilize point - of - suction backwashing to clean the screen without interrupting system flow . Achieving flow through the filter ( edit ) Fluids flow through a filter due to a difference in pressure -- fluid flows from the high - pressure side to the low - pressure side of the filter , leaving some material behind . The simplest method to achieve this is by gravity and can be seen in the coffeemaker example . In the laboratory , pressure in the form of compressed air on the feed side ( or vacuum on the filtrate side ) may be applied to make the filtration process faster , though this may lead to clogging or the passage of fine particles . Alternatively , the liquid may flow through the filter by the force exerted by a pump , a method commonly used in industry when a reduced filtration time is important . In this case , the filter need not be mounted vertically . Filter aid ( edit ) Certain filter aids may be used to aid filtration . These are often incompressible diatomaceous earth , or kieselguhr , which is composed primarily of silica . Also used are wood cellulose and other inert porous solids such as the cheaper and safer perlite . These filter aids can be used in two different ways . They can be used as a precoat before the slurry is filtered . This will prevent gelatinous - type solids from plugging the filter medium and also give a clearer filtrate . They can also be added to the slurry before filtration . This increases the porosity of the cake and reduces resistance of the cake during filtration . In a rotary filter , the filter aid may be applied as a precoat ; subsequently , thin slices of this layer are sliced off with the cake . The use of filter aids is usually limited to cases where the cake is discarded or where the precipitate can be chemically separated from the filter . Alternatives ( edit ) Filtration is a more efficient method for the separation of mixtures than decantation , but is much more time consuming . If very small amounts of solution are involved , most of the solution may be soaked up by the filter medium . An alternative to filtration is centrifugation -- instead of filtering the mixture of solid and liquid particles , the mixture is centrifuged to force the ( usually ) denser solid to the bottom , where it often forms a firm cake . The liquid above can then be decanted . This method is especially useful for separating solids which do not filter well , such as gelatinous or fine particles . These solids can clog or pass through the filter , respectively . Examples ( edit ) Filter flask ( suction flask , with sintered glass filter containing sample ) . Note the almost colourless filtrate in the receiver flask . Examples of filtration include The coffee filter to keep the coffee separate from the grounds . HEPA filters in air conditioning to remove particles from air . Belt filters to extract precious metals in mining . Horizontal plate filter , also known as Sparkler filter . Furnaces use filtration to prevent the furnace elements from fouling with particulates . Pneumatic conveying systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow of material that is transported , through the use of a baghouse . In the laboratory , a Büchner funnel is often used , with a filter paper serving as the porous barrier . An experiment to prove the existence of microscopic organisms involves the comparison of water passed through unglazed porcelain and unfiltered water . When left in sealed containers the filtered water takes longer to go foul , demonstrating that very small items ( such as bacteria ) can be removed from fluids by filtration . In the kidney , renal filtration is the filtration of blood in the glomerulus , followed by selective reabsorbtion of many substances essential for the body to maintain homeostasis . See also ( edit ) Separation process Category : Filters Separation of mixtures Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse osmosis Filter Crossflow filtration Sieve Sieve analysis References ( edit ) Look up filtration in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Jump up ^ Article on `` Water treatment solution : Filtration '' , retrieved on 15 October 2013 from http://www.lenntech.com/chemistry/filtration.htm Jump up ^ Lecture notes , Postgraduate course on Filtration and Size separation at the Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Lougborough , England Jump up ^ `` Filtration Methods '' ( PDF ) . University of Calgary . University of Calgary . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Separation processes Processes Absorption Acid - base extraction Adsorption Chromatography Cross-flow filtration Crystallization Cyclonic separation Dialysis ( biochemistry ) Dissolved air flotation Distillation Drying Electrochromatography Electrofiltration Filtration Flocculation Froth flotation Gravity separation Leaching Liquid -- liquid extraction Electroextraction Microfiltration Osmosis Precipitation ( chemistry ) Recrystallization Reverse osmosis Sedimentation Solid phase extraction Sublimation Ultrafiltration Devices API oil - water separator Belt filter Centrifuge Depth filter Electrostatic precipitator Evaporator Filter press Fractionating column Leachate Mixer - settler Protein skimmer Rapid sand filter Rotary vacuum - drum filter Scrubber Spinning cone Still Sublimation apparatus Vacuum ceramic filter Multiphase systems Aqueous two - phase system Azeotrope Eutectic Concepts Unit operation Wastewater Sources Acid mine drainage Ballast water Bathroom Blackwater ( coal ) Blackwater ( waste ) Boiler blowdown Brine Combined sewer Cooling tower Cooling water Fecal sludge Greywater Infiltration / Inflow Industrial effluent Ion exchange Leachate Manure Papermaking Produced water Return flow Reverse osmosis Sanitary sewer Septage Sewage Sewage sludge Toilet Urban runoff Quality indicators Adsorbable organic halides Biochemical oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Coliform index Dissolved oxygen Heavy metals pH Salinity Temperature Total dissolved solids Total suspended solids Turbidity Treatment options Activated sludge Aerated lagoon Agricultural wastewater treatment API oil - water separator Carbon filtration Chlorination Clarifier Constructed wetland Decentralized wastewater system Extended aeration Facultative lagoon Fecal sludge management Filtration Imhoff tank Industrial wastewater treatment Ion exchange Membrane bioreactor Reverse osmosis Rotating biological contactor Secondary treatment Sedimentation Septic tank Settling basin Sewage sludge treatment Sewage treatment Sewer mining Stabilization pond Trickling filter Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation UASB Vermifilter Wastewater treatment plant Disposal options Combined sewer Evaporation pond Groundwater recharge Infiltration basin Injection well Irrigation Marine dumping Marine outfall Reclaimed water Sanitary sewer Septic drain field Sewage farm Storm drain Surface runoff Vacuum sewer NDL : 00569637 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filtration&oldid=831830518 '' Categories : Analytical chemistry Laboratory techniques Alchemical processes Filtration Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 11 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | property of earth to allow water to pass through it is known as | [
"Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate.[1] In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed. However, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size, filter thickness and biological activity). Filtration occurs both in nature and in engineered systems; there are biological, geological, and industrial forms. For example, in animals (including humans), renal filtration removes wastes from the blood, and in water treatment and sewage treatment, undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the filter medium, as in slow sand filtration."
] | [
"Filtration"
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-6162880647411992942 | Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) | Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) - wikipedia Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) `` Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) '' Single by Edison Lighthouse from the album Already B - side `` Every Lonely Day '' Released January 1970 ( UK ) 21 February 1970 ( US ) Recorded England , November 1969 Genre Pop rock Length 2 : 51 Label Bell Records Songwriter ( s ) Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason Producer ( s ) Tony Macaulay Edison Lighthouse singles chronology `` Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) '' ( 1970 ) `` It 's Up to You Petula '' ( 1971 ) `` Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) '' ( 1970 ) `` It 's Up to You Petula '' ( 1971 ) `` Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) '' is a popular song by `` one - hit wonder '' Edison Lighthouse . The single reached the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending on 31 January 1970 , where it remained for a total of five weeks . It also became the first number one single of the 1970s ( not counting Rolf Harris ' `` Two Little Boys '' which was a holdover from 1969 ) . Contents 1 Song profile 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 4 In the media 5 References 6 External links Song profile ( edit ) `` Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) '' was written by Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason . Essentially , they were a studio group with prolific session singer Tony Burrows providing the vocals . When the song became a hit , a group needed to be assembled rapidly to feature the song on Top of the Pops , a popular TV show . Mason and Macaulay found a group called ' Greenfields ' and brought them to Tony 's auditions a week before their appearance on Top of the Pops . Once chosen and rehearsed , they appeared on the show as ' Edison Lighthouse ' to mime to the fastest climbing number 1 hit record in history . Burrows sang the song on the programme during his third appearance on the same show with three different groups . `` Love Grows '' reached number 5 on US pop chart , number 3 in Canada , and number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks in January and February 1970 . It reached number 3 in South Africa in February 1970 . In an interview in 2003 , Rob Grill of The Grass Roots said that the song had been offered to them , but they turned it down . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Peak position Australia ( KMR ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 20 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 ) Rank Australia ( KMR ) 12 Australia ( Go - Set ) 27 Canada 53 UK 11 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 40 U.S. Cash Box 33 Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jerry Vale covered the song on his 1970 album Let It Be . Anni - Frid Lyngstad covered the song in 1970 as `` Där du går lämnar kärleken spår '' ( Where you go , love leaves traces ) . Uschi Glas covered the song in 1970 in German as `` Wenn dein Herz brennt '' . In 1984 , Hong Kong singer Samuel Hui covered the song in Cantonese as `` Tsui Hei Foon Lei '' ( 最 喜歡 你 , which means `` like you the most '' ) . British indie pop band The Siddeleys covered the song on the 1990 compilation Alvin Lives ( In Leeds ) - Anti Poll Tax Trax . Izabella Scorupco covered the song on his 1991 album IZA ( Label : Virgin / Warner Music ) . In 1995 , Swedish dansband `` Distance '' ( later `` Frida & dansbandet '' ) covered the song with lyrics in the Swedish language , as `` När du ler '' ( `` When you smile '' ) . In 2002 , the Not Lame Recordings CD Right to Chews -- a collection of modern bands performing cover versions of bubblegum pop songs -- included Beagle 's version of the song . In 2007 , Little Man Tate did a cover of this song at their concerts at the Boardwalk , Sheffield and at the Bolton Soundhouse . Freedy Johnston covered the song on his 2001 album Right Between the Promises . Les Fradkin covered the song on his 2004 album Perfect World . In 2012 Dennis Diken with Bell Sound recorded a version for a fundraising album titled Super Hits of the Seventies for radio station WFMU . In the media ( edit ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is featured in the closing scenes of the film Shallow Hal ( in which the female lead played by Gwyneth Paltrow is named Rosemary ) . It serves as the musical theme of the film Little Manhattan ( wherein the female love interest is also named Rosemary ) , performed by Freedy Johnston . It was featured in a fifth season episode of The Sopranos ( `` All Happy Families ... '' ) during a hit on a friend of Little Carmine Lupertazzi . It is referred to in the narration of Reservoir Dogs , as part of the fictional `` K - BILLY 's Super Sounds of the ' 70s '' radio show , but the song itself is not played . It is parodied in the game Al Emmo and the Lost Dutchman 's Mine , at the title theme for Act 3 : Shallow Al . It acts as the closing theme to The Kennedys television series referring to the often forgotten , unfortunately mentally retarded daughter Rosemary Kennedy , and sister of 35th President John F. Kennedy and brother Attorney General / Senator Robert F. Kennedy . it plays during a romantic montage during the 2018 Netflix production The Kissing Booth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 241 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1970 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Love Grows '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Music lyrics , charts , Games , & more '' . Top40db.net . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 79 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts - Top Records for the Year of 1970 '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ 1970 in British music Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1970 / Top 100 Songs of 1970 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1970 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1970 - 12 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Där du går lämnar kärleken spår Svensk mediedatabas '' . SMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Listen to `` Love Grows ( Where My Rosemary Goes ) '' on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Grows_(Where_My_Rosemary_Goes)&oldid=856956442 '' Categories : UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand 1970 singles British songs Songs written by Tony Macaulay Songs written by Barry Mason 1970 songs Bell Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking sources from July 2018 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang love goes where my rosemary goes | [] | [] |
-3083704671561634970 | List of Orange Is the New Black episodes | List of Orange Is the New Black episodes - wikipedia List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Jump to : navigation , search Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy - drama series created by Jenji Kohan , which premiered on July 11 , 2013 , on Netflix . The series , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , follows Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a happily engaged New Yorker who is sent to a women 's federal prison for transporting a suitcase full of drug money across international borders , 10 years prior , for her girlfriend at the time , Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) . As of June 9 , 2017 , 65 episodes of Orange Is the New Black have been released , concluding the fifth season . Ten of the thirteen episodes of the fifth season were leaked online by hackers prior to its scheduled premiere date . The series has been renewed for its sixth and seventh seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date `` I Was n't Ready '' Michael Trim Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Tit Punch '' Uta Briesewitz Marco Ramirez Red & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Jodie Foster Sian Heder Sophia & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) `` Imaginary Enemies '' Michael Trim Gary Lennon Miss Claudette July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 5 5 `` The Chickening '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Aleida & Daya July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 6 6 `` WAC Pack '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Nicky & Piper July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 7 7 `` Blood Donut '' Matthew Penn Sara Hess Watson July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 8 8 `` Moscow Mule '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez Red July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 9 9 `` Fucksgiving '' Michael Trim Sian Heder Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 10 10 `` Bora Bora Bora '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Piper & Tricia July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 11 11 `` Tall Men with Feelings '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Piper & Alex July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 12 12 `` Fool Me Once '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Pennsatucky July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 13 `` Ca n't Fix Crazy '' Michael Trim Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan none July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 14 `` Thirsty Bird '' Jodie Foster Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Piper June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 15 `` Looks Blue , Tastes Red '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Taystee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 16 `` Hugs Can Be Deceiving '' Michael Trim Lauren Morelli Suzanne June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 17 `` A Whole Other Hole '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Morello June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 18 5 `` Low Self Esteem City '' Andrew McCarthy Nick Jones Gloria June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 19 6 `` You Also Have a Pizza '' Allison Anders Stephen Falk Poussey June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 20 7 `` Comic Sans '' Andrew McCarthy Sara Hess Black Cindy June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 21 8 `` Appropriately Sized Pots '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss Rosa June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 22 9 `` 40 Oz. of Furlough '' S.J. Clarkson Lauren Morelli Red June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 23 10 `` Little Mustachioed Shit '' Jennifer Getzinger Sian Heder Piper & Alex June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 24 11 `` Take a Break from Your Values '' Constantine Makris Nick Jones Sister Ingalls June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 25 12 `` It Was the Change '' Phil Abraham Sara Hess Vee June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 26 13 `` We Have Manners . We 're Polite . '' Constantine Makris Jenji Kohan none June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 27 `` Mother 's Day '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 28 `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' Constantine Makris Jim Danger Gray Bennett June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 29 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' Michael Trim Nick Jones Nicky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 30 `` Finger in the Dyke '' Constantine Makris Lauren Morelli Big Boo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 31 5 `` Fake It Till You Fake It Some More '' Nicole Holofcener Tara Herrmann Flaca June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 32 6 `` Ching Chong Chang '' Anthony Hemingway Sara Hess Chang June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 33 7 `` Tongue - Tied '' Julie Anne Robinson Sian Heder Norma June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 34 8 `` Fear , and Other Smells '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Alex June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 35 9 `` Where My Dreidel At '' Andrew McCarthy Jordan Harrison Leanne June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 36 10 `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli Pennsatucky June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 37 11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Phil Abraham Sian Heder Caputo June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 38 12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' Uta Briesewitz Sara Hess Aleida & Daya June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 39 13 `` Trust No Bitch '' Phil Abraham Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan various June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 40 `` Work That Body for Me '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 41 `` Power Suit '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Maria June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 42 `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' Andrew McCarthy Jim Danger Gray Soso June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 43 `` Doctor Psycho '' Erin Feeley Carly Mensch Healy June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 44 5 `` We 'll Always Have Baltimore '' Tricia Brock Jordan Harrison Maritza June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 45 6 `` Piece of Shit '' Uta Briesewitz Lauren Morelli none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 46 7 `` It Sounded Nicer in My Head '' Mark A. Burley Nick Jones Lolly June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 47 8 `` Friends in Low Places '' Phil Abraham Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 48 9 `` Turn Table Turn '' Constantine Makris Sara Hess Blanca June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 49 10 `` Bunny , Skull , Bunny , Skull '' Phil Abraham Carly Mensch none June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 50 11 `` People Persons '' Lev L. Spiro Nick Jones Suzanne June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 51 12 `` The Animals '' Matthew Weiner Lauren Morelli Bayley June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 52 13 `` Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread Again '' Adam Bernstein Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan Poussey June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Stolen ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 5 Episodes to Piracy Network '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Leaked After Netflix Refuses Ransom Demand '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Orange Is the New Black episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Episodes Season 1 `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Orange_Is_the_New_Black_episodes&oldid=798746969 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . 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2068423215407795189 | Stanley Cup playoffs | Stanley Cup playoffs - wikipedia Stanley Cup playoffs Jump to : navigation , search Stanley Cup playoffs Current season , competition or edition : 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Sport Hockey Founded 1927 No. of teams 16 Most recent champion ( s ) Pittsburgh Penguins ( 5 ) Most titles Montreal Canadiens ( 24 ) TV partner ( s ) Canada Sportsnet / TVA Sports United States NBC / NHL Network / Univision Official website Stanley Cup Playofffs The Stanley Cup playoffs ( French : Les séries éliminatoires de la Coupe Stanley ) is an elimination tournament in the National Hockey League consisting of four rounds of best - of - seven series . Eight teams from each of the two conferences qualify for the playoffs based on regular season points totals . The final round is commonly known as the Stanley Cup Finals , which sees the two conference champions play for the Stanley Cup . The NHL has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion . Its playoff system has changed over the years , from the league 's inception in 1917 when ownership of the Stanley Cup was shared between different leagues , to when the NHL took over the Cup in 1926 , to the current setup today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current format 2 History 2.1 NHL takes control of Stanley Cup 2.2 Original Six era 2.3 Expansion era 2.4 NHL - WHA merger 2.5 Divisional playoffs 2.6 Conference playoffs 2.7 Return to divisional playoffs 3 Traditions and trends 4 Postseason appearances 4.1 Appearances by active teams 5 NHL Playoff Results 5.1 1918 -- 1927 5.2 1927 -- 1942 5.3 1942 -- 1967 5.4 1968 -- 1979 5.5 1979 -- 1991 5.6 1991 -- 2004 5.7 2005 -- 2017 5.8 2018 6 See also 7 References Current format ( edit ) # 88 - Nate Schmidt of the Washington Capitals skates near the Stanley Cup playoffs logo during their May 10 , 2017 game against the Pittsburgh Penguins See also : NHL Conference Finals The Stanley Cup playoffs consists of four rounds of best - of - seven series . Each series is played in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , meaning the team with home - ice advantage hosts games one , two , five , and seven , while their opponent hosts games three , four , and six . Games five , six , and seven are only played if needed . Eight teams in each conference qualify for the playoffs . In the playoff series format instituted in 2014 , the first , second , and third place team in each of the four divisions qualify for the playoffs automatically . Two additional teams from each conference , regardless of divisional alignment , also qualify for the playoffs by having the highest point totals out of the remaining teams in the conference . These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards . Since there is no attention paid to divisional alignment with the wild cards , it is possible for one division in each conference to have five teams in the postseason while the other has just three . In the First Round , the teams are split into two separate brackets by division . Each bracket consists of the top three divisional qualifiers and one of the wild cards . The lower seeded wild card plays against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card plays against the other division winner , and both wild cards are de facto # 4 seeds . The other two series match the second and third place teams from the divisions . The winners of both First Round series advance to the Second Round . The reseeding in the previous format , which ensured the top seed would play the lowest remaining seed , was discarded . The winners of these series advance to the Conference Finals and the two Conference Final winners move on to the Stanley Cup Finals . In the first two rounds , the higher - seeded team has home - ice advantage ( regardless of point record ) . Thereafter , it goes to the team with the better regular season record ( regardless of seeding ) ; in the case of a tie , the league 's standard tiebreaking procedure is applied . The team with home - ice advantage hosts games one , two , five , and seven , while the opponent hosts games three , four , and six ( games five through seven are played if necessary ) . Any ties in the standings at the end of the regular season are broken using the following protocols : The greater number of games won . Starting in the 2010 -- 11 NHL season , shootout wins are not included in the tie - breaking procedure . The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs . If two clubs are tied , and have not played an equal number of home games against each other , the points earned in the first game played in the city that had the extra game are not included . If more than two clubs are tied , the higher percentage of available points earned in games among those clubs , and not including any `` odd '' games , are used to determine the standing . The greater differential between goals for and against during the entire regular season . If two clubs are still tied on non-shootout wins , points earned between the tied clubs and regular season goal differential , a one - game playoff is played under Stanley Cup playoff rules . History ( edit ) The National Hockey League has always used a playoff tournament to determine its champion , generally opening up its playoff games to a much larger number of teams , including those with a losing regular season record in some years ( the most recent being the seventh and eighth seeded San Jose Sharks and Edmonton Oilers , respectively , in 1999 ) . From the NHL 's inception until 1920 , both NHL and Pacific Coast Hockey Association teams were eligible for the Stanley Cup . The NHL 's regular season was divided into two halves , with the top team from each half moving on to the league finals , which was a two - game total goals series in 1918 and a best - of - seven series in 1919 . In 1920 , the Ottawa Senators were automatically declared the league champion when the team had won both halves of the regular season . The two halves format was abandoned the next year , and the top two teams faced off for the NHL championship in a two - game total goals series . At the time , the NHL champion would later face the winners of the PCHA and , from 1921 , the Western Canada Hockey League in further rounds in order to determine the Stanley Cup champion . During this time , as the rules of the NHL and those of the western leagues differ ( the main difference being that NHL rules allowed five skaters while the western leagues allowed six ) , the rules for each game in the Stanley Cup Finals alternated between those of the NHL and the western leagues . Before the WCHL competed for the Stanley Cup , the Cup championship series a best - of - five series . Following the involvement of the WCHL , one league champion was given a bye straight to the finals ( a best - of - three affair starting in 1922 ) , while the other two competed in a best - of - three semifinal . As travel expenses were high during these times , it was often the case that the NHL champions were sent west to compete . In a dispute between the leagues in 1923 about whether to send one or both western league champions east , the winner of the PCHA / WCHL series would proceed to the Stanley Cup Finals , while the loser of the series would face the NHL champion , both series being best - of - three . In 1924 the NHL playoffs expanded from two to three teams ( with the top team getting a bye to the two - game total goal NHL finals ) , but because the first - place Hamilton Tigers refused to play under this format , the second and third place teams played for the NHL championship in a two - game total goals affair . The Stanley Cup Finals returned to a best - of - five format the same year . NHL takes control of Stanley Cup ( edit ) With the merger of the PCHA and WCHL in 1925 and the merged league 's collapse in 1926 , the NHL took de facto control of the Stanley Cup . While the Cup would not be formally deeded to the league until 1947 , from 1926 onward the NHL playoffs and the Stanley Cup playoffs are considered synonymous . The NHL was subsequently divided into the Canadian and American divisions until the 1927 -- 28 season . For 1927 , six teams qualified for the playoffs , three from each division , with the division semifinals and finals being a two - game total goals affair , and the Stanley Cup Finals becoming a best - of - five series . In 1928 , the playoff format was changed so that the two teams with identical division ranking would face each other ( i.e. the first place teams played each other , the second place teams play each other , and likewise for the third place teams ) . The first place series was a best - of - five affair , with the winner proceeding to the best - of - three Stanley Cup Finals , while the others were a two - game total goals series . The winner of the second and third place series played each other in a best - of - three series , with the winner earning the other berth to the Stanley Cup Finals . This format had a slight modification the following year , where the semifinal series became a two - game total goals affair and the Stanley Cup Finals became a best - of - five series . The two - game total goals format was abolished in 1937 , with those series being changed to best - of - three affairs . Original six era ( edit ) The 1930s saw the reduction of teams from ten to seven , and with it an end to the Canadian and American divisions . The Stanley Cup playoffs saw the first - and second - place teams play against each other in a best - of - seven series for one berth in the Stanley Cup Finals , while the third - to sixth - place teams battled in a series of best - of - three matches for the other berth ( with the third - place team taking on the fourth - place team , and the fifth - place team against the sixth - place team ) . In 1939 , the Stanley Cup Finals became a best - of - seven series , the format still used today . The 1942 -- 43 season saw the removal of the New York Americans , leaving six remaining teams ( known today as the `` Original Six '' ) . Throughout this era , the first and third - place teams played in one best - of - seven semifinal , while the second and fourth - place teams played in the other best - of - seven semifinal . During this time , Detroit Red Wings fans often threw an octopus onto the ice as a good luck charm , as eight wins were required to win the Stanley Cup . Expansion era ( edit ) The 1967 expansion saw the number of teams double from six to 12 in the 1967 -- 68 season , and with it the creation of the Western and Eastern divisions . The playoff format remained largely the same , with all series remaining best - of - seven , and the division champions battling for the Stanley Cup . The 1970 -- 71 season , because of fan demand , brought forth the first inter-conference playoff matchup outside of the Stanley Cup Finals since the pre-war expansion , which had the winner of the second - place versus fourth - place matchup in one conference take on the winner of the first - versus third - place matchup in the other conference for a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . The following year had one minor change to its playoff format : a stronger team would face a weaker opponent . Thus , instead of a first - place versus third - place and a second versus fourth - place matchup in the first round , the first round had the first - place versus the fourth and the second versus the third - place . This practice of having stronger teams facing weaker opposition has continued to the present day . The 1974 -- 75 season saw another change to its playoff system to accommodate the league of 18 teams , 12 of which qualified for the playoffs . The top team from each division would earn a bye to the quarterfinal , while the second - and third - place teams from each division started their playoff run from a best - of - three preliminary round . In each round of the playoffs , the teams remaining were seeded regardless of divisional or conference alignment , with the preliminary - round series being a best - of - three affair while the remainder of the series remained best - of - seven . The 1977 -- 78 season had one minor change in its playoff format : although the second - place finishers from each division would qualify for the preliminary round , the four playoff spots reserved for the third - place teams were replaced by four wild - card spots -- spots for the four teams with the highest regular - season point total that did not finish first or second in their divisions . NHL - WHA merger ( edit ) With the absorption of four teams from the World Hockey Association in the 1979 -- 1980 season , a new playoff system was introduced where 16 of the league 's 21 teams would qualify for postseason play . The four division winners would qualify for the playoffs while twelve wildcard positions rounded out the sixteen teams . At the beginning of each round the teams were seeded based on their regular season point totals , with the preliminary round being a best - of - five series while all other playoff series were best - of - seven . Divisional playoffs ( edit ) The 1981 -- 1982 season brought forth the return of divisional matchups , with the top four teams from each division qualifying for the playoffs . Division champions would be determined , followed by the Conference champions , who would meet in the Stanley Cup Finals . The division semifinals was a best - of - five affair until the 1986 -- 87 season , when it became a best - of - seven series , while all other series remained best - of seven . Conference playoffs ( edit ) For the 1993 -- 94 season , the league revamped its playoff structure to become conference - based rather than division - based . Eight teams in each conference qualified for the playoffs . The division first - place teams were seeded first ( the team with the best record in the conference ) and second in the conference playoffs and received home ice advantage for the first two rounds . The next six best teams in each conference also qualified and were seeded third through eighth . All teams played in the first round : first - place versus eighth , second versus seventh , third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth . All series were best - of - seven , but the arrangement of home games was changed for Central and Pacific division teams . Instead of the normal 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 rotation , a series involving teams from both divisions was 2 -- 3 -- 2 , with the higher seeded team having the option of starting play at home or on the road ( ALL teams with home - ice advantage chose to play the default 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 format , from 1995 - 1998 ) . After each round , surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final , then a conference final . The conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals . Home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular - season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals . In 1998 -- 99 , the league was re-organized into two conferences of three divisions apiece , resulting in the playoff format used through 2013 . The qualifiers remained sixteen , but the seeding changed . The three first - place teams in each division qualified and were seeded first through third for the playoffs . Of the other teams in each conference , the top five finishers qualified for the fourth through eighth seedings . All teams played in the first round : first - place versus eighth , second versus seventh , third versus sixth and fourth versus fifth , by those criteria . After each round , surviving teams were reseeded to play a conference semi-final , then a conference final . Like the 1994 -- 1998 system , the conference winners then played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals , and home ice advantage was determined by higher seed in the first three rounds and by regular - season points of the two teams in the Stanley Cup Finals . Return to divisional playoffs ( edit ) The NHL realigned into a four - division , two - conference system for the 2013 -- 14 season . Under the new postseason system , the top three teams in each division make the playoffs , with two wild - cards in each conference ( for a total of eight playoff teams from each conference ) . The format is division - based , similar to the 1981 -- 82 system . In the First Round , the top - ranked team in the conference plays against the lowest - ranked wild - card , while the other division winner plays against the higher ranked wild - card . The second and third place teams in each division then play each other . The first round winners then meet in the Second Round . The third round will still consist of the Western Conference and Eastern Conference Finals , with those conference winners advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals . Traditions and trends ( edit ) Compared to other major professional sports leagues , playoff upsets are relatively common in the NHL . According to NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot , this is because the style of competition in the playoffs is different from the regular season : instead of playing different teams every night , the goal is to advance through four best - of - seven playoff series . The Presidents ' Trophy winner may have to go through other playoff clubs who might have a hotter goaltender , a better defensive team , or other players that pose matchup problems . If the regular season champion 's primary success was only outscoring others , they may be out of luck facing goaltenders that can shut them out . And although rare , another aspect is that the NHL leads the other leagues in game seven comebacks . Only four instances has an NHL team been able to come back from being down 0 -- 3 to win a seven - game series : the 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs , the 1975 New York Islanders , the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers , and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings . There has been only one such `` reverse sweep '' comeback in the MLB postseason ( the 2004 Boston Red Sox ) and none in the NBA playoffs . It is the reality of the sport . If your particular strength happens to be that you 're really good offensively , and you come up against a hot goaltender and a team that is stout defensively , it might not matter that you were good on a nightly basis scoring goals . And that one particular opponent : you 'll have to beat them four times . `` '' NHL broadcaster Darren Eliot explaining the lack of success of Presidents ' Trophy winners winning the Stanley Cup . Despite having more American - based teams than Canadian - based ones throughout much of the NHL 's existence ( dating back to the Original Six era when it was two Canadian clubs to four American ones , and now 7 to 24 since 2017 ) , there have been only two times in league history where none of the Canadian teams qualified for the postseason : 1970 and 2016 . However , the 1993 Montreal Canadiens remain the last Canadian club to go all the way and win the Stanley Cup . The Stanley Cup playoffs MVP award , the Conn Smythe Trophy is based on the entire NHL postseason instead of just the championship game or series , unlike the playoff MVP awards presented in the other major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada ( the Super Bowl MVP , the NBA Finals MVP , and the World Series MVP ) , although in its history the trophy has never been given to someone that was not in the finals . Doug Gilmour and Peter Forsberg , in 1986 and 1999 , respectively , are the only players who have topped the postseason in scoring without making it to the Finals . NHL players have often grown beards when their team is in the playoffs , where they do not shave until their team is eliminated or wins the Stanley Cup . The tradition was started in the 1980s by the New York Islanders , and is often mirrored by the fans , as well . At the conclusion of a playoff series , players and coaches line up and exchange handshakes with their counterparts on the opposing team , and this has been described by commentators as `` one of the great traditions in sports '' . However , there have been rare occasions that individual players have refused to participate , such as Gerry Cheevers who left the ice without shaking hands with any of the Flyers in 1978 , and Billy Smith who avoided handshakes as he was particularly passionate about losses . More recent examples of players refusing the handshake include the 1996 playoffs when several Detroit Red Wings players protested the dirty hit by the Colorado Avalanche 's Claude Lemieux , and in the 2008 playoffs when Martin Brodeur refused to shake Sean Avery 's hand after Avery screened him in an earlier game . It is common among players to never touch or hoist the Prince of Wales Trophy ( Eastern Conference champion ) or Clarence S. Campbell Bowl ( Western Conference champion ) after they have won the conference finals ; the players feel that the Stanley Cup is the true championship trophy and thus it should be the only trophy that they should be hoisting . There have been five recent exceptions to this -- Scott Stevens of the Devils in 2000 and 2003 and Sidney Crosby of the Penguins in 2009 , 2016 , and 2017 . In four of these occurrences , their teams went on to win the Stanley Cup . In recent years , the captain of the winning team poses ( usually looking solemn ) with the conference trophy , and sometimes , the entire team poses as well . There are many traditions and anecdotes associated with the championship trophy , the Stanley Cup . Because the Ice Hockey World Championships are held in the same time period as the Stanley Cup playoffs , the only NHL players who can participate in the former are those on NHL teams that have been eliminated from Stanley Cup contention . This policy has been in place since a 1977 agreement between the NHL and the International Ice Hockey Federation , which allowed Team Canada to field a team in the World Championships after an - eight year absence . Postseason appearances ( edit ) Correct as of 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs Appearances by active teams ( edit ) Team Appearances Montreal Canadiens 86 Boston Bruins 71 Toronto Maple Leafs 67 Detroit Red Wings 64 Chicago Blackhawks 62 New York Rangers 59 St. Louis Blues 41 Philadelphia Flyers 39 Pittsburgh Penguins 33 Dallas Stars 31 Buffalo Sabres 29 Los Angeles Kings 30 Calgary Flames 28 Vancouver Canucks 27 Washington Capitals 28 New York Islanders 24 Colorado Avalanche 23 New Jersey Devils 23 Edmonton Oilers 21 Arizona Coyotes 19 San Jose Sharks 19 Ottawa Senators 16 Carolina Hurricanes 13 Anaheim Ducks 14 Nashville Predators 11 Tampa Bay Lightning 10 Minnesota Wild 9 Florida Panthers 5 Columbus Blue Jackets Winnipeg Jets Vegas Golden Knights Jump up ^ Includes postseason appearances in the National Hockey Association prior to the formation of the NHL in 1917 . The NHA , the predecessor league of the NHL , also competed for the Stanley Cup . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Minnesota North Stars ( 1967 -- 68 through to 1992 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Flames ( 1972 -- 73 through to 1979 -- 80 ) . ^ Jump up to : Does not include appearances in the World Hockey Association / Avco Trophy playoffs . Per the conditions of the NHL -- WHA merger , the NHL does not officially recognize the WHA history , playoffs and records . Furthermore , during its existence , no WHA champion competed for the Stanley Cup . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Quebec Nordiques ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1994 -- 95 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Colorado Rockies ( 1976 -- 77 through to 1981 -- 82 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for the original Winnipeg Jets ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1995 -- 96 ) . Jump up ^ The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . The NHL officially treats them as two separate franchises . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Hartford Whalers ( 1979 -- 80 through to 1996 -- 97 ) . Jump up ^ Includes appearances for Atlanta Thrashers ( 1999 -- 2000 through to 2010 -- 11 ) . NHL playoff results ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled NHL playoff results . ( Discuss ) ( May 2018 ) 1918 -- 1927 ( edit ) Prior to 1927 the NHL playoff champion did not receive the Stanley Cup . In most years the winning team was awarded the O'Brien Trophy but from 1915 through 1926 the NHA / NHL champion would play the PCHA / WHL champion for the Stanley Cup . The results outlined here are only those between NHL teams and do not include any Stanley Cup Finals series before 1927 . For the first four years the NHL playoffs entailed the best team from the first half of the season playing a two games against the best team from the second half . The winner was the team that scored the most combined goals . There were no NHL playoffs in 1920 because Ottawa had the best record in both halves and was declared the NHL champion . Starting in 1921 the NHL scrapped the half - season scheme and had the teams with the top two records play for the league title . In 1926 the league introduced a two - game semifinal series for the second - and third - best teams to play for entry into the final against the regular season champion . The following year , with 10 teams in the league , the NHL expanded the playoffs to include six teams . The winners of the Canadian and American divisions would earn byes into the semifinal round while the remaining four would start in the quarterfinals . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Montreal Canadiens 5 6 Toronto Arenas Toronto St. Patricks Ottawa Senators 5 6 7 8 Montreal Wanderers Quebec Bulldogs Hamilton Tigers Boston Bruins Montreal Maroons New York Americans Pittsburgh Pirates Chicago Black Hawks Detroit Cougars New York Rangers ^ Jump up to : The Toronto team began as the ' Arena Athletic Club ' before settling on Arenas then changed their name to the St. Patricks and eventually became the Toronto Maple Leafs . ^ Jump up to : The Quebec Athletic Club moved to Hamilton after one season in the NHL . Jump up ^ After the NHL dropped Hamilton as a franchise the expansion New York Americans signed all of Hamilton 's players but the two teams are considered distinct . 1927 -- 1942 ( edit ) The playoff format was altered slightly in 1929 , having the two division winners play one another in the semifinal rather than the winners of the quarterfinal round . Because the NHL took charge of the NHL finals became a best - of series as the Stanley cup championship had been since 1914 . A year later the Semifinal round became a best - of series with the division winners playing a five game set and the quarterfinal winners facing off in a best - of - three meeting . In 1931 the meeting between quarterfinal winners reverted to a two - game total - goal series and did n't change back for five years . The next year all series became best - of 's and two years after , in 1939 , the league ended the divisional format when the Montreal Maroons suspended operations , leaving the league with only 7 teams . Instead , the top two finishers played one another in a best - of - seven semifinal round while the other four playoff teams played best - of - three series to decide the second finalist . The same year the Stanley Cup finals shifted to a best - of - seven series where it has remained ever since ( as of 2018 ) . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 Montreal Canadiens 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Toronto Maple Leafs 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Ottawa Senators 9 10 St. Louis Eagles Boston Bruins 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Montreal Maroons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 New York Americans 5 Pittsburgh Pirates Philadelphia Quakers Chicago Black Hawks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Detroit Cougars Detroit Falcons Detroit Red Wings 5 6 7 8 9 10 New York Rangers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ^ Jump up to : The Senators suspended operations for one season in 1931 and returned the following year . In 1934 the team moved to St. Louis and played for 1 season before disbanding ^ Jump up to : The Pirates moved to Philadelphia and became the Quakers , playing for 1 season before suspending operations ^ Jump up to : The Detroit team began as the Cougars before changing their name to the Falcons in 1930 . After declaring bankruptcy and being bought by James E. Norris they were rechristened as the ' Red Wings ' 1942 -- 1967 ( edit ) With only six teams in the league the quarterfinal round was ended and the top four finishers made the playoffs . All playoff series became best - of - sevens with the # 1 and # 3 teams playing in one semifinal while the # 2 and # 4 seeds met in the other . This arrangement remained unchanged the entire 25 - year duration of the ' Original Six ' era . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Out of Playoffs Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Montreal Canadiens 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Toronto Maple Leafs 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Boston Bruins 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Chicago Black Hawks 12 13 14 Detroit Red Wings 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 New York Rangers 16 17 Team 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Montreal Canadiens 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Toronto Maple Leafs 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Boston Bruins 26 27 28 Chicago Black Hawks 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Detroit Red Wings 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 New York Rangers 18 19 20 21 22 1968 -- 1979 ( edit ) When the league doubled its size in 1967 they also doubled the number of playoff teams , reintroducing the quarterfinals but keeping the 1 - vs - 3 style that existed for the previous quarter - century and keeping all series as best - of - sevens . In 1971 the league altered the semifinals to pit east teams against west teams and followed that by rearranging the first round to have the top seeds play the bottom seeds in intra-conference series . Once they league 's size swelled to 18 teams an additional four teams received bids into the postseason . Starting in 1975 the division winners received byes into the second round while the remaining eight teams started in a best - of - three preliminary round with the top seed facing the lowest seed . After the opening round all teams were reseeded for the quarterfinals and semifinals regardless of their division or conference . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 Montreal Canadiens 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Toronto Maple Leafs 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Boston Bruins 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Chicago Black Hawks 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Detroit Red Wings 33 34 New York Rangers 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 Los Angeles Kings 5 6 7 8 Minnesota North Stars 5 6 Oakland Seals California Golden Seals Cleveland Barons Philadelphia Flyers 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pittsburgh Penguins 5 6 St. Louis Blues 5 6 7 8 9 Buffalo Sabres 5 6 Vancouver Canucks Atlanta Flames 5 New York Islanders 5 Kansas City Scouts Colorado Rockies Washington Capitals Jump up ^ The team started the 1967 season as the ' California Seals ' but changed their name to ' Oakland ' in November Jump up ^ Charles O. Finley bought Oakland in 1970 and promptly changed both the team name and their colors but kept the franchise in the same city Jump up ^ After years of financial struggle the Seals moved to Cleveland and became the Barons , reviving the name of the once - successful AHL team . The NHL 's Barons only lasted two seasons before merging with the Minnesota North Stars Jump up ^ Despite being a new franchise and one of the only professional teams in the area the Scouts could only last two seasons in Kansas City before relocating to Denver 1979 -- 1991 ( edit ) When the WHA folded in 1979 four teams were absorbed into the NHL . With 21 teams the NHL expanded the playoffs once more to include 16 with all teams starting in the preliminary round which was increased to a best - of - five series . Teams were seeded regardless of their conference or division 1 through 16 and reseeded after the first two rounds . Starting in 1982 the NHL split the playoffs into eastern - and western - conference with each conference providing 8 teams where it has remained since ( as of 2018 ) . Furthermore the NHL had the first two round being played within each division , granting the four regions one entry each into the conference finals . The divisional semifinals were expanded to seven - game - series in 1987 . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 Montreal Canadiens 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Toronto Maple Leafs 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Boston Bruins 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Chicago Blackhawks 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Detroit Red Wings 35 36 37 38 39 40 New York Rangers 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Los Angeles Kings 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Minnesota North Stars 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Philadelphia Flyers 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Pittsburgh Penguins 7 8 9 10 11 St. Louis Blues 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Buffalo Sabres 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vancouver Canucks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Atlanta Flames 6 Calgary Flames 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 New York Islanders 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Colorado Rockies New Jersey Devils Washington Capitals 5 6 7 8 9 Edmonton Oilers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hartford Whalers 5 6 7 Quebec Nordiques 5 6 7 Winnipeg Jets 5 6 7 8 Jump up ^ The Flames moved to Calgary in 1980 after years of flagging attendance Jump up ^ Arthur Imperatore Sr. bought the Rockies in 1978 with the intent of moving them to New Jersey but those plans were shelved due to the lack of a suitable arena . Colorado would eventually relocate to the Garden State with John McMullen as the owner 1991 -- 2004 ( edit ) The NHL added nine franchises from 1991 to 2000 while an additional four moving to new cities ( three of those teams were WHA alumni ) Despite the increase in league size the NHL playoffs remained static at 16 teams . The league did , however , change the format by dropping the divisional rounds in 1994 with the division winners receiving the top two seeds and the rest being sorted according to their records . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals Preliminary Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Montreal Canadiens 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 Toronto Maple Leafs 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Boston Bruins 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Chicago Blackhawks 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Detroit Red Wings 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 New York Rangers 43 44 45 46 47 Los Angeles Kings 18 19 20 21 22 23 Minnesota North Stars 17 Dallas Stars 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Philadelphia Flyers 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Pittsburgh Penguins 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 St. Louis Blues 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Buffalo Sabres 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Vancouver Canucks 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Calgary Flames 18 19 20 21 22 New York Islanders 16 17 18 19 20 New Jersey Devils 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Washington Capitals 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Edmonton Oilers 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hartford Whalers 8 Carolina Hurricanes 9 10 11 Quebec Nordiques 8 9 Colorado Avalanche 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Winnipeg Jets 9 10 11 Phoenix Coyotes 12 13 14 15 16 San Jose Sharks 5 6 7 8 Ottawa Senators 5 6 7 8 Tampa Bay Lightning Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Florida Panthers Nashville Predators Atlanta Thrashers Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild Jump up ^ Minnesota telegraphed their move when they began wearing new uniforms without a reference to the ' north ' part of their nickname in 1992 - 93 ^ Jump up to : In consecutive years three of the four former WHA teams moved to new locales . Of those three Colorado , the franchise with the most success , has not threatened another relocation in the succeeding years ( as of 2018 ) 2005 -- 2017 ( edit ) After the NHL lockout in 2004 - 05 that saw the cancellation of the first Stanley Cup final in 86 years The league went through another stable period where no new franchises were added . The playoffs as well were mostly consistent throughout the period . Only one change occurred ; beginning with the 2014 playoffs the league returned to 4 divisions with the top three teams in each division making the playoffs and the two teams in each conference with the best record receiving ' wild card ' spots . The better wild card team would play the lesser division champion for each conference and vice versa . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals First Round Out of Playoffs Not in NHL Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Montreal Canadiens 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Toronto Maple Leafs 65 66 Boston Bruins 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Chicago Blackhawks 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Detroit Red Wings 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 New York Rangers 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Los Angeles Kings 24 25 26 27 28 29 Dallas Stars 27 28 29 30 31 Philadelphia Flyers 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Pittsburgh Penguins 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 St. Louis Blues 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Buffalo Sabres 26 27 28 29 Vancouver Canucks 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Calgary Flames 23 24 25 26 27 28 New York Islanders 21 22 23 24 New Jersey Devils 17 18 19 20 21 22 Washington Capitals 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Edmonton Oilers 20 21 Carolina Hurricanes 12 13 Colorado Avalanche 16 17 18 19 Arizona Coyotes 17 18 19 San Jose Sharks 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Ottawa Senators 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Tampa Bay Lightning 5 6 7 8 9 Anaheim Ducks 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Florida Panthers 5 Nashville Predators 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atlanta Thrashers Winnipeg Jets Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild 5 6 7 8 2018 ( edit ) The NHL added Vegas as the first expansion team in 17 years for the 2017 - 18 season . Though no adjustment occurred as far as the playoffs were concerned , the league also approved an ownership group to make a bid for a 32nd team to be located in Seattle . If approved , the team would not begin play until the 2021 - 22 season . NHL Champion Runner - Up Semifinals Quarterfinals First Round Out of Playoffs Still Playing Numbers in table represent each team 's appearance in the playoffs Team 2018 Montreal Canadiens Toronto Maple Leafs 67 Boston Bruins 72 Chicago Blackhawks Detroit Red Wings New York Rangers Los Angeles Kings 30 Dallas Stars Philadelphia Flyers 39 Pittsburgh Penguins 33 St. Louis Blues Buffalo Sabres Vancouver Canucks Calgary Flames New York Islanders New Jersey Devils 23 Washington Capitals 28 Edmonton Oilers Carolina Hurricanes Colorado Avalanche 20 Arizona Coyotes San Jose Sharks 20 Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning 10 Anaheim Ducks 14 Florida Panthers Nashville Predators 11 Winnipeg Jets Columbus Blue Jackets Minnesota Wild 9 Vegas Golden Knights See also ( edit ) List of NHL playoff series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stanley Cup Playoffs format , qualification system '' . NHL.com . March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Playoffs format , qualification system '' . NHL.com. April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Playoff Formats : 1917 to date '' . NHL.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Dave ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book ( 2009 ed . ) . Dan Diamond Associates . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dan Rosen ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Realignment plan approved by Board of Governors '' . NHL.com . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ; Hackel , Stu ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` First - Round Upsets Common in N.H.L '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Darren Eliot ( April 7 , 2010 ) . Inside Report : Presidents ' Trophy to curse Caps ? . SI.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dave ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Woe Canada . No playoffs this year north of border '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Warnsby ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Bruins win Stanley Cup '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved Feb 5 , 2012 . The Canucks were n't going to become the first Canadian - based team since the 1992 - 93 Montreal Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup with such little production . Jump up ^ Ryan Kennedy ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Wooly Bullies '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barbara Sullivan ( April 28 , 2007 ) . `` One team , one goal , no razors '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Analyst ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` NHL Playoff Traditions : Why the NHL Is the Most Celebrated League '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DropYourGloves.com ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Colin ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` Sean Avery gets best of New Jersey Devils in New York Rangers ' 3 - 0 victory '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , it 's tradition , but players should have a choice - NHL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Phil ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` NHL.com -- Ice Age : Having another trophy in mind '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew ( Sep 4 , 2012 ) . Team Canada 1972 : The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series . McClelland & Stewart . Thus , the only professionals who could participate were those on NHL teams that did not make the playoffs or were eliminated quickly Jump up ^ Barnes , John ( 2010 ) . The Law of Hockey . Butterworths & Company . p. 83 . Since 1977 , Canada has competed at the annual IIHF competition mainly using players from teams that have been eliminated from the NHL play - offs Jump up ^ Duplacey , James ( 1998 ) . Total Hockey : The official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League . Total Sports . p. 506 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 7114 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Record Book '' . NHL Official Guide & Record Book 2015 . Triumph Books . October 2014 . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1629370118 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time NHL Results '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Cup '' . HHOF.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1966 , p. 487 . Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven 1910s 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Cup_playoffs&oldid=843428277 '' Categories : National Hockey League Stanley Cup Stanley Cup playoffs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing French - language text Articles to be split from May 2018 All articles to be split Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 56 . 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-9075782962421193186 | List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress | List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress - wikipedia List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Hispanic and Latino Americans who have served in the United States Congress . Persons included are identified as having a lineage from Spain or Latin America , a definition which includes Brazil but not Portugal . Entries shaded in gray refer to current members of the U.S. Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Senate 1.1 Elected , but not seated 2 House of Representatives 2.1 House Delegates ( non-voting members ) 3 See also 4 References Senate ( edit ) Picture Senator ( lifespan ) Party State Term start Term end Hispanic Ancestry Notes Bouligny , Dominique Dominique Bouligny ( 1773 -- 1833 ) Adams - Clay Republican Louisiana 000000001824 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1824 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1829 Spain Retired Yulee , David Levy David Levy Yulee ( 1810 -- 1886 ) Democratic Florida 000000001845 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1845 000000001851 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1851 Spain Lost reelection 000000001855 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1855 000000001861 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1861 Resigned when Florida seceded from the Union Benjamin , Judah P. Judah P. Benjamin ( 1811 -- 1884 ) Democratic Louisiana 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1853 000000001861 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1861 Spain Resigned when Louisiana seceded from the Union Larrazolo , Octaviano Octaviano Larrazolo ( 1859 -- 1930 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001928 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1928 000000001929 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1929 Mexico Retired Chávez , Dennis Dennis Chávez ( 1888 -- 1962 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001935 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1935 000000001962 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1962 Mexico Died in office Montoya , Joseph Joseph Montoya ( 1915 -- 1978 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001964 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1964 000000001977 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1977 Mexico Lost reelection Sununu , John E. John E. Sununu ( born 1964 ) Republican New Hampshire 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2003 000000002009 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2009 Cuba El Salvador Lost reelection Martínez , Mel Mel Martínez ( born 1946 ) Republican Florida 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 000000002009 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2009 Cuba Resigned Salazar , Ken Ken Salazar ( born 1955 ) Democratic Colorado 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2009 Mexico Resigned to become United States Secretary of the Interior Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( born 1954 ) Democratic New Jersey 000000002006 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2006 present Cuba Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio ( born 1971 ) Republican Florida 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 present Cuba Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz ( born 1970 ) Republican Texas 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Cuba Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto ( born 1964 ) Democratic Nevada 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Elected , but not seated ( edit ) Picture Senator - elect ( lifespan ) Party State Term Hispanic Ancestry Notes Gayarré , Charles Charles Gayarré ( 1805 -- 1895 ) Jacksonian Democrat Louisiana Elected 1834 Spain Not seated due to ill health House of representatives ( edit ) Picture Representative ( lifespan ) Party State Term start Term end Hispanic Ancestry Notes la Branche , Alcée Alcée la Branche ( 1806 -- 1881 ) Democratic Louisiana 000000001843 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1843 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1845 Spain Retired Bouligny , John John Bouligny ( 1824 -- 1864 ) American ( Know - Nothing ) Louisiana 000000001859 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1859 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1861 Spain Retired Pacheco , Romualdo Romualdo Pacheco ( 1831 -- 1899 ) Republican California 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1877 000000001878 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1878 Mexico Lost election contestation 000000001879 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1879 000000001883 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1883 Retired Estopinal , Albert Albert Estopinal ( 1845 -- 1919 ) Democratic Louisiana 000000001908 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1908 000000001919 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1919 Spain Died in office Lazaro , Ladislas Ladislas Lazaro ( 1872 -- 1927 ) Democratic Louisiana 000000001913 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1913 000000001927 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1927 Spain Died in office Hernández , Benigno C. Benigno C. Hernández ( 1862 -- 1954 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001915 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1915 000000001917 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1917 Mexico Lost reelection 000000001919 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1919 000000001921 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1921 Retired Montoya , Néstor Néstor Montoya ( 1862 -- 1923 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001921 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1921 000000001923 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1923 Mexico Died in office Chávez , Dennis Dennis Chávez ( 1888 -- 1962 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001931 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1931 000000001935 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1935 Mexico Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from New Mexico Fernández , Joachim O. Joachim O. Fernández ( 1896 -- 1978 ) Democratic Louisiana 000000001931 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1931 000000001941 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1941 Spain Lost reelection Fernández , Antonio M. Antonio M. Fernández ( 1902 -- 1956 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001943 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1943 000000001956 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1956 Mexico Died in office Montoya , Joseph Joseph Montoya ( 1915 -- 1978 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001957 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1957 000000001964 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 1964 Mexico Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate from New Mexico González , Henry B. Henry B. González ( 1916 -- 2000 ) Democratic Texas 000000001961 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1961 000000001999 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1999 Mexico Retired Gill , Thomas Ponce Thomas Ponce Gill ( 1922 -- 2009 ) Democratic Hawaii 000000001963 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1963 000000001965 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1965 Cuba Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Hawaii Roybal , Edward R. Edward R. Roybal ( 1916 -- 2005 ) Democratic California 000000001963 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1963 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 Mexico Retired de la Garza , Kika Kika de la Garza ( 1927 - 2017 ) Democratic Texas 000000001965 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1965 000000001997 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1997 Mexico Retired Lujan , Manuel Manuel Lujan ( born 1928 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001969 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1969 000000001989 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1989 Mexico Retired Badillo , Herman Herman Badillo ( 1929 -- 2014 ) Democratic New York 000000001971 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1971 000000001977 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1977 Puerto Rico Resigned to become Deputy Mayor of New York City Rangel , Charles Charles Rangel ( born 1930 ) Democratic New York 000000001971 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1971 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 Puerto Rico Retired García , Robert Robert García ( 1933 -- 2017 ) Democratic New York 000000001978 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 1978 000000001990 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1990 Puerto Rico Resigned Martínez , Matthew Matthew Martínez ( 1929 -- 2011 ) Democratic ( 1982 -- 2000 ) California 000000001982 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1982 000000002001 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2001 Mexico Lost renomination and joined the Republican Party Republican ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Ortiz , Solomon P. Solomon P. Ortiz ( born 1937 ) Democratic Texas 000000001983 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1983 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 Mexico Lost reelection Richardson , Bill Bill Richardson ( born 1947 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001983 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1983 000000001997 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1997 Mexico Resigned to become United States Ambassador to the United Nations Torres , Esteban E. Esteban E. Torres ( born 1930 ) Democratic California 000000001983 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1983 000000001999 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1999 Mexico Retired Vucanovich , Barbara Barbara Vucanovich ( 1921 -- 2013 ) Republican Nevada 000000001983 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1983 000000001997 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1997 Spain Retired Bustamante , Albert Albert Bustamante ( born 1935 ) Democratic Texas 000000001985 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1985 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 Mexico Lost reelection Ros - Lehtinen , Ileana Ileana Ros - Lehtinen ( born 1952 ) Republican Florida 000000001989 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1989 present Cuba Serrano , José E. José E. Serrano ( born 1943 ) Democratic New York 000000001990 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1990 present Puerto Rico Pastor , Ed Ed Pastor ( born 1943 ) Democratic Arizona 000000001991 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1991 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 Mexico Retired Becerra , Xavier Xavier Becerra ( born 1958 ) Democratic California 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Mexico Resigned to become Attorney General of California Bonilla , Henry Henry Bonilla ( born 1954 ) Republican Texas 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000002007 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2007 Mexico Lost reelection Díaz - Balart , Lincoln Lincoln Díaz - Balart ( born 1954 ) Republican Florida 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 Cuba Retired Gutiérrez , Luis Luis Gutiérrez ( born 1953 ) Democratic Illinois 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 present Puerto Rico Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( born 1954 ) Democratic New Jersey 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000002006 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2006 Cuba Resigned to accept appointment as U.S. Senator from New Jersey Roybal - Allard , Lucille Lucille Roybal - Allard ( born 1941 ) Democratic California 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 present Mexico Tejeda , Frank Frank Tejeda ( 1945 -- 1997 ) Democratic Texas 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000001997 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1997 Mexico Died in office Velázquez , Nydia Nydia Velázquez ( born 1953 ) Democratic New York 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 present Puerto Rico Hinojosa , Rubén Rubén Hinojosa ( born 1940 ) Democratic Texas 000000001997 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1997 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 Mexico Retired Reyes , Silvestre Silvestre Reyes ( born 1944 ) Democratic Texas 000000001997 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1997 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 Mexico Lost renomination Sánchez , Loretta Loretta Sánchez ( born 1960 ) Democratic California 000000001997 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1997 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 Mexico Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from California Sununu , John E. John E. Sununu ( born 1964 ) Republican New Hampshire 000000001997 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1997 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2003 Cuba El Salvador Retired to run successfully for the United States Senate from New Hampshire Rodríguez , Ciro Ciro Rodríguez ( born 1946 ) Democratic Texas 000000001997 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1997 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 Mexico Lost renomination 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 000000002007 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2007 Lost reelection González , Charlie Charlie González ( born 1945 ) Democratic Texas 000000001999 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1999 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 Mexico Retired Napolitano , Grace Grace Napolitano ( born 1936 ) Democratic California 000000001999 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1999 present Mexico Baca , Joe Joe Baca ( born 1947 ) Democratic California 000000001999 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1999 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 Mexico Lost reelection Solis , Hilda Hilda Solis ( born 1957 ) Democratic California 000000002001 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2001 000000002009 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2009 Nicaragua Mexico Resigned to become United States Secretary of Labor Díaz - Balart , Mario Mario Díaz - Balart ( born 1961 ) Republican Florida 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2003 present Cuba Grijalva , Raúl Raúl Grijalva ( born 1948 ) Democratic Arizona 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2003 present Mexico Sánchez , Linda Linda Sánchez ( born 1969 ) Democratic California 000000002003 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2003 present Mexico Cuellar , Henry Henry Cuellar ( born 1955 ) Democratic Texas 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 present Mexico Salazar , John John Salazar ( born 1953 ) Democratic Colorado 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 Mexico Lost reelection Sires , Albio Albio Sires ( born 1951 ) Democratic New Jersey 000000002006 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2006 present Cuba Luján , Ben Ray Ben Ray Luján ( born 1972 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000002009 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2009 present Mexico Garamendi , John John Garamendi ( born 1945 ) Democratic California 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 present Spain Canseco , Quico Quico Canseco ( born 1949 ) Republican Texas 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 Mexico Lost reelection Flores , Bill Bill Flores ( born 1954 ) Republican Texas 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 present Spain Herrera Beutler , Jaime Jaime Herrera Beutler ( born 1978 ) Republican Washington 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 present Mexico Labrador , Raúl Raúl Labrador ( born 1967 ) Republican Idaho 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 present Puerto Rico Rivera , David David Rivera ( born 1965 ) Republican Florida 000000002011 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2011 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 Cuba Lost reelection Cárdenas , Tony Tony Cárdenas ( born 1963 ) Democratic California 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Mexico Castro , Joaquín Joaquín Castro ( born 1974 ) Democratic Texas 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Mexico Gallego , Pete Pete Gallego ( born 1961 ) Democratic Texas 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 Mexico Lost reelection Garcia , Joe Joe Garcia ( born 1963 ) Democratic Florida 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 Cuba Lost reelection Lujan Grisham , Michelle Michelle Lujan Grisham ( born 1959 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Mexico Negrete McLeod , Gloria Gloria Negrete McLeod ( born 1941 ) Democratic California 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 Mexico Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Board of Supervisors of San Bernardino County , California Ruiz , Raul Raul Ruiz ( born 1972 ) Democratic California 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Mexico Vargas , Juan Juan Vargas ( born 1961 ) Democratic California 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Mexico Vela , Filemón Filemón Vela ( born 1963 ) Democratic Texas 000000002013 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2013 present Mexico Aguilar , Pete Pete Aguilar ( born 1979 ) Democratic California 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 present Mexico Curbelo , Carlos Carlos Curbelo ( born 1980 ) Republican Florida 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 present Cuba Gallego , Ruben Ruben Gallego ( born 1979 ) Democratic Arizona 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 present Colombia Mexico Mooney , Alex Alex Mooney ( born 1971 ) Republican West Virginia 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 present Cuba Torres , Norma Norma Torres ( born 1965 ) Democratic California 000000002015 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2015 present Guatemala Barragán , Nanette Nanette Barragán ( born 1976 ) Democratic California 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Carbajal , Salud Salud Carbajal ( born 1964 ) Democratic California 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Correa , Lou Lou Correa ( born 1958 ) Democratic California 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Espaillat , Adriano Adriano Espaillat ( born 1954 ) Democratic New York 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Dominican Republic González , Vicente Vicente González ( born 1967 ) Democratic Texas 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Kihuen , Rubén Rubén Kihuen ( born 1980 ) Democratic Nevada 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Mast , Brian Brian Mast ( born 1980 ) Republican Florida 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Mexico Soto , Darren Darren Soto ( born 1978 ) Democratic Florida 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Puerto Rico Gomez , Jimmy Jimmy Gomez ( born 1974 ) Democratic California 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 present Mexico House Delegates ( non-voting members ) ( edit ) ( Note : Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office , then second in alphabetical order according to their surname . ) Picture Delegate ( lifespan ) Party Territory Term start Term end Hispanic Ancestry Notes Hernández , Joseph Marion Joseph Marion Hernández ( 1788 -- 1857 ) Whig Florida 000000001822 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1822 000000001823 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1823 Spain Retired Yulee , David Levy David Levy Yulee ( 1810 -- 1886 ) Democratic Florida 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1841 000000001845 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1845 Spain Office eliminated when Territory of Florida was admitted to the Union as the State of Florida Gallegos , José José Gallegos ( 1815 -- 1875 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1853 000000001856 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1856 Mexico Lost election contestation 000000001871 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1871 000000001873 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1873 Lost reelection Otero , Miguel Miguel Otero ( 1829 -- 1882 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001856 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1856 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1861 Mexico Retired Perea , Francisco Francisco Perea ( 1830 -- 1913 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001863 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1863 000000001865 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1865 Mexico Lost reelection Chaves , José Francisco José Francisco Chaves ( 1833 -- 1904 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001865 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1865 000000001867 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1867 Mexico Lost reelection 000000001869 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1869 000000001871 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1871 Lost reelection Romero , Trinidad Trinidad Romero ( 1835 -- 1918 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1877 000000001879 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1879 Mexico Retired Otero , Mariano S. Mariano S. Otero ( 1844 -- 1904 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001879 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1879 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1881 Mexico Retired Luna , Tranquilino Tranquilino Luna ( 1849 -- 1892 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1881 000000001884 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1884 Mexico Lost election contestation Manzanares , Francisco Antonio Francisco Antonio Manzanares ( 1843 -- 1904 ) Democratic New Mexico 000000001884 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1884 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1885 Mexico Retired Perea , Pedro Pedro Perea ( 1852 -- 1906 ) Republican New Mexico 000000001899 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1899 000000001901 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1901 Mexico Retired Degetau , Federico Federico Degetau ( 1862 -- 1914 ) Republican Puerto Rico 000000001901 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1901 000000001905 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1905 Puerto Rico Retired Larrínaga , Tulio Tulio Larrínaga ( 1847 -- 1917 ) Unionist Puerto Rico 000000001905 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1905 000000001911 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1911 Puerto Rico Lost reelection Legarda , Benito Benito Legarda ( 1853 -- 1915 ) Federalist ( Republican ) Philippine Islands 000000001907 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1907 000000001912 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1912 Spain Retired Quezón , Manuel L. Manuel L. Quezón ( 1878 -- 1944 ) Nacionalista Philippine Islands 000000001909 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1909 000000001916 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1916 Spain Retired Muñoz - Rivera , Luis Luis Muñoz - Rivera ( 1859 -- 1916 ) Unionist Puerto Rico 000000001911 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1911 000000001916 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1916 Puerto Rico Died in office Córdova - Dávila , Félix Félix Córdova - Dávila ( 1878 -- 1938 ) Unionist Puerto Rico 000000001917 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1917 000000001932 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1932 Puerto Rico Resigned to accept appointment as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Gabaldón , Isauro Isauro Gabaldón ( 1875 -- 1942 ) Nacionalista Philippine Islands 000000001920 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1920 000000001928 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 1928 Spain Resigned Pesquera , José Lorenzo José Lorenzo Pesquera ( 1882 -- 1950 ) Independent Puerto Rico 000000001932 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1932 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1933 Puerto Rico Retired Iglesias , Santiago Santiago Iglesias ( 1872 -- 1939 ) Coalitionist Puerto Rico 000000001933 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1933 000000001939 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1939 Spain Puerto Rico Died in office Delgado , Francisco A. Francisco A. Delgado ( 1886 -- 1964 ) Nacionalista Philippine Islands 000000001935 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1935 000000001936 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1936 Spain Retired Elizalde , Joaquín Miguel Joaquín Miguel Elizalde ( 1896 -- 1965 ) Nonpartisan Philippines 000000001938 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1938 000000001944 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1944 Spain Resigned Pagán , Bolívar Bolívar Pagán ( 1897 -- 1961 ) Coalitionist Puerto Rico 000000001939 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1939 000000001945 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1945 Puerto Rico Lost reelection Piñero , Jesús T. Jesús T. Piñero ( 1897 -- 1952 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000001945 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1945 000000001946 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1946 Puerto Rico Resigned to accept appointment as Governor of Puerto Rico Fernós - Isern , Antonio Antonio Fernós - Isern ( 1895 -- 1974 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000001946 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1946 000000001965 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1965 Puerto Rico Retired to run successfully for the Puerto Rico Senate Polanco - Abreu , Santiago Santiago Polanco - Abreu ( 1920 -- 1988 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000001965 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1965 000000001969 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1969 Puerto Rico Lost reelection Córdova , Jorge Luis Jorge Luis Córdova ( 1907 -- 1994 ) New Progressive Puerto Rico 000000001969 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1969 000000001973 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1973 Puerto Rico Lost reelection Benítez , Jaime Jaime Benítez ( 1908 -- 2001 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000001973 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1973 000000001977 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1977 Puerto Rico Lost reelection de Lugo , Ron Ron de Lugo ( born 1930 ) Democratic Virgin Islands 000000001973 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1973 000000001979 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1979 Puerto Rico Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of the United States Virgin Islands 000000001981 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1981 000000001995 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1995 Retired Corrada del Río , Baltasar Baltasar Corrada del Río ( born 1935 ) New Progressive Puerto Rico 000000001977 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1977 000000001985 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1985 Puerto Rico Retired to run successfully for Mayor of San Juan , Puerto Rico Fuster , Jaime Jaime Fuster ( 1941 -- 2007 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000001985 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1985 000000001992 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1992 Puerto Rico Resigned to accept appointment as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Colorado , Antonio Antonio Colorado ( born 1939 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000001992 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1992 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 Puerto Rico Lost reelection Romero - Barceló , Carlos Carlos Romero - Barceló ( born 1932 ) New Progressive Puerto Rico 000000001993 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1993 000000002001 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2001 Puerto Rico Lost reelection Acevedo - Vilá , Aníbal Aníbal Acevedo - Vilá ( born 1962 ) Popular Democratic Puerto Rico 000000002001 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2001 000000002005 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2005 Puerto Rico Retired to run successfully for Governor of Puerto Rico Fortuño , Luis Luis Fortuño ( born 1960 ) New Progressive Puerto Rico 000000002005 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2005 000000002009 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2009 Puerto Rico Retired to run successfully for Governor of Puerto Rico Pierluisi , Pedro Pedro Pierluisi ( born 1959 ) New Progressive Puerto Rico 000000002009 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2009 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 Puerto Rico Retired to run unsuccessfully for the nomination for Governor of Puerto Rico González , Jenniffer Jenniffer González ( born 1976 ) New Progressive Puerto Rico 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2017 present Puerto Rico See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Latino and Hispanic American portal Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martinez previously served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . Jump up ^ Bouligny was the only congressman from Louisiana not to resign when the state seceded from the Union . Jump up ^ Pacheco previously served as the first ( and only to date ) Hispanic Governor of the State of California . Jump up ^ Chávez later was appointed as United States Senator from New Mexico . Jump up ^ Lujan later served as United States Secretary of the Interior . Jump up ^ Badillo joined the Republican Party in the late 1990s . Jump up ^ Garcia later was jailed due to the Wedtech scandal , but his conviction ultimately was reversed by an appellate court . Jump up ^ Richardson later served as United States Secretary of Energy and Governor of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Though Ileana Ros - Lehtinen is widely credited as the first Hispanic woman in Congress , Vucanovich 's mother was of partial Hispanic heritage . Jump up ^ Bustamante later was jailed for bribery . Jump up ^ Baca joined the Republican Party in 2015 . Jump up ^ Delegates from Puerto Rico ( since 1901 ) and from the Philippines ( from 1907 to 1946 ) officially are known as Resident Commissioners . Jump up ^ Yulee later was elected as United States Senator from Florida . Jump up ^ Quezón later served as President of the Philippines . Jump up ^ Romero - Barceló previously served as Governor of Puerto Rico . 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8389368288079134589 | Flight (Grey's Anatomy) | Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's final appearance in the series and Raver 's last until late in the fourteenth season . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=842338986 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 20 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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7278643143830650836 | One Tree Hill (season 4) | One Tree Hill ( season 4 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 4 ) One Tree Hill ( season 4 ) One Tree Hill Season 4 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 21 Release Original network The CW Original release September 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) -- June 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of One Tree Hill episodes The fourth season of One Tree Hill began airing on September 27 , 2006 . The season concluded on June 13 , 2007 , after 21 episodes . This is the first season to air on the newly formed The CW television network . In this season , most episodes were named after rock albums rather than after songs . Season four rose in ratings , averaging 2.9 million viewers weekly , becoming # 136 in the Nielsen ratings system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season focuses on the final half of senior year at Tree Hill High School . Nathan and Haley find out that they are going to have a baby . Lucas starts writing a novel , while also questioning what really happened on the day of the school shooting . Nathan gets involved with some shady characters after he and Haley start having money problems . Peyton finds out she has a brother , but he may not be who he says he is . Brooke becomes friends with Rachel and starts a relationship with newcomer Chase . Dan tries to get close to Karen and help her with Keith 's baby . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 21 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 21 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 21 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 21 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 20 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 21 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Scott ( 14 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 17 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 13 episodes ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 16 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 12 episodes ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 20 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 9 episodes ) Shawn Shepard as Principal Turner ( 9 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 9 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 7 episodes ) Matt Barr as Ian Banks ( 8 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Elisabeth Harnois as Shelley Simon ( 6 episodes ) Ernest Waddell as Derek Sommers ( 4 episodes ) Rick Fox as Daunte Jones ( 4 episodes ) Allison Scagliotti as Abigail `` Abby '' Brown ( 3 episodes ) Amber Wallace as Glenda Farrell ( 4 episodes ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 2 episodes ) Michael Trucco as Cooper Lee ( 2 episode ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 `` The Same Deep Water as You '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn September 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 3T5751 3.64 The residents of Tree Hill must deal with the aftermath of the shocking accident . Nathan and Rachel are okay while Cooper still remains in a coma . In the midst of all the chaos , Dan extends his help to Karen now that she is pregnant . Lucas and Peyton 's friendship continues to grow stronger . Previously rivals , Brooke and Rachel move past their differences and manage to become good friends . Brooke has a difficult decision to make about her relationship with Lucas . Skills decides to try out for the Ravens . This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 69 `` Things I Forgot at Birth '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn October 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 3T5752 3.09 It 's her eighteenth birthday , but Brooke soon realizes that she has no one but Rachel to celebrate it with . Meanwhile , Nathan continues to struggle with memories of the accident . Dan continues to be haunted by remorse over his actions against Keith . This episode is named after a song by Absentee . 70 `` Good News for People Who Love Bad News '' John Asher Mike Herro & David Strauss October 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) 3T5753 3.28 Peyton spends more time getting to know her newfound brother , Derek . Lucas gives up on his love for Brooke . Rachel tries to start a romance with Nathan . This episode is named after an album by Modest Mouse . 71 `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We 've Started '' Bethany Rooney Terrence Coli October 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 3T5754 2.95 Peyton introduces hip - hop sensation Lupe Fiasco at Tric , while rumors that Brooke is pregnant run rampant . Still dealing with their car accident , Nathan buys a motorcycle despite Haley 's reservations , and Rachel poses for Maxim magazine . Meanwhile , Lucas clashes with Derek , and Deb double - crosses Karen . This episode is named after a song by Bryan Adams . 72 5 `` I Love You But I 've Chosen Darkness '' Stuart Gillard Mark Schwahn October 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) 3T5755 3.57 Nathan gets two surprises in a row , and everyone is eager to share their advice . Brooke decides to celebrate . Peyton 's stalker attacks her and her real brother saves her with Lucas ' help . This episode is named after the band I Love You But I 've Chosen Darkness . 73 6 `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' Paul Johansson William H. Brown November 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 08 ) 3T5756 3.52 Nathan struggles with money problems and reluctantly asks Dan for help . Brooke learns the new man in her life is also her new English teacher . Peyton gets help from an unexpected source . Lucas returns to the Ravens just in time to help the team advance in the playoffs for the state championship . This episode is named after an American folk song made famous by Lead Belly and latterly covered first by Hole and then by Nirvana . 74 7 `` All These Things That I 've Done '' David Jackson Adele Lim November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) 3T5757 3.25 Peyton tries to go back to school , but she breaks down . Brooke 's fashions are a hit at the local show . Nathan is cornered into a no - win situation by Daunte . Deb takes drastic action to support her addiction . This episode is named after a song by The Killers . 75 8 `` Nothing Left to Say But Goodbye '' Janice Cooke John A. Norris November 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 22 ) 3T5758 2.53 Derek tells Peyton to give Lucas a chance just as Brooke tries to make up with him . Nathan continues to have trouble with Daunte . Rachel asks Haley to tutor her when she discovers she is failing a class . This episode is named after a song by Audioslave . 76 9 `` Some You Give Away '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn November 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 29 ) 3T5759 4.21 As the Ravens prepare for the championship , Lucas learns Nathan intends to throw the game and decides on a risky plan to even the odds . Karen insists Deb show up for her son 's final game and tries to help her get there . Dan makes a last plea with Daunte . This episode is named after a song by La Rocca . 77 10 `` Songs to Love and Die By '' John Asher Mark Schwahn December 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 06 ) 3T5760 4.24 After a heart attack , Lucas has a dream in which the spirit of Keith visits and shows him how much one life can affect the lives of others , in a nod to `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' . Haley is the victim of an accident and Dan helps out Nathan . This episode is named after an album by 8mm . 78 11 `` Everything in Its Right Place '' Michael Lange Dawn Urbont January 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) 3T5761 2.18 The aftermath of the events in Tree Hill begins . Lucas returns to his everyday life and tries to rekindle his relationship with Peyton . However , things are rougher for Haley when she discovers that Nathan was more involved in her accident than she could have ever imagined . This episode is named after a song by Radiohead . 79 12 `` Resolve '' Moira Kelly Michelle Furtney - Goodman January 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 24 ) 3T5762 2.26 Haley is frustrated over her injuries . Skills and Mouth help Nathan earn some extra money as an amateur stripper . Brooke betrays Rachel to get with a new guy . Lucas and Peyton finally find happiness in their relationship . This episode is named after a song by Foo Fighters . 80 13 `` Pictures of You '' Les Butler Mark Schwahn February 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) 3T5763 2.85 A class assignment pairs the students at Tree Hill High to get to know each other a little better . Nathan wrestles with Deb 's suicide attempt . Chase learns that Brooke cheated on her calculus exam ... This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 81 14 `` Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers '' Janice Cooke William H. Brown February 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) 3T5764 2.25 Haley confronts Brooke regarding the stolen calculus test . Lucas and Peyton consider taking their relationship to the next level . Peyton and Brooke grow closer . In Deb 's absence , Nathan throws a senior party at the Scott House where a sex tape from Nathan 's past surfaces . This episode is named after an album by The National . 82 15 `` Prom Night at Hater High '' Paul Johansson Mike Herro & David Strauss February 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) 3T5765 3.15 It 's Prom day , and emotions are running high at Tree Hill . An emotional Haley confronts Nathan about the sex tape and asks for a list of all his past sexual encounters . An angry Peyton asks Lucas to skip the dance altogether , but he refuses to take no for an answer . Brooke and Peyton let out all their frustrations in a confrontation that could tear them apart forever . This episode is named after a song by The Long Winters . 83 16 `` You Call It Madness , But I Call It Love '' Thomas J. Wright Terrence Coli May 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 02 ) 3T5766 3.28 It 's Prom night , but things start to go awry . Lucas remembers that someone was in the hallway when Keith was killed . Psycho Derek holds Peyton and Brooke hostage in Peyton 's own house . Haley and Nathan vow to be romantic with each other throughout the night . Dan continues to win over Karen 's affections . Within Reason guest star to perform during the Prom . This episode is named after a song by Nat King Cole . 84 17 `` It Gets the Worst at Night '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn & Jim Lee May 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) 3T5767 2.95 When Mouth and Rachel 's road trip goes wrong , the other teens drive to their rescue . On the trip , Nathan and Haley get a second chance to enjoy their Prom . Peyton and Lucas decide to take their relationship to the next level . Brooke reveals the truth about the stolen calculus exam to Haley . This episode is named after a song by Lucero . 85 18 `` The Runaway Found '' David Jackson Mark Schwahn May 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 16 ) 3T5768 2.71 Brooke and Peyton finally rekindle their friendship . Nathan 's past mistakes continue to haunt him and Haley . Lucas hears a shocking confession from the witness to Keith 's murder . This episode is named after an album by The Veils . 86 19 `` Ashes of Dreams You Let Die '' Michael Lange John A. Norris May 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 30 ) 3T5769 2.06 As the end of the school year approaches , Peyton considers accepting a music internship in Los Angeles . Brooke tries to reconnect with Chase through yearbook signatures . Haley struggles to write her valedictorian speech . Dan suggests that Lucas get professional help when Karen continues to worry about his obsession with theories about Keith 's murder . This episode is named after a song by B.J. Thomas . 87 20 `` The Birth and Death of the Day '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) 3T5770 2.11 As graduation approaches , Haley prepares for the recital of her valedictorian speech and motherhood . Nathan must adjust to life without basketball . Brooke makes a confession that may have great consequences . Lucas confronts Dan after Karen 's life is threatened . The song `` Times Like These '' from the Foo Fighters is heard during the graduation scene . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . 88 21 `` All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn June 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 13 ) 3T5771 2.50 Dan must face the harsh consequences of his decision to murder Keith as Karen and Haley go into labour . Rachel returns and hosts a graduation party where the gang celebrate their high school journey and prepare for the next chapter of their lives . This episode is named after the fifth studio album from Explosions in the Sky . Reception ( edit ) The season premiere was seen by 3.64 million U.S. viewers and achieved a 1.7 Adults 18 - 49 rating , up 19 % in viewers and 55 % in demo from the season 3 finale . Episode 2 hit a season high in the Adults 18 - 49 demo with a 2.0 rating , while episode 10 hit season highs in viewers with 4.24 million . The season finale was seen by 2.5 million viewers . Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 - 49 ) Wednesday 9 / 8C September 27 , 2006 June 13 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 # 136 2.9 1.3 DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season four was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Region 1 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as , audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Fourth Season Set details Special features 21 episodes 880 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 840 minutes ( Region 2 ) 845 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` Some You Give Away '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor Rick Fox `` It Gets the Worst at Night '' - with creator / executive producer / co-writer Mark Schwahn and executive producers Joe Davola and Greg Prange . `` All of a Sudden I Miss Everyone '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn and actors James Lafferty , Lee Norris and Stephen Coletti . Deleted scenes Episodes : 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 & 18 Gag reel `` One Tree Hill In Your Town '' `` Tree Hill 's Charity Basketball Game Highlights '' `` Tree Hill High Time Capsule '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia December 18 , 2007 April 7 , 2008 June 4 , 2008 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2006 - 07 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) . `` The Same Deep Water as You '' . One Tree Hill . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The CW . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , September 27 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 4 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 11 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 19 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 18 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 26 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , October 25 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 8 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 15 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 22 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , November 29 , 2006 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , January 17 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , January 24 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Les Butler ( director ) ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Pictures of You '' . One Tree Hill . Season 4 . Episode 13 . 42 minutes in . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , February 7 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , February 14 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , February 21 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 10 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 9 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 16 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , May 30 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) . `` The Birth and Death of the Day '' . One Tree Hill . Season 4 . Episode 20 . 42 minutes in . The CW . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( June 7 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , June 6 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Wednesday , June 13 , 2007 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 4th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - Complete Season 4 ( Region 4 ) '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 28 . hide One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_4)&oldid=848487086 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2006 American television seasons 2007 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 06 : 28 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does derek come in one tree hill | [] | [] |
37719662417691214 | The Departed | The Departed - wikipedia The Departed For other uses , see The Departed ( disambiguation ) . The Departed Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Scorsese Produced by Brad Pitt Brad Grey Graham King Screenplay by William Monahan Based on Infernal Affairs by Alan Mak Felix Chong Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Matt Damon Jack Nicholson Mark Wahlberg Martin Sheen Ray Winstone Vera Farmiga Anthony Anderson Alec Baldwin Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Michael Ballhaus Edited by Thelma Schoonmaker Production companies Warner Bros . Plan B Entertainment Initial Entertainment Group Vertigo Entertainment Media Asia Films Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date September 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) October 6 , 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 151 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $291.5 million The Departed is a 2006 American crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by William Monahan . It is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Matt Damon , Jack Nicholson , and Mark Wahlberg , with Martin Sheen , Ray Winstone , Vera Farmiga , Anthony Anderson and Alec Baldwin in supporting roles . The film takes place in Boston . Irish Mob boss Francis `` Frank '' Costello ( Jack Nicholson ) plants Colin Sullivan ( Matt Damon ) as a mole within the Massachusetts State Police ; the two characters are loosely based on famous gangster Whitey Bulger and corrupt FBI agent John Connolly , who grew up with Bulger . Simultaneously , the police assign undercover state trooper William `` Billy '' Costigan ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) to infiltrate Costello 's crew . When both sides realize the situation , Sullivan and Costigan each attempt to discover the other 's identity before they are found out . The film was a critical and commercial success and won several awards , including four Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film Editing . Wahlberg was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Themes 5 Homages 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Top ten lists 6.4 Accolades 7 Home media 8 Music 8.1 Soundtrack 8.2 Score 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) As a child , Colin Sullivan is introduced to organized crime by Irish - American mobster Frank Costello in the Irish neighborhood of South Boston . Over the years , Costello grooms him to become a mole inside the Massachusetts State Police . Sullivan is accepted into the Special Investigations Unit , which focuses on organized crime . Before graduating from the state police academy , Billy Costigan is recruited by Captain Queenan and Staff Sergeant Dignam to go undercover , as his family ties to organized crime make him a perfect infiltrator . He drops out of the academy and does time in prison on a fake assault charge to increase his credibility . Each man infiltrates his respective target organization . Sullivan begins a romance with police psychiatrist Madolyn Madden . Costigan sees her as a condition of his probation , and they begin a relationship , too . After Costello escapes a sting operation , each mole becomes aware of the other 's existence . Sullivan is told to find the `` rat '' and asks Costello for information to identify the informer . Costigan follows Costello into a porn theater , where Costello gives Sullivan an envelope containing personal information on his crew members . Costigan chases Sullivan through Chinatown . When it is over , neither man knows the other 's identity . Sullivan has Queenan tailed to a meeting with Costigan on the roof of a building . Queenan orders Costigan to flee while he confronts Costello 's men alone . The men throw Queenan off the building to his death . When they exit , Costigan pretends he has come to join them . Television news reveals that crew member Delahunt has been an undercover cop , working for the Boston Police Department . Dignam resigns rather than work with Sullivan . Dignam suspects Sullivan is the mole after Dignam asks Sullivan why he had Queenan followed . Using Queenan 's phone , Sullivan reaches Costigan , who refuses to abort his mission . Sullivan learns from Queenan 's diary of Costello 's role as an informant for the FBI , causing him to worry about his own identity being revealed . With Costigan 's help , Costello is traced to a cocaine drop - off , where a gunfight erupts between Costello 's crew and the police . Most of the crew are killed . Costello , confronted by Sullivan , admits he is an FBI informant . Costello tries to shoot Sullivan , but Sullivan shoots him multiple times . With Costello dead , Sullivan is applauded the next day by everyone on the force . In good faith , Costigan comes to Sullivan for restoration of his true identity and to be paid for his work , but notices the envelope from Costello on Sullivan 's desk and flees , finally realizing Sullivan is the enemy . Fearing retaliation , Sullivan erases Costigan 's records from the police computer system . Sullivan is unaware that Madolyn had an affair with Costigan when she tells Sullivan that she is pregnant . Later , Sullivan finds her listening to a CD from Costigan containing incriminating recorded conversations between Costello and Sullivan . Sullivan unsuccessfully attempts to assuage her suspicions . He contacts Costigan , who reveals that Costello had recorded each of their conversations , and his attorney arranged for Costigan to take possession of the recordings , and Costigan intends to implicate Sullivan . The two agree to meet at the building where Queenan died . On the roof , Costigan catches Sullivan off - guard and handcuffs him . As Costigan had secretly arranged , Trooper Brown appears on the roof as well . Shocked , Brown draws his gun on Costigan , who attempts to justify his actions by exposing Sullivan as Costello 's mole . Costigan asks Brown why Dignam did not accompany him as Costigan had requested , but Brown does not answer . Costigan leads Sullivan , his hostage , to the elevator . When it reaches the ground floor , Trooper Barrigan shoots Costigan in the head , then shoots Brown , and afterward reveals to Sullivan that Costello had more than one mole in the police . Sullivan shoots and kills Barrigan . At state police headquarters , Sullivan identifies Barrigan as the mole and has Costigan posthumously given the Medal of Merit . At Costigan 's funeral , Sullivan notices that Madolyn is tearful . As they leave the gravesite , Sullivan attempts to talk to her , but she ignores him . When Sullivan returns to his apartment , he is ambushed by Dignam , who shoots and kills him as he enters . Cast ( edit ) Leonardo DiCaprio as Billy Matt Damon as Colin Sullivan Jack Nicholson as Frank Costello Mark Wahlberg as Dignam Martin Sheen as Queenan Ray Winstone as Mr. French Vera Farmiga as Madolyn Anthony Anderson as Trooper Brown Alec Baldwin as Ellerby Kevin Corrigan as Cousin Sean James Badge Dale as Trooper Barrigan David O'Hara as Fitzy Mark Rolston as Delahunt Robert Wahlberg as Lazio - FBI Kristen Dalton as Gwen Production ( edit ) In January 2003 , Warner Bros. , producer Brad Grey , and actor / producer Brad Pitt bought the rights to remake the Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs ( 2002 ) from Media Asia for $1.75 million . William Monahan was secured as screenwriter , and later Martin Scorsese , who admired Monahan 's Boston - set , Irish - Catholic gangster script , came on board as director . In March 2004 , United Press International announced that Scorsese would be remaking Infernal Affairs and setting it in Boston , and Leonardo DiCaprio and Brad Pitt were slated to star . Pitt , tentatively scheduled to play Sullivan , later declined in favor of using a younger actor , and continued to produce the film instead . Scorsese 's associate Kenneth Lonergan suggested Matt Damon , who grew up in Boston , for the part of Sullivan , and Scorsese asked Jack Nicholson to play Costello . Nicholson , however , wanted the film to have `` something a little more '' than the usual gangster film , and screenwriter Monahan came up with the idea of basing the Costello character on the famous Irish - American gangster Whitey Bulger from Boston . This gave the screenplay an element of realism -- and also an element of dangerous uncertainty , because of the wide - ranging carte blanche the FBI gave Bulger in exchange for revealing information about fellow gangsters . A technical consultant on the film was Tom Duffy , who had served three decades on the Boston Police Department , particularly as an undercover detective investigating the Irish mob . The film got the official greenlight from Warners in early 2005 , and began shooting in the spring of 2005 . Although some of the film was shot on location in Boston , for budgetary and logistical reasons many scenes , interiors in particular , were shot in locations and sets in New York City , which had tax incentives for filmmakers that Boston at the time did not . Themes ( edit ) Film critic Stanley Kauffmann describes a major theme of The Departed as one of the oldest in drama -- the concept of identity -- and how it `` affects one 's actions , emotions , self - assurance and even dreams . '' The father - son relationship is a motif throughout the film . Costello acts as a father figure to both Sullivan and Costigan , while Queenan acts as Costello 's foil in the role of father figure . Sullivan refers to Costello as `` Dad '' whenever he calls to inform him of police activities . In the final scene , a rat is seen on Sullivan 's window ledge . Scorsese acknowledges that while it is not meant to be taken literally , it somewhat symbolizes the `` quest for the rat '' in the film and the strong sense of distrust among the characters , much like post-9 / 11 America . The window view behind the rat is a nod to gangster films like Scarface ( 1932 ) , White Heat ( 1949 ) , and Little Caesar ( 1931 ) . Homages ( edit ) Throughout the film , Scorsese uses an `` X '' motif to foreshadow death in a manner similar to Howard Hawks ' classic film Scarface ( 1932 ) . Examples include ( but are not limited to ) shots of cross-beam supports in an airport walkway when Costigan is phoning Sgt . Dignam , the taped windows of the building Queenan enters before being thrown to his death , behind Costigan 's head in the elevator before he 's shot , and the carpeted hallway floor when Sullivan returns to his apartment at the film 's end . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Departed grossed $132.4 million in the United States and Canada and $159 million in other territories for a total gross of $291.5 million , against a production budget of $90 million . The film grossed $26.9 million in its opening weekend , becoming the third Scorsese film to debut at number one . In the following three weeks the film grossed $19 million , $13.5 million and $9.8 million , finishing second at the box office each time , before grossing $7.7 million and dropping to 5th in its fifth week . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 90 % based on 272 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring outstanding work from an excellent cast , The Departed is a thoroughly engrossing gangster drama with the gritty authenticity and soupy morality we come to expect from Martin Scorsese . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade `` best of '' list , saying : `` If they 're lucky , directors make one classic film in their career . Martin Scorsese has one per decade ( Taxi Driver in the ' 70s , Raging Bull in the ' 80s , Goodfellas in the ' 90s ) . His 2006 Irish Mafia masterpiece kept the streak alive . '' Online critic James Berardinelli awarded the film four stars out of four , praising it as `` an American epic tragedy . '' He went on to compare the film favorably to the onslaught of banality offered by American studios in recent years . `` The movies have been in the doldrums lately . The Departed is a much needed tonic , '' he wrote . He went on to claim that the film deserves to be ranked alongside Scorsese 's past successes , including Taxi Driver , Raging Bull and Goodfellas . Andrew Lau , the co-director of Infernal Affairs , who was interviewed by Hong Kong newspaper Apple Daily , said : `` Of course I think the version I made is better , but the Hollywood version is pretty good too . ( Scorsese ) made the Hollywood version more attuned to American culture . '' Andy Lau , one of the main actors in Infernal Affairs , when asked how the movie compares to the original , said : `` The Departed was too long and it felt as if Hollywood had combined all three Infernal Affairs movies together . '' Lau pointed out that the remake featured some of the `` golden quotes '' of the original but did have much more swearing . He ultimately rated The Departed 8 / 10 and said that the Hollywood remake is worth a view , though according to Lau 's spokeswoman Alice Tam , he felt that the combination of the two female characters into one in The Departed was not as good as the original storyline . A few critics were disappointed in the film , including J. Hoberman of the Village Voice , who wrote : `` Overwrought as The Departed may be , it 's nothing that would n't have been cured by losing Jack ( Nicholson ) ( and maybe half an hour ) . Too bad the bottom line meant Scorsese had to sell that hambone Mephistopheles his soul . '' Top ten lists ( edit ) The film appeared on many critics ' top ten lists of the best films of 2006 . Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer , Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal , Ruthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle , and Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer named it one of the top ten films of 2006 . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times named it the best film of the 2000s . 1st -- Richard Roeper , Ebert and Roeper 1st -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 1st -- Rene Rodriguez , The Miami Herald 1st -- Scott Tobias , The A.V. Club 1st -- Joshua Rothkopf , Time Out New York 1st -- Philip Martin , Arkansas Democrat - Gazette 1st -- James Berardinelli , ReelViews 2nd -- Chris Kaltenbach , The Baltimore Sun 2nd -- Adam Kempenaar , Filmspotting 2nd -- Keith Phipps , The A.V. Club 2nd -- Kyle Smith , New York Post 2nd -- Mike Russell , The Oregonian 2nd -- Richard James Havis , The Hollywood Reporter 2nd -- Richard Schickel , TIME 3rd -- Frank Scheck , The Hollywood Reporter 4th -- Glenn Kenny , Premiere 4th -- Marc Savlov , The Austin Chronicle 4th -- Michael Wilmington , Chicago Tribune 4th -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times 5th -- Empire 5th -- David Ansen , Newsweek 5th -- Kevin Crust , Los Angeles Times 5th -- Lisa Schwarzbaum , Entertainment Weekly 5th -- Stephen Hunter , The Washington Post 6th -- Ann Hornaday , The Washington Post 6th -- Jack Mathews , Daily News 6th -- Nathan Rabin , The A.V. Club 6th -- Ty Burr , The Boston Globe 7th -- Nathan Lee , The Village Voice 7th -- Noel Murray , The A.V. Club 7th -- Peter Hartlaub , San Francisco Chronicle 8th -- Michael Sragow , The Baltimore Sun 9th -- Claudia Puig , USA Today 9th -- Desson Thomson , The Washington Post 9th -- Lou Lumenick , New York Post 9th -- Michael Rechtshaffen , The Hollywood Reporter Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by The Departed At the 64th Golden Globe Awards on January 15 , 2007 , The Departed won one award for Best Director ( Martin Scorsese ) , while being nominated for five other awards including Best Picture , Best Actor ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Jack Nicholson , Mark Wahlberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( William Monahan ) . At the 79th Academy Awards on February 25 , 2007 , The Departed won four Academy Awards : Best Picture ( Graham King ) , Best Director ( Martin Scorsese ) , Best Film Editing ( Thelma Schoonmaker ) , and Best Adapted Screenplay ( William Monahan ) . Mark Wahlberg was also nominated for the Best Supporting Actor award for his performance , but he lost to Alan Arkin for his role in Little Miss Sunshine . The film marked the first time Scorsese won an Oscar after six previous losses . Many felt that he deserved it years earlier for prior efforts . Some have even gone further , calling it a Lifetime Achievement Award for a lesser film . Scorsese himself joked that he won because : `` This is the first movie I 've done with a plot . '' While accepting the award , Scorsese stated that `` I just want to say , too , that so many people over the years have been wishing this for me , strangers , you know . I go walking in the street people say something to me , I go in a doctor 's office , I go in a ... whatever ... elevators , people are saying , `` You should win one , you should win one . '' I go for an x-ray , `` You should win one . '' And I 'm saying , `` Thank you . '' And then friends of mine over the years and friends who are here tonight are wishing this for me and my family . I thank you . This is for you . '' At the 11th Satellite Awards on December 18 , 2006 , The Departed won awards for Best Ensemble , Motion Picture , Best Motion Picture , Drama , Best Screenplay -- Adapted ( William Monahan ) , and Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list . Home Media ( edit ) The Departed was released by Warner Brothers on DVD in 2007 . The film is available in a single - disc full screen ( 1.33 : 1 ) , single - disc widescreen ( 2.40 : 1 ) edition , and 2 - disc special edition . The second disc contains deleted scenes ; a feature about the influence of New York 's Little Italy on Scorsese ; a Turner Classic Movies profile ; and a 21 - minute documentary titled Stranger Than Fiction : The True Story of Whitey Bulger , Southie and The Departed about the crimes that influenced Scorsese in creating the film , including the story of James `` Whitey '' Bulger , upon whom Jack Nicholson 's character is based . The Region 1 version has three available audio tracks : English , Spanish , and French ( all of which are in Dolby Digital 5.1 ) , and three subtitle tracks ( English , Spanish , French ) . The film was released on HD DVD and Blu - ray at the same time as the standard - definition DVD . The 2 - Disc Special Edition was packaged in a Limited Edition Steelbook . It marked the first time that an Oscar - winning Best Picture was released to the home video market in DVD format only , as VHS was totally phased out by the start of 2006 . Music ( edit ) There were two albums released for The Departed , one presenting the original score composed for the film by Howard Shore , and the other featuring earlier recordings , mostly pop / rock songs , which were used on the soundtrack . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Departed : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 7 , 2006 Genre Rock , country , pop Label Warner Sunset Producer Jason Cienkus As with previous Scorsese films , Robbie Robertson had a hand in picking the music . The film opens with `` Gimme Shelter '' by The Rolling Stones ( `` Let It Loose '' also appears later on ) , and prominently plays `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' by Dropkick Murphys with lyrics written by Woody Guthrie , which gained the band some popularity and their first and only platinum selling single . The film features the live version of Pink Floyd 's `` Comfortably Numb '' from the 1990 Berlin Wall concert performed by Roger Waters , Van Morrison , and Rick Danko , Levon Helm , and Garth Hudson of The Band . Although `` Gimme Shelter '' is featured twice in the film , the song does not appear on the album soundtrack . Also heard in the movie but not featured on the soundtrack is `` Thief 's Theme '' by Nas , `` Well Well Well '' by John Lennon , `` Bang Bang '' by Joe Cuba , and the Act II Sextet from Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor . The film closes with a cover of Don Gibson 's `` Sweet Dreams '' , by Roy Buchanan . Track Listing No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Comfortably Numb '' Roger Waters ( Feat. Van Morrison & The Band ) 7 : 59 2 . `` Sail On , Sailor '' The Beach Boys 3 : 18 3 . `` Let It Loose '' The Rolling Stones 5 : 18 4 . `` Sweet Dreams '' Roy Buchanan 3 : 32 5 . `` One Way Out '' The Allman Brothers Band 4 : 57 6 . `` Baby Blue '' Badfinger 3 : 36 7 . `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' Dropkick Murphys 2 : 34 8 . `` Nobody but Me '' The Human Beinz 2 : 18 9 . `` Tweedle Dee '' LaVern Baker 3 : 10 10 . `` Sweet Dreams ( of You ) '' Patsy Cline 2 : 34 11 . `` The Departed Tango '' Howard Shore , Marc Ribot 3 : 32 12 . `` Beacon Hill '' Howard Shore , Sharon Isbin 2 : 33 Score ( edit ) The film score for The Departed was written by Howard Shore and performed by guitarists Sharon Isbin , G.E. Smith , Larry Saltzman and Marc Ribot . The score was recorded in Shore 's own studio in New York State . The album , The Departed : Original Score , was released December 5 , 2006 by New Line , and produced by Jason Cienkus . Scorsese described the music as `` a very dangerous and lethal tango '' and cited the guitar - based score of Murder by Contract and the zither in The Third Man as inspiration . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 2006 `` The Debarted '' , an episode of The Simpsons that parodies the film . Film in the United States portal Boston portal 2000s portal Criminal justice portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Departed ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Infernal Affairs vs. the remake , The Departed '' . Film.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Helen ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Notorious gangster Whitey Bulger was inspiration for Jack Nicholson 's character in ' The Departed ' '' . Daily News . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Scorsese , Martin . `` Martin Scorsese , The Departed '' ( transcript of 2007 interview ) . In : Kagan , Jeremy . Directors Close Up 2 : Interviews with Directors Nominated for Best Film by the Directors Guild of America : 2006 - 2012 . Scarecrow Press , 2012 . p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 '' . Oscars.org - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Zorianna ; Gardner , Chris ( February 3 , 2003 ) . `` Warners pays to have Affairs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Variety Deal Memo , Volume 10 , Issues 2 - 23 . Baskerville Communications Corporation , 2003 . p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Dade ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's role as filmmaker threatens to eclipse his actorly exploits and tabloid profile '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin . `` Martin Scorsese , The Departed '' ( transcript of 2007 interview ) . In : Kagan , Jeremy . Directors Close Up 2 : Interviews with Directors Nominated for Best Film by the Directors Guild of America : 2006 - 2012 . Scarecrow Press , 2012 . pp. 3 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Elvis ( February 2007 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's Great Escape '' . Interview . Jump up ^ `` Leo DiCaprio , Brad Pitt lead Affairs '' . UPI . March 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Departed , The : DiCaprio '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julian Roman ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` Matt Damon and Leonardo DiCaprio Smell A Rat in ' The Departed ' '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scorsese , Martin . `` Martin Scorsese , The Departed '' ( transcript of 2007 interview ) . In : Kagan , Jeremy . Directors Close Up 2 : Interviews with Directors Nominated for Best Film by the Directors Guild of America : 2006 - 2012 . Scarecrow Press , 2012 . pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Fee , Gayle ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` Damon to shoot in Massachusetts again ? '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brokaw , Leslie ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` The year of filming profitability '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kauffmann , Stanley ( October 30 , 2006 ) . `` Themes and Schemes '' . The New Republic . 235 ( 18 ) . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Martin Scorsese Talks The Departed Rat '' . Canmag . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rene ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` X marks the spot in ' The Departed ' '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Departed ' Out - Muscles ' Massacre ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` ' Borat ' Bombards the Top Spot '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` The Departed ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Departed Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; et al . `` The 100 Greatest Movies , TV Shows , Albums , Books , Characters , Scenes , Episodes , Songs , Dresses , Music Videos , and Trends that Entertained Us Over the Past 10 Years '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 11 , 2009 . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Departed , The '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Infernal Affairs is better than Scorsese 's says Lau '' . London : The Guardian . October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Lau comments on The Departed ( Chinese ) '' . October 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Lau Gives ' Departed ' an 8 Out of 10 '' . October 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bait and Switch '' . Village Voice . September 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Metacritic : 2006 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Roeper 's Best Films of the Year '' . Chicago Sun - Times . January 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Departed ( 2006 ) - Awards '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese - Awards '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese Wins Something ! '' . E ! Online . February 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scorsese wins Oscar with film that 's not his best '' . MSNBC and Associated Press . MSNBC and NBC Universal . February 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James Wray and Ulf Stabe ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` Scorsese takes top DGA honors '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Stranger Than Fiction : The True Story of Whitey Bulger , Southie and ' The Departed ' ( Video 2007 ) '' . IMDb. April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Extra reveals true inspiration for Scorsese 's Departed '' . The Virginian - Pilot . February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Martin Scorsese Talks About ' The Departed ' '' . About.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Brad Balfour ( 2006 ) . `` Martin Scorsese , Leonardo DiCaprio , Matt Damon , Vera Farmiga and William Monahan ( Transcripts of two 40 - minute press conference sessions ) '' . PopEntertainment . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Departed Official website The Departed on IMDb The Departed at the TCM Movie Database The Departed at AllMovie The Departed at Rotten Tomatoes The Departed at Metacritic The Departed at Box Office Mojo Martin Scorsese filmography Feature films Who 's That Knocking at My Door ( 1967 ) Boxcar Bertha ( 1972 ) Mean Streets ( 1973 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) New York , New York ( 1977 ) Raging Bull ( 1980 ) The King of Comedy ( 1982 ) After Hours ( 1985 ) The Color of Money ( 1986 ) The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Lessons '' , 1989 ) Goodfellas ( 1990 ) Cape Fear ( 1991 ) The Age of Innocence ( 1993 ) Casino ( 1995 ) Kundun ( 1997 ) Bringing Out the Dead ( 1999 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Shutter Island ( 2010 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) Silence ( 2016 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Short films What 's a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? 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6757324405757390201 | Monument to the Great Fire of London | Monument to the Great fire of London - wikipedia Monument to the Great fire of London Jump to : navigation , search Modern day view of the Monument , designed by Sir Christopher Wren . Viewing platform at the top of the Monument . The Monument to the Great Fire of London , more commonly known simply as the Monument , is a Doric column in the City of London , near the northern end of London Bridge , that commemorates the Great Fire of London . It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill , 202 ft ( 62 m ) tall and 202 ft ( 62 m ) from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666 . Another monument , the Golden Boy of Pye Corner , marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped . Constructed between 1671 and 1677 , it was built on the site of St. Margaret 's , Fish Street , the first church to be burnt down by the Great Fire . The Monument comprises a fluted Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire . It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke . Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) , the king 's baker , where the Great Fire began . The top of the Monument is reached by a narrow winding staircase of 311 steps . A mesh cage was added in the mid-19th century at the top to prevent people jumping off , after six people had committed suicide from the structure between 1788 and 1842 . Three sides of the base carry inscriptions in Latin . The one on the south side describes actions taken by King Charles II following the fire . The one on the east describes how the Monument was started and brought to perfection , and under which mayors . Inscriptions on the north side describe how the fire started , how much damage it caused , and how it was eventually extinguished . The Latin words `` Sed Furor Papisticus Qui Tamdiu Patravit Nondum Restingvitur '' ( but Popish frenzy , which wrought such horrors , is not yet quenched ) were added to the end of the inscription on the orders of the Court of Aldermen in 1681 during the foment of the Popish Plot . Text on the east side originally falsely blamed Roman Catholics for the fire ( `` burning of this protestant city , begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the popish faction '' ) , which prompted Alexander Pope ( himself a Catholic ) to say of the area : Where London 's column , pointing at the skies , Like a tall bully , lifts the head , and lies . -- Moral Essays , Epistle iii . line 339 ( 1733 -- 1734 ) . The words blaming Catholics were chiselled out with Catholic Emancipation in 1830 . The west side of the base displays a sculpture , by Caius Gabriel Cibber , in alto and bas relief , of the destruction of the City ; with Charles II and his brother , James , the Duke of York ( later James II ) , surrounded by liberty , architecture , and science , giving directions for its restoration . The nearest London Underground station is Monument . It is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 As a scientific instrument 3 Panoramic camera system 4 In fiction 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The Monument depicted in a picture by Sutton Nicholls , c. 1753 . The first Rebuilding Act , passed in 1669 , stipulated that `` the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation '' , a column of either brass or stone should be set up on Fish Street Hill , on or near the site of Farynor 's bakery , where the fire began . Christopher Wren , as surveyor - general of the King 's Works , was asked to submit a design . Wren worked with Robert Hooke on the design of the monument . It is impossible to disentangle the collaboration between Hooke and Wren , but Hooke 's drawings of possible designs for the column still exist , with Wren 's signature on them indicating his approval of the drawings rather than their authorship . It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design , and it was another six years before the 202 ft column was complete . It was two more years before the inscription ( which had been left to Wren -- or to Wren 's choice -- to decide upon ) was set in place . `` Commemorating -- with a brazen disregard for the truth -- the fact that ' London rises again ... three short years complete that which was considered the work of ages . ' '' Views published in The Graphic , 1891 . Dragons sculpture on the side of the Monument Hooke 's surviving drawings show that several versions of the monument were submitted for consideration : a plain obelisk , a column garnished with tongues of fire , and the fluted Doric column that was eventually chosen . The real contention came with the problem of what type of ornament to have at the top . Initially , Wren favoured a statue of a phoenix with outstretched wings rising from the ashes , but as the column neared completion he decided instead on a 15 ft statue either of Charles II , or a sword - wielding female to represent a triumphant London ; the cost of either being estimated at £ 1,050 . Charles himself disliked the idea of his statue atop the monument and instead preferred a simple copper - gilded ball `` with flames sprouting from the top '' , costing a little over £ 325 , but ultimately it was the design of a flaming gilt - bronze urn suggested by Robert Hooke that was chosen . The total cost of the monument was £ 13,450 11s 9d. , of which £ 11,300 was paid to the mason - contractor Joshua Marshall . ( Joshua Marshall was Master of The Worshipful Company of Masons of The City of London in 1670 ) The Edinburgh - born writer James Boswell visited the Monument in 1763 to climb the 311 steps to what was then the highest viewpoint in London . Halfway up , he suffered a panic attack , but persevered and made it to the top , where he found it `` horrid to be so monstrous a way up in the air , so far above London and all its spires '' . The area around the base of the column , Monument Street , was pedestrianised in 2006 in a £ 790,000 street improvement scheme . The Monument closed in July 2007 for an 18 - month , £ 4.5 million refurbishment project and re-opened in February 2009 . Between 1 and 2 October 2011 , a Live Music Sculpture created especially for the Monument by British composer Samuel Bordoli was performed 18 times during the weekend . This was the first occasion that music had ever been heard inside the structure and effectively transformed Wren 's design into a gigantic reverberating musical instrument . As a scientific instrument ( edit ) Wren and Hooke built the monument to double - up as a scientific instrument . It has a central shaft meant for use as a zenith telescope and for use in gravity and pendulum experiments that connects to an underground laboratory for observers to work ( accessible through a hatch in the floor of the present - day ticket booth ) . Vibrations from heavy traffic on Fish Street Hill rendered the experimental conditions unsuitable . At the top of the monument , a hinged lid in the urn covers the opening to the shaft . The steps in the shaft of the tower are all six inches high , allowing them to be used for barometric pressure studies . Panoramic camera System ( edit ) During the 2007 -- 2009 refurbishment , a 360 - degree panoramic camera was installed on top of the Monument . Updated every minute and running 24 hours a day , it provides a record of weather , building and ground activity in the City . Panorama of London taken from the top of the Monument In fiction ( edit ) View down the interior staircase . View up . William Godwin , in his novel Deloraine ( 1833 ) , suggests that , like `` the man we are told of , who climbed over the rails at the top of the Monument of London , and clung to them for a while on the outside , there was not room for repentance '' , meaning that there was no way for the hero , who has just killed his rival , to go back ( 147 ) . Charles Dickens , in his novel Martin Chuzzlewit , published in 1844 , describes the Monument thus : if the day were bright , you observed upon the house -- tops , stretching far away , a long dark path ; the shadow of the Monument ; and turning round , the tall original was close beside you , with every hair erect upon his golden head , as if the doings of the city frightened him . The Monument is a prominent setting in The System of the World , the third book in Neal Stephenson 's Baroque Cycle . George , the hero of Charlie Fletcher 's children 's book about unLondon Stoneheart , has a fight at the top of the Monument with a raven and a gargoyle . Robert Hooke , who designed the Monument with Christopher Wren , investigates the sinister murder of a blood drained boy discovered on the banks of the River Fleet . Harry Hunt , Robert Hooke 's assistant , is chased up to the top of the monument after witnessing a murder . The monuments viewing platform features in the 1970 film The Man Who Haunted Himself where Roger Moore 's character Harold Pelham meets a company rival for a secret meeting prior to a company takeover . See also ( edit ) History of London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : City of London , The Monument Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 571 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Details from listed building database ( 1193901 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Inwood , Stephen ( 28 February 2011 ) . The Man Who Knew Too Much ( Kindle Locations 2863 - 2865 ) . Macmillan Publishers UK . Kindle Edition . ^ Jump up to : Tinniswood , Adrian , His Invention so Fertile : A Life of Christopher Wren ( Oxford Press , 2001 ) p. 232 Jump up ^ City of London -- Street Scene Challenge -- The Monument Jump up ^ City of London -- Proposals and Priorities , p166 Jump up ^ `` The Project '' . www.themonument.info . City of London . 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ City of London 's Monument hosts live music performance Jump up ^ Higgitt , Rebekah ; Heggie , Vanessa ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` The H Word Higgitt and Heggie blog : Last night 's radio : Seven Ages of Science '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jardine , Lisa ( 6 September 2004 ) . The Curious Life of Robert Hooke : The Man Who Measured London . Harper Perennial . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 0007151752 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170810-the-medieval-lab-hidden-inside-a-famous-monument ^ Jump up to : John Christopher ( 15 February 2012 ) . Wren 's City of London Churches . Amberley Publishing Limited . pp. 87 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 1109 - 9 . Jump up ^ The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens Godwin , William . Deloraine in Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin vol. 8 . ed . Maurice Hindle . London : William Pickering , 1992 . Further reading ( edit ) On a Grander Scale : The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren ( ISBN 0 - 00 - 710775 - 7 hardback , ISBN 0 - 00 - 710776 - 5 paperback ) External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Monument to the Great Fire of London '' dated 2012 - 09 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Monument to the Great Fire of London . Official Monument website City of London Monument page http://www.themonument.org.uk Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 10 '' W / 51.51013 ° N 0.086001 ° W / 51.51013 ; - 0.086001 History of The Monument with some account of the great fire of London , which it commemorates ( 1921 ) , by Charles Welch 3D photoscan of the base or the Monument showing Latin inscription History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | monument to the great fire of london height | [
"It stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill, 202 ft (62 m) tall and 202 ft (62 m) from the spot in Pudding Lane where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it was built on the site of St. Margaret's, Fish Street, the first church to be burnt down by the Great Fire."
] | [
"202 ft (62 m)"
] |
7474791741766003760 | Pro Bowl | Pro Bowl - Wikipedia Pro Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Pro Bowl The current logo for the NFL Pro Bowl . First played 1951 Recent and upcoming games 2017 season January 28 , 2018 ( Details ) 2018 season January 27 , 2019 ( Details ) The NFL Pro Bowl Most Valuable Player trophy . The Pro Bowl is the all - star game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . From the merger with the rival American Football League ( AFL ) in 1970 up through 2013 and since 2017 , it is officially called the AFC -- NFC Pro Bowl , matching the top players in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) against those in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . From 2014 through 2016 , the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format , where the teams were selected by two honorary team captains ( who are each in the Hall of Fame ) , instead of selecting players from each conference . The players were picked in a televised `` schoolyard pick '' prior to the game . Unlike most major sports leagues , which hold their all - star games roughly midway through their regular seasons , the Pro Bowl is played around the end of the NFL season . Between 1970 and 2009 , it was usually held the weekend after the Super Bowl . Since 2010 , the Pro Bowl has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl . Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate . Observers and commentators expressed their disfavor with the Pro Bowl in its current state . It draws lower TV ratings than its regular - season games , although the game draws similar ratings to other major all - star games , such as the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . However , the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players . The Associated Press wrote that players in the 2012 game were `` hitting each other as though they were having a pillow fight '' . Between 1980 and 2016 , the game was played at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii , save for two years . On June 1 , 2016 , the NFL announced that they reached a multi-year deal to move the game to Orlando , Florida as part of the league 's ongoing efforts to make the game more relevant . For years , the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality . The 2017 Pro Bowl marked a return to the AFC -- NFC format . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the Pro Bowl 2 Player selection 3 Coaching staff 4 Game honors 5 Rule differences 6 Pro Bowl uniforms 7 Game results 7.1 NFL All - Star Games ( 1938 -- 1942 ) 7.2 NFL Pro Bowls ( 1950 -- 1969 ) 7.3 AFC -- NFC Pro Bowls ( 1970 -- 2012 ) 7.4 Unconferenced Pro Bowls ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 7.5 AFC -- NFC Pro Bowls ( 2016 -- present ) 8 Stadiums that have hosted the Pro Bowl 9 Records 9.1 Players with most appearances 10 Television 10.1 Most watched Pro Bowls 10.2 Blackout policy 11 Criticism 11.1 Quality 11.2 Selection process 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History of the Pro Bowl ( edit ) The first `` Pro All - Star Game '' , featuring the all - stars of the 1938 season ( as well as three players from the Los Angeles Bulldogs and Hollywood Bears , who were not members of the league ) , was played on January 15 , 1939 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles . The NFL All - Star Game was played again in Los Angeles in 1940 and then in New York and Philadelphia in 1941 and 1942 respectively . Although originally planned as an annual contest , the all - star game was discontinued after 1942 because of travel restrictions put in place during World War II . During the first five all - star games , an all - star team would face that year 's league champion . The league champion won the first four games before the all - stars were victorious in the final game of this early series . The concept of an all - star game was not revived until June 1950 , when the newly christened `` Pro Bowl '' was approved . The game was sponsored by the Los Angeles Publishers Association . It was decided that the game would feature all - star teams from each of the league 's two conferences rather than the league champion versus all - star format which had been used previously . This was done to avoid confusion with the Chicago College All - Star Game , an annual game which featured the league champion against a collegiate all - star team . The teams would be led by the coach of each of the conference champions . Immediately prior to the Pro Bowl , following the 1949 season , the All - America Football Conference , which contributed three teams to the NFL in a partial merger in 1950 , held its own all - star game , the Shamrock Bowl . The first 21 games of the series ( 1951 -- 1972 ) were played in Los Angeles . The site of the game was changed annually for each of the next seven years before the game was moved to Aloha Stadium in Halawa , Hawaii for 30 straight seasons from 1980 through 2009 . The 2010 Pro Bowl was played at Sun Life Stadium , the home stadium of the Miami Dolphins and host site of Super Bowl XLIV , on January 31 , the first time ever that the Pro Bowl was held before the championship game ( a decision probably due to increasingly low Nielsen ratings from being regarded as an anti-climax to the Super Bowl ) . With the new rule being that the conference teams do not include players from the teams that will be playing in the Super Bowl , the Pro Bowl then returned to Hawaii in 2011 but was again held during the week before the Super Bowl , where it remained for three more years . The 2012 game was met with criticism from fans and sports writers for the lack of quality play by the players ( see below ) . On October 24 , 2012 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell had second thoughts about the Pro Bowl , telling a Sirius XM show that if the players did not play more competitively ( in the 2013 Pro Bowl ) , he was `` not inclined to play it anymore '' . During the ensuing off - season , the NFL Players Association lobbied to keep the Pro Bowl , and negotiated several rule changes to be implemented for the 2014 game . Among them , the teams will no longer be AFC vs. NFC , and instead be selected by captains in a fantasy draft . For the 2014 game , Jerry Rice and Deion Sanders were chosen as alumni captains , while their captains were Drew Brees and Robert Quinn ( Rice ) , along with Jamaal Charles and J.J. Watt ( Sanders ) . On April 9 , 2014 , the NFL announced that the 2015 Pro Bowl would be played the week before the Super Bowl at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona on January 25 , 2015 . The game returned to Hawaii in 2016 , and the `` unconferenced '' format was its last . For 2017 , the league considered hosting the game at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which if approved will be the first time the game has been hosted outside the United States . The NFL is also considering future Pro Bowls in Mexico and Germany . The NFL hopes that by leveraging international markets with the star power of Pro Bowls , international popularity and viewership will increase . A report released May 19 , 2016 , indicated that the 2017 Pro Bowl would instead be hosted at a newly renovated Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida ; Orlando beat out Brazil ( which apparently did not make the final round of voting ) , Honolulu , Super Bowl host site Houston , and a bid from Sydney , Australia for the hosting rights . On June 1 , 2016 , the league announced that it was restoring the old conference format . Player selection ( edit ) Tackle during the 2006 Pro Bowl in Hawaii Currently , players are voted into the Pro Bowl by the coaches , the players themselves , and the fans . Each group 's ballots count for one third of the votes . The fans vote online at the NFL 's official website . There are also replacements that go to the game should any selected player be unable to play due to injuries . Prior to 1995 , only the coaches and the players made Pro Bowl selections . In order to be considered a Pro Bowler for a given year , a player must either have been one of the initial players selected to the team , or a player who accepts an invitation to the Pro Bowl as an alternate ; invited alternates who decline to attend are not considered Pro Bowlers . Being a Pro Bowler is considered to be a mark of honor , and players who are accepted into the Pro Bowl are considered to be elite . Players whose teams advanced to the Super Bowl do not play in the Pro Bowl , and they are replaced by alternate players . From 2014 to 2016 , players did not play according to conference ; instead , were placed in a draft pool and chosen by team captains . Since 2017 , players per conference are placed into separate draft pools and chosen by their team captains . Coaching staff ( edit ) When the Pro Bowl was held after the Super Bowl , the head coaches were traditionally the head coaches of the teams that lost in the AFC and NFC championship games for the same season of the Pro Bowl in question . From 1978 through 1982 , the head coaches of the highest ranked divisional champion that lost in the Divisional Playoff Round were chosen . For the 1983 Pro Bowl , the NFL resumed selecting the losing head coaches in the conference championship games . In the 1999 Pro Bowl , New York Jets head coach Bill Parcells , after his team lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship Game , had to decline due to health reasons and Jets assistant head coach Bill Belichick took his place . When the Pro Bowl was moved to the weekend between the Conference Championship games and the Super Bowl in 2009 , the team that lost in the Divisional Playoff Round with the best regular - season record would have their coaching staffs lead their respective conference Pro Bowl team returning to the format used from 1978 -- 1982 . It remained that way through 2013 ; it resumed in 2017 . If the losing teams of each conference had the same regular season record the coaches from the higher - seeded team will get the Pro Bowl honor . From 2014 to 2016 , the Pro Bowl coaches came from the two teams with the best records that lost in the Divisional Playoffs . ( In the 2015 Pro Bowl , when John Fox left his coaching job with Denver after his playoff loss to Indianapolis that year , John Harbaugh of Baltimore took over . The next year saw Green Bay 's assistant coach Winston Moss took over as Mike McCarthy resigned from coaching due to illness . ) Game honors ( edit ) Kyle Rudolph with the Pro Bowl MVP trophy in 2013 . A Player of the Game was honored 1951 -- 1956 . 1957 -- 1971 , awards were presented to both an Outstanding Back and an Outstanding Lineman . In 1972 and since 2014 , there are awards for both an Outstanding Offensive Player and an Outstanding Defensive Player . 1973 -- 2007 , only one Player of the Game award was honored ( though thrice this award has been presented to multiple players in a single game ) . In 2008 the award was changed to Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) . Players are paid for participating in the game with the winning team receiving a larger payout . The chart below shows how much the players of their respective teams earn : Years Winners Losers 2011 / 2013 $50,000 $25,000 2012 $65,000 $40,000 2014 $53,000 $26,000 2015 / 2016 $55,000 $28,000 2017 $61,000 $30,000 2018 $64,000 $32,000 Rule differences ( edit ) The Pro Bowl has different rules from other NFL games to make the game safer . No motion or shifting by the offense Offense must have a running back and tight end in all formations Offense may have 1 or 2 receivers on the same side Intentional grounding is legal Defense must run a 4 -- 3 at all times , though the Cover 2 and press coverage is allowed No blitz ; DEs and tackles can rush on passing plays , provided they are on same side of ball No blindside or below the waist blocks Can not rush punts , PATs or FG attempts Coin toss determines who receives first ; loser receives to start 3rd period Kickoffs are eliminated ( including free kicks ) Teams will start on their own 25 - yard line after any score or at the start of each half / odd overtime 38 - second play clock to run plays Deep middle safety must be aligned within hash marks Replay reviews are allowed 44 - player roster per team In case of a tie after regulation , multiple 15 - minute OT periods will be played ( with each team receiving two time outs per period ) , and in the first overtime teams receive one possession to score unless one of them scores a touchdown / safety on its first possession . True sudden death rules apply thereafter if both teams have had their initial possession and the game remains tied . The Pro Bowl is not allowed to end in a tie , unlike preseason and regular season games . ( In general , beyond the 1st overtime , whoever scores first wins . The first overtime starts as if the game had started over , like the NFL Playoffs . ) Pro Bowl uniforms ( edit ) Quarterback Peyton Manning ( # 18 ) before the 2006 Pro Bowl . The teams are made of players from different NFL teams , so using their own uniforms would be too confusing . The players each wear the helmet of their team , but the home jerseys and pants are either a solid blue for the NFC or solid red for the AFC , with white jerseys with blue or red accents , respectively , for the away team . While it had been speculated that the color of Pro Bowl jerseys was determined by the winner of the Super Bowl -- as it had been played post-Super Bowl for many years -- this is untrue . The design of Pro Bowl uniforms is changed every two years , and the color and white jerseys are rotated along with the design change . This has been Pro Bowl tradition since the switch to team specific helmets , which started with the January 1979 game . The two - year switch was originally created as a marketing ploy by Nike , and was continued by Reebok , which won the merchandising contract in 2002 . Nike subsequently won the contract back in 2011 . The early Pro Bowl , contested by the National Football League 's Eastern and Western Division stars and played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , featured the same uniforms from the 1950s to mid-1960s ; the Eastern team wore scarlet jerseys with white numerals and a white crescent shoulder stripe , white pants with red stripe , red socks , and a plain red helmet . The Western team wore white jerseys with royal - blue numerals and a Northwestern University - style Ukon triple stripe on the sleeves , white pants with blue stripe and socks and a plain blue helmet . Perhaps oddly , the Eastern team wore home dark jerseys , although the host city team , the Los Angeles Rams , were members of the Western Conference . From January 1967 to January 1970 both teams wore gold helmets with the NFL logo on the sides ; the Eastern helmets featured a red - white - red tri-stripe and the Western a similar blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In fact , the players brought their own game helmets to Los Angeles , which were then spray - painted and decorated for the contest . For the 1970 game the helmets featured the ' 50 NFL ' logo , commemorating the league 's half - century anniversary . In the earliest years of the AFC -- NFC Pro Bowl , the players did not wear their unique helmets , as they do now . The AFC All - Stars wore a solid red helmet with a white A on it , while the NFC players wore a solid white helmet with a blue N on it . The AFC 's red helmets were paired with white jerseys and red pants , while the NFC 's white helmets were paired with blue jerseys and white pants . Two players with the same number who are elected to the Pro Bowl can now wear the same number for that game . This was not always the case in the past . The 2008 Pro Bowl included a unique example of several players from the same team wearing the same number in a Pro Bowl . For the game , Washington Redskins players T Chris Samuels , TE Chris Cooley , and LS Ethan Albright all wore the number 21 ( a number normally inappropriate for their positions ) in memory of their teammate Sean Taylor , who had been murdered during the 2007 season . On October 7 , 2013 , Nike unveiled the uniforms for the 2014 Pro Bowl , which revealed that the red , white and blue colors that the game uniforms bore throughout its entire history will no longer be used for this game . As the NFC -- AFC format was not used between 2014 through 2016 , team 1 sported a white uniform with bright orange and team 2 sported a gray uniform with volt green . The new uniforms received mixed reviews from fans and sports columnists alike , one even mentioning that the game would look like an `` Oregon vs. Oklahoma State '' game . Since 2017 , when the conference format was restored , the league takes an approach similar to the NFL Color Rush initiative , in which jerseys , pants , and socks were all a uniform colour ( red for the AFC , blue for the NFC ) . Game results ( edit ) NFL All - Star Games ( 1938 -- 1942 ) ( edit ) No Most Valuable Player awards were presented during these games Season Date Score Venue Attendance Head coaches 1938 January 15 , 1939 New York Giants 13 , NFL All - Stars 10 Wrigley Field 15,000 AS : Ray Flaherty ( Washington ) and Gus Henderson ( Detroit ) NY : Steve Owen 1939 January 14 , 1940 Green Bay Packers 16 , NFL All - Stars 7 Gilmore Stadium 18,000 AS : Steve Owen ( New York ) GB : Curly Lambeau 1940 December 29 , 1940 Chicago Bears 28 , NFL All - Stars 14 Gilmore Stadium 21,624 AS : Ray Flaherty ( Washington ) CB : George Halas 1941 January 4 , 1942 Chicago Bears 35 , NFL All - Stars 24 Polo Grounds 17,725 AS : Steve Owen ( New York ) CB : George Halas 1942 December 27 , 1942 NFL All - Stars 17 , Washington Redskins 14 Shibe Park 18,671 AS : Hunk Anderson ( Chicago Bears ) Wash : Ray Flaherty 1943 -- 1950 -- No games NFL Pro Bowls ( 1950 -- 1969 ) ( edit ) Season Date Score Series Most Valuable Players Venue Attendance Head coaches Network 1950 January 14 , 1951 American Conference 28 , National Conference 27 AC , 1 -- 0 Otto Graham , Cleveland Browns , Quarterback Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 53,676 AC : Paul Brown , Cleveland NC : Joe Stydahar , Los Angeles 1951 January 12 , 1952 National Conference 30 , American Conference 13 Tied , 1 -- 1 Dan Towler , Los Angeles Rams , Running back Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 19,400 AC : Paul Brown , Cleveland NC : Joe Stydahar , Los Angeles NBC 1952 January 10 , 1953 National Conference 27 , American Conference 7 NC , 2 -- 1 Don Doll , Detroit Lions , Defensive back Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 34,208 AC : Paul Brown , Cleveland NC : Buddy Parker , Detroit NBC 1953 January 17 , 1954 East 20 , West 9 Tied , 2 -- 2 Chuck Bednarik , Philadelphia Eagles , Linebacker Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 44,214 EC : Paul Brown , Cleveland WC : Buddy Parker , Detroit DuMont 1954 January 16 , 1955 West 26 , East 19 West , 3 -- 2 Billy Wilson , San Francisco 49ers , End Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 43,972 EC : Jim Trimble , Philadelphia WC : Buck Shaw , San Francisco 1955 January 15 , 1956 East 31 , West 30 Tied , 3 -- 3 Ollie Matson , Chicago Cardinals , Running back Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 37,867 EC : Joe Kuharich , Washington WC : Sid Gillman , Los Angeles 1956 January 13 , 1957 West 19 , East 10 West , 4 -- 3 Back : Bert Rechichar , Baltimore Colts Lineman : Ernie Stautner , Pittsburgh Steelers Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 44,177 EC : Jim Lee Howell , New York WC : Paddy Driscoll , Chicago Bears 1957 January 12 , 1958 West 26 , East 7 West , 5 -- 3 Back : Hugh McElhenny , San Francisco 49ers Lineman : Gene Brito , Washington Redskins Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 66,634 EC : Buddy Parker , Pittsburgh WC : George Wilson , Detroit NBC 1958 January 11 , 1959 East 28 , West 21 West , 5 -- 4 Back : Frank Gifford , New York Giants Lineman : Doug Atkins , Chicago Bears Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 72,250 EC : Jim Lee Howell , New York WC : Weeb Ewbank , Baltimore NBC 1959 January 17 , 1960 West 38 , East 21 West , 6 -- 4 Back : Johnny Unitas , Baltimore Colts Lineman : Eugene `` Big Daddy '' Lipscomb , Pittsburgh Steelers Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 56,876 EC : Buck Shaw , Philadelphia WC : Red Hickey , San Francisco NBC 1960 January 15 , 1961 West 35 , East 31 West , 7 -- 4 Back : Johnny Unitas , Baltimore Colts Lineman : Sam Huff , New York Giants Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 62,971 EC : Buck Shaw , Philadelphia WC : Vince Lombardi , Green Bay NBC 1961 January 14 , 1962 West 31 , East 30 West , 8 -- 4 Back : Jim Brown , Cleveland Browns Lineman : Henry Jordan , Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 57,409 EC : Allie Sherman , New York WC : Norm Van Brocklin , Minnesota NBC 1962 January 13 , 1963 East 30 , West 20 West , 8 -- 5 Back : Jim Brown , Cleveland Browns Lineman : Eugene Lipscomb , Pittsburgh Steelers Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 61,374 EC : Allie Sherman , New York WC : Vince Lombardi , Green Bay NBC 1963 January 12 , 1964 West 31 , East 17 West , 9 -- 5 Back : Johnny Unitas , Baltimore Colts Lineman : Gino Marchetti , Baltimore Colts Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 67,242 EC : Allie Sherman , New York WC : George Halas , Chicago NBC 1964 January 10 , 1965 West 34 , East 14 West , 10 -- 5 Back : Fran Tarkenton , Minnesota Vikings Lineman : Terry Barr , Detroit Lions Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 60,598 EC : Blanton Collier , Cleveland WC : Don Shula , Baltimore NBC 1965 January 15 , 1966 East 36 , West 7 West , 10 -- 6 Back : Jim Brown , Cleveland Browns Lineman : Dale Meinert , St. Louis Cardinals Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 60,124 EC : Blanton Collier , Cleveland WC : Vince Lombardi , Green Bay CBS 1966 January 22 , 1967 East 20 , West 10 West , 10 -- 7 Back : Gale Sayers , Chicago Bears Lineman : Floyd Peters , Philadelphia Eagles Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 15,062 EC : Tom Landry , Dallas WC : George Allen , Los Angeles CBS 1967 January 21 , 1968 West 38 , East 20 West , 11 -- 7 Back : Gale Sayers , Chicago Bears Lineman : Dave Robinson , Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 53,289 EC : Otto Graham , Washington WC : Don Shula , Baltimore CBS 1968 January 19 , 1969 West 10 , East 7 West , 12 -- 7 Back : Roman Gabriel , Los Angeles Rams Lineman : Merlin Olsen , Los Angeles Rams Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 32,050 EC : Tom Landry , Dallas WC : George Allen , Los Angeles CBS 1969 January 18 , 1970 West 16 , East 13 West , 13 -- 7 Back : Gale Sayers , Chicago Bears Lineman : George Andrie , Dallas Cowboys Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 57,786 EC : Tom Fears , New Orleans WC : Norm Van Brocklin , Atlanta CBS AFC -- NFC Pro Bowls ( 1970 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Season Date Score Series Most Valuable Player ( s ) Venue Attendance Head coaches Network 1970 January 24 , 1971 NFC , 27 -- 6 NFC , 1 -- 0 Lineman : Fred Carr , Packers Back : Mel Renfro , Cowboys Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 48,222 AFC : John Madden , Oakland NFC : Dick Nolan , San Francisco CBS 1971 January 23 , 1972 AFC , 26 -- 13 Tied , 1 -- 1 Defense : Willie Lanier , Chiefs Offense : Jan Stenerud , Chiefs Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 53,647 AFC : Don McCafferty , Baltimore NFC : Dick Nolan , San Francisco NBC 1972 January 21 , 1973 AFC , 33 -- 28 AFC , 2 -- 1 O.J. Simpson , Bills , Running back Texas Stadium 37,091 AFC : Chuck Noll , Pittsburgh NFC : Tom Landry , Dallas CBS 1973 January 20 , 1974 AFC , 15 -- 13 AFC , 3 -- 1 Garo Yepremian , Dolphins , Placekicker Arrowhead Stadium 66,918 AFC : John Madden , Oakland NFC : Tom Landry , Dallas NBC January 20 , 1975 NFC , 17 -- 10 AFC , 3 -- 2 James Harris , Rams , Quarterback Miami Orange Bowl 26,484 AFC : John Madden , Oakland NFC : Chuck Knox , Los Angeles ABC January 26 , 1976 NFC , 23 -- 20 Tied , 3 -- 3 Billy Johnson , Oilers , Kick returner Louisiana Superdome 30,546 AFC : John Madden , Oakland NFC : Chuck Knox , Los Angeles ABC 1976 January 17 , 1977 AFC , 24 -- 14 AFC , 4 -- 3 Mel Blount , Steelers , Cornerback The Kingdome 64,752 AFC : Chuck Noll , Pittsburgh NFC : Chuck Knox , Los Angeles ABC 1977 January 23 , 1978 NFC , 14 -- 13 Tied , 4 -- 4 Walter Payton , Bears , Running back Tampa Stadium 51,337 AFC : Ted Marchibroda , Baltimore NFC : Chuck Knox , Los Angeles ABC 1978 January 29 , 1979 NFC , 13 -- 7 NFC , 5 -- 4 Ahmad Rashād , Vikings , Wide receiver Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 46,281 AFC : Chuck Fairbanks , New England NFC : Bud Grant , Minnesota ABC 1979 January 27 , 1980 NFC , 37 -- 27 NFC , 6 -- 4 Chuck Muncie , Saints , Running back Aloha Stadium 49,800 AFC : Don Coryell , San Diego NFC : Tom Landry , Dallas ABC 1980 February 1 , 1981 NFC , 21 -- 7 NFC , 7 -- 4 Eddie Murray , Lions , Placekicker Aloha Stadium 50,360 AFC : Sam Rutigliano , Cleveland NFC : Leeman Bennett , Atlanta ABC 1981 January 31 , 1982 AFC , 16 -- 13 NFC , 7 -- 5 Lee Roy Selmon , Buccaneers , Defensive end Kellen Winslow , Chargers , Tight end Aloha Stadium 50,402 AFC : Don Shula , Miami NFC : John McKay , Tampa Bay ABC 1982 February 6 , 1983 NFC , 20 -- 19 NFC , 8 -- 5 Dan Fouts , Chargers , Quarterback John Jefferson , Packers , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 49,883 AFC : Walt Michaels , New York Jets NFC : Tom Landry , Dallas ABC January 29 , 1984 NFC , 45 -- 3 NFC , 9 -- 5 Joe Theismann , Redskins , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,445 AFC : Chuck Knox , Seattle NFC : Bill Walsh , San Francisco ABC 1984 January 27 , 1985 AFC , 22 -- 14 NFC , 9 -- 6 Mark Gastineau , Jets , Defensive end Aloha Stadium 50,385 AFC : Chuck Noll , Pittsburgh NFC : Mike Ditka , Chicago ABC 1985 February 2 , 1986 NFC , 28 -- 24 NFC , 10 -- 6 Phil Simms , Giants , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,101 AFC : Don Shula , Miami NFC : John Robinson , L.A. Rams ABC 1986 February 1 , 1987 AFC , 10 -- 6 NFC , 10 -- 7 Reggie White , Eagles , Defensive end Aloha Stadium 50,101 AFC : Marty Schottenheimer , Cleveland NFC : Joe Gibbs , Washington ABC February 7 , 1988 AFC , 15 -- 6 NFC , 10 -- 8 Bruce Smith , Bills , Defensive end Aloha Stadium 50,113 AFC : Marty Schottenheimer , Cleveland NFC : Jerry Burns , Minnesota ESPN 1988 January 29 , 1989 NFC , 34 -- 3 NFC , 11 -- 8 Randall Cunningham , Eagles , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,113 AFC : Marv Levy , Buffalo NFC : Mike Ditka , Chicago ESPN 1989 February 4 , 1990 NFC , 27 -- 21 NFC , 12 -- 8 Jerry Gray , Rams , Cornerback Aloha Stadium 50,445 AFC : Bud Carson , Cleveland NFC : John Robinson , L.A. Rams ESPN 1990 February 3 , 1991 AFC , 23 -- 21 NFC , 12 -- 9 Jim Kelly , Bills , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,345 AFC : Art Shell , L.A. Raiders NFC : George Seifert , San Francisco ESPN 1991 February 2 , 1992 NFC , 21 -- 15 NFC , 13 -- 9 Michael Irvin , Cowboys , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 50,209 AFC : Dan Reeves , Denver NFC : Wayne Fontes , Detroit ESPN 1992 February 7 , 1993 AFC , 23 -- 20 ( OT ) NFC , 13 -- 10 Steve Tasker , Bills , Special teams Aloha Stadium 50,007 AFC : Don Shula , Miami NFC : George Seifert , San Francisco ESPN 1993 February 6 , 1994 NFC , 17 -- 3 NFC , 14 -- 10 Andre Rison , Falcons , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 50,026 AFC : Marty Schottenheimer , Kansas City NFC : George Seifert , San Francisco ESPN 1994 February 5 , 1995 AFC , 41 -- 13 NFC , 14 -- 11 Marshall Faulk , Colts , Running back Aloha Stadium 49,121 AFC : Bill Cowher , Pittsburgh NFC : Barry Switzer , Dallas ABC 1995 February 4 , 1996 NFC , 20 -- 13 NFC , 15 -- 11 Jerry Rice , 49ers , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 50,034 AFC : Ted Marchibroda , Indianapolis NFC : Mike Holmgren , Green Bay ABC February 2 , 1997 AFC , 26 -- 23 ( OT ) NFC , 15 -- 12 Mark Brunell , Jaguars , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,031 AFC : Tom Coughlin , Jacksonville NFC : Dom Capers , Carolina ABC 1997 February 1 , 1998 AFC , 29 -- 24 NFC , 15 -- 13 Warren Moon , Seahawks , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 49,995 AFC : Bill Cowher , Pittsburgh NFC : Steve Mariucci , San Francisco ABC 1998 February 7 , 1999 AFC , 23 -- 10 NFC , 15 -- 14 Keyshawn Johnson , Jets , Wide receiver Ty Law , Patriots , Cornerback Aloha Stadium 50,075 AFC : Bill Belichick , N.Y. Jets NFC : Dennis Green , Minnesota ABC 1999 February 6 , 2000 NFC , 51 -- 31 NFC , 16 -- 14 Randy Moss , Vikings , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 50,112 AFC : Tom Coughlin , Jacksonville NFC : Tony Dungy , Tampa Bay ABC 2000 February 4 , 2001 AFC , 38 -- 17 NFC , 16 -- 15 Rich Gannon , Raiders , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,128 AFC : Jon Gruden , Oakland NFC : Dennis Green , Minnesota ABC 2001 February 9 , 2002 AFC , 38 -- 30 Tied , 16 -- 16 Rich Gannon , Raiders , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,301 AFC : Bill Cowher , Pittsburgh NFC : Andy Reid , Philadelphia ABC 2002 February 2 , 2003 AFC , 45 -- 20 AFC , 17 -- 16 Ricky Williams , Dolphins , Running back Aloha Stadium 50,125 AFC : Jeff Fisher , Tennessee NFC : Andy Reid , Philadelphia ABC 2003 February 8 , 2004 NFC , 55 -- 52 Tied , 17 -- 17 Marc Bulger , Rams , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,127 AFC : Tony Dungy , Indianapolis NFC : Andy Reid , Philadelphia ESPN February 13 , 2005 AFC , 38 -- 27 AFC , 18 -- 17 Peyton Manning , Colts , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,225 AFC : Bill Cowher , Pittsburgh NFC : Jim L. Mora , Atlanta ESPN 2005 February 12 , 2006 NFC 23 -- 17 Tied , 18 -- 18 Derrick Brooks , Buccaneers , Linebacker Aloha Stadium 50,190 AFC : Mike Shanahan , Denver NFC : John Fox , Carolina ESPN 2006 February 10 , 2007 AFC 31 -- 28 AFC , 19 -- 18 Carson Palmer , Bengals , Quarterback Aloha Stadium 50,410 AFC : Bill Belichick , New England NFC : Sean Payton , New Orleans CBS 2007 February 10 , 2008 NFC 42 -- 30 Tied , 19 -- 19 Adrian Peterson , Vikings , Running back Aloha Stadium 50,044 AFC : Norv Turner , San Diego NFC : Mike McCarthy , Green Bay Fox 2008 February 8 , 2009 NFC 30 -- 21 NFC , 20 -- 19 Larry Fitzgerald , Cardinals , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 49,958 AFC : John Harbaugh , Baltimore NFC : Andy Reid , Philadelphia NBC 2009 January 31 , 2010 AFC 41 -- 34 Tied , 20 -- 20 Matt Schaub , Texans , Quarterback Sun Life Stadium 70,697 AFC : Norv Turner , San Diego NFC : Wade Phillips , Dallas ESPN January 30 , 2011 NFC 55 -- 41 NFC , 21 -- 20 DeAngelo Hall , Redskins , Cornerback Aloha Stadium 49,338 AFC : Bill Belichick , New England NFC : Mike Smith , Atlanta Fox 2011 January 29 , 2012 AFC 59 -- 41 Tied , 21 -- 21 Brandon Marshall , Dolphins , Wide receiver Aloha Stadium 48,423 AFC : Gary Kubiak , Houston NFC : Mike McCarthy , Green Bay NBC 2012 January 27 , 2013 NFC 62 -- 35 NFC , 22 -- 21 Kyle Rudolph , Vikings , Tight end Aloha Stadium 47,134 AFC : John Fox , Denver NFC : Mike McCarthy , Green Bay NBC Unconferenced Pro Bowls ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Season Date Score Most Valuable Player ( s ) Venue Attendance Head coaches Network 2013 January 26 , 2014 Team Rice 22 , Team Sanders 21 Offense : Nick Foles , Eagles , Quarterback Defense : Derrick Johnson , Chiefs , Linebacker Aloha Stadium 47,270 Rice : Ron Rivera , Carolina Sanders : Chuck Pagano , Indianapolis NBC 2014 January 25 , 2015 Team Irvin 32 , Team Carter 28 Offense : Matthew Stafford , Lions , Quarterback Defense : J.J. Watt , Texans , Defensive end University of Phoenix Stadium 63,225 Irvin : Jason Garrett , Dallas Carter : John Harbaugh , Baltimore ESPN 2015 January 31 , 2016 Team Irvin 49 , Team Rice 27 Offense : Russell Wilson , Seahawks , Quarterback Defense : Michael Bennett , Seahawks , Defensive end Aloha Stadium 50,000 Irvin : Winston Moss , Green Bay Rice : Andy Reid , Kansas City AFC -- NFC Pro Bowls ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Season Date Score Series Most Valuable Player ( s ) Venue Attendance Head coaches Network 2016 January 29 , 2017 AFC 20 -- 13 Tied , 22 -- 22 Offensive : Travis Kelce , Kansas City Chiefs , Tight end Defensive : Lorenzo Alexander , Buffalo Bills , Linebacker Camping World Stadium 60,834 AFC : Andy Reid , Kansas City NFC : Jason Garrett , Dallas ESPN 2017 January 28 , 2018 AFC 24 -- 23 AFC , 23 -- 22 Offensive : Delanie Walker , Tennessee Titans , Tight end Defensive : Von Miller , Denver Broncos , Linebacker Camping World Stadium 51,019 AFC : Mike Tomlin , Pittsburgh NFC : Sean Payton , New Orleans ESPN / ABC Stadiums that have hosted the Pro Bowl ( edit ) Wrigley Field ( 1939 ) Gilmore Stadium ( January and December 1940 ) Polo Grounds ( January 1942 ) Shibe Park ( December 1942 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1951 -- 1972 , 1979 ) Texas Stadium ( 1973 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1974 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 1975 ) Louisiana Superdome ( 1976 ) Kingdome ( 1977 ) Tampa Stadium ( 1978 ) Aloha Stadium ( 1980 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Sun Life Stadium ( 2010 ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2015 ) Camping World Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) Records ( edit ) Main article : NFL Pro Bowl records Players with most appearances ( edit ) As of the most recent Pro Bowl , the 2017 Pro Bowl , 39 players have been invited to at least ten Pro Bowls in their careers . Except for those that are current active or not yet eligible , each of these players have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Four players share the record of having been invited to 14 Pro Bowls , the first being Merlin Olsen , followed by Bruce Matthews , Tony Gonzalez , and Peyton Manning . Pro Bowls Player Position Seasons by team Selection years Year of induction into Pro Football Hall of Fame 14 Tony Gonzalez TE Kansas City Chiefs ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Atlanta Falcons ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Eligible in 2019 14 Peyton Manning QB Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Eligible in 2021 14 Bruce Matthews Houston Oilers / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans ( 1983 -- 2001 ) 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 2007 14 Merlin Olsen DT Los Angeles Rams ( 1962 -- 1976 ) 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 1982 13 Tom Brady QB New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Active player 13 Ray Lewis LB Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 2012 ) 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 2018 13 Jerry Rice WR San Francisco 49ers ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2004 ) 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2002 13 Reggie White DE Philadelphia Eagles ( 1985 -- 1992 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Carolina Panthers ( 2000 ) 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 2006 12 Champ Bailey CB Washington Redskins ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Denver Broncos ( 2004 -- 2013 ) 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Eligible in 2019 12 Ken Houston Houston Oilers ( 1967 -- 1972 ) Washington Redskins ( 1973 -- 1980 ) 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 1986 12 Randall McDaniel Minnesota Vikings ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 2009 12 Jim Otto Oakland Raiders ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 1980 12 Junior Seau LB San Diego Chargers ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New England Patriots ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 2015 12 Will Shields Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 2006 ) 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 2015 11 Larry Allen Dallas Cowboys ( 1994 -- 2005 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 2006 -- 2007 ) 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 2013 11 Drew Brees QB San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2006 -- present ) 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Active player 11 Derrick Brooks LB Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1995 -- 2008 ) 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 2014 11 Brett Favre QB Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 2016 11 Larry Fitzgerald WR Arizona Cardinals ( 2004 -- present ) 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Active player 11 Bob Lilly DT Dallas Cowboys ( 1961 -- 1974 ) 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 1980 11 Tom Mack Los Angeles Rams ( 1966 -- 1978 ) 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 1999 11 Gino Marchetti DE Dallas Texans ( 1952 ) Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1964 ; 1966 ) 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 1972 11 Anthony Muñoz OT Cincinnati Bengals ( 1980 -- 1992 ) 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 1998 11 Jonathan Ogden OT Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 2007 ) 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 2013 11 Willie Roaf OT New Orleans Saints ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 2012 11 Bruce Smith DE Buffalo Bills ( 1985 -- 1999 ) Washington Redskins ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 2009 11 Jason Witten TE Dallas Cowboys ( 2003 -- present ) 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Active player 11 Rod Woodson CB Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1987 -- 1996 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1997 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2002 -- 2003 ) 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 2009 10 Joe Greene DT Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1969 -- 1981 ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1979 10 Ronnie Lott San Francisco 49ers ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Los Angeles Raiders ( 1991 -- 1992 ) New York Jets ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 2000 10 Leo Nomellini DT San Francisco 49ers ( 1950 -- 1963 ) 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 1969 10 Mel Renfro Dallas Cowboys ( 1964 -- 1977 ) 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 10 Jim Ringo Green Bay Packers ( 1953 -- 1963 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1964 -- 1967 ) 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 1981 10 Barry Sanders RB Detroit Lions ( 1989 -- 1998 ) 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 10 Joe Schmidt LB Detroit Lions ( 1953 -- 1965 ) 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 1973 10 Mike Singletary LB Chicago Bears ( 1981 -- 1992 ) 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 1998 10 Lawrence Taylor LB New York Giants ( 1981 -- 1993 ) 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 1999 10 Joe Thomas OT Cleveland Browns ( 2007 -- present ) 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Active player 10 Johnny Unitas QB Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1967 1979 Television ( edit ) See also : List of Pro Bowl broadcasters Under the prior NFL television contract which was in effect through the 2014 Pro Bowl , the network which aired the Super Bowl also aired the Pro Bowl . The 2007 game on CBS was held on the Saturday after Super Bowl XLI because of the 49th Grammy Awards . The 2008 game was on Fox , broadcaster of Super Bowl XLII . Likewise , the 2009 game was on NBC , broadcaster of Super Bowl XLIII . CBS sold off their rights to the 2010 game to ESPN , which was played a week before the Super Bowl at the Super Bowl site , Sun Life Stadium . CBS also declined to broadcast the 2013 game , which was instead shown on NBC . The 2014 game , also shown on NBC , was the final Pro Bowl on network television for four years , as exclusive broadcast rights moved to ESPN in 2015 prior to being simulcast with sister network ABC in 2018 . The Pro Bowl was originally broadcast on an alternative basis by CBS and NBC 1971 -- 1974 ; the other network broadcast the Super Bowl . Later , the game was broadcast as part of the Monday Night Football package on ABC 1975 -- 1987 and again 1995 -- 2003 . In 2004 -- 2006 , ABC sold its rights to the Pro Bowl to sister network ESPN ( who had shown it 1988 -- 1994 ) . In those years , the ESPN Sunday Night Football crew covered the game . In the early 2000s , after suffering through several years of dwindling ratings ABC considered moving the game to Monday night . The idea was scrapped , however , when ABC decided to sell off the rights to sister network ESPN . Throughout his broadcasting career , John Madden declined to be part of the announcing crew when his network carried the Pro Bowl due to his aviatophobia and claustrophobia ( a joke referencing both is made in the Madden NFL ' 97 video game before the beginning of the Pro Bowl in season mode , where Madden quips that he drove his `` Madden Bus '' to Hawaii , rather than flying ) . Until Madden 's retirement from broadcasting after the 2009 Pro Bowl , it had only occurred twice : former San Diego Chargers quarterback and MNF personality Dan Fouts , whom Madden had replaced , took his place on ABC in 2003 , and Cris Collinsworth took his place on NBC in 2009 ( Collinsworth ended up replacing Madden permanently upon the latter 's retirement ) . ESPN will hold exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022 , although in 2018 , the Pro Bowl returned to network television for the first time in four years as part of a joint ABC / ESPN simulcast ( both sister networks are owned by The Walt Disney Company ) . Most watched Pro Bowls ( edit ) Rank Game Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV Rating Location 2011 Pro Bowl January 29 , 2011 AFC 41 NFC 55 Fox 13.4 7.7 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 2000 Pro Bowl February 6 , 2000 AFC 31 NFC 51 ABC 13.2 8.6 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 2012 Pro Bowl January 29 , 2012 NFC 41 AFC 59 NBC 12.5 7.3 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 2010 Pro Bowl January 31 , 2010 AFC 41 NFC 34 ESPN 12.3 7.1 Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens , FL 5 2013 Pro Bowl January 27 , 2013 AFC 35 NFC 62 NBC 12.2 7.1 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 6 2014 Pro Bowl January 26 , 2014 Team Rice 22 Team Sanders 21 11.4 6.6 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 7 2008 Pro Bowl February 10 , 2008 AFC 30 NFC 42 Fox 10.0 6.3 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 8 2003 Pro Bowl February 2 , 2003 NFC 23 AFC 45 ABC 9.1 5.9 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 9 2009 Pro Bowl February 8 , 2009 NFC 30 AFC 21 NBC 8.8 5.4 Aloha Stadium , Honolulu , HI 10 2015 Pro Bowl January 25 , 2015 Team Irvin 32 Team Carter 28 ESPN 8.8 5.1 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , AZ Blackout Policy ( edit ) The Pro Bowl is still subject to the NFL 's blackout policies , requiring the game to be blacked out within 75 miles ( 121 km ) of the stadium site if the game does not sell out all of the stadium 's seats . Criticism ( edit ) Quality ( edit ) For decades , the Pro Bowl has been criticized as a glamour event more than a football game . This is due to two causes : the voluntary nature of the game , and the fear of player injury . While players are financially compensated for participating in the Pro Bowl , for a star player , the pay can be less than 1 % of their salary . Many star players have excused themselves from participation over the years , meaning that the very best players are not necessarily featured . Not having the best players in the Pro Bowl was exacerbated by the introduction of fan voting ( see section below ) . Another criticism of the game is that the players -- particularly on defense -- are not playing `` full speed '' . This is because player injury plays a much greater part in a team 's success in the NFL as compared to the other major American sports . For this reason , unlike the NBA , NHL , and MLB ( which host their all - star events as a mid-season break ) , the Pro Bowl was historically held after the completion of the season and playoffs . This means that a player injured in the Pro Bowl would have at least six months to rehab before the next season begins . However , starting in 2010 , the Pro Bowl was moved from the week after the Super Bowl to the week before the Super Bowl . Because of the above - noted fear of injury , players from the two teams participating in the Super Bowl were banned from participation , meaning that the absence of star players was only increased . With the dearth of stars making the game the subject of much derision ( Sports Illustrated website refused to even include one pre-game story on the event in 2012 ) , the players on the field appear to be taking it less seriously as well . In the 2012 game , the lack of defensive effort was apparent , not only to anyone watching , but to anyone who saw the score of 100 points . One NFL player watching the game said , `` They probably should have just put flags on them , '' indicating that the quality was about on the level of flag football . Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the game needed to improve , otherwise it would be eliminated . It is worth noting that entire teams have declined to participate after losing the conference championship , like the 2015 New England Patriots , which had seven starters on the Pro Bowl roster . This , among other factors , caused the 2016 Pro Bowl to be more of a game featuring emerging players , with a record of 133 players selected overall ( including those who were absent ) , and ended up including rookie QB Jameis Winston instead of recognized veterans Tom Brady and Carson Palmer , who were both in the conversation for the 2015 NFL season MVP before losing in their respective conference finals . Selection process ( edit ) Fan voting has increased criticism of the Pro Bowl . Voting by fans makes up 1 / 3 of the vote for Pro Bowl players . Some teams earn more selections of their players because fans often vote for their favorite team and not necessarily the best player . In the 2008 Pro Bowl , the Dallas Cowboys had thirteen players on the NFC roster , an NFL record . `` If you 're in a small market , no one really gets to see you play '' , said Minnesota Vikings cornerback Antoine Winfield , who spent much of his early career with the small - market Buffalo Bills . `` If you 're a quiet guy , it 's hard to get the attention . You just have to work hard and play . '' Winfield made the Pro Bowl in 2008 after ten seasons of being shut out . The player voting has also been subject to significant criticism . It is not uncommon for players to pick the same players over and over again ; former offensive lineman ( and Sports Illustrated analyst ) Ross Tucker has cited politics , incumbency , personal vendettas , and compensation for injury in previous years as primary factors in players ' choices . Thus , players who have seen their play decline with age can still be perennially elected to the Pro Bowl due to their popularity among other players , something particularly common among positions such as the offensive line , where few statistics are available . For example , in 2010 , Baltimore Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs admitted voting for Ryan Fitzpatrick ( then the backup quarterback of the Buffalo Bills ) over eventual league most valuable player Tom Brady not because he thought Fitzpatrick was the better player but as a vote of disrespect toward Brady 's team , the New England Patriots . Some players have had a surprisingly small number of Pro Bowl selections despite distinguished careers . Hall of Fame running back John Riggins was selected only once in his career from 1971 to 1985 . He was not selected in the year after which he set the record for rushing touchdowns in a season and his team made it to the Super Bowl ( although he did make the All - Pro team ) . Hall of Fame linebacker Ray Nitschke only made the Pro Bowl once , despite being named All - Pro seven times and being the MVP of the 1962 NFL Championship Game . Defensive back Ken Riley never made the Pro Bowl in his 15 seasons , even though he recorded 65 interceptions , the fourth - highest total in NFL history at the time of his retirement . Former Jacksonville Jaguars halfback Fred Taylor , who is 15th in all - time rushing yards , was elected to his only Pro Bowl in 2007 , despite averaging 4.6 yards per carry for his career , better than all but five running backs ranked in the top 30 in all - time rushing . Aaron Smith made it to the Pro Bowl once in 13 years ( 2004 ) despite winning two Super Bowl rings with the Pittsburgh Steelers and being named to the Sports Illustrated 2000s All Decade Team , despite defensive teammates such as Troy Polamalu , Casey Hampton , and James Harrison being named to multiple Pro Bowls during his career ; Smith would often be ranked as one of the NFL 's most underrated players during his career . Long snappers are picked by the coaches and not voted on at all . They are not allowed to play on their own coach 's team . See also ( edit ) American Football League All - Star games All - America Football Conference All - Star Game List of players selected to the Pro Bowl List of Pro Bowl broadcasters Chicago College All - Star Game -- a series played between an NFL team and a collegiate all - star team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NFL Pro Bowl Series '' . NFL Pro Bowl Series . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : Pro Bowl may not continue in current format '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Dan ( January 29 , 2010 ) . `` Is the NFL Pro Bowl Broken ? '' . Time . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . While the Pro Bowl managed to sell out Dolphins Stadium , the game usually pulls down mediocre TV ratings ; it 's the only major all - star game that draws lower ratings than regular - season matchups . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Pro Bowl may be mocked , but it 's popular '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFC reels in five picks to throttle AFC in Pro Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . The NFC 's 55 - 41 victory , a game not nearly as interesting as that score would indicate , did nothing to repair the tattered image of the NFL 's all - star contest . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Marshall catches Pro Bowl - record 4 TDs in AFC 's win '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . January 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schottey , Michael ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` NFL Pro Bowl 's Move to Orlando Provides Chance to Reinvigorate the Event '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Orlando Pro Bowl returning to AFC - NFC format in 2017 '' . NFL . National Football League . Jump up ^ Crawford , Fred R. ( 1990 ) . `` The First Pro Bowl Game '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner. 12 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gill , Bob ( 1983 ) . `` The Best Of The Rest : Part One '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner. 5 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Bowl game approved by National Grid League '' . The Palm Beach Post . AP . June 4 , 1950 . p. 21 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hofmann , Sarah . `` NFL commissioner may axe Pro Bowl '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Players defend Pro Bowl after 62 - 35 NFC win Archived 2013 - 02 - 16 at Archive.is . Associated Press . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Pro Bowl rosters to be determined by draft '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Pro Bowl To Be Played in Arizona , 2016 Pro Bowl Slated for Hawaii '' . National Football League . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` NFL considering Brazil to host 2017 Pro Bowl '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brady , James . `` NFL exploring Mexico , Germany and other markets to host games '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Soshnick , Scott ( May 19 , 2016 ) . The NFL Pro Bowl Is Moving to Orlando . Bloomberg ... Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Orlando Pro Bowl returning to AFC - NFC format in 2017 '' . NFL . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marchibroda , Knox Pro Bowl Coaches '' . Tampa Bay Times . December 28 , 1977 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parcells Needs Rest , Passes on Pro Bowl '' . LA Times . January 27 , 1999 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyche , Steve ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` Pro Bowl selections , like game itself , will have new wrinkles '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Results '' . 2011 NFL Pro Bowl Official Game Program . NFL Publishing : 191 -- 92 . 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 AFC - NFC Pro Bowl Facts and Figures '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Pro Bowl : Time , Announcers , Rosters And More For NFL 's All - Star Event '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Jim ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` Peterson helps NFC roar back for Pro Bowl crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Matt . `` NFL '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Percy , Ethan ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` New NFL Pro Bowl Uniforms Look More Like Oregon Vs. Oklahoma State '' . B'more2Boston . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Giants Beat Stars ; Ward Cuff Is Hero '' . Milwaukee Journal . UP . January 16 , 1939 . p . L - 7 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1952 Pro Bowl '' . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Saturday game ^ Jump up to : Monday night game Jump up ^ Filled in for then - Jets head coach Bill Parcells Jump up ^ `` NFL Pro Bowl Selections Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leibowitz , Ben ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` 25 Facts About Quarterback Peyton Manning '' . Arizona Daily Sun . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim and Lucas Shaw ( September 8 , 2011 ) . ' Monday Night Football ' to Remain on ESPN Through 2021 . The Wrap . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Pro Bowl Lowest Rated in Ten Years , Least - Watched in Nine '' . SportsMediaWatch.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL lifts TV blackout as Pro Bowl nears sell out '' . The Seattle Times . 2009 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pro Bowl Blackout Date Extended ( KHOU - TV ) Archived 2011 - 07 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Keisel on Pro Bowl : They `` should have just put flags '' on players `` . Profootballtalk.com . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : NFL could drop Pro Bowl '' . Sports Illustrated . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell indicates Pro Bowl 's future in doubt '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/nflnation/post/_/id/197015/2016-nfl-pro-bowl-most-declined-invitation-in-history Jump up ^ Hill , Jemele ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Take away the fan vote '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ross . NFL Pro Bowl voting among players should be consistent . SI.com Jump up ^ Terrell Suggs : Teams hate Patriots . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap1000000209728/article/pittsburgh-steelers-alltime-underrated-overrated-players External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pro Bowl . Official site The Complete History of the Pro Bowl The NFL 's official website Online Fan Voting Ballot `` Pro Bowl Game Books 1971 -- 2011 '' . NFL Game Statistics & Information System . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . 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9015307562185142426 | R. Lee Ermey | R. Lee Ermey - wikipedia R. Lee Ermey Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) R. Lee Ermey Ermey aboard USS Belleau Wood in 2005 Ronald Lee Ermey ( 1944 - 03 - 24 ) March 24 , 1944 Emporia , Kansas , U.S. April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) ( aged 74 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , voice artist , drill instructor , United States Marine Years active 1978 -- 2018 Political party Independent Spouse ( s ) Nila Ermey ( m . 1975 ) Children Military career Nickname ( s ) `` Gunny '' Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Marine Corps Years of service 1961 -- 1972 Rank Staff sergeant Gunnery sergeant ( honorary ) Unit India Company , 3rd Recruit Training Battalion Marine Wing Support Group 17 Battles / wars Vietnam War Awards Meritorious Unit Commendation Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Ronald Lee Ermey ( March 24 , 1944 -- April 15 , 2018 ) was an American actor , voice artist , and former military drill instructor . He achieved fame when he played Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket , which earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . Ermey was also a United States Marine Corps staff sergeant and an honorary gunnery sergeant . During his tenure in the United States Marine Corps , he also served as a drill instructor . Ermey was often typecast in authority figure roles , such as Mayor Tilman in the film Mississippi Burning , Bill Bowerman in Prefontaine , Sheriff Hoyt in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake , Jimmy Lee Farnsworth in Fletch Lives , a police captain in Se7en , plastic army men leader Sarge in the Toy Story films , Lt. `` Tice '' Ryan in Rocket Power , a prison warden in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , and John House in House . Ermey hosted two programs on the History Channel : Mail Call , in which he answered viewers ' questions about various military issues both modern and historic ; and Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey , which concerned the development of different types of weapons . He also hosted GunnyTime on the Outdoor Channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Military career 2.1 U.S. Marine Corps 3 Acting career 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 Commercials 5 Business venture 6 Political views 6.1 Toys for Tots speech 7 Military appearances 8 Personal life 9 Death 10 Awards and decorations 11 Filmography 12 Other media 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ermey was born in Emporia , Kansas , on March 24 , 1944 to John Edward and Betty ( neé Pantle ) Ermey . He grew up with five brothers on a farm outside of Kansas City , Kansas . In 1958 , when Ermey was 14 , he and his family left Kansas and moved to Zillah , Washington . As a teenager , Ermey often got in trouble with the local authorities , and was arrested twice for criminal mischief by age 17 . After his second arrest , a judge gave him a choice between joining the military or being sent to jail ; Ermey chose the military . Military career ( edit ) Us Marine Corps ( edit ) In 1961 , at age 17 , Ermey enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and went through recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego in San Diego , California . For his first few years , he served in the aviation support field before becoming a drill instructor in India Company , 3rd Recruit Training Battalion , at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego , where he was assigned from 1965 to 1967 . Ermey then served in Marine Wing Support Group 17 at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma in Okinawa , Japan . In 1968 , he was ordered to Vietnam with MWSG - 17 , and spent 14 months in country . The remainder of his service was on Okinawa where he was advanced to staff sergeant ( E-6 ) . He was medically discharged in 1972 because of several injuries incurred during his service . On May 17 , 2002 , he received an honorary promotion to gunnery sergeant ( E-7 ) by the Commandant of the Marine Corps , General James L. Jones . Acting career ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Ermey was cast in his first film while attending the University of Manila in the Philippines , using his G.I. Bill benefits . He played a First Air Cavalry chopper pilot in Apocalypse Now , doubling as a technical advisor to director Francis Ford Coppola . Ermey then was cast as a Marine drill instructor in Sidney J. Furie 's The Boys in Company C . For the next few years , Ermey played a series of minor film roles until 1987 , when he was cast as drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket . Initially , he was intended to be only the technical advisor . Kubrick changed his mind after Ermey put together an instructional tape , in which he went on an extended tirade towards several extras , convincing Kubrick he was the right man for the role . Seeking authenticity for the film , Kubrick allowed Ermey to write or edit his own dialogue and improvise on the set , a notable rarity in a Kubrick film . Kubrick later indicated that Ermey was an excellent performer , often needing just two or three takes per scene , also unusual for a Kubrick film . Ermey 's performance won critical raves and he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award as Best Supporting Actor . Ermey later played a drill instructor in the pilot episode of Space : Above and Beyond and the ghost of a drill instructor in the film The Frighteners , both similar to his character in Full Metal Jacket . Ermey subsequently appeared in about 60 films , including Purple Hearts , Mississippi Burning , The Siege of Firebase Gloria , Dead Man Walking , Se7en , Fletch Lives , Leaving Las Vegas , Prefontaine , Saving Silverman , On Deadly Ground , Sommersby , Life , Man of the House , Toy Soldiers , and The Salton Sea , as well as the remake of Willard , and as an evil sadist in two The Texas Chainsaw Massacre films . Ermey also lent his voice to The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy , Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and Toy Story 3 , as well as Roughnecks and X-Men 3 . He usually appeared in a commanding military role , for shows such as Kim Possible , The Simpsons , Family Guy , SpongeBob SquarePants , Miami Vice , House , Scrubs , My Life as a Teenage Robot , and Invader Zim . In addition he hosted the documentary series Mail Call and Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey . Ermey loading ammunition for the Bofors 40 mm gun aboard a Lockheed AC - 130H `` Spectre '' Gunship in 2006 Television ( edit ) On December 14 , 1994 , Ermey played a sheriff in Tales from the Crypt , season six , episode nine , `` Staired in Horror '' . He also played the role of Reverend Patrick Findley , a minister , on The X-Files season 3 , episode 11 , `` Revelations '' . On Mail Call , Ermey discussed weaponry , tactical matters , and military history . Mail Call 's subject matter was dictated by viewer emails ; one episode focused on an M1 Abrams tank , while others involved World War II secrets , and others focused on elements of medieval warfare . The set consisted of a military tent , other military gear and weapons , and a World War II jeep . Ermey traveled to Kuwait in June 2003 during the first phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom to film mail distribution by the Defense Department to service personnel for an episode of Mail Call . According to a 2005 episode of Mail Call filmed at Whiteman Air Force Base , he was the 341st person to fly in the B - 2 stealth bomber . He also guest - starred in the episode `` Second Chance '' of Human Target . Ermey also made guest appearances on the television drama House , playing the role of Dr. Gregory House 's father , who was a decorated naval aviator while serving in the Marine Corps ( `` Birthmarks '' , `` Daddy 's Boy '' ) , and the sitcom Scrubs , playing the Janitor 's father . He also voiced Wildcat in several episodes of Batman : The Brave and the Bold . In two episodes of The Simpsons entitled `` Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming '' and `` Waiting for Duffman '' , Ermey voiced Colonel Leslie `` Hap '' Hapablap . In the episode of SpongeBob SquarePants `` Inmates of Summer '' , he voiced an irate warden of a maximum - security island prison who demoralized the inmates whenever he could . In the episode of The Angry Beavers `` Fancy Prance '' , he voiced the Lipizzaner stallions ' instructor , Drill Sergeant Goonther . In 2009 , Ermey hosted a second History Channel show entitled Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey , which discussed the history of various weapons used by militaries of today . In late 2010 , Ermey starred in a GEICO commercial as a drill - instructor - turned - therapist who insults a client , in a parody of some of his iconic characters . Ermey was also featured each week on ESPN 's College GameDay . His role was to insult the experts ' incorrect picks from the previous week . In that same year , Ermey appeared in the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episode `` Trophy '' as a paroled sex offender . In 2011 , Ermey starred as a drill instructor on the X-Play special on Bulletstorm . In the Family Guy episode `` Grumpy Old Man '' , Ermey guest - starred , again as a drill instructor . Ermey served as host of GunnyTime , a program that debuted on Outdoor Channel in 2015 . Video games ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1993 , Ermey played Lyle The Handyman in the full motion video game Mega-CD / Sega CD game Double Switch . Ermey lent his voice to several video games , including Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel ( as General Barnaky ) and Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex ( as Wa - Wa ) . He also made a cameo in Real War : Air , Land , Sea , a real - time strategy video game based on the official Joint Chiefs of Staff training game . In 2014 , he did voice - over work for Call of Duty : Ghosts . His voice is also featured in the voice pack `` Drill Instructor '' for the Terran Republic in PlanetSide 2 . Several characters have made references to Ermey and the character of Hartman . In the game Fallout 3 , a recruitable companion is named Sergeant RL - 3 , a modified military robot with a personality very similar to Ermey ( the companion 's name is a reference to Ermey 's initials wherein the 3 is leetspeak for the letter E ) . In the World of Warcraft : Cataclysm expansion is a character named `` Lieutenant Emry '' that speaks some of Ermey 's signature lines from Full Metal Jacket . In Half - Life : Opposing Force , the drill sergeant from the initial boot camp stage had dialogue and mannerisms very similar to Ermey 's character in Full Metal Jacket . Commercials ( edit ) Ermey was an official spokesman for Black Book ( National Auto Research ) , Glock firearms , TRU - SPEC apparel , Tupperware , Victory Motorcycles , Hoover , SOG Specialty Knives , WD - 40 , Young Marines , and appeared in commercials for Coors Light , Dick 's Sporting Goods , GEICO , and pistachio nuts . He provided the introduction for the Professional Bull Riders . He can be seen giving a service announcement for Alamo Drafthouse Cinemas , demanding that viewers be quiet during the film . He was a board member for the National Rifle Association . Business venture ( edit ) Ermey was a co-founder of Bravery Brewing in Lancaster , California . Political views ( edit ) Ermey described himself as an independent . In 2008 , he voted for Barack Obama , but later mocked his policies . Ermey said in an interview earlier in 2015 that he supported Texas Senator Ted Cruz for President . He said , `` You know what , I just watched Ted Cruz -- I mean , what a tough act to follow . I 'm not going to tell you who I 'm going to vote for , but I 'm going to let you guess ( ... ) and the first two guesses do n't count ! '' Toys for Tots speech ( edit ) On December 10 , 2010 , Ermey denounced the Obama administration 's economic policies while speaking at a Marine Corps Reserve 's Toys for Tots rally , stating that it was difficult to raise money for the charity , because `` the economy sucks '' . He went on to say : We should all rise up , and we should stop this administration from what they 're doing because they 're destroying this country . They 're driving us into bankruptcy so that they can impose socialism on us , and that 's exactly what they 're doing , and I 'm sick and damn tired of it and I know you are too . In January 2011 , Ermey posted an apology on his Web site , saying : I regret that I delivered a monologue that was inappropriately critical of the President . My comments were misguided and emotionally biased , and for that I am truly sorry . In spite of his apology , Ermey later told TMZ that he was fired by GEICO , for whom he made the above - mentioned 2010 `` Drill Sergeant '' commercial , because of his political beliefs . The insurance giant also removed Ermey 's commercial from their official YouTube channel . Ermey subsequently stated that his anti-Obama views had caused him to be blacklisted by Hollywood , resulting in a lack of new film roles for him . Ermey knew Donald Trump Jr. , and stated that he was confident that should Donald Trump become president , `` our Second Amendment rights are solid as a rock '' . Military appearances ( edit ) On May 17 , 2002 , Ermey received an honorary post-service promotion to gunnery sergeant ( E-7 ) from the Commandant of the Marine Corps General James L. Jones in recognition of his continuing support to Americans in military service . He conducted morale tours , visiting United States troops in locations such as Al Kut , Iraq , and Bagram Airfield , Afghanistan , in which he filmed parts for his television show Mail Call . While at Bagram Airfield , he held a USO - type show in which he portrayed GySgt Hartman and conducted a comedy routine . He also did the same at Doha , Qatar and Camp Doha , Kuwait City , Kuwait , in 2003 . Personal Life ( edit ) Ermey married his wife , Nila , in 1975 . They had four children together . Death ( edit ) Ermey died at a hospital in Santa Monica , California from complications related to pneumonia on the morning of April 15 , 2018 . He was 74 years old . His funeral was held in Arlington National Cemetery . Awards and decorations ( edit ) R. Lee Ermey during the United States Marine Corps birthday ball Ermey was retroactively awarded the Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon after he retired from the military due to his prior service as a Marine Corps recruit training instructor . Ermey 's military awards included : 1st row Meritorious Unit Commendation Good Conduct Medal w / two ⁄ '' bronze stars National Defense Service Medal 2nd row Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal Vietnam Service Medal w / one ⁄ '' silver star South Vietnamese Presidential Unit Citation 3rd row Marine Corps Drill Instructor Ribbon South Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm South Vietnamese Campaign Medal with 1960 - Device Badges Rifle Marksman Badge Pistol Sharpshooter Badge Filmography ( edit ) Ermey appeared in the following films : Year Title Role Notes 1978 The Boys in Company C Staff Sergeant Loyce ( Drill Instructor , Platoon 163 ) 1979 Apocalypse Now Eagle Thrust Seven helicopter pilot Uncredited Up from the Depths Lee 1984 Purple Hearts Gunny Full Metal Jacket Gunnery Sergeant Hartman One of the rare performances Stanley Kubrick ever allowed to be improvised Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Credited as `` Lee Ermey '' Miami Vice Detective Sergeant Ernest Haskell Guest star Episode : `` Rising Sun of Death '' Mississippi Burning Mayor Tilman The Siege of Firebase Gloria Sergeant Major Bill Hafner / Narrator Uncredited screenwriter Fletch Lives Jimmy Lee Farnsworth Demonstone Colonel Joe Haines The Rift Captain Phillips Also known as Endless Descent The Take Weller Television film I 'm Dangerous Tonight Lieutenant Ackman Television film Kid Luke 83 Hours ' Til Dawn Glen Fairling Television film 1991 The Terror Within II Von Demming Toy Soldiers General Kramer True Identity Houston 's Boss Uncredited Hexed Detective Ferguson Sommersby Dick Mead Body Snatchers General Platt The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . Marshal Brisco County Senior Double Switch Lyle ( the handyman ) Video Game Credited as R. Lee Emrey in the Mega-CD / Sega CD version French Silk Chief Crowder Television film Chain of Command Benjamin Brewster On Deadly Ground Stone Rise and Walk : The Dennis Byrd Story Mr. Byrd Uncredited Television film Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult Mess Hall Guard Uncredited Love Is a Gun Frank Deacon 1995 Murder in the First Judge Clawson Savate Benedict Short Uncredited Best of the Best 3 : No Turning Back Preacher Brian Uncredited Seven Police Captain Leaving Las Vegas Conventioneer Space : Above and Beyond Sergeant Major Bougus Television film Under the Hula Moon Lt. Col. J.P. McIntire Toy Story Sarge Voice The X-Files Reverend Findley Episode : `` Revelations '' Dead Man Walking Clyde Percy Kidnapped Frank Television film The Simpsons Colonel Leslie `` Hap '' Hapablap Voice Episode : `` Sideshow Bob 's Last Gleaming '' Soul of the Game Wilkie Television film The Frighteners The late Master Sergeant Hiles Prefontaine Bill Bowerman Dead Men Ca n't Dance Sen. Pullman T. Fowler Weapons of Mass Distraction Billy Paxton Television film Switchback Sheriff Buck Olmstead The Angry Beavers Sergeant Goonther Voice Episode : `` Fancy Prance / H2Whoa ! '' Starship Troopers News Announcer Voice Uncredited Rough Riders Secretary of State John Hay TV mini-series 1997 - 1999 Cracker Lieutenant Fry TV series 1998 The Sender Colonel Rosewater Gunshy Jerry 1999 You Know My Name Nix Television film Life Older Sheriff Pike Avalanche Gary Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot General Thorton TV series The Apartment Complex Frank Stanton Television film Toy Story 2 Sarge Voice 1999 - 2000 Roughnecks : STC Sky Marshall Sanchez 2000 The Chaos Factor Col. Ben Wilder Skipped Parts Caspar Callahan Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins Sarge Voice Direct - to - video film Jericho Marshall Saving Silverman Coach Norton Recess : School 's Out Colonel O'Malley Voice Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel General Barnaky Voice Video game Real War : Rogue States Voice Video game Real War : Air , Land , Sea Megiddo : The Omega Code 2 President Richard Benson Scenes of the Crime Mr. Parker Family Guy Coach Voice Episode : `` Mr. Saturday Knight '' Taking Sides General Wallace On the Borderline Captain Elias Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex Wa - Wa the Water Elemental Voice Video game , credited as R. Lee Ermy 2002 Run Ronnie Run ! Lead Kidnapper The Salton Sea Verne Plummer Scrubs Janitor 's father Guest star Episode : `` My Old Man '' Frank McKlusky , C.I. Jockey Master Uncredited Direct - to - video Invader Zim Sergeant Hobo 678 Voice Episode : `` HOBO 13 / Walk for Your Lives '' History Channel 's Mail Call Gunny , Himself TV series A.K.A. Birdseye Sheriff Gathers 2003 Willard Frank Martin Fillmore ! Colonel Thrift Voice , Guest star Episode : `` South of Friendship , North of Honor '' The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Sheriff Hoyt Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actor Kim Possible General Sims Voice Y.M.I. The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Drill Sergeant Voice Episode : `` Bully Boogie / Here Thar Be Dwarves '' Father of the Pride Sergeant Bunny Voice Episode : `` One Man 's Meat Is Another Man 's Girlfriend '' 2005 House John House Episode : `` Daddy 's Boy '' Man of the House Captain Nichols 2006 X-Men : The Last Stand Sergeant Voice Shark Bait Jack Voice The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning Charlie Hewitt / Sheriff Hoyt 2007 SpongeBob SquarePants Prison Warden Voice Episode : `` The Inmates of Summer '' 2008 Solstice Leonard House John House Uncredited Episode : `` Birthmarks '' Eleventh Hour Bob Henson , Farmer Episode : `` Agro '' 2009 History Channel 's Lock n ' Load with R. Lee Ermey Himself TV series 2009 - 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Wildcat Voice TV series Toy Story 3 Sarge Voice Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Walter Burlock Episode : `` Trophy '' 2011 Family Guy Drill Sergeant with Alzheimer 's Disease Voice Episode : `` Grumpy Old Man '' 2012 The Watch Manfred 2012 - 2015 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness General Tsin ( The Most Dangerous Po ) Voice TV series 2015 GunnyTime Gunny , Himself TV series The Simpsons Colonel Leslie `` Hap '' Hapablap Voice Episode : `` Waiting for Duffman '' 2016 Military Makeover Gunny , Himself TV series Other media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ermey recorded voice lines for a `` talking '' 12 - inch tall `` motivational action figure '' depicting him in USMC drill instructor uniform , which replays his signature put - downs with the press of an electronic button on the back . Sideshow Collectibles manufactured the figure in two versions , one with ( somewhat ) family - friendly language and one with `` extra-salty '' remarks that include profanity ; the latter is packaged with an R rating as a warning to consumers . One of these figures appears occasionally on Mail Call , wherein it is often referred to as ' Mini-Lee ' by the host , and is sometimes seen berating a G.I. Joe . In the early 1990s , he appeared as a Martian pilot in a training video for Virtual World Entertainment 's game Red Planet . In the Green Lantern series of comics published by DC , it is revealed that Green Lantern Kilowog , who trains all new Green Lantern recruits , was in turn trained by a Green Lantern named Ermey . He had a notable appearance on The Howard Stern Show in October 2002 , appearing on the show as Sgt . Hartman . He provided the voice of the DLC drill instructor in Call of Duty : Ghosts . He starred in an instructional training video for Lockheed Martin dealing with the problems caused by Foreign Object Damage in manufacturing military equipment . See also ( edit ) Biography portal United States Marine Corps portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Savitsky , Sasha ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' GunnyTime ' host R. Lee Ermey ' blackballed ' from Hollywood for conservative views '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Edward Ermey '' . The Vidette . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PANTLE - ERMEY '' . The Emporia Gazette . March 14 , 1942 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Steve ( September 2010 ) . `` Gunny R. Lee Ermey Unplugged '' . The First Shot . Civilian Marksmanship Program . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hartl , John ( July 9 , 1987 ) . `` ' Full Metal Jacket ' was an old drill for this ex-Marine '' . The Seattle Times . p . F3 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mail Call ' star Gunnery Sgt . R. Lee Ermey dies ; actor had Kansas roots '' . The Wichita Eagle . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey 's Bio '' . rleeermey.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marine , Actor R. Lee Ermey Dies at 74 '' . USNI News . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Death of ' Full Metal Jacket ' star R. Lee Ermey , who delivered one of the filthiest monologues in film history '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Doug ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` ' Gunny ' has a terrifying bark , but he wo n't bite '' . The Spokesman - Review . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The legend of R Lee Ermey , ' Full Metal Jacket ' drill sergeant '' . SBS . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Visual-memory.co.uk . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Space : Above and Beyond '' . Variety . September 25 , 1995 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey , ' Full Metal Jacket ' Actor , Dead at 74 '' . Rolling Stone . April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Actor R. Lee Ermey of ' Full Metal Jacket ' dies at 74 '' . ABC7 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Season 10 , Episode 9 Grumpy Old Man '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GunnyTime with R. Lee Ermey '' . Outdoor Channel . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3GDvuGRKDA Jump up ^ `` Ermy , Allan Join PBR TV Broadcasts '' ( Press release ) . Professional Bull Riders . January 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drafthouse PSAs Archived November 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Echols , Tucker ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` NRA aims to ' Trigger the Vote ' with voter registration drive '' . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` Bravery Brewing '' . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R. Lee Ermey on Ted Cruz ( TV clip ) . Sportsman. April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket R Lee Ermey Rips into Obama Administration '' . Breitbart.tv . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Military Daily News '' . Military.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Drill Instructor Says GEICO Fired Him for Criticizing Obama Admin '' . TheBlaze . August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Marine Sgt . R. Lee Ermey of ' Gunny Time ' Reveals the One Firearm He 'd Choose if He Could Have Only One '' . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Southern , Nathan . `` R. Lee Ermey Biography '' . Fandango.com . Rovi . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` R. Lee Ermey , Harsh Drill Instructor in ' Full Metal Jacket , ' Dies at 74 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey , Golden Globe Nominee for ' Full Metal Jacket , ' Dies at 74 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey 's Bio '' . rleeermey.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Lee Ermey '' . BFI . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Military Makeover '' . Lifetime . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to R. Lee Ermey . Official website R. Lee Ermey on IMDb R. Lee Ermey at the TCM Movie Database R. Lee Ermey at AllMovie R. Lee Ermey at Find a Grave ( hide ) Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1980 - 2000 Jason Robards ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Ian Holm ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper / Ray Liotta ( 1986 ) R. Lee Ermey ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1997 ) William H. Macy / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Fred Willard ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Alan Arkin ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller ( 2012 ) James Gandolfini ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) BNF : cb14175424n ( data ) GND : 1061554597 ISNI : 0000 0000 7841 2479 LCCN : n87914322 SUDOC : 066831652 VIAF : 85643971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Lee_Ermey&oldid=843244675 '' Categories : 1944 births 2018 deaths Male actors from Kansas American expatriates in the Philippines American male film actors American Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War American male television actors American male voice actors Deaths from pneumonia People from Emporia , Kansas Military personnel from Kansas United States Marines 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors University of Manila alumni People from Yakima County , Washington Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lumbaart Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did r lee ermey play in spongebob | [
"\n\nYear\nTitle\nRole\nNotes\n\n\n1978\nThe Boys in Company C\nStaff Sergeant Loyce (Drill Instructor, Platoon 163)\n\n\n\n1979\nApocalypse Now\nEagle Thrust Seven helicopter pilot\nUncredited\n\n\nUp from the Depths\nLee\n\n\n\n1984\nPurple Hearts\nGunny\n\n\n\n1987\nFull Metal Jacket\nGunnery Sergeant Hartman\nOne of the rare performances Stanley Kubrick ever allowed to be improvised\nBoston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor\nNominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture\nCredited as \"Lee Ermey\"\n\n\nMiami Vice\nDetective Sergeant Ernest Haskell\nGuest star\nEpisode: \"Rising Sun of Death\"\n\n\n1988\nMississippi Burning\nMayor Tilman\n\n\n\n1989\nThe Siege of Firebase Gloria\nSergeant Major Bill Hafner / Narrator\nUncredited screenwriter\n\n\nFletch Lives\nJimmy Lee Farnsworth\n\n\n\n1990\nDemonstone\nColonel Joe Haines\n\n\n\nThe Rift\nCaptain Phillips\nAlso known as Endless Descent\n\n\nThe Take\nWeller\nTelevision film\n\n\nI'm Dangerous Tonight\nLieutenant Ackman\nTelevision film\n\n\nKid\nLuke\n\n\n\n83 Hours 'Til Dawn\nGlen Fairling\nTelevision film\n\n\n1991\nThe Terror Within II\nVon Demming\n\n\n\nToy Soldiers\nGeneral Kramer\n\n\n\nTrue Identity\nHouston's Boss\nUncredited\n\n\n1993\nHexed\nDetective Ferguson\n\n\n\nSommersby\nDick Mead\n\n\n\nBody Snatchers\nGeneral Platt\n\n\n\nThe Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.\nMarshal Brisco County Senior\n\n\n\nDouble Switch\nLyle (the handyman)\nVideo Game\nCredited as R. Lee Emrey in the Mega-CD / Sega CD version\n\n\n1994\nFrench Silk\nChief Crowder\nTelevision film\n\n\nChain of Command\nBenjamin Brewster\n\n\n\nOn Deadly Ground\nStone\n\n\n\nRise and Walk: The Dennis Byrd Story\nMr. Byrd\nUncredited\nTelevision film\n\n\nNaked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult\nMess Hall Guard\nUncredited\n\n\nLove Is a Gun\nFrank Deacon\n\n\n\n1995\nMurder in the First\nJudge Clawson\n\n\n\nSavate\nBenedict\nShort\nUncredited\n\n\nBest of the Best 3: No Turning Back\nPreacher Brian\nUncredited\n\n\nSeven\nPolice Captain\n\n\n\nLeaving Las Vegas\nConventioneer\n\n\n\nSpace: Above and Beyond\nSergeant Major Bougus\nTelevision film\n\n\nUnder the Hula Moon\nLt. Col. J. P. McIntire\n\n\n\nToy Story\nSarge\nVoice\n\n\nThe X-Files\nReverend Findley\nEpisode: \"Revelations\"\n\n\nDead Man Walking\nClyde Percy\n\n\n\nKidnapped\nFrank\nTelevision film\n\n\nThe Simpsons\nColonel Leslie \"Hap\" Hapablap\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming\"\n\n\n1996\nSoul of the Game\nWilkie\nTelevision film\n\n\nThe Frighteners\nThe late Master Sergeant Hiles\n\n\n\n1997\nPrefontaine\nBill Bowerman\n\n\n\nDead Men Can't Dance\nSen. Pullman T. Fowler\n\n\n\nWeapons of Mass Distraction\nBilly Paxton\nTelevision film\n\n\nSwitchback\nSheriff Buck Olmstead\n\n\n\nThe Angry Beavers\nSergeant Goonther\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Fancy Prance/H2Whoa!\"\n\n\nStarship Troopers\nNews Announcer\nVoice\nUncredited\n\n\nRough Riders\nSecretary of State John Hay\nTV mini-series\n\n\n1997-1999\nCracker\nLieutenant Fry\nTV series\n\n\n1998\nThe Sender\nColonel Rosewater\n\n\n\nGunshy\nJerry\n\n\n\n1999\nYou Know My Name\nNix\nTelevision film\n\n\nLife\nOlder Sheriff Pike\n\n\n\nAvalanche\nGary\n\n\n\nBig Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot\nGeneral Thorton\nTV series\n\n\nThe Apartment Complex\nFrank Stanton\nTelevision film\n\n\nToy Story 2\nSarge\nVoice\n\n\n1999-2000\nRoughnecks: STC\nSky Marshall Sanchez\n\n\n\n2000\nThe Chaos Factor\nCol. Ben Wilder\n\n\n\nSkipped Parts\nCaspar Callahan\n\n\n\nBuzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins\nSarge\nVoice\nDirect-to-video film\n\n\nJericho\nMarshall\n\n\n\n2001\nSaving Silverman\nCoach Norton\n\n\n\nRecess: School's Out\nColonel O'Malley\nVoice\n\n\nFallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel\nGeneral Barnaky\nVoice\nVideo game\n\n\nReal War: Rogue States\n\nVoice\nVideo game\n\n\nReal War: Air, Land, Sea\n\n\n\nMegiddo: The Omega Code 2\nPresident Richard Benson\n\n\n\nScenes of the Crime\nMr. Parker\n\n\n\nFamily Guy\nCoach\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Mr. Saturday Knight\"\n\n\nTaking Sides\nGeneral Wallace\n\n\n\nOn the Borderline\nCaptain Elias\n\n\n\nCrash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex\nWa-Wa the Water Elemental\nVoice\nVideo game, credited as R. Lee Ermy\n\n\n2002\nRun Ronnie Run!\nLead Kidnapper\n\n\n\nThe Salton Sea\nVerne Plummer\n\n\n\nScrubs\nJanitor's father\nGuest star\nEpisode: \"My Old Man\"\n\n\nFrank McKlusky, C.I.\nJockey Master\nUncredited\nDirect-to-video\n\n\nInvader Zim\nSergeant Hobo 678\nVoice\nEpisode: \"HOBO 13/Walk for Your Lives\"\n\n\nHistory Channel's Mail Call\nGunny, Himself\nTV series\n\n\nA.K.A. Birdseye\nSheriff Gathers\n\n\n\n2003\nWillard\nFrank Martin\n\n\n\nFillmore!\nColonel Thrift\nVoice, Guest star\nEpisode: \"South of Friendship, North of Honor\"\n\n\nThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre\nSheriff Hoyt\nNominated – Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actor\n\n\nKim Possible\nGeneral Sims\nVoice\n\n\n2004\nY.M.I.\nJohn\n\n\n\nThe Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy\nDrill Sergeant\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Bully Boogie/Here Thar Be Dwarves\"\n\n\nFather of the Pride\nSergeant Bunny\nVoice\nEpisode: \"One Man's Meat Is Another Man's Girlfriend\"\n\n\n2005\nHouse\nJohn House\nEpisode: \"Daddy's Boy\"\n\n\nMan of the House\nCaptain Nichols\n\n\n\n2006\nX-Men: The Last Stand\nSergeant\nVoice\n\n\nShark Bait\nJack\nVoice\n\n\nThe Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning\nCharlie Hewitt / Sheriff Hoyt\n\n\n\n2007\nSpongeBob SquarePants\nPrison Warden\nVoice\nEpisode: \"The Inmates of Summer\"\n\n\n2008\nSolstice\nLeonard\n\n\n\nHouse\nJohn House\nUncredited\nEpisode: \"Birthmarks\"\n\n\nEleventh Hour\nBob Henson, Farmer\nEpisode: \"Agro\"\n\n\n2009\nHistory Channel's Lock n' Load with R. Lee Ermey\nHimself\nTV series\n\n\n2009-2011\nBatman: The Brave and the Bold\nWildcat\nVoice\nTV series\n\n\n2010\nToy Story 3\nSarge\nVoice\n\n\nLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit\nWalter Burlock\nEpisode: \"Trophy\"\n\n\n2011\nFamily Guy\nDrill Sergeant with Alzheimer's Disease\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Grumpy Old Man\"\n\n\n2012\nThe Watch\nManfred\n\n\n\n2012-2015\nKung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness\nGeneral Tsin (The Most Dangerous Po)\nVoice\nTV series\n\n\n2015\nGunnyTime\nGunny, Himself\nTV series\n\n\nThe Simpsons\nColonel Leslie \"Hap\" Hapablap\nVoice\nEpisode: \"Waiting for Duffman\"\n\n\n2016\nMilitary Makeover\nGunny, Himself\nTV series[33]\n\n"
] | [
"Prison Warden"
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6120815695725716317 | Rena Sofer | Rena Sofer - wikipedia Rena Sofer Rena Sofer Sofer in 2014 Rena Sherel Sofer ( 1968 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1968 ( age 49 ) Arcadia , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Wally Kurth ( m . 1995 -- 1997 ) Sanford Bookstaver ( m . 2003 ) Children Rena Sherel Sofer ( born December 2 , 1968 ) is an American actress , known for her appearances in daytime television , episodic guest appearances , and made - for - television movies . In 1995 , Sofer received a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Lois Cerullo in the soap opera General Hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early daytime television 2.2 Daytime television 2.3 Primetime television 2.4 Film 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Sofer was born in Arcadia , California , the daughter of Susan ( née Franzblau ) , a psychology professor , and Martin Sofer , a Conservative Jewish rabbi . Her family subsequently moved to Pittsburgh , where she was raised after her parents ' divorce . Sofer attended the Frisch School , a Jewish high school in Paramus , New Jersey . She lived in North Bergen , New Jersey , where her father was rabbi of Temple Beth El , and graduated from North Bergen High School , before beginning classes at Montclair State College . Career ( edit ) Early Daytime television ( edit ) Sofer first played Lois Marie Cerullo on General Hospital . Her first appearance was in 1993 as a band manager . Daytime television ( edit ) Sofer 's first high - profile role was as Rocky McKenzie on the daytime soap opera Loving ( 1988 -- 91 ) . She is perhaps best known for her role as Lois Cerullo on General Hospital ( December 15 , 1993 -- September 24 , 1996 ) . She would later return as a guest star ( February 7 -- 17 , 1997 ; September 30 -- October 2 , 1997 ) . Her portrayal of the outrageous Lois won Sofer a Daytime Emmy Award in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . In May 2013 , it was announced that Sofer would join the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful , in a newly created role of Quinn Fuller ; her first episode aired on July 12 . Primetime television ( edit ) Sofer has appeared in several high - profile prime time television series in a guest star / supporting cast member roles : Seinfeld , Melrose Place , The Chronicle , Ed , Friends , Spin City , Blind Justice , Ghost Whisperer , 24 , NCIS , and Two and a Half Men . Sofer briefly joined the cast of the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me ! , playing the character Vicky Costa . The network later cast Sofer in the short - lived US remake of the UK series Coupling . In recent years , Rena Sofer has appeared in the NBC TV series Heroes as the recurring character Heidi Petrelli , wife of aspiring politician Nathan Petrelli ( Adrian Pasdar ) . She appeared on Two and a Half Men in 2008 , as a former girlfriend of the character Charlie Harper ( Charlie Sheen ) . Rena also has guest starred on Dirty Sexy Money playing an intrepid reporter and played a ghost on Ghost Whisperer . In early 2010 , Sofer began a recurring role on NCIS as Attorney Margaret Allison Hart , a potential love interest for the character Leroy Jethro Gibbs ( Mark Harmon ) . She had a brief guest role on Bones as a love interest for the character Seeley Booth ( David Boreanaz ) . In 2013 , Sofer had a publicized appearance on Once Upon a Time , playing Snow White 's mother . Film ( edit ) In film , she appeared as a love interest of Ben Stiller 's character in the film Keeping the Faith , starring Jenna Elfman , Stiller and Edward Norton ( who also directed ) . She also played a bride to - be with Melanie Griffith in Sidney Lumet 's movie A Stranger Among Us and in Penelope Buitenhuis 's movie The Secret of Hidden Lake . She played the P.E. teacher Ms. Desjarden in the television film adaptation of Carrie in 2002 . She starred in the television movie Always and Forever which aired October 24 , 2009 on the Hallmark Channel . She also starred as Andrea Larson in the television movie Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style . Personal life ( edit ) Sofer and General Hospital love interest and co-star Wally Kurth became involved as their characters ' storyline progressed . In 1995 , the actors were married and had a daughter , Rosabel Rosalind Kurth . In 1997 , Sofer and Kurth divorced . Sofer married television director / producer Sanford Bookstaver in 2003 . On August 5 , 2005 , Sofer gave birth to her first and only child with Bookstaver , named Avalon Leone , in Los Angeles . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1992 Stranger Among Us , AA Stranger Among Us Shayna 1992 Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style Andrea Larson TV Movie Twin Sitters Judy Hostile Advances : The Kerry Ellison Story Kerry Ellison TV Movie 1997 Stepsister , The The Stepsister Darcy Canfield Ray TV Movie 1998 Nightmare Street Penny Randolph 2000 Keeping the Faith Rachel Rose 2000 Traffic Helena 's Friend 2001 March Hedy Pullman 2002 Carrie Miss Desjarden TV Movie 2006 Secret of Hidden Lake , The The Secret of Hidden Lake Maggie Dolan TV Movie 2009 Rock Slyde Sara 2009 Always and Forever Grace Holland TV Movie Sarah Teenage Sarah Devil 's Teardrop , The The Devil 's Teardrop Joan TV Movie 2011 Another Man 's Wife Hadley Warner TV Movie Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Another World Joyce Abernathy 1988 -- 1991 Loving Amelia McKenzie Domeq 1992 Freshman Dorm Veronica 2 episodes Herman 's Head Stephanie Episode : `` When Hermy Met Crawford 's Girlfriend '' 1993 -- 1997 General Hospital Lois Cerullo Main role Caroline in the City Risa Glickman Episode : `` Caroline and the Nice Jewish Boy '' 1997 Seinfeld Mary Anne Episode : `` The Muffin Tops '' 1998 Glory , Glory Elizabeth TV Pilot 1998 Ellen Jean Episode : `` Womyn Fest '' 1998 Two Guys , a Girl , and a Pizza Place Lauren Henderson Episode : `` Two Guys , a Girl , and a Recovery '' 1998 Timecop Dr. Carrie Ann Trent Episode : `` D.O.A. '' 1998 -- 1999 Melrose Place Eve Cleary Main role ( Credited as a Recurring Character ) 25 episodes 1999 Oh , Grow Up Suzanne Vandermeer 12 episodes 2000 Opposite Sex Ms. Gibson Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 Spin City Sam Episode : `` Lost and Found '' 2001 Weber Show , The The Weber Show Dawn Cheswick Episode : `` Dog Eat Dog '' 2001 Ed Bonnie Hane 7 episodes 2001 -- 2002 Chronicle , The The Chronicle Grace Hall 22 episodes 2002 Friends Katie Episode : `` The One with the Cooking Class '' 2002 -- 2003 Just Shoot Me ! Vicki Costa 14 episodes 2003 CSI : Miami Alison Episode : `` Grave Young Men '' 2003 Coupling Susan Freeman 9 episodes 2005 Blind Justice Christie Dunbar 13 episodes 2006 -- 2007 Heroes Heidi Petrelli 5 episodes 2007 24 Marilyn Bauer 12 episodes 2008 Ghost Whisperer Tammy Episode : `` Ball & Chain '' 2008 , 2010 Two and a Half Men Chrissy 2 episodes 2009 Dirty Sexy Money News Reporter Episode : `` The Facts '' 2009 Monk Kim Kelly Episode : `` Mr. Monk 's Favorite Show '' 2009 Criminal Minds Erika Silverman Episode : `` The Slave of Duty '' Bones Dr. Catherine Bryar Episode : `` The Predator in the Pool '' NCIS Margaret Allison Hart 6 episodes Royal Pains AJ Episode : `` Open Up Your Yenta Mouth and Say Ah '' Medium Dr. Natalie Salem Episode : `` Native Tongue '' 2011 -- 2012 Covert Affairs Geena 3 episodes 2012 House M.D. Marlene Reese Episode : `` Man of the House '' 2012 Glades , The The Glades Alexis Cane Episode : `` Old Times '' 2012 Beauty & the Beast Sabrina Meyer Episode : `` Bridesmaid Up ! '' 2013 Once Upon a Time Queen Eva Episode : `` The Queen is Dead '' 2013 -- present The Bold and the Beautiful Quinn Fuller Main role 2014 Chicago PD Doctor Episode : `` Chin Check '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 1995 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series General Hospital Won 1995 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress General Hospital Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rena Sofer at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ http://www.cityviewnc.com/a-woman-apart-by-nomee-landis Jump up ^ Dickter , Adam . Sofer Sex , The Jewish Week , September 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Rena Sofer '' , Oh , Grow Up , WCHS . Accessed September 22 , 2011 . `` Born in Arcadia , California , Rena moved to Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , following her parents ' divorce , and later to North Bergen , New Jersey , where she finished high school . '' Jump up ^ Lipton , Michael A. `` Heart Condition : For Rena Sofer , Checking into General Hospital Meant Finding a Healing Love with Costar Wally Kurth '' , People ( magazine ) , October 31 , 1994 . Accessed September 22 , 2011 . `` Neither parent remarried , and today Sofer maintains close relations with both her father , who presides at Temple Beth El in North Bergen , N.J. , and her mother , a professor of developmental psychology at the University of North Carolina in Fayetteville ... She took a drama class during her senior year at North Bergen High School and then , after less than a semester at Montclair State College , took acting lessons in New York . '' Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Rena Sofer Joins The Bold and the Beautiful '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandell , Scott . `` TUNED IN ; A New Face , but the Usual ' Shoot ' '' , Los Angeles Times , October 1 , 2002 . Accessed June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Allison . `` Rena Sofer booked on Two and a Half Men '' , TV Squad , August 8 , 2008 . Accessed August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shhh ! Rena Sofer Has a Dirty Sexy Little Secret ! '' TV Guide . November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved on November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time Exclusive : Rena Sofer Cast as Snow White 's Mother '' . TV Guide . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of Daytime Emmy Awards at a glance '' . The Daily Union . Kansas : Montgomery Communications , Inc . Associated Press . May 21 , 1995 . p. 2 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Wins Best Soap Opera Award '' . The Durant Daily Democrat . Associated Press . February 19 , 1995 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Rena Sofer on IMDb hide Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) Camryn Grimes ( 2018 ) ISNI : 0000 0000 6086 176X VIAF : 87049759 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rena_Sofer&oldid=845458705 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people Actresses from California Actresses from New Jersey American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American people of Jewish descent American people of Russian - Jewish descent Jewish American actresses Montclair State University alumni People from Arcadia , California People from North Bergen , New Jersey Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series winners Daytime Emmy Award winners Actresses from Pittsburgh 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays quinn on the bold and beautiful | [] | [] |
4050021719440814376 | Asad | Asad - wikipedia Asad Jump to : navigation , search `` Assad '' redirects here . For the presidents of Syria , see Hafez al - Assad and Bashar al - Assad . Asadullah Ghouri An Asiatic Lion Pronunciation Arabic : ( ʔasad ) Gender Male Language ( s ) Arabic Origin Meaning Lion Region of origin Middle East Other names Alternative spelling Assad Asad ( Arabic : أسد ) , sometimes written as Assad , is one of many Arabic male given names meaning `` lion '' , each denoting some aspect of the animal . It is used in nicknames such as Asad Allāh one of the nicknames for Ali ibn Abi Talib . `` Assad '' is the standard spelling in English , to keep the hissing ' s ' sound ; `` Asad '' is the more accurate transliteration , corresponding to the Arabic spelling , and is used by scholars . People ( edit ) Among prominent people named Asad or `` Assad '' are : Audrey Assad , an American singer - songwriter and Contemporary Christian music artist Asadullah ( disambiguation ) , meaning Lion of God , may refer to several people Asad ibn Hashim , maternal grandfather of Ali ibn Abi Talib Asad ibn Saman , an early Samanid Asad ibn Abd - al - Uzza , early Islamic historical figure Khuwaylid ibn Asad , his son , father - in - law of Muhammad Asad ibn al - Furat ( 759 - 828 ) a jurist and theologian Muhammad Asad , born Leopold Weiss , influential 20th - century writer and political theorist Talal Asad , anthropologist , son of Muhammad Asad Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan , a famous Urdu and Persian poet of India Clarice Assad , a classical and jazz composer , arranger , pianist , and vocalist Asad ( tribe ) , an Arabic Adnanite tribe cousins of Muhammad Warqa Ibn Naufal Ibn Asad , a Muslim ancestor from the same time period as the kuffar Asaduddin Owaisi , a politician from Hyderabad Asad Umar , a Pakistani lawmaker and former politician Asad Shafiq , a Pakistan Test cricketer Mohammed Asad Ullah Sayeed , former IAS officer from Hyderabad María de Lourdes Dieck - Assad , Lebanese - Mexican Economist Al - Assad family ( edit ) Main article : Al - Assad family The Al - Assad family is an Alawite family from the Latakia region ( specifically Qardaha ) , which has held political power in Syria since 1970 . The family has produced two presidents : Hafez al - Assad , President of Syria 1970 -- 2000 Bashar al - Assad , current President of Syria and belligerent in the Syrian Civil War Other family members include : Basil al - Assad Rifaat al - Assad Jamil al - Assad Maher al - Assad Bushra al - Assad See also ( edit ) Asad ( film ) Aslan ( disambiguation ) Lake Assad Al Asad Airbase Haydar Lions in Islam Shir , a Farsi term for ' Lion ' This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asad&oldid=792129801 '' Categories : Given names Arabic - language surnames Arabic masculine given names Bosniak masculine given names Lions in popular culture Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2017 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of asad in arabic | [
"Asad (Arabic: أسد), sometimes written as Assad, is one of many Arabic male given names meaning \"lion\", each denoting some aspect of the animal. It is used in nicknames such as Asad Allāh one of the nicknames for Ali ibn Abi Talib."
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-5559480206676025255 | Pataliputra | Pataliputra - Wikipedia Pataliputra Pataliputra Plan of Pataliputra compared to present - day Patna Shown within Bihar Pataliputra ( India ) Show map of Bihar Show map of India Show all Alternate name Pātaliputtā ( Pāli ) Location Patna district , Bihar , India Region South Asia Coordinates 25 ° 36 ′ 45 '' N 85 ° 7 ′ 42 '' E / 25.61250 ° N 85.12833 ° E / 25.61250 ; 85.12833 Coordinates : 25 ° 36 ′ 45 '' N 85 ° 7 ′ 42 '' E / 25.61250 ° N 85.12833 ° E / 25.61250 ; 85.12833 Altitude 53 m ( 174 ft ) Length 14.5 km ( 9.0 mi ) Width 2.4 km ( 1.5 mi ) History Builder Ajatashatru Founded 490 BCE Abandoned Became modern Patna Associated with Haryankas , Nandas , Mauryans , Shungas , Guptas , Palas , Sher Shah Suri Management Archaeological Survey of India Pataliputra ( IAST : Pāṭaliputra ) , adjacent to modern - day Patna , was a city in ancient India , originally built by Magadha ruler Udayin in 490 BCE as a small fort ( Pāṭaligrāma ) near the Ganges river . Pilgrimage to Buddha 's Holy Sites The Four Main Sites Bodh Gaya Kushinagar Lumbini Sarnath Four Additional Sites Rajgir Sankassa Shravasti Vaishali Other Sites Amaravathi Chandavaram Devadaha Gaya Kapilavastu Kesaria Kosambi Nalanda Pataliputra Pava Varanasi Later Sites Ajanta Caves Barabar Caves Bharhut Ellora Caves Lalitgiri Mathura Pandavleni Caves Piprahwa Ratnagiri Sanchi Udayagiri Vikramashila It became the capital of major powers in ancient India , such as the Nanda Empire ( 345 - 320 BCE ) , the Maurya Empire ( 320 - 180 BCE ) , and the Gupta Empire ( 320 - 550 CE ) . During the Maurya period ( see below ) , it became one of the largest cities in the world . Extensive archaeological excavations have been made in the vicinity of modern Patna . Excavations early in the 20th century around Patna revealed clear evidence of large fortification walls , including reinforcing wooden trusses . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Capital of the Maurya Empire 2.2 Capital of later dynasties 3 Structure 3.1 Excavated sites of Pataliputra 4 Main recovered artifacts 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of Pataliputra is unclear . `` Putra '' means son , and `` pāţali '' is a species of rice or the plant Bignonia suaveolens . One traditional etymology holds that the city was named after the plant . Another tradition says that Pāṭaliputra means the son of Pāṭali , who was the daughter of Raja Sudarshan . As it was known as Pāṭali - grāma ( `` Pāṭali village '' ) originally , some scholars believe that Pāṭaliputra is a transformation of Pāṭalipura , `` Pāṭali town '' . History ( edit ) There is no mention of Pataliputra in written sources prior to the early Jain and Buddhist texts ( the Pali Canon and Āgamas ) , where it appears as the village of Pataligrama and is omitted from a list of major cities in the region . Early Buddhist sources report a city being built in the vicinity of the village towards the end of the Buddha 's life ; this generally agrees with archaeological evidence showing urban development occurring in the area no earlier than the 3rd or 4th Century BCE . In 303 BCE , Greek historian and ambassador Megasthenes mentioned Pataliputra as a city in his work Indika . The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by Haryanka ruler Ajatashatru , son of Bimbisara . Its central location in north eastern India led rulers of successive dynasties to base their administrative capital here , from the Nandas , Mauryans , Shungas and the Guptas down to the Palas . Situated at the confluence of the Ganges , Gandhaka and Son rivers , Pataliputra formed a `` water fort , or jaldurga '' . Its position helped it dominate the riverine trade of the Indo - Gangetic plains during Magadha 's early imperial period . It was a great centre of trade and commerce and attracted merchants and intellectuals , such as the famed Chanakya , from all over India . Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here , the First Buddhist council immediately following the death of the Buddha and the Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka . Jain and Brahmanical sources identify Udayabhadra , son of Ajatashatru , as the king who first established Pataliputra as the capital of Magadha . Capital of the Maurya Empire ( edit ) Ruins of pillared hall at Kumrahar site at Pataliputra . The Pataliputra capital , discovered at the Bulandi Bagh site . 4th - 3rd c . BCE . Mauryan remains of a wooden palissade at Bulandi Bagh site . During the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE , it was one of the world 's largest cities , with a population of 150,000 -- 400,000 . The city is estimated to have had a surface of 25.5 square kilometers , and a circumference of 33.8 kilometers , and was in the shape of a parallelogram and had 64 gates ( that is , approximately one gate every 500 meters ) . Pataliputra reached the pinnacle of prosperity when it was the capital of the great Mauryan Emperors , Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka . The city prospered under the Mauryas and a Greek ambassador , Megasthenes , resided there and left a detailed account of its splendour , referring to it as `` Palibothra '' : `` Megasthenes says that on one side where it is longest this city extends ten miles in length , and that its breadth is one and threequarters miles ; that the city has been surrounded with a ditch in breadth 600 feet , and in depth 45 feet ; and that its wall has 570 towers and 64 gates . '' Arrian , `` The Indica '' Mauryan remains of a wooden palisade discovered at the Bulandi Bagh site of Pataliputra . Fa - Hien at the ruins of Ashoka 's palace in Pataliputra in the 4th century CE ( artist impression ) . Strabo in his Geographia adds that the city walls were made of wood . These are thought to be the wooden palisades identified during the excavation of Patna . `` At the confluence of the Ganges and of another river is situated Palibothra , in length 80 , and in breadth 15 stadia . It is in the shape of a parallelogram , surrounded by a wooden wall pierced with openings through which arrows may be discharged . In front is a ditch , which serves the purpose of defence and of a sewer for the city . '' Strabo , `` Geographia '' Aelian , although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentionning Pataliputra , described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia 's Susa or Ectabana : `` In the royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live , there are so many objects for admiration that neither Memnon 's city of Susa with all its extravagance , nor the magnificence of Ectabana is to be compared with them . ( ... ) In the parks , tame peacocks and pheasants are kept . '' Aelian , `` Characteristics of animals '' Under Ashoka , most of wooden structure of Pataliputra palace may have been gradually replaced by stone . Ashoka was known to be a great builder , who may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments . Pataliputra palace shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftmen . Which may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander the Great . Capital of later dynasties ( edit ) The city also became a flourishing Buddhist centre boasting a number of important monasteries . It remained the capital of the Gupta dynasty ( 3rd -- 6th centuries ) and the Pala Dynasty ( 8th - 12th centuries ) . The city was largely in ruins when visited by Xuanzang , and suffered further damage at the hands of Muslim raiders in the 12th century . Afterwards , Sher Shah Suri made Pataliputra his capital and changed the name to modern Patna . Structure ( edit ) Ruins of Pataliputra at Kumhrar . Though parts of the ancient city have been excavated , much of it still lies buried beneath modern Patna . Various locations have been excavated , including Kumhrar , and Bulandi Bagh . During the Mauryan period , the city was described as being shaped as parallelogram , approximately 1.5 miles wide and 9 miles long . Its wooden walls were pierced by 64 gates . Archaeological research has found remaining portions of the wooden palisade over several kilometers , but stone fortifications have not been found . Excavated sites of Pataliputra ( edit ) Kumhrar Bulandi Bagh Agam Kuan Main recovered artifacts ( edit ) The Masarh lion , 3rd century BCE . Lohanipur torso . Portion of pillar , found in Pataliputra . Pataliputra griffin statuette . Winged griffin . Pataliputra Yakshas , with Mauryan inscriptions . Kumrahar coping stone with vines . Pataliputra lotus motifs . Polished pillar from Pataliputra . Mason marks at the base of a pillar . Charriot wheel , Bulandi Bagh , Mauryan period . Bulandi Bagh female statuette , Sunga period . Buddhist railing , Sunga period . See also ( edit ) India portal Azimabad Magadh Names of Patna History of Patna References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pataliputra . Jump up ^ Kulke , Hermann ; Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A History of India , 4th edition . Routledge , Pp . xii , 448 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32920 - 5 , archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patna '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 2013 . Web . 13 Dec. 2013 < `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 November 2011 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . > . Jump up ^ `` Heritage wall for Metro corridor plan '' . Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A relic of Mauryan era '' . Archived from the original on 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Valerie Hansen Voyages in World History , Volume 1 to 1600 , 2e , Volume 1 pp. 69 Cengage Learning , 2012 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams Sanskrit - English Dictionary : Pāṭali , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . ( a junior synonym of Stereospermum colais `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2009. ) Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , p. 677 Jump up ^ Folklore , Vol. 19 , No. 3 ( 30 September 1908 ) , pp. 349 -- 350 Archived 10 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Calcutta Review Vol LXXVI ( 1883 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Language , Vol. 4 , No. 2 ( June , 1928 ) , pp. 101 -- 105 Archived 10 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Sujato , Bhikkhu ; Bhikkhu , Brahmali , `` 1.1. 5 '' , The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts ( PDF ) , Oxford Center for Buddhist Studies , Archived from the original on 20 November 2017 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Piyush Kumar ( 16 July 2015 ) . `` Realty to broaden horizon '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1988 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Thapar , Romilak ( 1990 ) , A History of India , Volume 1 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 384 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 013835 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Pearson Indian History Manual , Pearson Education India , A94 . Jump up ^ The Rise of Man in the Gardens of Sumeria : A Biography of L.A. Waddell , Christine Preston , Sussex Academic Press , 2009 , p. 49 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Fortified Cities of Ancient India : A Comparative Study , Dieter Schlingloff , Anthem Press , 2014 , p. 49 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Arrian , `` The Indica '' Archived 25 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kosmin 2014 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Strabo Geographia Vol 3 Paragraph 36 Archived 16 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aelian , Characteristics of animals , book XIII , Chapter 18 , also quoted in The Cambridge History of India , Volume 1 , p411 Jump up ^ Asoka Mookerji Radhakumud , Motilal Banarsidass Publishing , 1995 p. 96 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Monuments , Power and Poverty in India : From Ashoka to the Raj , A.S. Bhalla , I.B. Tauris , 2015 p. 18 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Analysis of Indian Muria Empire affected from Achaemenid 's architecture art Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... In : Journal of Subcontinent Researches . Article 8 , Volume 6 , Issue 19 , Summer 2014 , Page 149 - 174 . Jump up ^ `` The Archaeology of South Asia : From the Indus to Asoka , c. 6500 BCE - 200 CE '' Robin Coningham , Ruth Young Cambridge University Press , 31 aout 2015 , p. 414 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Report on the excavations at Pātaliputra ( Patna ) ; the Palibothra of the Greeks by Waddell , L.A. ( Laurence Austine ) Jump up ^ Scott , David ( May 1995 ) . `` Buddhism and Islam : Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons '' . Numen. 42 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 155 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568527952598657 . JSTOR 32701721 . Jump up ^ Excavation sites in Bihar , Archaeological Survey of India , archived from the original on 28 October 2009 , retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Foreign Influence on Ancient India , de Krishna Chandra Sagar p. 41 Sources ( edit ) Kosmin , Paul J. ( 2014 ) , The Land of the Elephant Kings : Space , Territory , and Ideology in Seleucid Empire , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72882 - 0 Sastri , Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta , ed. ( 1988 ) ( 1967 ) , Age of the Nandas and Mauryas ( Second ed . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0465 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) Bernstein , Richard ( 2001 ) . Ultimate Journey : Retracing the Path of an Ancient Buddhist Monk ( Xuanzang ) who crossed Asia in Search of Enlightenment . Alfred A. Knopf , New York . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40009 - 5 Patna topics Patna , Bihar , India History of Patna History of Patna Pataliputra Azimabad Ajatashatru Chanakya Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka Aryabhata Magadha Mauryan Empire Haryanka dynasty Nanda Empire Sur Empire Nalanda Mṛcchakatika Bankipur Central Jail Alliance Air Flight 7412 2013 Patna bombings 2014 Patna stampede Siege of Arrah Civic Government Legislative Assembly Patna Municipal Corporation Patna Police Patna High Court Patna Regional Development Authority Economy Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited Magadh Stock Exchange Patna rice Satellite town Danapur Bihta Fatuha Punpun Localities / neighbourhoods Neighbourhoods in Patna Buildings and landmarks Patna Collectorate Shaheed Smarak Patna Sabhyata Dwar Patna Secretariat Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre Raj Bhavan Kargil Chowk Bihar Museum Srikrishna Science Centre Sadaqat Ashram Nagholkothi Patna Museum Golghar Maurya Lok Wheeler Senate Hall Patna Planetarium Shri Krishna Memorial Hall List of tallest buildings in Patna Transport Air Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport Bihta Air Force Station Rail Patna Junction Rajendra Nagar Terminal Patliputra Junction Patna Saheb Gulzarbagh Station Phulwari Sharif railway station Danapur Station Fatuha Junction railway station Patna Metro Patna Monorail Road Loknayak Ganga Path Mahatma Gandhi Setu Digha -- Sonpur bridge Hospitals PMCH NMCH AIIMS Mahavir Cancer Institute & Research Centre Ford Hospital and Research Centre Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Education Universities & Colleges Patna University Aryabhatta Knowledge University Chanakya National Law University Nalanda Open University Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University Magadh University Central University of South Bihar Indian Institute of Technology Patna ( IIT - P ) National Institute of Technology , Patna ( NIT - P ) National Institute of Fashion Technology ( NIFT Patna ) All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna Chandragupt Institute of Management Patna Women 's College Patna Dental College Patna College Bihar National College St. Xavier 's College , Patna AN College Birla Institute of Technology , Patna R.P. Sharma Institute of Technology Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Magadh Mahila College Maulana Azad College of Engineering and Technology Schools St. Xavier 's High School Don Bosco Academy St. Michael 's High School Loyola High School Delhi Public School , Patna DAV BSEB Sports complex Moin - ul - Haq Stadium Patna Golf Club Patliputra Sports Complex Shopping complex Maurya Lok P&M Mall The Mall List of shopping malls in Patna Clubs Patna Golf Club Bankipore Club Rotary Club Lions Club Culture 350th Prakash Parv Patliputra Natya Mahotsav Patna Sahib Mahotsav Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir Kalidas Rangalaya Premchand Rangshala Rabindra Parishad Culture of Magadh Region Parks & grounds Eco Park Patna Zoo Buddha Smriti Park Funtasia Water Park Gandhi Maidan Hardinge Park Constituencies Lok Sabha Patna Sahib Pataliputra Vidhan Sabha Kumhrar Digha Bankipur Danapur Patna Sahib Other topics Patna Film Festival Patna Book Fair People from Patna Tourism in Patna Bihar Regiment Media in Bihar Tarumitra Super 30 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna See also Rajgir Bodh Gaya Nalanda University Rajgir Mahotsav Sonepur Cattle Fair Portal WikiProject Patna division topics General Azimabad Battle of Buxar Kaimur Range Nalanda Pataliputra Takht Sri Patna Sahib Tourism in Patna Districts Bhojpur Buxar Kaimur Nalanda Patna Rohtas Rivers Ganges Durgavati Karmanasa Punpun Son Dams , barrages Indrapuri Barrage Transport NH 2 NH 30 NH 31 NH 82 NH 83 NH 84 NH 110 Ganga rail -- road bridge Koilwar Bridge Howrah -- Delhi main line Grand Chord Gaya -- Mughalsarai section Bakhtiyarpur -- Tilaiya line Mahatma Gandhi Setu Mokama -- Barauni section Nehru Setu Jawahar Setu Rajendra Setu Railway stations Bakhtiyarpur Junction Barh Bhabua Road Danapur Terminal Dehri - on - Sone Fatuha Junction Gulzarbagh Hathidah Junction Harnaut Khusropur Mokama Junction Patliputra Junction Patna Junction Patna Sahib Rajendra Nagar Terminal Rajgir Lok Sabha constituencies Arrah Buxar Jahanabad Karakat Nalanda Pataliputra Patna Sahib Sasaram See also People from Patna People from Rhotas district Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pataliputra&oldid=852499807 '' Categories : History of Patna Patna Buddhist pilgrimages Former populated places in India Former capital cities in India Neighbourhoods in Patna Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو Winaray 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 11 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who shifted the capital of magadh from rajgrih to patilputra | [] | [] |
-7224685730225939359 | Battle of Jericho | Battle of Jericho - wikipedia Battle of Jericho Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Jericho ( biblical ) Depiction by Julius Schnoor von Carolsfeld ( 1794 - 1872 ) Location Jericho Result Decisive Hebrew victory Belligerents Israelites Canaanites Commanders and leaders Joshua King of Jericho † Strength 40,000 Unknown Casualties and losses Nil Herem According to the Book of Joshua , the Battle of Jericho was the first battle of the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan . According to Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 , the walls of Jericho fell after Joshua 's Israelite army marched around the city blowing their trumpets . Excavations at Tell es - Sultan , the biblical Jericho , have failed to produce data to substantiate the biblical story , and scholars are virtually unanimous that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value . Contents ( hide ) 1 Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 2 Origins and historicity 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 ( edit ) The story of Jericho is told in Joshua 6 : 1 - 27 . The first five books of the Hebrew Bible tell how Noah cursed Canaan to become a slave , and how God gave the land of the Canaanites to Abraham and his descendants . The children of Israel ( descendants of Abraham ) themselves became slaves in Egypt , but through Moses God brought them out of Egypt and to the borders of the promised land of Canaan . There Moses instructed them to seize the land by conquest , and placed them under the command of Joshua . Joshua sent spies to Jericho , the first city of Canaan to be taken , and discovered that the land was in fear of Israel and their God . The Israelites marched around the walls once every day for seven days with the priests and the Ark of the Covenant . On the seventh day they marched seven times around the walls , then the priests blew their ram 's horns , the Israelites raised a great shout , and the walls of the city fell . Following God 's law of herem the Israelites took no slaves or plunder but slaughtered every man , woman and child in Jericho , sparing only Rahab , a Canaanite prostitute who had sheltered the spies , and her family . Origins and historicity ( edit ) In 1868 , Charles Warren identified Tell es - Sultan as the site of Jericho . In 1930 -- 36 , John Garstang conducted excavations there and discovered the remains of a network of collapsed walls which he dated to about 1400 BCE . Kathleen Kenyon re-excavated the site over 1952 -- 1958 and demonstrated that the destruction occurred c. 1500 BCE during a well - attested Egyptian campaign of that period , and that Jericho had been deserted throughout the mid-late 13th century . Kenyon 's work was corroborated in 1995 by radiocarbon tests which dated the destruction level to the late 17th or 16th centuries . A small unwalled settlement was rebuilt in the 15th century , but the tell was unoccupied from the late 15th century until the 10th / 9th centuries . Most scholars agree that the book of Joshua holds little of historical value . The book 's origin is usually dated to a time far removed from the times it depicts , and its intention linked with a theological scheme in which Israel and her leaders are judged by their obedience to the teachings and laws ( the covenant ) set down in the book of Deuteronomy , rather than as history in the modern sense . The story of Jericho , and the conquest generally , probably represents the nationalist propaganda of the kings of Judah and their claims to the territory of the Kingdom of Israel after 722 BCE ; these chapters were later incorporated into an early form of Joshua written late in the reign of King Josiah ( reigned 640 -- 609 BCE ) , and the book was revised and completed after the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 586 , and possibly after the return from the Babylonian exile in 538 . The combination of archaeological evidence and analysis of the composition history and theological purposes of the Book of Joshua led archaeologist William G. Dever to deem the biblical story of the fall of Jericho as `` ( not ) founded on genuine historical sources '' and `` invented out of whole cloth . '' See also ( edit ) Ai ( Bible ) Biblical archaeology Bryant Wood , US biblical archaeologist and young earth creationist who supports the historicity of Joshua 's biblical conquest of Jericho Early Israelite campaigns `` Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho '' , African - American spiritual about the battle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joshua 4 : 13 ^ Jump up to : Jacobs 2000 , p. 691 . ^ Jump up to : Killebrew 2005 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Dever 2006 , pp. 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ Bruins & Van Der Plicht 1995 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Creach 2003 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Laffey 2007 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Coote 2000 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Creach 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Dever 2006 , p. 47 . Bibliography ( edit ) Coote , Robert B. ( 2000 ) . `` Conquest : Biblical narrative '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Creach , Jerome F.D ( 2003 ) . Joshua . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237387 . Dever , William G. ( 2006 ) . Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From ? . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802844163 . Jacobs , Paul F. ( 2000 ) . `` Jericho '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Killebrew , Ann E. ( 2005 ) . Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity : An Archaeological Study of Egyptians , Canaanites , and Early Israel , 1300 -- 1100 B.C.E . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 9781589830974 . Laffey , Alice L. ( 2007 ) . `` Deuteronomistic history '' . In Espín , Orlando O. ; Nickoloff , James B. An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658567 . Moore , Megan Bishop ; Kelle , Brad E. ( 2011 ) . Biblical History and Israel 's Past . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802862600 . Bruins , Hendrik J. ; Van Der Plicht , Johannes ( 1995 ) . `` Tell Es - Sultan ( Jericho ) : Radiocarbon Results ... '' ( PDF ) . Radiocarbon . Proceedings of the 15th International 14C Conference . 37 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 220 . External links ( edit ) Media related to The Battle of Jericho at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jericho&oldid=797474906 '' Categories : Battles involving the Canaanites Hebrew Bible battles Book of Joshua Massacres in the Bible Hidden categories : West Bank articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 08 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in what campaign was the town of jericho captured | [
"According to the Book of Joshua, the Battle of Jericho was the first battle of the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan. According to Joshua 6:1-27, the walls of Jericho fell after Joshua's Israelite army marched around the city blowing their trumpets. Excavations at Tell es-Sultan, the biblical Jericho, have failed to produce data to substantiate the biblical story,[2] and scholars are virtually unanimous that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value.[3]"
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-4117799344739644269 | Top Chef (season 15) | Top chef ( season 15 ) - wikipedia Top chef ( season 15 ) Jump to : navigation , search Top Chef ( season 15 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 14 Release Original network Bravo Original release December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) -- March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Additional information Host ( s ) Padma Lakshmi Judges Tom Colicchio Gail Simmons Graham Elliot No. of contestants 19 Location ( s ) Colorado Winner Joseph Flamm Season chronology ← Previous Season 14 List of Top Chef episodes Top Chef : Colorado is the fifteenth season of the American reality television series Top Chef . Initial details about the season and its cast were revealed on October 12 , 2017 . The show was filmed in various cities across Colorado , including Denver , Boulder , Telluride , and Aspen . The season premiered on December 7 , 2017 , and concluded on March 8 , 2018 . Last Chance Kitchen premiered on November 30 , 2017 . In the season finale , Joseph Flamm was declared the Top Chef , defeating Adrienne Cheatham . Fatima Ali was voted Fan Favorite . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 New contestants 1.2 Returning contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Episodes 4 Last Chance Kitchen 4.1 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( edit ) Top Chef : Colorado features a cast of 15 new contestants . In addition , four returning competitors from previous seasons competed in the Last Chance Kitchen for the opportunity to enter the main competition : Top Chef : San Francisco contestant Lee Anne Wong , Top Chef : Los Angeles runner - up and All - Stars contestant Marcel Vigneron , Top Chef : California contestant Kwame Onwuachi , and Top Chef : Las Vegas finalist and All - Stars contestant Jennifer Carroll . Following the sixth episode of Last Chance Kitchen , Wong was selected to join the main cast . New contestants ( edit ) Name Current Residence Fatima Ali New York , New York Tyler Anderson Simsbury , Connecticut Carrie Baird Denver , Colorado Adrienne Cheatham New York , New York Laura Cole Denali National Park , Alaska Joseph Flamm Chicago , Illinois Rogelio Garcia San Francisco , California Tanya Holland Oakland , California Bruce Kalman Los Angeles , California Brother Luck Colorado Springs , Colorado Melissa Perfit San Francisco , California Tu David Phu Oakland , California Joe Sasto III Los Angeles , California Christopher `` Chris '' Scott Brooklyn , New York Claudette Zepeda - Wilkins San Diego , California Returning contestants ( edit ) Name Current Residence Season ( s ) Jennifer Carroll Washington , D.C. Season 6 , 8 Kwame Onwuachi Washington , D.C. Season 13 Marcel Vigneron Los Angeles , California Season 2 , 8 Lee Anne Wong Honolulu , Hawaii Season 1 Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode # 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Quickfire Challenge Winner ( s ) Tu Joseph Brother Adrienne N / A Chris Carrie N / A Carrie Chris Carrie Joe Joseph N / A Contestant Elimination Challenge Results Joseph IN IN IN LOW IN IN HIGH WIN OUT HIGH IN WIN WINNER Adrienne LOW LOW LOW IN IN LOW IN HIGH LOW HIGH HIGH WIN LOW RUNNER - UP Joe IN IN WIN HIGH IN LOW WIN LOW LOW WIN WIN IN OUT Carrie LOW WIN IN IN HIGH IN IN HIGH WIN HIGH LOW OUT 5 Chris HIGH HIGH LOW WIN LOW IN LOW LOW WIN LOW OUT 6 Bruce IN IN LOW LOW WIN HIGH HIGH HIGH LOW OUT 7 Fatima HIGH HIGH HIGH IN IN IN IN LOW OUT 8 Claudette IN OUT IN HIGH LOW OUT 9 Tanya IN HIGH IN HIGH LOW WIN OUT 10 Brother IN IN LOW IN IN OUT 11 Lee Anne HIGH WD 12 Tu IN IN LOW IN OUT 13 Tyler WIN LOW HIGH OUT 14 Rogelio IN LOW OUT 15 Laura IN HIGH OUT 16 Melissa OUT ^ Note 1 : The chef ( s ) did not receive immunity for winning the Quickfire Challenge . ^ Note 2 : Laura lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated . ^ Note 3 : Following Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen , Claudette rejoined the competition and Lee Anne was introduced as a regular competitor . ^ Note 4 : Due to severe altitude sickness , Lee Anne voluntarily withdrew from the competition . ^ Note 5 : Joseph lost the Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge and was eliminated . ^ Note 6 : Joseph won Last Chance Kitchen and returned to the competition . ( WINNER ) The chef won the season and was crowned `` Top Chef '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The chef was the runner - up for the season . ( WIN ) The chef won the Elimination Challenge . ( HIGH ) The chef was selected as one of the top entries in the Elimination Challenge , but did not win . ( IN ) The chef was not selected as one of the top or bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge and was safe . ( LOW ) The chef was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Elimination Challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The chef lost the Elimination Challenge and was out of the competition . ( WD ) The chef voluntarily withdrew from the competition . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Top Chef episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 218 `` It 'll Take More than Pot Luck '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Quickfire Challenge : To introduce themselves to the judges and their fellow competitors , the chefs had to create a dish for a potluck . The contestants then voted for their most and least favorite dishes . The winner received immunity from elimination . WINNER : Tu ( Corn Salpicon ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were tasked with putting a modern spin on a meat and potatoes dish . The dishes were served to 200 Denver locals at a block party located in Larimer Square . WINNER : Tyler ( Sweet Potato Purée with Crispy Potatoes & Smoked Pork Gravy ) ELIMINATED : Melissa ( Yukon Potato Purée with Braised Pork Shoulder & Fennel Salad ) 219 `` Smile and Say Mise '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Quickfire Challenge : Divided into two teams , the chefs competed in the series ' traditional mise en place relay race . The race consisted of three tasks : peel and brunoise shallots ; peel , destem , and slice mushrooms ; and butcher twenty pieces of beef tenderloin . The members of the winning team then competed against each other , cooking dishes using the three prepped ingredients . The winner received immunity from elimination , US $5,000 , and a year 's supply of Blue Apron dinners . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Troy Guard . WINNER : Joseph ( Shallot , Mushroom & Ginger - Marinated Tenderloin with Peppers ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs , remaining in the same teams from the Quickfire Challenge , were required to prepare a four - course meal which incorporated four different cheeses . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Alex Seidel . WINNER : Carrie ( Potato & Ricotta Dumpling with Butter Sauce & Hazelnut Relish ) ELIMINATED : Claudette ( Smoked Trout with Cacio Pecora , Trout Skin Chips & Zucchini ) 220 `` Keep on Truckin '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge : The chefs deconstructed the Denver omelette . The winner received immunity from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson . WINNER : Brother ( Smoked Duck Egg with Red Pepper Gastrique , Cheddar & Ham Tempura & Pepper Salad ) Sudden Death Cook - Off : Laura , Rogelio , and Tanya , who made the judges ' least favorite dishes , competed against each other in a sudden death cook - off , where they had to make the perfect French omelette . The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition . ELIMINATED : Laura ( Mascarpone & Tarragon Omelette ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs , separated into teams of three , had to create a food truck concept with a cohesive three - item menu , which would be served to 150 college students . Each diner was provided a ticket to exchange at one food truck ; the team who received the most tickets was safe from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : New York winner Hosea Rosenberg . WINNER : Joe ( `` Sticky Licky '' Chicken Wings with Sake & Kale ) ELIMINATED : Rogelio ( `` Nibble On Your Ear '' Elote Salad with Queso Fresco & Pepitas ) 221 `` Little Tools , Big Challenge '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs elevated items from a traditional kids ' menu ; they were also limited to using kids - sized kitchen equipment . The winner received immunity from elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Curtis Stone . WINNER : Adrienne ( Cauliflower Crust Pizza with Ricotta Spread , Tomato Compote & Fried Quail Egg ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs created dishes inspired by their heritage and backgrounds . The guest judge for the challenge was Food & Wine contributor Nilou Motamed . WINNER : Chris ( Lemonade - Fried Chicken with Collard Greens , Buttermilk Biscuits & Hot Sauce ) ELIMINATED : Tyler ( Spiced Tri-Tip with Swedish Potato Pancake , Swedish Meatballs & Pico de Gallo ) 222 5 `` This Is Not Glamping '' January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) Elimination Challenge : While camping outside near the mountains of Estes Park , the chefs had to create a meal using only camping equipment and ingredients native to Colorado . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Naomi Pomeroy . Prior to the challenge , Claudette and Lee Anne were selected by head judge Colicchio to join the main competition , following their wins in Episode 6 of Last Chance Kitchen . WINNER : Bruce ( Egg Yolk Cavatelli , Wild Boar Sugo , Roasted Ramps , Carrots & Fresh Ricotta ) ELIMINATED : Tu ( Rabbit Three Ways : Soy - Poached Hind Leg with Carrot Duxelles , Loin Medallions , Fried Foreleg with Szechuan Gastrique ) 223 6 `` Now That 's a Lot of Schnitzel '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs had to cook one of the most complicated dishes from their restaurants ' menus in only 30 minutes . The winner received immunity from elimination and had their recipe featured in a BuzzFeed Tasty video . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : All - Stars winner Richard Blais . WINNER : Chris ( Pepper Pot Shrimp with Jerk Spice , Peppers & Onions ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were responsible for elevating traditional German cuisine . In addition , each contestant had to create their own original radler to pair with their dish . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Keegan Gerhard . WINNER : Tanya ( Peach & Ginger Radler with Pork Apple Croquettes in Cheddar Mustard Sauce ) ELIMINATED : Brother ( Chai Tea Radler with Summer Sausage Egg Roll , Bok Choy , Apple & Potato ) WITHDREW : Lee Anne 224 7 `` Olympic Dreams '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs made breakfast dishes featuring Nutella . The winner received immunity from elimination and US $5,000 . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef : Charleston winner Brooke Williamson . WINNER : Carrie ( Eggs Benedict with Nutella , Strawberry Habanero Jam & Hollandaise ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs participated in a team challenge inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In teams of three , the contestants competed head - to - head in three rounds showcasing speed , precision , and creativity . The dishes were served in the Top Chef kitchen , which was converted into an arena setting , to 70 diners , including Olympians Meryl Davis , Gus Kenworthy , and John Daly . In the speed round , the chefs had to feed 30 diners in 45 minutes . In the precision round , the chefs had to cook a protein to the perfect temperature and compose their dish using three knife cut techniques : chiffonade , bâtonnet , and brunoise . In the creativity round , the chefs had to produce the most creative dish possible using a mystery protein . The team with the lowest combined score after all three rounds faced elimination . The guest judge for the challenge was originally chef John Besh . However , following numerous sexual harassment allegations against him in late 2017 , Bravo made the decision to edit Besh out of the episode . WINNER : Joe ( Beef Short Rib Casoncelli with Carrots & Ramps ) ELIMINATED : Tanya ( North African Leg of Lamb with Chiffonade Collard Greens , Couscous , Shallot Brunoise , Glazed Carrot & Zucchini Bâtonnet ) 225 8 `` Restaurant Wars '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs competed in Top Chef 's traditional Restaurant Wars challenge . The contestants , split into two teams , were responsible for transforming an empty space into a fully functioning pop - up restaurant within 24 hours . As usual , the teams were required to cook three - course meals ; however , instead of two options , they had to create three options per course , resulting in nine total dishes . To help with the increased workload , each team was allowed to select one sous chef from the pool of previously eliminated chefs . The winning team received US $40,000 . The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Bruce Bromberg and Eric Bromberg . Conifer : Adrienne , Bruce , Carrie , Joseph First Course : Hiramasa Crudo , Diced Cucumber , Pickled Green Almond & Neonata Oil ( Joseph ) Local Kale Salad with Beets Three Ways : Raisined , Roasted & Pickled ( Carrie ) Braised Pork Meatball with Polenta , Amatriciana Sauce , Parmigiano Reggiano & House Giardiniera ( Bruce ) Second Course : Roasted Duck Breast , Corn Purée , Roasted Apricots & Duck Jus ( Joseph ) Red Pepper Orecchiette with Lamb Sausage , Fava Beans , Pea & Fava Shoots ( Bruce ) Colorado Sea Bass , Wheat Berries , Port Reduction , Chive Oil & Pickled Cauliflower ( Adrienne ) Third Course : Apple Upside - Down Cake , Apricot , Apple Butter Bourbon Glaze ( Bruce ) Lemon Curd , Sugar Cookie , Mint Gelée ( Carrie ) Caramelized White Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Crème Fraîche Ice Cream ( Adrienne ) Common Place : Chris , Claudette , Fatima , Joe First Course : Top Round Tartare , Three Pepper Aoili & Sweet Potato Chips ( Fatima ) Shigoku Oysters with Spring Pea Foam & Kombucha Pickled Rhubarb ( Joe ) Chicken Purse with Charred Spring Onion in Chicken Broth ( Joe ) Second Course : Bone Marrow with Blue Prawns , Avocado Purée , Tomatillos , Chili Peppers & Peanuts ( Claudette ) Ricotta Dumplings with Mushrooms , Charred Broccoli & Broccoli Flowers ( Joe ) Braised Pork Shoulder & Cheek with Amaranth , Quinoa , Millet Grain Cake & Horseradish Cream ( Chris ) Third Course : Beet Donut , Chocolate Cream Ganache , Beet Fennel Chutney ( Chris ) Sundae , Financier , Berry Sauce , Smoked & Toasted Almonds ( Claudette ) Skyr with Miso Chickpeas , White Chocolate Caramelized Crumble & Pickled Cherries ( Claudette ) WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Claudette 226 9 `` Bronco Brouhaha '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Sudden Death Quickfire Challenge : The chefs incorporated edible flowers into their dishes . Beginning with this challenge , immunity from elimination was no longer awarded to the winner . The guest judge for the challenge was chef David Kinch . WINNER : Carrie ( `` Fancy Toast '' : Lavender , Fig & Goat Cheese Toast with Candied Pecans ) Sudden Death Cook - Off : Chris , Joe , and Joseph , who made the judges ' least favorite dishes , competed against each other in a sudden death cook - off . Their dishes were required to substitute one ingredient with cauliflower . The loser was immediately eliminated from the competition . ELIMINATED : Joseph ( Purple Cauliflower Risotto with Caramelized Cauliflower Purée & Pickled Romanesco Broccoli ) Elimination Challenge : Working in teams of two , the chefs had to create one plate of food for a tailgate Super Bowl party at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . The winners each received a trip for two to Super Bowl LII . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Adam Perry Lang . WINNERS : Carrie and Chris ( Pork Green Chili Poutine with Stadium Fries ) ELIMINATED : Fatima ( `` Blue & Orange '' Nachos with Achiote Rubbed Chicken , Black Lentils , Cheese Sauce & Peach Habanero Salsa ) 227 10 `` Red Rum and Then Some '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs traveled to The Stanley Hotel , where they crafted desserts visualizing their worst nightmares . WINNER : Chris ( `` Pushed From 12,000 Feet '' : Chocolate Buttermilk Cake with Sour Cream , Black Salt & Marzipan ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were tasked with creating dishes that embodied their culinary journeys on Top Chef . The dishes were served at the Colorado Governor 's Mansion to a table of guests , including Governor of Colorado John Hickenlooper . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Frank Bonanno . WINNER : Joe ( Lamb Agnolotti with Beets , Hazelnuts & Cacio Pecora Cheese ) ELIMINATED : Bruce ( Roasted Duck with Toasted Barley & Corn , Topped with Salsify ) 228 11 `` Cooking High '' February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) Quickfire Challenge : The chefs served gastropub - inspired dishes featuring sarsaparilla . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Wylie Dufresne . WINNER : Carrie ( `` Top of the French Onion Soup '' with Sarsaparilla - Deglazed Onions & Beef Stock ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs had to create high concept dishes under high - altitude cooking conditions . The dishes were served at Alpino Vino , the highest elevation restaurant in North America , which sits at approximately 12,000 feet ( 3.7 km ) above sea level . Each chef was also required to include a baking element to their dish . The guest judges for the challenge were chefs Wylie Dufresne and Paul Liebrandt . WINNER : Joe ( Roasted Duck with Spring Peas , Cherry Jam & Kombucha Cherry Puffs ) ELIMINATED : Chris ( Crispy Black Pepper Quail with Corn Pudding , Butternut Squash , Maple & Bacon Cornbread ) 229 12 `` Nut Allergy '' February 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) Quick Fire Challenge : The chefs had to create a dish with Rocky Mountain oysters prepared two ways . The guest judges for the challenge were Top Chef : Las Vegas winner Michael Voltaggio and his brother Bryan Voltaggio . The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge . WINNER : Joe ( Cornflake - Breaded Rocky Mountain Oysters , White Bean Purée & Brown Butter Braised Rocky Mountain Oysters ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs were greeted by their family members at a surprise reunion . After enjoying a meal served by the contestants ' family , the chefs were instructed to take the dish cooked by their relative and elevate it to the next level . As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge , Joe received an extra 30 minutes of prep time . WINNER : Adrienne ( `` Mom 's Gumbo '' Butter - Poached King Crab Leg & Shrimp with Trinity , Fried Andouille Chips & Rice ) ELIMINATED : Carrie ( Beef Stroganoff Raviolo with Buffalo Sausage , Mushroom Duxelle , Herbed Crème Fraîche & Caramelized Onions ) 230 13 `` A Little Place Called Aspen '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Quick Fire Challenge : The chefs had to go fly fishing , catch a trout , and cook a dish within the allotted time frame . The guest judge for the challenge was Top Chef Masters Season 4 winner Chris Cosentino . The winner received an advantage in the following Elimination Challenge . WINNER : Joseph ( Pan-Seared Trout , Black Garlic Beurre Blanc with Fennel , Mushrooms , Asparagus & Bread Crumbs ) Elimination Challenge : The chefs served vegetarian dishes to various chefs and food connoisseurs attending the Food & Wine Classic in Aspen , including Brooke Williamson , Danny Meyer , Bryan Voltaggio , Michael Voltaggio , Ludo Lefebvre , Scott Conant , and Tim Love . To help with the challenge , each contestant received the assistance of one of the three most recently eliminated competitors : Carrie , Chris , and Bruce . As the winner of the Quickfire Challenge , Joseph was able to select his own sous chef and assign his opponents ' . He selected Carrie for himself , Bruce for Adrienne , and Chris for Joe . The guest judge for the challenge was chef Daniel Boulud . WINNER : Joseph ( Grilled Baby Zucchini Topped with Hazelnut Zucchini Pesto , Mushroom Vinaigrette , Goat Cheese & Raw Asparagus Salad ) ELIMINATED : Joe ( Beet Carpaccio with Beet Yogurt , Green Bean Tomato Vinaigrette & Sourdough Bread ) 231 14 `` Finale '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) Elimination Challenge : The finalists had to create the best four - course progressive meal of their lives . Each finalist received help from two sous chefs , consisting of previously eliminated contestants . Adrienne was assisted by Chris and Carrie , while Joseph was assisted by Joe and Fatima . The guest judges for the challenge were Jonathan Waxman , Nancy Silverton , and Curtis Duffy . Adrienne : First Course : Spoon Bread , Sea Urchin , Buttermilk Dashi , Ham , Caviar & Wheat Tuile Second Course : Blackened Octopus with Squid Ink Grits & Fennel Chow - Chow Third Course : Cheerwine - Braised Short Rib , Black Eyed Peas with Ham Hock & Cheerwine Bone Marrow Bordelaise Fourth Course : Banana Pudding with Yuzu , Banana Spears & Vanilla Wafers Joseph : First Course : `` Tonno Vitellato '' - Raw Tuna with Veal Demi Aioli , Smoked Wagyu Powder & Capers Second Course : `` Tortellini En Brodo '' - Grano Arso Tortellini , Pig Head , Apple , Black Truffle & Braising Liquid Broth Third Course : `` Manzo Di Colorado '' - Roasted Beef Ribeye with Roasted Asparagus & Smoked Bone Marrow Sauce Fourth Course : `` Torta Della Nonna '' - Brown Sugar Cake , Whipped Ricotta , Blueberry Thyme Sauce & Chocolate Shards WINNER : Joseph RUNNER - UP : Adrienne Last Chance Kitchen ( edit ) Main article : Top Chef § Last Chance Kitchen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Catch Me Up ... Quick ! '' November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) Challenge : The four returning Top Chef contestants had to create a dish that represented their current ventures as a chef . In addition , the contestants had to agree upon five ingredients which they would all have to incorporate into their dishes ; they chose cauliflower , lamb , serrano peppers , fennel , and olives . Only three contestants would move on to compete against the first eliminated chef from the main cast . Jennifer : Lamb Croquettes , Crème Fraîche with Gochujang & Lemon Zest Kwame : Moroccan Lamb Stew , Castelvetrano Olives , Cashews , Fennel Lee Anne : Cauliflower Soup , Ground Lamb & Flatbread Marcel : Vadouvan Lamb Rack , Olive , Pine Nuts , Fennel Fronds , Fennel Pollen & Roasted Cauliflower WINNER : Lee Anne ELIMINATED : Jennifer `` All of a Spudden '' December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Challenge : The chefs had to create a dish featuring potatoes . Kwame : Potato Écrasé , Potato Crumble , Lemon , Smoked Paprika , Crispy Pancetta Lee Anne : Herb , Kale & Potato Purée , Crispy Potato Batonnet , Potato Ring , Seared Scallop & Andouille Sausage Marcel : French Fry Potato with Aji Amarillo Sauce Melissa : Pan-Seared Salmon , Confit Fingerling Potatoes , Yukon Gold Potato Chips , Chive Oil with Lemon WINNER : Marcel ELIMINATED : Melissa `` Miss Muffet 's Favorite '' December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) Challenge : Inspired by the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme , the chefs had to create a dish using cheese curds , whey , and dried zebra tarantulas . Claudette : Ha Sikil Pak , Fried Sweet Potato Skins & Tarantula Kwame : Grilled Flatbread with Whey Sauce & Cheese Curds , Crispy Tarantula Lee Anne : Crispy Tarantula over `` Grime Time '' of Fried Curds & Piquillo Pepper Compote , Whey Honey Vinaigrette Marcel : Fresh Mozzarella , Heirloom Tomato , Whey Emulsion , Prosciutto , Tarantula Gremolata WINNER : Claudette ELIMINATED : Marcel `` Two Wrongs '' December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Challenge : The chefs were shown seven baskets filled with unusual pairings of ingredients : vanilla beans and pickles , strawberries and garlic , liquorice and peanut butter , sour candy and gochujang , bonito flakes and chocolate , bananas and capers , and coffee and anchovy paste . Each contestant had to select one basket and create a cohesive dish using their ingredients , attempting to turn `` two wrongs into a right '' . Following the judging , two chefs were eliminated . Claudette ( Bonito Flakes & Chocolate ) : Seared Venison with Raspberry Mole Kwame ( Bananas & Capers ) : Nigerian Red Pepper Chicken Stew , Plantain Chips , Pickled Pepper & Crispy Capers Laura ( Strawberries & Garlic ) : Black Garlic Roasted Halibut with Strawberry , Heirloom Tomato & Garlic Salsa Lee Anne ( Vanilla & Pickles ) : Veracruz Chicken with Dried Chiles , Vanilla , Orange & Grapefruit Juice , Cucumber Salsa Rogelio ( Sour Candy & Gochujang ) : Sour Candy - Marinated Tuna , Fennel , Apple , Pepper & Red Onion Escabeche WINNER : Claudette ELIMINATED : Laura and Rogelio 5 `` All in Your Head '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Challenge ( Part 1 ) : In the first round of a two - part challenge , the chefs had to create dishes using animal heads . Claudette : Taco de Lengua - Pork Tongue Taco with Mushrooms , Cabbage Slaw , Salsa Verde Kwame : Traditional Thai Curry with Salmon , Garlic Chips & Flat Bread Lee Anne : Braised & Fried Halibut Cheek , Sautéed Vegetables , Lamb & Black Bean Sauce Tyler : Pork Cheek Braised in Brown Butter Currant Sauce , Sweet Potato Purée , Spaghetti Squash WINNER : Kwame ELIMINATED : Tyler 6 `` Cook with Your Guts '' December 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) Challenge ( Part 2 ) : In the second round of a two - part challenge , the chefs had to create dishes using the innards of various animals . The winners of the challenge earned spots in the main competition . Claudette : Picadillo Tetela with Chicken Livers & Cherries , Chintextle ( Oaxacan Mother Sauce ) Kwame : Chicken Heart Sofrito with Crispy Shallots , Confit Potatoes , Potato Tostones & Chicken Gremolata Lee Anne : Beef Liver Dumplings with Garlic , Shallots , Shoyu , Ginger & Chili Oil WINNERS : Claudette and Lee Anne ELIMINATED : Kwame 7 `` Make Like a Tree and Leaf '' January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Challenge : The chefs made dishes highlighting the flavors and textures of the unconventionally eaten parts of the tree , such as spruce tips , pine tips , curry leaves , and kaffir lime leaves . Brother : Pork Chop with Avocado Leaf Ash & Guajillo Chilis , Lime & Jalapeño Syrup , Charred Pineapple & Mango Tu : Chicken Curry , Curry Leaves , Bay Leaves & Kaffir Lime Leaves WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Tu 8 `` Speed Round '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) Challenge : The chefs were allowed to cook any dish , but were only given ten minutes to do so . Brother : Seared Trout , Chorizo Vinaigrette & Cauliflower Purée Tanya : Blackened Salmon with Romesco Sauce WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Tanya 9 `` Last Last Chance '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) Challenge : The chefs had to create dishes using produce that has gone bad ; they were also restricted from using any proteins . Brother : Grilled Artichoke , Charred Eggplant Purée , Miso , Nutmeg , Morels , Confit of Tomatoes & Chive Claudette : Plantain Molotes , Heirloom Tomato Caldillo , Cabbage Avocado Slaw with Crema WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Claudette 10 `` Ultimate Top Chef Taco Bar '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) Challenge : The chefs put their own spin on tacos . Instead of creating the entire dish themselves , the chefs had to lay out the components for their tacos and allow Colicchio , as well as the other eliminated contestants , to build their own . In addition , at least one component had to incorporate Hidden Valley ranch seasoning . Brother : Borracho Beans , Roasted Tomato Salsa , Grilled Carne Asada , Cotija Corn , Pickled Poblanos , Ranch Chipotle Crema Fatima : Chana Masala , Poached Quail Eggs , Seven Spice New York Strip , Tamarind Chile Sauce , Ranch & Preserved Lemon Crème Fraîche , Avocado Coconut Crema Joseph : Ranch Tostadas , Ponzu & Cilantro Cod , Mirin Pickled Onions , Corn & Napa Kimchi , Ranch Yuzu Crema , Furikake Radishes , Gochujang Salsa WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Fatima 11 `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Challenge : Inspired by the fairy tale `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' , the chefs had to create a porridge dish . Brother : White Quinoa Porridge , Seared Seabass , Cranberry Apple Chutney Bruce : Farro & Barley Porridge , Seared Sea Scallop , Poached Egg , Pickled Mustard Green & Wild Mushroom Joseph : Seared Steak , Barley Porridge Milanese , Tomato Conserva , Parmigiano Reggiano WINNER : Brother ELIMINATED : Bruce 12 `` Finale '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) Challenge : The finalists were allowed to cook any dish . The dishes were served to Colicchio , guest judge Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson , and the gallery of previously eliminated chefs , who then voted for their favorite dish . The chef who received the most votes was declared the winner of Last Chance Kitchen and rejoined the main competition . Brother : Stuffed Chicken Breast with Pecorino & Jalapeno , Roasted Chili Apple , Butternut Squash & Brussels Sprouts Hash , Lime Crema with Nitro Raspberries Joseph : Lamb Shoulder , Fava Bean Pesto , Charred Fava Pecorino , Shallot & Balsamic Glaze WINNER : Joseph ELIMINATED : Brother References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Calderone , Ana ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the First Trailer for Top Chef Colorado and Meet All the New Cheftestants '' . People . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Laura ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top Chef Returns This December : Get Your First Look at the Epic New Season '' . Bravo . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Which Chicago native won ' Top Chef ' ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Komonibo , Ineye ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Votes Are In ! Find Out Which Cheftestant Is Your Top Chef Fan Favorite '' . Bravo . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Laura ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` What ? ! A Top Chef Alum Could Return to the Competition in Season 15 '' . Bravo . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' `` Evaluating '' John Besh Appearance After Sexual Harassment Allegations `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' cuts John Besh from episode after sexual harassment allegations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Top Chef Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Winners Harold Dieterle Ilan Hall Hung Huynh Stephanie Izard Hosea Rosenberg Michael Voltaggio Kevin Sbraga Richard Blais Paul Qui Kristen Kish Nicholas Elmi Mei Lin Jeremy Ford Brooke Williamson Joseph Flamm Judges Current Tom Colicchio ( head judge ) Padma Lakshmi ( host ) Gail Simmons Emeril Lagasse Hugh Acheson Richard Blais Graham Elliot Former Katie Lee Joel ( host ) Ted Allen Toby Young Eric Ripert Anthony Bourdain Wolfgang Puck Spin - offs Top Chef Junior Top Chef Masters 5 Top Chef : Just Desserts Life After Top Chef Top Chef Duels International versions Top Chef Suomi Top Chef Canada 5 Top Chef Middle East Related articles Contestants Episodes Bravo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_Chef_(season_15)&oldid=830207820 '' Categories : Top Chef 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 12 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won last chance kitchen joe or brother | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle\nOriginal air date\n\n\n1\n\"Catch Me Up...Quick!\"\nNovember 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The four returning Top Chef contestants had to create a dish that represented their current ventures as a chef. In addition, the contestants had to agree upon five ingredients which they would all have to incorporate into their dishes; they chose cauliflower, lamb, serrano peppers, fennel, and olives. Only three contestants would move on to compete against the first eliminated chef from the main cast.\n\nJennifer: Lamb Croquettes, Crème Fraîche with Gochujang & Lemon Zest\nKwame: Moroccan Lamb Stew, Castelvetrano Olives, Cashews, Fennel\nLee Anne: Cauliflower Soup, Ground Lamb & Flatbread\nMarcel: Vadouvan Lamb Rack, Olive, Pine Nuts, Fennel Fronds, Fennel Pollen & Roasted Cauliflower\n\nWINNER: Lee Anne\nELIMINATED: Jennifer\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n\"All of a Spudden\"\nDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs had to create a dish featuring potatoes.\n\nKwame: Potato Écrasé, Potato Crumble, Lemon, Smoked Paprika, Crispy Pancetta\nLee Anne: Herb, Kale & Potato Purée, Crispy Potato Batonnet, Potato Ring, Seared Scallop & Andouille Sausage\nMarcel: French Fry Potato with Aji Amarillo Sauce\nMelissa: Pan-Seared Salmon, Confit Fingerling Potatoes, Yukon Gold Potato Chips, Chive Oil with Lemon\n\nWINNER: Marcel\nELIMINATED: Melissa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3\n\"Miss Muffet's Favorite\"\nDecember 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)\n\n\n\nChallenge: Inspired by the Little Miss Muffet nursery rhyme, the chefs had to create a dish using cheese curds, whey, and dried zebra tarantulas.\n\nClaudette: Ha Sikil Pak, Fried Sweet Potato Skins & Tarantula\nKwame: Grilled Flatbread with Whey Sauce & Cheese Curds, Crispy Tarantula\nLee Anne: Crispy Tarantula over \"Grime Time\" of Fried Curds & Piquillo Pepper Compote, Whey Honey Vinaigrette\nMarcel: Fresh Mozzarella, Heirloom Tomato, Whey Emulsion, Prosciutto, Tarantula Gremolata\n\nWINNER: Claudette\nELIMINATED: Marcel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n\"Two Wrongs\"\nDecember 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs were shown seven baskets filled with unusual pairings of ingredients: vanilla beans and pickles, strawberries and garlic, liquorice and peanut butter, sour candy and gochujang, bonito flakes and chocolate, bananas and capers, and coffee and anchovy paste. Each contestant had to select one basket and create a cohesive dish using their ingredients, attempting to turn \"two wrongs into a right\". Following the judging, two chefs were eliminated.\n\nClaudette (Bonito Flakes & Chocolate): Seared Venison with Raspberry Mole\nKwame (Bananas & Capers): Nigerian Red Pepper Chicken Stew, Plantain Chips, Pickled Pepper & Crispy Capers\nLaura (Strawberries & Garlic): Black Garlic Roasted Halibut with Strawberry, Heirloom Tomato & Garlic Salsa\nLee Anne (Vanilla & Pickles): Veracruz Chicken with Dried Chiles, Vanilla, Orange & Grapefruit Juice, Cucumber Salsa\nRogelio (Sour Candy & Gochujang): Sour Candy-Marinated Tuna, Fennel, Apple, Pepper & Red Onion Escabeche\n\nWINNER: Claudette\nELIMINATED: Laura and Rogelio\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\"All in Your Head\"\nDecember 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)\n\n\n\nChallenge (Part 1): In the first round of a two-part challenge, the chefs had to create dishes using animal heads.\n\nClaudette: Taco de Lengua - Pork Tongue Taco with Mushrooms, Cabbage Slaw, Salsa Verde\nKwame: Traditional Thai Curry with Salmon, Garlic Chips & Flat Bread\nLee Anne: Braised & Fried Halibut Cheek, Sautéed Vegetables, Lamb & Black Bean Sauce\nTyler: Pork Cheek Braised in Brown Butter Currant Sauce, Sweet Potato Purée, Spaghetti Squash\n\nWINNER: Kwame\nELIMINATED: Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\n\n6\n\"Cook with Your Guts\"\nDecember 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)\n\n\n\nChallenge (Part 2): In the second round of a two-part challenge, the chefs had to create dishes using the innards of various animals. The winners of the challenge earned spots in the main competition.\n\nClaudette: Picadillo Tetela with Chicken Livers & Cherries, Chintextle (Oaxacan Mother Sauce)\nKwame: Chicken Heart Sofrito with Crispy Shallots, Confit Potatoes, Potato Tostones & Chicken Gremolata\nLee Anne: Beef Liver Dumplings with Garlic, Shallots, Shoyu, Ginger & Chili Oil\n\nWINNERS: Claudette and Lee Anne\nELIMINATED: Kwame\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n\"Make Like a Tree and Leaf\"\nJanuary 11, 2018 (2018-01-11)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs made dishes highlighting the flavors and textures of the unconventionally eaten parts of the tree, such as spruce tips, pine tips, curry leaves, and kaffir lime leaves.\n\nBrother: Pork Chop with Avocado Leaf Ash & Guajillo Chilis, Lime & Jalapeño Syrup, Charred Pineapple & Mango\nTu: Chicken Curry, Curry Leaves, Bay Leaves & Kaffir Lime Leaves\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Tu\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n\"Speed Round\"\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs were allowed to cook any dish, but were only given ten minutes to do so.\n\nBrother: Seared Trout, Chorizo Vinaigrette & Cauliflower Purée\nTanya: Blackened Salmon with Romesco Sauce\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Tanya\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9\n\"Last Last Chance\"\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs had to create dishes using produce that has gone bad; they were also restricted from using any proteins.\n\nBrother: Grilled Artichoke, Charred Eggplant Purée, Miso, Nutmeg, Morels, Confit of Tomatoes & Chive\nClaudette: Plantain Molotes, Heirloom Tomato Caldillo, Cabbage Avocado Slaw with Crema\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Claudette\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\"Ultimate Top Chef Taco Bar\"\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The chefs put their own spin on tacos. Instead of creating the entire dish themselves, the chefs had to lay out the components for their tacos and allow Colicchio, as well as the other eliminated contestants, to build their own. In addition, at least one component had to incorporate Hidden Valley ranch seasoning.\n\nBrother: Borracho Beans, Roasted Tomato Salsa, Grilled Carne Asada, Cotija Corn, Pickled Poblanos, Ranch Chipotle Crema\nFatima: Chana Masala, Poached Quail Eggs, Seven Spice New York Strip, Tamarind Chile Sauce, Ranch & Preserved Lemon Crème Fraîche, Avocado Coconut Crema\nJoseph: Ranch Tostadas, Ponzu & Cilantro Cod, Mirin Pickled Onions, Corn & Napa Kimchi, Ranch Yuzu Crema, Furikake Radishes, Gochujang Salsa\n\nWINNER: Joseph\nELIMINATED: Fatima\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\"\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n\n\n\nChallenge: Inspired by the fairy tale \"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\", the chefs had to create a porridge dish.\n\nBrother: White Quinoa Porridge, Seared Seabass, Cranberry Apple Chutney\nBruce: Farro & Barley Porridge, Seared Sea Scallop, Poached Egg, Pickled Mustard Green & Wild Mushroom\nJoseph: Seared Steak, Barley Porridge Milanese, Tomato Conserva, Parmigiano Reggiano\n\nWINNER: Brother\nELIMINATED: Bruce\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\"Finale\"\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\n\n\n\nChallenge: The finalists were allowed to cook any dish. The dishes were served to Colicchio, guest judge Lachlan Mackinnon-Patterson, and the gallery of previously eliminated chefs, who then voted for their favorite dish. The chef who received the most votes was declared the winner of Last Chance Kitchen and rejoined the main competition.\n\nBrother: Stuffed Chicken Breast with Pecorino & Jalapeno, Roasted Chili Apple, Butternut Squash & Brussels Sprouts Hash, Lime Crema with Nitro Raspberries\nJoseph: Lamb Shoulder, Fava Bean Pesto, Charred Fava Pecorino, Shallot & Balsamic Glaze\n\nWINNER: Joseph\nELIMINATED: Brother\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Joseph"
] |
-8288716159828866241 | Alex Karras | Alex Karras - wikipedia Alex Karras This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alex Karras Susan Clark and Karras in Babe ( 1975 ) . No. 71 Position : Defensive tackle Born : ( 1935 - 07 - 15 ) July 15 , 1935 Gary , Indiana Died : October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) ( aged 77 ) Los Angeles , California Height : 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) Weight : 248 lb ( 112 kg ) Career information High school : Gary ( IN ) Emerson College : Iowa NFL Draft : 1958 / Round : 1 / Pick : 10 Career history Detroit Lions ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Career highlights and awards 4 × Pro Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1965 ) 4 × First - team All - Pro ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1965 ) 5 × Second - team All - Pro ( 1964 , 1966 -- 1969 ) NFL 1960s All - Decade team Outland Trophy ( 1957 ) 2 × First - team All - American ( 1956 , 1957 ) Career NFL statistics Games played : 161 Interceptions : 4 Player stats at NFL.com College Football Hall of Fame Alexander George Karras ( July 15 , 1935 -- October 10 , 2012 ) was an American football player , professional wrestler , sportscaster , and actor . He was a four - time Pro Bowl player with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League ( NFL ) , where he played from 1958 to 1970 . As an actor , Karras is noted for his role as Mongo in the 1974 comedy film Blazing Saddles . He was also known for starring as Webster Long 's ( Emmanuel Lewis ) adoptive father , George Papadopolis , in the ABC sitcom Webster ( 1983 -- 1989 ) alongside his wife Susan Clark . He was also featured prominently in Victor / Victoria , starring Julie Andrews and James Garner . He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 College career 2 Professional football 3 Film and television 4 Writing 5 Honors 6 Later activities 7 Personal life 8 Illness and death 9 Filmography 10 References 11 External links College career ( edit ) Karras from 1958 Hawkeye Born and raised in Gary , Indiana , Karras was the son of Dr. George Karras , a Greek immigrant ( from Chios ) who graduated from the University of Chicago and got his medical degree in Canada . There , George Karras met and married a Canadian woman , Alex 's mother , Emmeline ( née Wilson ) , a registered nurse . George Karras opened a medical practice in Gary , but he died when Alex was thirteen years old . By that time , Alex Karras had learned to play football in a parking lot near his home , and he blossomed into a four - time Indiana all - state selection at Gary 's Emerson High School . His older brothers , Lou ( a future member of the Redskins ) and Ted ( who later played with the Bears and Lions ) , had played at Purdue but later Ted transferred to Indiana . Because of this , Alex said , `` Indiana had the inside track '' on recruiting him . Shortly after he graduated from high school , three coaches from the Iowa Hawkeyes met Karras at his brother Louie 's house with an airplane and flew him to Spencer , Iowa , where he remained incommunicado through the summer . Writing in the Detroit Free Press in 1971 ( as reprinted in the Iowa City Press - Citizen ) , Karras said that `` nobody knew where I was , not even my mom , although Louie told her not to worry ... Obviously , Iowa came up with something , I have no intention of stirring up any mess . I 'll only say that , as Louie explained it , some accommodations were made by the people at Iowa that would make things easier for the family , and so away I went . It was the beginning of some awful years . '' Karras struggled in the beginning at Iowa , with classwork , homesickness and with his coach , Forest Evashevski . He was a pledge at Sigma Nu fraternity during his first year in school . Karras probably would have left Iowa had he not befriended a Greek theater owner , Ernie Pannos , as well as fellow players Cal Jones and Bob Commings . Karras ' sophomore year with Iowa in 1955 got off to a rocky start when he showed up for practice twenty pounds ( 9 kg ) overweight . Karras was also hampered that season by a cracked ankle bone . After being disappointed at not getting to play in the season finale , Karras threw a shoe at Evashevski and quit the team . Karras did not earn a football letter for the 1955 season . Karras went to summer classes and later rejoined the football team , but a strained relationship resurfaced . Evashevski promised to start Alex Karras in the 1956 season opener against Indiana , when Alex would square off against his brother , Ted . But Evy played Karras off the bench instead , and Karras quit the team again . This time , Karras agreed to rejoin the team only after making Evashevski promise he would not talk to him other than in a purely coaching capacity . ( Evashevski always denied any special agreement with Karras . ) Iowa took the lead in the 1956 Big Ten title race with a 7 -- 0 victory over Minnesota . The Hawkeyes then clinched the Big Ten title and Iowa 's first ever Rose Bowl berth by defeating Ohio State , 6 -- 0 . Karras sealed the game with a quarterback sack on the game 's final play . Iowa 's final regular season game in 1956 was 48 -- 8 win at home over a struggling Notre Dame team . Karras called it his biggest college win , saying , `` The Karrases have always had a rivalry with Notre Dame . The school was just sixty miles ( 97 km ) down the road from our home and we wanted to beat ' em at anything . '' However , after the game , Karras got into a physical battle with Evashevski . Karras did not enjoy his trip to the Rose Bowl , either . `` Pasadena was the most boring town I 've ever been in , '' said Karras . Karras helped the Hawkeyes win the Rose Bowl over Oregon State , 35 -- 19 . He was a first team All - American in 1956 Karras spent the summer of 1957 with an American track team of Greek descent . He participated in the shot put , throwing a respectable 52 feet ( 16 m ) . In his senior season in 1957 , Karras was the most dominant lineman in the nation , won the Outland Trophy , and was the runner - up in the voting for the Heisman Trophy . Karras and Ohio State tackle John Hicks ( in 1973 ) are two of only three linemen ever finishing so high in the Heisman Trophy voting . ( Leon Hart , a Notre Dame end , was the only lineman ever to win the Heisman Trophy in 1949 . ) In addition , Karras was a consensus first team All - American in 1957 . Hawkeye teammate Randy Duncan said , Karras hated Evashevski , and he still does . I think Karras hated Evy for a lot of reasons . Evy was on everybody 's back , and he was on Karras ' back big time . Karras was a great football player , but he did n't really like offense and , in those days , you had to go both ways . So he did n't block anybody . What he wanted to do was chase down quarterbacks and play defense . Professional Football ( edit ) Before his NFL career got under way , Karras signed a contract as a professional wrestler on December 13 , 1957 , earning $ 25,000 during the six - month off - season . Karras was the tenth selection of the 1958 NFL draft , taken by the Detroit Lions ( in December 1957 ) . He signed with the Lions , spurning an offer from the Canadian Football League 's Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He quickly became one of the dominant defensive tackles in the NFL , playing for 12 seasons ( 1958 -- 1962 , 1964 -- 1970 ) with the same team . On January 7 , 1963 , Karras 's ownership in Detroit 's Lindell AC Bar became a source of controversy when league officials urged him to sell his financial interests in the place because of reports of gambling and organized crime influence . After first threatening to retire rather than give it up , Karras admitted placing bets on NFL games and was suspended by the league , along with Green Bay Packers ' running back Paul Hornung , for one season ( 1963 ) . During his exile , Karras returned to pro wrestling , taking on such memorable characters as Dick the Bruiser . He was reinstated , along with Hornung , on March 16 , 1964 by NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle . Upon returning to action in 1964 , Karras once refused when an official asked him to call the pregame coin toss . `` I 'm sorry , sir , '' Karras replied . `` I 'm not permitted to gamble . '' During his first year back , player discontent with head coach George Wilson resulted in Karras asking to be traded . However , the Lions settled the issue when they fired Wilson after the 1964 NFL season . From 1960 to 1966 , except for the year of his suspension in 1963 , he played next to Roger Brown , a formidable pair of defensive tackles , until the latter was traded to the Los Angeles Rams . After another season of controversy under new head coach Harry Gilmer , Karras was rumored to be ready to play out his option and sign with the expansion Miami Dolphins of the American Football League under his former coach Wilson . Instead , Karras signed a seven - year contract with the Lions on May 20 , 1966 , with Wilson stating that Karras had used the threat of signing with Miami to garner the large deal with Detroit . Despite the new contract , controversy remained , as Karras and Gilmer sparred in midseason , with the coach reportedly ready to release the veteran defensive tackle . As before , it would be the coach who would depart , with Karras 's former teammate Joe Schmidt taking over . On June 4 , 1967 , Karras once again hinted he would retire to work at a new business venture ; once training camp began , though , Karras was back with the Lions . During that preseason , he jokingly commented that he would walk back from Denver if the AFL Broncos defeated the Lions . When that actually happened , Karras backtracked and flew home on the team plane . He was still an All - Pro selection in 1967 to 1969 . Despite not allowing a touchdown in the divisional round of the 1970 NFL playoffs , the Lions lost to the Dallas Cowboys 5 -- 0 , his first playoff game and his final game . After the 1971 preseason , while rehabing a knee injury suffered the previous year , Karras was released , ending his playing career at age 35 . From 1958 to 1970 , the Lions were over . 500 six of the 13 years , making the playoffs only once , 1970 , with a 10 -- 4 record in Karras ' final year . Aside from 1970 , their best years were 1962 ( 11 -- 3 ) and 1969 ( 9 -- 4 -- 1 ) . In 1962 , the Lion defense allowed 177 points ( 12.6 points / game ) , 188 ( 13.4 ppg ) in 1969 , and 202 ( 14.4 ppg ) in 1970 ; for all three years they were second - least in the NFL , thanks in large part to a tough and rugged defensive line led by Karras . He was called an `` iron man '' , and missed only one game due to injury in his 12 NFL seasons and his 161 games played are the fifteenth most in Lions history . He made the Pro Bowl four times , and the Hall of Fame named him a member of the 1960s All - Decade team . The Professional Football Researchers Association named Karras to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2006 Film and television ( edit ) In 1968 , he made his film debut playing himself in the film adaptation of George Plimpton 's nonfiction sports book Paper Lion . As in Plimpton 's book , Karras delights his teammates with impromptu monologues about a fanciful past , including his marriage to Hitler . Following his release by the Lions in 1971 , he made several appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and also played a bit part in The Mary Tyler Moore Show , appearing in the farewell party scene where Rhoda moves back to New York ( 1972 ) . Karras soon began acting on a full - time basis , playing a Tennessee boy turned Olympic weightlifter named Hugh Ray Feather in 1973 's The 500 Pound Jerk . He played a hulking villain who menaced Clint Walker in the ABC TV film Hardcase . A minor but memorable role came one year later in the western parody Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) : the very strong and slow - witted thug Mongo , who rode into town on a huge brahman ( marked with `` yes '' and `` no '' passing signals ) , knocked out a horse with one punch , and famously responded to a question from Sheriff Bart with , `` Do n't know ... '' ( looking straight into the camera ) `` ... Mongo only pawn in game of life . '' That same year , he was quickly brought in by ABC in September to replace Fred Williamson as a commentator for the network 's Monday Night Football . He served three years in that role until leaving after the 1976 season , with his most memorable comment coming in his first game , when he joked that bald Oakland Raiders ' lineman Otis Sistrunk , who never attended college , was from `` the University of Mars '' . In 1972 , Karras hosted a local weekly football program for Windsor , Ontario CBC affiliate CKLW - TV , The Alex Karras Football Show ; his program generally preceded the CBC 's Wednesday night CFL telecasts. . In 1973 , Alex made several cameo appearances on the January 8th broadcast of Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In ' . Karras returned to acting with roles that included playing Sheriff Wallace in Porky 's ( in which his wife , Susan Clark , also starred ) , and as western settler Hans Brumbaugh in Centennial . He played James Garner 's closeted gay bodyguard in the 1982 Blake Edwards ' film Victor Victoria . Karras played a darker role as Hank Sully , the right - hand - man of villain Jake Wise ( played by James Woods ) in the 1984 film , Against All Odds . Karras ' most memorable role was in the 1975 made - for - TV movie Babe , where he played the hulking ex-wrestler George Zaharias , loyally caring for his cancer - stricken wife , the legendary athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias . In 1975 , Karras appeared on MNF colleauge Howard Cosell 's ill - fated variety show Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell wearing a wig ( a la Mongo ) and performing `` Already Gone '' on the beach with The Eagles who were dubbed the `` Alex Karras Blues Band '' due to tee - shirts the band members wore bearing that moniker . Karras ' television appearances included guest roles on Daniel Boone in the episode `` The Cache '' , M * A * S * H in the episode `` Springtime '' , The Odd Couple and a brief run on Match Game ' 75 . He also signed on to play the character `` Super Jock '' in commercials for a line of sports action toys named Super Jock , produced by Schaper ( 1975 ) . In 1977 , he was cast in the lead of the TV movie Mad Bull . In 1979 , he had the role of Hans `` Potato '' Brumbaugh , a potato farmer , on the TV miniseries Centennial . He was known for his humorous endorsement of La - Z - Boy recliners , in an ad campaign which also featured NFL greats such as Miami Dolphins Coach Don Shula , and New York Jets legend Joe Namath . In the 1980s , Karras had memorable success in the TV sitcom Webster , playing George Papadapolis , the title character 's adoptive father , in a role that showcased his softer side . His real - life wife , Susan Clark , played his fictional wife in the series ; Karras and Clark produced the series through their Georgian Bay Entertainment production company . The two met in 1975 while filming the made - for - television biopic Babe for CBS . Writing ( edit ) Besides being one of the subjects of George Plimpton 's nonfiction book Paper Lion ( published in 1966 ) , he was one of the two principal subjects of Plimpton 's follow - up book , Mad Ducks and Bears ( 1973 ) ( fellow Detroit Lion John Gordy was the `` bear '' to Karras ' `` mad duck . '' ) Karras named one of his sons after Plimpton . During his last years as a Detroit Lion , Karras wrote a journal of his experiences that was published in the Detroit Free Press . He subsequently wrote a memoir , Even Big Guys Cry ( 1978 ) , and a novel , Tuesday Night Football ( 1991 ) . Honors ( edit ) In conjunction with the 100 Years of Hawkeye Football celebration in 1989 , Iowa Hawkeye fans selected an all - time team . The squad featured 11 players on offense and defense , two kickers , and 15 special - mention players who received strong fan support . Alex Karras was voted to the team as a defensive lineman . Karras was elected to the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1977 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1991 . On December 12 , 2014 the Big Ten Network included Karras on `` The Mount Rushmore of Iowa Football '' , as chosen by online fan voting . Karras was joined in the honor by Nile Kinnick , Chuck Long and Tim Dwight . Later activities ( edit ) Karras also worked briefly as a football coach in 2007 and 2008 . He worked for the SIL as an assistant coach to Bob Lombardi . He owned an ice cream parlor in Surfside Beach , South Carolina called The Cow . Personal life ( edit ) Karras was married twice . He married Joan Jurgensen in 1958 , with whom he had five children . The marriage ended in divorce in 1975 . He married actress Susan Clark on March 21 , 1980 , and they had a daughter together . Illness and death ( edit ) In his later years , Karras suffered several serious health problems , including dementia , heart disease , and cancer . Karras was among 3,500 former NFL players to have filed lawsuits against the NFL in early 2012 , over the long - term damage caused by concussions and repeated hits to the head . On October 8 , 2012 , it was revealed by friend Tom McInerney that Karras had been diagnosed with kidney failure . He was treated at the Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California , before being released into hospice care . After returning to his Los Angeles home with family , Karras died in the morning hours of October 10 . Filmography ( edit ) Paper Lion ( 1968 ) -- Himself Hardcase ( 1972 ) -- Booker Llewellyn The 500 Pound Jerk ( 1973 ) -- Hughie Rae Feather Blazing Saddles ( 1974 ) -- Mongo The Great Lester Boggs ( 1974 ) -- Sheriff Billy Bob Win , Place or Steal ( 1974 ) -- Frank `` Babe '' ( 1975 ) -- George Zaharias FM ( 1978 ) -- Doc Holiday Jacob Two - Two Meets the Hooded Fang ( 1978 ) -- The Hooded Fang Centennial ( 1978 ) -- Hans Brumbaugh When Time Ran Out ( 1980 ) -- Tiny Baker Nobody 's Perfekt ( 1981 ) - Swaboda Porky 's ( 1981 ) -- Sheriff Wallace Victor Victoria ( 1982 ) -- ' Squash ' Bernstein Against All Odds ( 1984 ) -- Hank Sully Street Corner Kids ( 1994 ) -- Floyd Powell Buffalo ' 66 ( 1998 ) -- TV Sportscaster References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maher , Charles ( November 13 , 1974 ) . `` Smart Alex joins Humble Howard , Faultless Frank '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . ( Los Angeles Times ) . p. 1B . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce . `` Alex Karras , former NFL lineman , father on Webster TV show , dies at 77 '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karras Biography ( 1935 - ) '' . www.filmreference.com . Jump up ^ Karras , Alex ( November 17 , 1971 ) . `` Alex Karras Tells How and Why He Arrived at Iowa '' . Iowa City Press - Citizen . Jump up ^ Mason City Globe - Gazette . November 19 , 1956 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Karras ' Register Hall of Fame biodata '' . Des Moines Register . October 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maly , Ron ( 2003 ) . Tales from the Iowa Sidelines . p. 125 . ISBN 1582615748 . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff . `` Top 10 suspensions of all - time '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longtime Lion , actor Karras dies at 77 '' . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Very Good Class of 2006 '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Alex Karras , N.F.L. Lineman and Actor , Dies at 77 '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders - Otis Sistrunk '' . Oakland Raiders . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Per the July 29 , August 4 , 1972 TV Guide ad at Vintage Toledo TV : CKLW & CBET - TV 9 Print ads Jump up ^ `` Super Jock Toys '' . Plaidstallions.blogspot.com . May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Bull ( TV Movie 1977 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . La-z-boy.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blazing Saddles Tribute Mongo '' . blazingsaddlestribute.com . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Karras ' Daughter Katie Karras '' . Showbizdaily . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Birkett , Dave ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Lions great Alex Karras near death '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Birkett , Dave ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ex-Lions great Alex Karras suffering from kidney failure '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Karras has kidney failure '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-NFL star , actor Alex Karras dies '' . CNN . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Tales From The Iowa Sidelines , by Ron Maly ( ISBN 1 - 58261 - 574 - 8 ) Greatest Moments In Iowa Hawkeyes Football History , by Mark Dukes & Gus Schrader ( ISBN 1 - 57243 - 261 - 6 ) Evy and the Hawkeyes , by Brian Chapman and Mike Chapman ( ISBN 0 - 88011 - 186 - 0 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alex Karras . Biography portal Detroit portal National Football League portal Television portal Alex Karras at the College Football Hall of Fame Alex Karras on IMDb Outland Trophy winners 1946 : Connor 1947 : Steffy 1948 : Fischer 1949 : Bagdon 1950 : Gain 1951 : Weatherall 1952 : Modzelewski 1953 : J. Roberts 1954 : Brooks 1955 : C. Jones 1956 : Parker 1957 : Karras 1958 : Z. Smith 1959 : McGee 1960 : T. Brown 1961 : Olsen 1962 : Bell 1963 : Appleton 1964 : DeLong 1965 : Nobis 1966 : Phillips 1967 : Yary 1968 : Stanfill 1969 : Reid 1970 : Stillwagon 1971 : Jacobson 1972 : Glover 1973 : Hicks 1974 : White 1975 : Selmon 1976 : Browner 1977 : Shearer 1978 : G. Roberts 1979 : Ritcher 1980 : May 1981 : Rimington 1982 : Rimington 1983 : Steinkuhler 1984 : B. Smith 1985 : Ruth 1986 : Buck 1987 : Hennings 1988 : Rocker 1989 : Elewonibi 1990 : Maryland 1991 : Emtman 1992 : Shields 1993 : Waldrop 1994 : Wiegert 1995 : Ogden 1996 : Pace 1997 : Taylor 1998 : Farris 1999 : Samuels 2000 : Henderson 2001 : McKinnie 2002 : Long 2003 : Gallery 2004 : J. Brown 2005 : Eslinger 2006 : Thomas 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : A. Smith 2009 : Suh 2010 : Carimi 2011 : B. Jones 2012 : Joeckel 2013 : Donald 2014 : Scherff 2015 : Garnett 2016 : Robinson 2017 : Oliver UPI College Lineman of the Year winners 1950 : Richter 1951 : McColl 1952 : Catlin 1953 : J. Roberts 1954 : Ellena 1955 : Pellegrini 1956 : Tubbs 1957 : Karras 1958 : Harrison 1959 : R. Davis 1960 : T. Brown 1961 : Romig 1962 : Bell 1963 : Appleton 1964 : Butkus 1965 : Twilley 1966 : B. Smith 1967 : Liggins 1968 : Hendricks 1969 : McCoy 1970 : Stillwagon 1971 : Patulski 1972 : Glover 1973 : Hicks 1974 : White 1975 : Selmon 1976 : Browner 1977 : Browner 1978 : G. Roberts 1979 : Budde 1980 : H. Green 1981 : Sims 1982 : Rimington 1983 : Steinkuhler 1984 : Fralic 1985 : Casillas 1986 : J. Brown 1987 : Hennings 1988 : Mandarich 1989 : Zorich 1990 : Maryland 1991 : Emtman 1992 : Curry 1993 : Waldrop 1994 : Wiegert 1995 : Ogden 1996 : Pace 1957 College Football All - America Team consensus selections Backfield HB Bob Anderson HB John David Crow HB Walt Kowalczyk HB Clendon Thomas Line E Jim Phillips E Dick Wallen T Alex Karras T Lou Michaels G Al Ecuyer G Bill Krisher C Dan Currie 1958 NFL draft first - round selections King Hill John David Crow Dan Currie Lou Michaels Jim Phillips Walt Kowalczyk Chuck Howley Jim Pace Charlie Krueger Alex Karras Lenny Lyles Phil King Jim Shofner Detroit Lions first - round draft picks Wagner Cardwell Wojciechowicz Pingel Nave Thomason Westfall Sinkwich Graham Szymanski Dellastatious G. Davis Tittle Rauch Hart Watson Sewell Chapman Middleton Cassady Glass Karras Pietrosante Robinson Hadl D. Sanders Beathard Nowatzke Farr Landry McCullouch Owens Bell Orvis Price O'Neil Boden Hunter Gaines Bradley Dorney B. Sims Nichols J. Williams J. Jones Lewis L. Brown Long R. Rogers Blades B. Sanders Ware Moore Porcher Morton Elliss R. Brown Hartings Westbrook Fair Claiborne Gibson McDougle Backus Harrington C. Rogers R. Williams K. Jones M. Williams E. Sims Johnson Cherilus Stafford Pettigrew Suh Best Fairley Reiff Ansah Ebron Tomlinson Decker J. Davis Ragnow NFL 's 1960s All - Decade Team Sonny Jurgensen Bart Starr Johnny Unitas John David Crow Paul Hornung Leroy Kelly Gale Sayers Jim Brown Jim Taylor John Mackey Del Shofner Charley Taylor Gary Collins Boyd Dowler Bob Brown Forrest Gregg Ralph Neely Gene Hickerson Jerry Kramer Howard Mudd Jim Ringo Doug Atkins Willie Davis Deacon Jones Alex Karras Bob Lilly Merlin Olsen Dick Butkus Larry Morris Ray Nitschke Tommy Nobis Dave Robinson Herb Adderley Lem Barney Bobby Boyd Ed Meador Larry Wilson Willie Wood Jim Bakken Don Chandler BNE : XX1549490 BNF : cb138958634 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 5938 8979 LCCN : n50044625 SNAC : w6h262h0 VIAF : 64192221 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Karras&oldid=848172222 '' Categories : 1935 births 2012 deaths Players of American football from Indiana All - American college football players National Football League announcers American male television actors American male film actors American actor - athletes American football defensive tackles American male professional wrestlers American people of Greek descent American people of Canadian descent Deaths from renal failure Iowa Hawkeyes football players Detroit Lions players Western Conference Pro Bowl players College Football Hall of Fame inductees Sportspeople involved in betting scandals World Football League announcers Sportspeople from Gary , Indiana Writers from Gary , Indiana Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area Professional wrestlers from Indiana Male actors from Indiana People from Gary , Indiana Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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"Alexander George Karras (July 15, 1935 – October 10, 2012) was an American football player, professional wrestler, sportscaster, and actor.[1] He was a four-time Pro Bowl player with the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL), where he played from 1958 to 1970. As an actor, Karras is noted for his role as Mongo in the 1974 comedy film Blazing Saddles. He was also known for starring as Webster Long's (Emmanuel Lewis) adoptive father, George Papadopolis, in the ABC sitcom Webster (1983–1989) alongside his wife Susan Clark. He was also featured prominently in Victor/Victoria, starring Julie Andrews and James Garner. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame.\n"
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"Alexander George Karras"
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-5172243233074250691 | Chevrolet Suburban | Chevrolet Suburban - wikipedia Chevrolet Suburban Jump to : navigation , search `` GMC Yukon XL Denali '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with GMC Denali . Chevrolet Suburban / GMC Yukon XL Chevrolet Suburban , since 1935 , longest running vehicle , yet , still in production today ( 12th generation , 2015 - present , pictured above ) Overview Manufacturer General Motors Also called Chevrolet Veraneio ( Brazil , 1967 - 1991 ) Production 1935 -- present Body and chassis Class Extended length SUV Related Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Tahoe GMC Sierra GMC Yukon GMC Yukon XL Cadillac Escalade The Chevrolet Suburban is a full - size , extended - length sport utility vehicle from Chevrolet . It is the longest continuous use automobile nameplate in production , starting in 1935 for the 1935 U.S. model year , and has traditionally been one of General Motors ' most profitable vehicles . The Suburban has been produced under the Chevrolet , Holden , Plymouth and GMC marques until the GMC version was rebranded as the GMC Yukon XL . For most of its recent history , the Suburban has been a station wagon - bodied version of the Chevrolet pickup truck , including the Chevrolet C / K and Silverado series of truck - based vehicles . Cadillac offers a version called the Escalade ESV . The Suburban is sold in the United States ( including the insular territories ) , Canada , Mexico , Chile , the Philippines , and the Middle East ( except Israel ) as a left - hand drive vehicle , while the Yukon XL is sold only in North America ( United States and Canada ) and The Middle East territories ( except Israel ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First generation ( 1935 -- 1940 ) 3 Second generation ( 1941 -- 1946 ) 4 Third generation ( 1947 -- 1954 ) 5 Fourth generation ( 1955 -- 1959 ) 6 Fifth generation ( 1960 -- 1966 ) 7 Sixth generation ( 1967 -- 1972 ) 7.1 Chevrolet Veraneio ( Brazil ) 8 Seventh generation ( 1973 -- 1991 ) 9 Eighth generation ( 1992 -- 1999 ) 9.1 Holden Suburban 10 Ninth generation ( 2000 -- 2006 ) 10.1 Engines 11 Tenth generation ( 2007 -- 2014 ) 12 Eleventh generation ( 2015 -- present ) 12.1 Production details 12.2 Features 12.2. 1 Trims 12.2. 2 2015 mid-year update 12.3 2016 12.4 2017 12.5 2018 12.6 Signature Editions 12.6. 1 Z71 and Texas Edition 12.6. 2 LT Signature Edition 12.6. 3 Midnight Edition 12.6. 4 RST Edition 12.7 2500HD and 3500HD Suburban 12.8 Additional changes and upgrades 12.9 Reviews and reception 12.10 Sales 13 Military applications 13.1 Variants 14 Safety 14.1 2007 -- 14 14.2 2015 -- present 14.3 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) 14.3. 1 1995 -- 99 Suburban 14.3. 2 2000 -- 06 Suburban 14.3. 3 2007 -- 14 Suburban 14.3. 4 2015 -- present models 14.4 Recalls 15 Yearly American sales 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) Several automotive companies in the United States used the `` Suburban '' designation to indicate a windowed , station wagon type body on a commercial frame including DeSoto , Dodge , Plymouth , Studebaker , Nash , Chevrolet , and GMC . The ( Westchester ) Suburban name was in fact a trademark of U.S. Body and Forging Co. of Tell City , Indiana , which built wooden station wagon bodies for all of these automobile and light truck chassis and more . Chevrolet began production of its all - steel `` carryall - suburban '' in 1935 . GMC brought out its version in 1937 . These vehicles were also known as the `` Suburban Carryall '' until GM cut the name to simply `` Suburban '' . GMC 's equivalent to the Chevrolet model was originally named `` Suburban '' as well , until re-branding it to `` Yukon XL '' for the 2000 model year . With the end of production of the Dodge Town Wagon in 1966 and the Plymouth Suburban station wagon in 1978 , only General Motors continued to manufacture a vehicle branded as a `` Suburban '' , and GM was awarded an exclusive trademark on the name in 1988 . The Chevrolet Suburban is one of the largest SUVs on the market today . It has outlasted competitive vehicles such as the International Harvester Travelall , Jeep Wagoneer , and the Ford Excursion . The latest competitor is the extended Ford Expedition EL , which replaced the Excursion . The Suburban of today is a full - size SUV with three rows of seating , a full pickup truck frame , and V8 engine . It is one of the few station wagons available with all bench rows . The Suburban is the same height and width as the Chevrolet Tahoe , although the Suburban is 20 inches ( 510 mm ) longer . The extra length provides a full - sized cargo area behind the 9 passenger seating area . From 1973 to 2013 it had been available in half - ton and 3 / 4 - ton versions , the latter discontinued after the 2013 model year , but was revived in 2015 as a fleet - exclusive vehicle for the 2016 model year . In recent years , the Suburban has been used as a police car , fire chief 's vehicle , or EMS fly - car . Suburbans are also used as limousines . Gothic black Suburban vehicles are commonly used by federal intelligence services , such as Secret Service for example . Secret Service operates fully armored versions of the Suburban for the President of the United States when he attends less formal engagements . In the late 1990s , GM also introduced a RHD version of the Suburban , badged as a Holden , for the Australian market . Sales were low and GM withdrew the model in 2000 from Holden 's lineup . There have been twelve generations of Chevrolet Suburbans since its 1935 debut , the most recent ( starting with the 2015 model year ) entering showrooms in February 2014 . In 2015 , Chevrolet celebrated the Suburban 's 80th anniversary with the Arlington Assembly plant unveiling the 10th million vehicle built at the facility since its 1954 opening , a black 2015 Suburban LTZ . This marked the second time in the Suburban 's history that it has achieved this honor , as the eleventh generation Suburban from the 2011 model year was also the ninth million vehicle built there . First generation ( 1935 -- 1940 ) ( edit ) 1935 -- 1940 1937 Chevrolet Carryall Suburban Overview Model years 1935 -- 1940 Assembly Oakland Assembly , Oakland , California North Tarrytown Assembly , Tarrytown , New York Flint Assembly , Flint , Michigan Norwood Assembly , Norwood , Ohio St. Louis Assembly , St. Louis , Missouri Oshawa Assembly , Oshawa , Canada Body and chassis Body style 2 - door wagon Layout FR layout Related Chevrolet Master Dimensions Wheelbase 113.5 in ( 2,883 mm ) Prior to this first generation Suburban , Chevrolet offered a station wagon body , built on the 1 / 2 ton truck frame . This model was specifically built for National Guard units and Civilian Conservation Corps units . Much of the body was constructed from wood , and could seat up to eight occupants . The actual first generation model was offered by Chevrolet as a `` Carryall Suburban '' . It shared the front sheetmetal and frames of the 1 / 2 ton pickup models of the same year , but featured all - metal wagon bodies differing very little in shape from contemporary `` woodie '' wagons . Seating for up to eight occupants was available , with three in front row , two in the middle row , and three in the rear row . Either the side - hinged rear panel doors or a rear tailgate / lift window could be selected for cargo area access . 1937 Carryall Suburban ( rear ) Second generation ( 1941 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) 1941 -- 1946 1941 Chevrolet Carryall Suburban Overview Model years 1941 -- 1946 Assembly Oakland Assembly , Oakland , California North Tarrytown Assembly , Tarrytown , New York Flint Assembly , Flint , Michigan Norwood Assembly , Norwood , Ohio St. Louis Assembly , St. Louis , Missouri Oshawa Assembly , Oshawa , Canada Body and chassis Body style 2 - door wagon Layout FR layout Platform AK Series Powertrain Engine 216 cu in ( 3.5 L ) I6 228 cu in ( 3.7 L ) I6 Transmission 3 - speed manual Dimensions Wheelbase 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) Length 196.625 in ( 4,994 mm ) Suburbans were built in model years 1941 , 1942 , and 1946 . It was also produced during the war as a military transport vehicle . Seating for up to eight occupants was available . Models with rear panel doors were designated `` 3106 , '' while those with tailgates were designated `` 3116 . '' The Chevrolet versions were equipped a 216 - cubic - inch 6 - cylinder engine . The GMC version was equipped with a 228 - cubic - inch 6 - cylinder engine . It shared much of its mechanicals with the AK Series trucks . Third generation ( 1947 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) 1947 -- 1955 1950 Chevrolet Suburban Overview Model years 1947 -- 1955 Assembly Van Nuys , California Body and chassis Body style 2 - door carryall Layout FR layout Platform Advance Design Powertrain Engine 216 cu in ( 3.5 L ) `` Stovebolt '' OHV I6 235 cu in ( 3.9 L ) `` Thriftmaster '' I6 after 1954 Transmission 3 speed manual 4 speed manual , 4 speed Hydra - Matic automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) Length 1965⁄8 '' 1952 Chevrolet COE Suburban This model generation was based on the Chevrolet Advance Design series of pickups . Beginning in 1953 , the Hydra - Matic 4 - speed automatic transmission was available in GMC models and in the 1954 model year Chevrolet Suburbans . Models with rear panel doors were designated `` 3106 , '' while those with tailgates were designated `` 3116 . '' In 1952 , the Suburban came with either a tail gate or panel doors . The front bench seat was split , with two seats on the driver 's side and a single seat on the passenger side , which slid forward for access to the rear two rows of seats . The second row was a `` 2 / 3 '' seat , requiring occupants to move past the front passenger seat , as well as the second row seats to access the third row . This was the last series to feature `` Canopy express '' models . The design of the 1949 Suburban would inspire the design of the Chevrolet HHR over half a century later . Fourth generation ( 1955 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) 1955 -- 1959 1955 Chevrolet Suburban Overview Model years 1955 -- 1959 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door carryall Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform Task Force Powertrain Engine 265 cu in ( 4.3 L ) 145 hp ( 108 kW ) V8 283 cu in ( 4.6 L ) 155 hp ( 116 kW ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual , 4 - speed manual , 4 - speed Hydra - Matic automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 114 in ( 2,896 mm ) Updated engineering and styling on Chevrolet trucks was not introduced until March 25 , 1955 , in the middle of the model year that GM called the Chevrolet Task Force / GMC Blue Chip series . All Chevrolet and GMC truck models received new styling that included a flatter hood , front fenders flush with the body , and a trapezoid grill . The trucks ' V - shaped speedometer was shared with passenger car models . Engines included I - 6 and the small block V8s . Chevrolet used its 265 V8 engine , later evolving it to a 283 - cubic - inch version . GMC based their V8 on a Pontiac design . Standard Suburban model numbers continued from the previous series , but the introduction of four - wheel - drive models in 1957 added the numbers `` 3156 '' for 4WD Suburbans with panel doors , and `` 3166 '' for 4WD Suburbans with tailgates . The `` Suburban '' name was also used on GM 's fancy 2 - door GMC 100 series pickup trucks from 1955 -- 1959 , called the Suburban Pickup , which was similar to the Chevrolet Cameo Carrier , but it was dropped at the same time as Chevy 's Cameo in March 1958 when GM released the new all - steel `` Fleetside '' bed option replacing the Cameo / Suburban Pickup fiberglass bedsides . The Suburban name was never used again on a 1 / 2 ton pickup after the discontinuance of the Suburban Pickup . Although not documented due to a fire which destroyed the records , the production of Suburban Pickups is understood to be 300 or fewer each model year it was offered from 1955 - 1958 . Fifth generation ( 1960 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) 1960 -- 1966 1966 GMC Suburban Overview Also called GMC Carryall Model years 1960 -- 1966 Body and chassis Body style 2 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform C / K series Powertrain Engine 230 cu in ( 3.8 L ) I6 ( 63 -- 65 ) 235 cu in ( 3.9 L ) I6 ( 60 -- 62 ) 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 ( 66 ) 283 cu in ( 4.6 L ) V8 ( 60 -- 66 ) 292 cu in ( 4.8 L ) I6 ( 63 -- 66 ) 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V6 engine 327 cu in ( 5.4 L ) V8 ( 66 ) Transmission 3 - speed synchromesh manual , 4 - speed synchromesh , Powerglide Dimensions Wheelbase 115 in ( 2,921 mm ) Length 199.5 in ( 5,067 mm ) Width 79.5 in ( 2,019 mm ) The styling of the 1960 -- 1961 model year took cues from the late 1950s Chevrolet cars and had large oval ports above the grille . Front independent suspension was new for 1960 . The cab featured a `` wrap around '' windshield . Both tailgate and panel doors rear openings were available . From 1962 onwards , the hood styling was more conservative , with hoods that eliminated the large ports . In 1964 , the front glass area was updated to a flatter windshield , and larger door glass . 1,150 lb ( 520 kg ) of cargo could be carried in the back . This model series introduced a factory - equipped 4WD ( `` K '' ) option for the first time . The 2WD `` C '' models introduced a torsion bar - based independent front suspension and trailing arm and coil spring rear . But by 1963 , returned to a more conventional coil - spring approach . Engine options included both I - 6 and small - block V8s . A 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) GMC V6 engine was also available on GMC models . This 305 was actually from GMCs medium - duty truck line . It featured high torque , but was also notable for poor fuel economy . Transmissions were a 3 - speed and 4 - speed manual , the automatic Powerglide and the dual - range Hydramatic in the GMC models . A 15 - passenger conversion was done by Stageway of Fort Smith , Ark . These modified Suburbans had three doors on the right , a 171 in ( 4,343 mm ) wheelbase , were 273 in ( 6,934 mm ) long , and weighed 6,300 lb ( 2,858 kg ) . One ton ( C - 30 ) , 10 - foot ( 3 m ) panel truck models were no longer available after 1966 . Sixth generation ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) 1967 -- 1972 Overview Also called GMC Carryall Chevrolet Veraneio ( Brazil ) Model years 1967 -- 1972 Body and chassis Body style 3 - door station wagon ( North America ) 5 - door SUV ( Brazil ) Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform C / K series Powertrain Engine 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V6 250 cu in ( 4.1 L ) I6 292 cu in ( 4.8 L ) I6 283 cu in ( 4.6 L ) V8 307 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V8 327 cu in ( 5.4 L ) V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 396 cu in ( 6.5 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual , 4 - speed manual , Powerglide , Turbo - Hydramatic Dimensions Wheelbase 127 in ( 3,226 mm ) Length 215.5 in ( 5,474 mm ) Chevrolet Suburban C10 badge Chevrolet Suburban C10 The 6th generation Suburbans featured a single driver - side door and two passenger - side doors , and were available in both 2WD and 4WD models . Engines offered over the six model years included the 250 and 292 CI inline 6 , 283 , 307 , 327 , and 350 CI small block V - 8 , and 396 / 402 CI big block V - 8 . For the first time , a three - quarter ton version was available . This series would also be the last to offer C - 10 & C - 20 panel truck models for commercial purposes , with 1970 as the last year . 1971 models featured disc brakes on the front wheels , and 1972 was the last year for coil - spring rear suspension on 2WD models . 1972 also introduced a smaller housing for the rear seat air conditioning ( a unit that ran the full length of the roof had been available since 1967 ) . The Comfort - Tilt steering wheel became optional in 1971 . This generation of Suburban coincided with the rapid growth of the recreational vehicle market . While only about 6,200 Suburbans were produced in 1967 , by 1972 that number had grown to some 27,000 . Chevrolet Veraneio ( Brazil ) ( edit ) 1971 -- 78 Chevrolet Veraneio In 1964 , Chevrolet in Brazil introduced a 5 - door version of the Suburban called C - 1416 ( known as Veraneio from 1969 onwards , which is Portuguese for `` summertime '' ) . It was based on the contemporary Brazilian Chevrolet C - 14 . Like the C - 14 , the C - 1416 / Veraneio used the instrument cluster from the US C / K series although the exterior sheet metal layout is exclusive to Brazil . It was initially powered with a Chevrolet 4.2 L inline six based on the pre-1962 `` Stovebolt '' engines . Later it used the 250 - cid 4.1 L engine from Chevrolet 's Brazilian mid-size sedan -- the Opala . The original version of the Veraneio was kept in production , with another grille and interior , until 1988 ( model year 1989 ) , but it was eventually replaced with an updated version based on the Série 20 family . In 1997 GM introduced in Brazil the North American pickups for the local market , replacing the `` C Series '' . The Brazilian version of the Suburban was also converted to the current generation at the time and lasted until 2001 , was called the Grand Blazer , a successor to the Veraneio . The 4.1 L inline six engine with 138 hp ( 103 kW ) was offered on both models with option for a MWM 4.2 L turbodiesel unit with 168 hp ( 125 kW ) . In 2015 , Autoweek ranked the Veraneio fourth among the Chevrolet station wagons that America never got . It also cited the vehicle 's design as `` baroque '' and summed it up as `` It 's a 1960s Brazilian crossover . '' Autoweek notes that The Veraneio can be imported to the United States , depending on the condition of the vehicle . Seventh generation ( 1973 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) 1973 -- 1991 Overview Also called GMC Suburban Chevrolet Veraneio ( Brazilian version ) Model years 1973 -- 1991 ( 1989 -- 1996 in Brazil ) Assembly Flint , Michigan Janesville , Wisconsin São Caetano do Sul , Brazil Body and chassis Body style 4 - door SUV 2 - door SWB SUV ( Brazil ) 4 - door Pickup Truck ( Brazil ) Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform C / K series Related Chevrolet K - Blazer / GMC K - Jimmy Chevrolet / GMC C / K Powertrain Engine Diesel : 4.0 L straight - 4 Maxion S4 / S4T ( Brazilian version only ) 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) V8 6.2 L ( 379 cu in ) V8 Gasoline : 4.1 L straight - six ( Brazilian version only ) 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) V8 6.6 L ( 400 cu in ) V8 7.4 L ( 454 cu in ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed automatic 4 - speed automatic 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 5 - speed manual ( Brazil ) Dimensions Wheelbase 129.5 in ( 3,289 mm ) Length 219.1 in ( 5,565 mm ) Width 79.6 in ( 2,022 mm ) Height R10 : 72.0 in ( 1,829 mm ) V10 : 73.8 in ( 1,875 mm ) R20 : 74.3 in ( 1,887 mm ) V20 : 76.1 in ( 1,933 mm ) With the third generation Rounded - Line C / R & K / V models , the Suburban became a four - door vehicle . The Rounded - Line 1970s body style remained largely unchanged for 19 model years -- making this series the longest Suburban generation in production . Both 2WD ( C / R ) and 4WD models ( K / V ) were offered in 1 / 2 and 3 / 4 ton chassis . Suburbans for model year 1973 now had two doors on each side ( the previous generation had just one door on the driver 's side ) , front - and - rear air conditioning , a baggage rack , a heater under the third seat and step - plates for easier access . A new Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was introduced as an option extra for the rear differential . For the 1973 model year the base engine was the 250 CID inline six ( 100 net HP ) , with a 307 or 350 - cubic - inch small block V8 ( 115 or 155 net ) , or the new - for - 1973 454 CID big block V8 ( 240 net HP ) optional . The 307 V8 was dropped for 1974 , supplanted by the 305 and 400 small block V8 's in 1976 . The 400 was dropped after 1980 , leaving the 350 as the only available engine in K - series Suburbans as the 454 was not yet offered in 4x4 's . In 1982 a new 6.2 L ( 379 cu in ) Detroit Diesel V8 engine was available , producing 130 horsepower and 240 lb. - ft. of torque . The Diesel later became the engine of choice for Suburbans exported to Europe from USA . Except for the discontinuation of the 305 V8 in ' 88 the engine line - up continued mostly unchanged , with the 350 , 454 , and 6.2 diesel , until the Suburban was redesigned onto the GMT400 chassis in 1992 . Three - speed Turbo Hydra - Matic 350 and 400 automatic transmissions were available , and the four - speed Turbo Hydra - Matic 700R4 was introduced in 1981 and was available with the small block and 6.2 - liter diesel . Towing packages , with lower axle ratio and heavy - duty cooling additions , were optional . Trim options included base ( Scottsdale ) level and upgraded Silverado versions . An optional 3rd row bench seat allowed for nine - passenger configurations . A rear heating system was optional . For model year 1981 , automatic locking front hubs were added for shift - on - the - move four - wheel drive models , and the NP208 transfer case replaced the NP205 in most models . For 1984 , asbestos was removed from rear brakes . For 1985 , a new grille was used . A total of 64,670 Suburbans were made in 1985 . For model year 1987 , the method of fuel delivery for the engines was switched from carburetors to electronic fuel injection . The system that GM chose was called throttle body injection , or TBI . Suburban gained rear - wheel anti-lock braking system ( ABS ) for the 1990 model year . A heavy - duty four - speed automatic transmission , the 4L80 - E was added for 1991 . Also for 1989 , the grille was redesigned to accommodate a quad side - by - side headlight setup and larger marker lights / turn signals than the previous dual filament single headlight setup , which was styled concurrently with the GMT400 light duty trucks . Economy models ( usually for fleet usage ) were available with only two headlights ( again , based on the base model C / K series ) . GM temporarily changed the usual `` C / K '' designation to `` R '' and `` V '' for the 1987 through 1991 model years . This was done to avoid confusion with the GMT400 - based Chevrolet C / K pickup trucks , which were introduced in 1988 , during the overlap period . 1977 GMC Suburban C15 Sierra Classic 1979 Chevrolet Suburban C20 1980 GMC Suburban C15 Sierra Classic 1983 GMC Suburban K25 Diesel 1985 - 1988 GMC Suburban Sierra Classic 1989 - 1991 Chevrolet Suburban 2500 1986 GMC Sierra Classic 1500 Eighth generation ( 1992 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) GMT400 Overview Also called GMC Suburban Holden Suburban Model years 1992 -- 1999 Assembly Janesville , Wisconsin Arlington , Texas Silao , Mexico Body and chassis Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform GMT410 / 425 Related Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon Powertrain Engine 6.5 L ( 395 cu in ) L56 & L65 Turbo Diesel V8 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) L05 V8 5.7 L ( 350 cu in ) Vortec L31 V8 ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 7.4 L ( 454 cu in ) L19 V8 7.4 L ( 454 cu in ) Vortec L29 V8 ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual NV4500 Dimensions Wheelbase 131.5 in ( 3,340 mm ) Length Chevrolet : 219.5 in ( 5,575 mm ) 1992 -- 94 GMC : 218.9 in ( 5,560 mm ) 1995 -- 96 GMC : 220.0 in ( 5,588 mm ) Width 73.6 in ( 1,869 mm ) ( 1992 -- 94 Chevrolet ) -- 77.0 in ( 1,956 mm ) ( 1995 -- 96 GMC ) Height 68.8 in ( 1,748 mm ) ( 1992 -- 94 GMC ) -- 74.6 in ( 1,895 mm ) ( 1997 -- 99 2500 4WD ) The GMT400 - based Suburbans were introduced in the 1992 model year . The similar pickup truck models had switched to the newer platforms in the 1988 model year . Both 2WD and 4WD models , designated `` C '' and `` K '' , were offered , as well as half ton and three - quarter ton ( `` 1500 '' and `` 2500 '' ) models . The base engine for all variants was the small - block 5.7 liter ( 350 cu in ) V8 . The big - block 7.4 L ( 454 cu in ) V8 was optional for the 2500 series . The optional 6.5 L Turbo diesel was available on all models -- though rare on the 1500 series . The 6.5 L Turbo diesel used in the Tahoe was detuned to 380 lb ft ( 520 N m ) torque due to the limitation of the 8.5 - inch ( 220 mm ) axle capacity . 1500 Suburbans with the 6.5 L Turbo diesel used the 14 bolt axle from the 2500 series . Ground clearance was 6.9 inches , the approach angle was 18 degrees for the K - 1500 ( 28 degrees for the K - 2500 ) and the break over angle was 18 degrees . Transmissions included the 4L60 four - speed automatic in the 1500 series , and the heavier duty 4L80 four - speed automatic in the 2500 series . The manual transmission option from the previous generation was dropped . The GMT400 series introduced independent front suspension . The 2WD models used coil springs and 4WD models used torsion bars in the front suspension . All models used a live axle and leaf springs in the rear . 0 -- 60 mph time for a 1995 Suburban was 9.3 seconds . Top speed of a 1995 Suburban is governed on the engine for economy . A maximum of 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) can be obtained . City fuel economy was 13 mpg ( 18 L / 100 km ) and highway was 15 mpg ( 16 L / 100 km ) . The turning circle was 47.8 ft ( 14.6 m ) . In 1996 , fuel economy had improved to 17 mpg ( 14 L / 100 km ) highway . Trim options included a base - level version , the LS , and the LT . Interior seating arrangements allowed for either bucket or bench seating in the first row , and optional third row bench . The vehicle could be configured from two - to nine - passenger seating . Beginning in 1994 , GM began making numerous annual changes to the Suburban , including : Revised front clip and center stop lamp ( 1994 ) Revised interior including a driver - side air bag , revised side mirrors ( 1995 ) Revised Vortec L31 ( 350 cu. in . ) and Vortec 7400 ( 454 cu. in ) engines with increased power and fuel efficiency , electronic 4WD shifting , daytime running lights , illuminated entry , and some new interior features ( 1996 ) Revised transmissions , improved steering system and added passenger - side air bag ( 1997 ) Onstar , PassLock security system and full - time AutoTrac 4WD option added , next generation `` depowered '' air bags , revised steering wheel , transmissions revised again ( 1998 ) No major changes upon introduction of redesigned 2000 models ( 1999 ) In 1998 , Holden introduced a right - hand - drive version of Suburban for the Australian and New Zealand markets with either petrol or diesel motors . A modified dashboard from 1995 to 2005 RHD Chevrolet Blazer was used . Sealed beam headlights ( from the 1988 -- 93 C / K series ) were used in place of the one - piece composite headlights sold in the USA and Canada . The models were withdrawn as a Holden brand because of low quality and sales . 1992 -- 1994 Chevrolet Suburban ( Cheyenne Trim ) 1992 -- 1994 GMC Suburban ( SL ( Base ) Trim ) GMT400 1997 -- 1999 GMC 1 / 2 Ton Suburban GMT400 1997 -- 1999 Chevrolet 3 / 4 Ton TurboDiesel Suburban ( Silverado Trim ) Holden Suburban ( edit ) Holden Suburban ( K8 ) 1500 LS In Australia and New Zealand , Holden imported the right - hand drive Chevrolet Suburban built by GM in Silao , Mexico between February 1998 and January 2001 . The Suburban was first previewed in October 1997 at the Sydney Motor Show . In total , 746 were sold ( 460 petrol and 286 diesel ) . After 2001 , subsequent models reverted to the original Chevrolet brand , which had also been used before 1998 . Over the model 's lifetime there were three trim levels : a base model , the LS and the LT . Not to be confused with the trim variants is the model code , designated K8 . On the LS ( pictured ) , `` barn doors '' are used to access the rear , whereas the LT utilizes a two - part tailgate . The Holden 's interior differed from that of the American version , whereby the dashboard of the Chevrolet Blazer was used instead . However , it had to be stretched to fit in the larger Suburban . A bench seat came standard on the entry - level variant as well as the LS , but the more expensive LT received bucket seats . With the omission of the center seat , the LT has a maximum seating capacity of eight , compared to nine . Creature comforts standard in all models included a LCD compass in the rear - view mirror , a tilt adjustable steering wheel , a driver 's airbag , ABS brakes , and dual - zone air conditioning . The second tier LS brought alloy wheels , power windows and mirrors among some features . To further up the ante , the LT gained electric front seats , leather trim , and a horizontally slated , two - part tailgate . This came as opposed to the `` barn doors '' found on the other specifications . The Suburban was offered with the choice of either a 5.7 - liter Vortec V8 , producing 190 kW ( 250 hp ) and 447 N m ( 330 lb ft ) of torque , or a 6.5 - liter turbodiesel V8 outputting 145 kW ( 194 hp ) and 583 N m ( 430 lb ft ) . The former choice was designated the `` 1500 '' name , while the turbodiesel saw the `` 2500 '' identify . The 5.7 - liter petrol engine is LPG - compatible , and such systems can be retrofitted if desired . Regardless of the engine specified , the car was equipped with a four - speed automatic transmission . However , what differed was the type of transmission . Petrol motors were fitted with the GM 4L60 - E transmission , with the GM 4L80 - E reserved for the diesel . A dashboard switch allows the vehicle to power all four wheels simultaneously , or just the rear wheels , and even allows for the low range gearing to instigate . The vehicle 's fuel efficiency has been rated at 19.7 L / 100 km ( 11.9 mpg ) for the diesel specification , with that figure rising to 21.8 L / 100 km ( 10.8 mpg ) for the petrol model . With the hefty fuel consumption comes a 159 - liter fuel tank . To combat the extra payload and towing capacity of the diesel , an improved braking package , as well as super heavy duty axles and suspension were fitted . Holden recommends a maximum 3,400 kilograms ( 7,500 lb ) towing limit for the turbo diesels , with a reduced figure of 2,720 kilograms ( 6,000 lb ) for the petrol models . Ninth generation ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) GMT800 Overview Also called GMC Yukon XL GMC Yukon XL Denali Cadillac Escalade ESV Production 1999 - December 2005 Model years 2000 -- 2006 Assembly Janesville , Wisconsin , United States Arlington , Texas , United States Silao , Guanajuato , Mexico Body and chassis Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform GMT830 Related Chevrolet Silverado / GMC Sierra Chevrolet Avalanche / Cadillac Escalade EXT Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon Cadillac Escalade Hummer H2 Powertrain Engine 5.3 L ( 325 cu in ) Vortec 5300 LM7 V8 ( Gen III ) ( 1500 only ) 5.3 L ( 325 cu in ) Vortec 5300 L59 flex fuel V8 ( Gen III ) ( 1500 only ) ( 2002 - 2006 ) 6.0 L ( 364 cu in ) Vortec 6000 LQ4 V8 ( Gen III ) ( optional on 1500 in 2006 ; standard on 2500 ) 8.1 L ( 496 cu in ) Vortec 8100 L18 V8 ( optional on 2500 only ) Transmission 4 - speed 4L60E automatic ( 1500 only ) 4 - speed 4L80E automatic ( 2500 w / 6.0 L engine only ) 4 - speed 4L85E automatic ( 2500 w / 8.1 L engine only ) Dimensions Wheelbase 130.0 in ( 3,302 mm ) Length 219.3 in ( 5,570 mm ) Width 78.8 in ( 2,002 mm ) -- 79.8 in ( 2,027 mm ) Height 73.3 in ( 1,862 mm ) ( 2000 -- 02 Chevy 1500 4WD ) -- 77.1 in ( 1,958 mm ) ( Yukon XL 2500 4WD ) GMT800 GMC Yukon XL GMT800 GMC Yukon XL Denali Chevrolet Suburban LS The GMT800 - based Suburbans were introduced in late 1999 for the 2000 model year . They were sold in two series : 1 / 2 - ton 1500 and 3 / 4 - ton 2500 . Suburbans came in Base , LS and LT trims . Optional was pushbutton 4WD with low - range transfer case . A tow hitch with trailer wiring plug was optional . For 2000 , Chevrolet 's long - serving 5.7 L and 7.4 L V8 engines were retired along with the 6.5 L diesel . New engines were Vortec 5300 5.3 L ( 325 cu in ) for the 1500 series and Vortec 6000 6.0 L ( 364 cu in ) for the 2500 series . New features included : A spare tire relocated beneath the vehicle ( instead of in the cargo area as on previous models ) `` Puddle lamps '' in the exterior mirrors on LS and LT models New instrument panel including a driver message center and engine hour meter Electronic climate control available on LT models Four - wheel disc brakes Load - leveling Autoride suspension available on LT models Premium Ride rear self - leveling suspension available on LS models - Digital Components - new wheels - new interior - new modern dashboard For 2001 , the 6.0 L V8 in 2500 - series Suburbans gained 20 hp ( 15 kW ) from a number of changes including aluminum cylinder heads . The new Vortec 8100 8.1 L ( 496 cu in ) V8 was added as an option for the 2500 as well . OnStar became standard on LT models and LS models with the new Z71 package . Quadrasteer four - wheel steering was added as an option on 1500 series trucks . 2002 saw several optional features made standard equipment on the LS model , including front and rear air conditioning , alloy wheels , power windows , power front seats , side steps , fog lamps , and heated outside rear view mirrors . Base models were discontinued , leaving LS and LT . The Vortec 5300 L59 variant in the 1500 series added flex - fuel capability . The 6.0 engine was not available in the 1500 series . For 2003 , all GM full - size trucks received an upgraded interior , with better - quality materials and other enhancements . New radios offered Radio Data System compatibility , XM satellite radio , Bose sound and improved ergonomics . Adjustable pedals were added as an option , and the instrument cluster - mounted Driver Information Center was improved and monitored up to 34 vehicle functions . A Panasonic DVD system was added as an option . GM 's Stabilitrak system was added , and Quadrasteer became available on 2500 series Suburbans . Towing capacity for Quadrasteer - equipped vehicles was reduced by 300 lbs ( the weight of the system ) . For 2004 , 1500 - series Suburbans received the Hydroboost braking system that was previously introduced in the 2500 series . The Mexican - market Suburban received a front end update this year , matching that of the Silverado . The 2005 model year saw the long - standard side - hinged panel doors discontinued in favor of the formerly optional liftgate . All engines switched to an all - electric cooling system to reduce power loss and fuel consumption . The Z71 package , long exclusive to 4WD models , became available on 2WD Suburbans . OnStar also became standard across the board . Finally , Stabilitrak became standard on all models shortly after the start of the model year . For 2006 , the GMT800 Suburban 's last year , a special LTZ trim package became available , featuring 20 - inch ( 510 mm ) wheels , all - wheel drive , and the LQ4 6.0 L engine of the 2500 series of trucks and SUVs . The catalytic converters were relocated closer to the engine . The XM radio antenna and the OnStar antenna were combined into a single unit . Engines ( edit ) Vortec 5300 325 cu in V8 270 hp ( 00 ) , 285 hp ( 01 - 03 ) 295 hp ( 04 - 06 ) 03 - 06 at 5200 rpm and 335 lb ft ( 454 N.m ) of torque at 4000 rpm . Vortec 6000 364 cu in V8 ( 335 hp at 5200 rpm and 375 lb ft ( 508 N m ) of torque at 4000 rpm ) . Vortec 8100 496 cu in V8 ( 325 hp at 4200 rpm and 447 lb ft ( 606 N m ) of torque at 3200 rpm ) . Vortec 5700 350 cu in V8 remained in use in 2002 - 00 Suburbans , Tahoes ( called Sonora ) as well as Silverado pickup trucks in the Mexican market Tenth generation ( 2007 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) GMT900 Overview Also called GMC Yukon XL Cadillac Escalade ESV VIA VTrux SUV Production January 2006 -- December 2013 Model years 2007 -- 2014 Assembly Janesville , Wisconsin , U.S. Arlington , Texas , U.S. Silao , Mexico Body and chassis Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform GMT930 : GMT931 ( Suburban ) GMT932 ( Yukon XL ) Related Cadillac Escalade Chevrolet Avalanche Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon T - 98 Kombat / Dartz Powertrain Engine 5.3 L ( 325 cu in ) Vortec 5300 LY5 V8 ( 1500 only ) 5.3 L ( 325 cu in ) Vortec 5300 LMG flex fuel V8 ( optional on 1500 only ) 6.0 L ( 364 cu in ) Vortec 6000 L76 V8 ( 1500 only ) ( optional from 2007 - 2009 ) 6.0 L ( 364 cu in ) Vortec 6000 LY6 V8 ( 2500 only ) 6.2 L ( 376 cu in ) Vortec 6200 V8 ( GMC Yukon XL 1500 Denali only ) Transmission 4 - speed 4L60E automatic ( 1500 only ) ( standard from 2007 - 2009 ) 4 - speed 4L80E automatic ( 2500 only ) ( standard 2007 only ) 6 - speed 6L80 automatic ( 1500 only ) ( optional in 2009 , standard from 2010 - 2014 ) 6 - speed 6L90 automatic ( 2500 only ) ( standard from 2008 - 2013 ) Dimensions Wheelbase 130.0 in ( 3,302 mm ) Length 222.4 in ( 5,649 mm ) Width 79.1 in ( 2,009 mm ) Height 76.8 in ( 1,951 mm ) Denali : 77.1 in ( 1,958 mm ) 2010 GMC Yukon XL SLT GMT900 GMC Yukon XL Denali Chevrolet Suburban The 2007 model year Suburban and Yukon XL were unveiled at the 2006 Los Angeles Auto Show in January . Production of the redesigned GMT900 Suburban and Yukon XL began at Janesville Assembly and Silao Assembly in January 2006 ( Suburban ) April 2006 ( Yukon XL ) , with the vehicles arriving at dealerships in April . The new models were redesigned with more modern , less boxy styling , already seen on the previously released 2007 Tahoes and Yukons . The exterior features a more aerodynamic shape , made partly by a steeply raked windshield angle . The new design is more aerodynamic . The interior has a redesigned dashboard and improved seats . It still retains its 9 - passenger seating availability , which is available on LS and SLE models only . LT2 , and LT3 models have leather seating and available 6 - , 7 - , and 8 - passenger seating . There is a Z71 package available on LT2 and LT3 models which includes two - tone leather seats . All Mexican - built Suburbans including the 9 - seat models offer the special two - tone leather seating used by the Z71 . The Suburban LTZ comes standard with a DVD player , GPS navigation enhanced radio that is touch screen . For the 2010 model year , in which U.S. News & World Report ranked it as the number one affordable large SUV , the Suburban added a premium interior package that includes tri-zone climate control and handy features like Bluetooth and rear audio controls . In addition , radios that are standard in all 2010 trims get a USB port , allowing for music to be played from auxiliary devices though the radio , as well as charging other small electronics . The 6.0 liter engine in the 2010 models will also be flex fuel capable . Minor front end changes including a slightly raised front bumper and side torso air bags were also made standard for 2010 . In February 2010 , Chevrolet unveiled a 75th anniversary edition of the Suburban , which will have the LTZ trim with white diamond tricoat exterior paint and cashmere interior , along with standard 20 - inch chrome - clad wheels , revised roof rails , integrated navigation radio , XM Satellite Radio , Bluetooth phone connectivity , rearview camera , rear park assist , remote starting , adjustable pedals , and leather upholstery with heated / cooled front seats . Chevrolet says that the anniversary edition will be limited to 2,570 units because of the amount of white diamond paint GM can procure . The 5.3 L and 6.0 L engines carried over , and a new 403 horsepower ( 301 kW ) 6.2 L Vortec V8 was added for the Yukon XL Denali . The 8.1 L engine was dropped . For the 2011 model year , the Suburban will add three new exterior colors to the lineup : Mocha Steel Metallic , Green Steel Metallic , and Ice Blue Metallic . The trims will also get an updated modification , with the rear audio system , Bluetooth , floor console / storage area , wood grain interior , luggage rack rails , body - color exterior door handle / mirror caps and premium - cloth front bucket seats now standard on the 1LS trim , and chrome recovery hooks , two - speed transfer case , and 20 - inch chrome wheels standard on its 1LS 4WD models . In addition , the trailering package will feature the trailer brake controller as a standard on all trims . For the 2012 model year , trailer sway control and Hill Start Assist become standard on all trims , while the LTZ trim added a heated steering wheel and Side Blind Zone Alert as a standard . Also , the LT1 / 2 options for the Suburban and SLE1 / 2 and SLT1 / 2 options on the Yukon XL were discontinued , leaving the Suburban with only a LS , LT and LTZ trim and the Yukon XL with a SLE and SLT trim . In 2012 , GMC celebrated its 100th anniversary by releasing a special edition of its Yukon XL , offering a Heritage Edition trim package . This would also be the final year that three colors , Graystone Metallic , Gold Mist Metallic and Blue Topaz Metallic , would be offered , along with the all season blackwall P265 / 65R18 tires . For the 2013 model year , two new colors were offered : Champagne Silver Metallic and Blue Ray Metallic ( extra charge ) . Also new is Powertrain Grade Braking , normal mode . The 2013 arrived for Chevrolet dealers in June 2012 . For the 2014 model year , power - adjustable pedals , remote vehicle starter system and rear parking assist along with rear vision camera and inside mirror with camera display will become standard on the Suburban LS trims . In addition , Concord Metallic ( which was supposed to be available for the 2013 MY ) will be added to the Suburban color offerings for the 2014 models . For the Yukon XL , a convenience package will now become standard on its SLE models , along with a new color , Deep Indigo Metallic . In February 2014 , The Suburban came in second behind the Tahoe among the top - ranked large affordable SUVs by U.S News & World Report . This would be followed by being acknowledged as an award recipient in the large SUV category by JD Power and Associates in July 2014 . The three - quarter ton model 's towing capacity is 9,600 lb ( 4,400 kg ) , being one of the best of any 4x4 SUV and Unmatched by any other SUV . The three - quarter ton model also has a GCVW of 16,000 lb ( 7,300 kg ) . The 2500 Suburban was originally sourced from Silao , Mexico from 2007 to 2008 but was moved to the Arlington , Texas assembly plant for the 2009 model year , where production of all GM fullsize SUVs was consolidated after the closing of the Janesville plant . GM discontinued the 2500 3 / 4 Ton versions of both Suburban and Yukon XL models after the 2013 model year . The tenth generation Suburban 's design provided the basis for the Declasse Granger and its law enforcement counterparts , a line of fictitious SUVs that are featured in the Grand Theft Auto video game series as of Grand Theft Auto V . Eleventh generation ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) GMT K2YC / G Overview Also called GMC Yukon XL Cadillac Escalade ESV ( 2015 -- present ) Production February 2014 - present Model years 2015 - present Assembly Arlington , Texas Designer Louis `` Chip '' Thole , Warrack Leach , Alexandre Henriques , Tyler Moffatt Body and chassis Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / four - wheel drive Platform GMT K2XX Suburban : GMTK2YC Yukon XL / Denali XL : GMTK2YG Related Cadillac Escalade ( 2015 ) Chevrolet Tahoe / GMC Yukon ( 2015 ) Powertrain Engine 5.3 L ( 325 cu in ) EcoTec3 V8 FlexFuel 6.2 L EcoTec3 V - 8 FlexFuel ( Yukon Denali / Yukon XL Denali ) Transmission 6 - speed GM 6L80 automatic 8 - speed GM 8L90 automatic ( Yukon Denali / Yukon XL Denali ) Dimensions Wheelbase 130.0 in ( 3,302 mm ) Length Suburban : 224.4 in ( 5,700 mm ) Yukon XL : 224.3 in ( 5,697 mm ) Width 80.5 in ( 2,045 mm ) Height 74.4 in ( 1,890 mm ) Denali : 77.1 in ( 1,958 mm ) 2015 GMC Yukon Denali XL at the Rochester International Auto Show . Interior ( Chevrolet Suburban ) The Twelfth generation Chevrolet Suburban , GMC Yukon XL , and Yukon Denali XL were introduced to the public on September 12 , 2013 , and GM unveiled the vehicles in different locations ( The Suburban in New York , Yukon XL in Los Angeles ) on that date . Both vehicles are based on the GMT K2XX platform and will carry unique serial designated numbers , identified by platform ( K2 ) , brand ( YC for Chevrolet , YG for GMC ) , drivetrain ( C for 2WD ; K for 4WD ) , tonnage ( 15 for half - ton , 25 for 3 / 4 - ton , 35 for 1 - ton ) , wheelbase ( 7 for short , 9 for long ) , and 06 for SUV , which means that a K2YC - K - 15 - 9 - 06 would be identified as a Chevrolet Suburban 1500 4WD . The Suburban and Yukon XL went on sale in February 2014 as a 2015 model , with the vehicles built exclusively in Arlington , Texas . Production details ( edit ) The newly redesigned Suburban and Yukon XL were showcased to the public for the first time on September 27 , 2013 , at the State Fair of Texas . This move comes on the heels of the 80th anniversary of the first production of the Suburban in 1934 . The designs and concepts were created by GM 's exterior design manager Chip Thole ( prior to his transfer to GM 's Buick design studio in 2013 ) , who told Truck Trend `` I start with what intuition tells me about the market and get the team going on that . You look at trends around the industry -- fashion , culture , what people are buying , what they say they want now -- and project that into the future . The fun part is putting those ideas to paper and going from there . '' He then added `` We wanted to take what was good about today 's vehicles , bring that forward and make them new and different with that spark of freshness that people recognize , without making them gimmicky or overdone . '' Thole also challenged his design team to help bring ideas to the SUVs , which lead to the split headlamps and a more graphic feel for the Suburban design , while a more industrial but sculptured look was added to the Yukon XL to give it a unique identity of its own . Production on the Suburban and Tahoe began in December 2013 with the first completed SUVs being used for testing purposes . GM then officially started shipping the vehicles to dealerships on February 5 , 2014 . It is estimated that it takes 8 -- 10 weeks to assemble the SUVs , save for the upgrades on the level trims and destination scheduling . Chevrolet introduced the designs , choices and build - your - own features for the 2015 models on its website in January 2014 with a set price starting at $47,000 ( 2WD ) to $50,000 ( 4WD ) for the LS trim , $52,000 ( 2WD ) to $55,000 ( 4WD ) for the LT trim , and $61,000 ( 2WD ) to $65,000 ( 4WD ) for the LTZ trim . The pricing on GMC 's Yukon XL 's are set at around $49,000 ( 2WD ) to $52,000 ( 4WD ) for the SLE , $57,000 ( 2WD ) to $60,000 ( 4WD ) for the SLT , and $65,000 ( 2WD ) to $68,000 ( 4WD ) for the Denali trims . Features ( edit ) The front fascias of the Chevy Suburban and GMC Yukon XL are distinct , but from the base of the A-pillars back , they share most of the same styling cues . This now includes inlaid doors that tuck into the door sills , instead of over them , improving aerodynamics , fuel economy , and lessens interior noise . The hoods and liftgate panels are made of aluminum in an effort to reduce vehicle weight , and the wiper blades that was located on the liftgate door is moved to the rear spoiler located on the top of the rear liftgate window . Also noticeable is the SUV 's length , which expands from 222.4 in ( 5,649 mm ) to 224.4 in ( 5,700 mm ) ( the Yukon XL 's length is shorter at 224.3 in ( 5,697 mm ) ) and its width from 79.1 in ( 2,009 mm ) to 80.5 in ( 2,045 mm ) , while the height decreases from 76.8 in ( 1,951 mm ) to 74.4 in ( 1,890 mm ) , thus allowing the vehicle to become slightly leaner , a little bit wider , more streamlined , and roomier . A more - efficient , direct - injected EcoTec3 V8 powertrain ( 5.3 for the Suburban , 6.2 for Yukon XL / Yukon Denali XL ) coupled with improved aerodynamics , helped the SUVs offer greater estimated highway fuel economy and improving its MPG and CAFE estimates to 16MPG ( City ) / 23MPG ( Highway ) / 18 ( Combined ) for 2WD , and 15MPG ( City ) / 22MPG ( Highway ) / 18 ( Combined ) for 4WD . The increased MPGs also vaulted the Suburban / Yukon XL into the top spot among large SUVs with the most efficient MPG rating numbers for this segment . However , when Motor Trend ( which placed the 2015 Suburban on the front cover of its June 2014 issue ) did a road test review on the SUVs , it estimated the 4WD MPG on the Suburban LTZ to be slightly better at around 15.2 City and 22.3 Highway , while the 4WD Yukon Denali XL , whose MPG is rated at 14 City / 20 Highway , was estimated lower at 12.4 City and 19.2 Highway . Like the 2007 -- 14 version , both the Suburban and Yukon XL do not share a single piece of sheetmetal or lighting element with the brands ' full - size pick - up trucks ( GMC Sierra and Chevy Silverado ) , and the front grilles of both vehicles are slightly altered to give it their own identity . The front headlights features projector - beam headlamps that flanks the Chevrolet - signature dual - port grille -- chrome on all models , sweeping into the front fenders , while Tahoe and Suburban LTZ and Yukon and Yukon XL Denali trims feature projector beam high - intensity discharge headlamps and light - emitting diode daytime running lamps . The Yukon and Yukon XL also feature projector - beam halogen headlamps on all SLE and SLT trims . The improved safety features included a 360 - degree radar detection for crash avoidance and occupant protection and a high - tech anti-theft system that now includes vertical and interior sensors , in - glass and window breaking , a triggering alarm and a shutdown device that prevents the vehicle from moving . The latter is expected to address the issues regarding the constant thefts of the vehicles , especially with the previous generation 's removable seats and items left in the cargo space , which has become a target for carjackers who see the third row seats as valuable on the black market . According to General Motors ' head of Global Vehicle Security Bill Biondo , `` We have engineered a layered approach to vehicle security , '' adding that `` With new standard features and the available theft protection package , we are making the vehicles less attractive target to thieves and more secure for our customers . '' Also new are the addition of fold - flat second and third - row seats ( replacing the aforementioned removable third seats ) , which is now a standard feature but can be equipped with an optional power - folding feature for the upgraded trims , and an additional two inches of leg room for second - row passengers . HD radio became a standard feature on all trims . Multiple USB ports and power outlets are now spread throughout their interiors , including one 110 - volt , three - prong outlet on both Suburban and Yukon XL , with the Suburban adding an available eight - inch color touch screen radio with next - generation MyLink connectivity along with an available rear - seat entertainment system with dual screens and Blu - ray DVD player , while the Yukon XL adds a standard eight - inch - diagonal color touch screen radio with enhanced IntelliLink and available navigation . A 4G LTE WiFi access system , along with Siri Eyes Free and text messaging alerts , was included into all vehicles that feature the OnStar device around the second quarter of 2014 . The Yukon XL interior has more additional features that includes seats stuffed with dual - firmness foam , a standard Bose sound system and SD card slots , and laminated glass for the windshield and front windows , decreasing interior noise . The Denali Yukon XLs comes equipped with active noise - cancellation technology , with GM 's third - generation magnetic ride control suspension as a standard feature , which is only featured on the Suburban LTZ models , whose upgraded features also includes a real - time damping system that delivers more precise body motion control by `` reading '' the road every millisecond , and changing damping in just five milliseconds . The Suburban will have eight color palettes to choose from for the 2015 model year : Champagne Silver Metallic , Silver Ice Metallic , White Diamond Tricoat , Sable Metallic , Crystal Red Tricoat , Summit White , Tungsten Metallic , and Black . The GMC Yukon XL palettes will be available in nine colors : Onyx Black , Summit White , Quicksilver Metallic , Champagne Silver Metallic , Iridium Metallic , Bronze Alloy Metallic , Crystal Red Tintcoat , White Diamond Tricoat , and Midnight Amethyst Metallic . The latter three will be the most expensive color trim options . Trims ( edit ) For Chevrolet Suburban Suburban LS : New 5.3 L V8 engine with Direct Injection Seats eight or seating for up to 9 nine ( optional on LS only ) Fold - flat second - and third - row seats Automatic tri-zone climate controls Front center air bag Rear vision camera Rear Park Assist Remote vehicle starter system Halogen projector low beam headlights with DRL filaments ( controlled by daylight sensor ) ( halogen low beam DRLs are to be replaced by LED DRLs for all trim levels starting for the 2018 model year ) Suburban LT : Leather - appointed trim Heated front bucket seats with memory Power liftgate with programmable height Lane Departure Warning Forward Collision Alert Chevrolet MyLink Bose premium sound system Wireless Charging Available with sunroof Available heated rear seats Rear seat entertainment system ( optional on LT and Premier only ) Seats eight or seven Suburban LTZ ( Renamed to Premier for the 2017 model year ) : High - intensity discharge projector headlamps LED daytime running lamps ( controlled by daylight sensor ) ( to be standard on all 2018 Chevy Tahoe and Suburban trim levels ) Passive entry with push - button start ( optional on LT ) Front Park Assist Magnetic Ride Control 12 - way power - adjustable heated and cooled front seats Memory power - tilt and telescoping steering column Power - release second - row and power-fold third - row seats ( optional on LT ) Side Blind Zone Alert with Rear Cross Traffic Alert Lane Change Assist ( optional on LT ) Hands Free Liftgate ( Standard mid year into the 2015 model year , optional on LT ) Seats eight or seven 2015 mid-year update ( edit ) The Suburban received a new color palette , Brownstone Metallic , and added a hands - free power liftgate feature that is standard on LTZ , but included on LT with the optional Luxury Package . The added 4G LTE WiFi and Siri features became standard on both LT and LTZ trims , while the MyLink with Navigation feature was upgraded from optional to standard on the LTZ trim . The E85 capability feature is removed from retail orders . The Yukon XL , in addition to receiving the aforementioned features , sees the 6.2 - liter EcoTec3 V8 engine being updated with the new 8L90E eight - speed automatic transmission for the interim model year , allowing it to improve fuel economy . The Yukon XL Denali however saw its MSRP bumped up by $1,300 in part due to the loaded features . 2016 ( edit ) For the 2016 model year ( which commenced sales in July 2015 ) , the Chevrolet Suburban received more upgraded changes and new features that included power - adjustable pedals , forward collision alert , IntelliBeam headlamps , lane keep assist and a safety alert seat as part of the newly introduced enhanced driver alert package as an available option on the LS trim . The inside floor console with storage area - SD card reader was removed , while a new AM / FM audio integrated system with Sirius XM , HD Radio , and CD / MP3 capabilities was introduced as a standard feature on all trims ; the 8 - inch MyLink feature was expanded to the LS trim and became standard ( replacing the 4 - inch display ) , although the navigation feature remains as an option on LT and standard on LTZ . A new liftgate shield was added to the Theft Protection Package , along with the new lane keep assist which replaced the lane departure warning . The capless fuel fill tanks became standard on all trims . Siren Red Tintcoat and Iridescent Pearl Tricoat became the new color trims , replacing Crystal Red Tintcoat and White Diamond Tricoat . The instrument cluster was re-configured with a new multi-color enhancement and a heads - up display was introduced as a standard only on the LTZ trim . The 2016 models also saw a price hike as well . The 2016 GMC Yukon XL also sees similar changes , with the new enhanced driver alert package as an available option on the SLE trim , liftgate , power , hands - free now packaged on SLT trims , a free - flow feature that replaced the Premium package , a lane keep assist added to all trims , and two new premium colors ( Crimson Red Tintcoat and White Frost Tricoat ) replacing Crystal Red Tintcoat and White Diamond Tricoat respectively . Chevrolet added Apple CarPlay and Android Auto Capability features to the Suburban starting with the 2016 models . However , only one of their phone brands at any one time can be used , while the Android Auto option will only be available on LT and LTZ trims featuring 8 - inch screens . GM expanded newer 4G LTE features ( like detecting battery failure and monitoring insurance discounts based on driver performance ) to 2016 model year vehicles , including the Suburban , which GM cited as being the vehicle that is the most used among data subscribers . 2017 ( edit ) The 2017 model year Chevrolet Suburban received upgraded changes after it went on sale in August 2016 . The level trims LS and LT are retained but the LTZ is renamed Premier , the latter serving as the equivalent to the Yukon XL Denali . The LS trims also saw the badged `` LS '' lettering removed . The new features includes two new colors ( Blue Velvet Metallic and Pepperdust Metallic ) , two new 22 - inch wheel options ( a 7 - spoke Silver wheels with Chrome inserts for all trims ; Ultra Bright machined aluminum wheels with Bright Silver finish for Premier trim only ) , black roof rack cross rails ( as part of the Texas Edition Package and All - Season Package ) , front active aero shutters ( all trims ) , and heated and vented seats ( Premier trim only ) . The MyLink was updated to incorporate Teen Driver , App Shop , Rear Seat Reminder customization , and Low Speed Forward Automatic Braking ( as part of Enhanced Driver Alert Package on the LS trim , but standard on LT and Premier ) . The Rear Seat Entertainment System was overhauled to include a new video voiceover feature for the visually and hearing impaired , a HDMI / MHL connector , digital headphones , Digital Living Network Alliance ( DLNA ) technology incorporated into the Wi - Fi system , and a 2nd USB port with capability of charging up to a 2.1 - amp at the back of the console . The 2017 model year Yukon XL also received similar changes , but with a few exceptions . Two new colors , Dark Blue Sapphire Metallic and Mineral Metallic were introduced , the latter exclusive to the Denali , which ialso added a new 22 - inch ultra bright aluminum wheels with midnight silver premium paint and a head - up display to its features . The interior backlights changed from red to blue . The heated and vented driver and front passenger seats are now standard on the SLT and Denali trims . 2018 ( edit ) The 2018 model year Suburban will also have a few upgrades and deletions . The LED daytime running lights became standard on all trims , along with a new color , havana brown and satin steel metallic . The cocoa / mahogany interior that was combined with the pepperdust metallic exterior is dropped along with the wireless / inductive phone charging that was part of the Luxury and Texas Edition LT level trims . The fleet / commercial level trim , which had fewer features , is upgraded to include MyLink , HD Radio , multi-color driver information center , LED daytime running lights , and an optional driver alert package . On May 24 , 2017 , GMC announced that the 2018 Yukon Denali XL will receive a new grille with a layered appearance like the ones on its redesigned 2018 Acadia and Terrain brands , featuring high - intensity - discharge headlights and LED daytime running lights . The refreshed design provides better airflow to the radiator , and when less cooling air is needed , shutters behind the grille close to improve aerodynamics and increase efficiency . The interior will feature new ash wood trim that GMC says gives the cabin a richer appearance . A new 10 - speed automatic transmission will be mated to its 420 - horsepower , 6.2 - liter V - 8 engine , replacing the 8 - speed transmission . Signature Editions ( edit ) As of the 2018 model year , Chevrolet began offering `` Signature Edition '' package / trims of the Suburban . Each of the specialty versions are available at the LT and Premier level trims . Z71 and Texas Edition ( edit ) On September 26 , 2014 , Chevrolet debuted the updated Z71 Suburban at the State Fair of Texas , along with the debut of the Texas Edition Suburban , the latter due to Texas having the largest units of Suburbans sold in the United States ( As of August 2014 , sales of the Chevrolet SUVs in Texas was up 37 percent ) and to celebrate the 60th anniversary of GM 's Arlington Assembly plant ; production of the Z71 Suburban began in October 2014 . As with the previous Z71 Suburbans , this version continued to be offered in a 4WD LT trim only , featuring a front skid plate , off - road tires mounted on 18 - inch wheels , a unique grille , running boards and `` Z71 '' identification inside and out . Fog lamps , front tow hooks and front parking assist are also included . The 2016 Z71 package was modified again , as portions of the Z71 items added on the Texas Edition package as an optional feature by request from customers was discontinued , making it a stand - alone package . The Texas Edition Suburban , which became part of the Texas Edition lineup along with the Tahoe and Silverado , was available in both LT and LTZ trims for the 2015 model year , featuring a maximum trailering package , twenty - inch polished aluminum wheels ( on LT models ) , twenty - two - inch premium painted aluminum wheels ( on LTZ models ) , and an exclusive `` Texas Edition '' badge . For the 2016 model year , Chevrolet discontinued the LTZ package but modified for the LT package without the requested Z71 features . LT Signature Edition ( edit ) The Suburban LT Signature Edition is a optional package trim , similar to the luxury package but with less expensive features , available in the LT level trim only . Midnight Edition ( edit ) A Midnight Edition Suburban , an all - black optional package available in 4WD LT and Z71 versions , was introduced for the 2017 model year . This version became part of the Signature Edition Suburban feature for the 2018 model year . RST Edition ( edit ) On April 6 , 2017 , Chevrolet announced that it will add a new package to the 2018 model year Suburban with the introduction of the street - themed RST ( Rally Sport Truck ) Special Edition Suburban . Originally at the time of the announcement , it was supposed to be available as an option for the LT and Premier trims as a Performance Package that included a 420 - hp , 6.2 L V - 8 engine , a Magnetic Ride Control with performance calibration , and an all - new Hydra - Matic 10L80 10 - speed automatic transmission . The press release also detailed additional features ; The chrome elements are absent as body - color grilles surround the door and handles , along with an added gloss - black grille and mirror caps , black roof rails , window trim , badging and Chevy bowties , an exclusive 22 - inch wheels wrapped in Bridgestone P285 / 45R 22 tires , a Borla performance exhaust system , massive front red Brembo six - piston , fixed aluminum calipers with brake pads clamping on larger - than - stock 410 x 32mm ( 16.1 inch x 1.3 inch ) Duralife rotors , coupled with a 84 percent increase in brake pad area and a 42 percent increase in rotor area to increase system thermal capacity . However , after the press release Chevrolet confirmed that the RST Suburban will only be available as an appearance package , as the 6.2 L engine will not be used . 2500HD and 3500HD Suburban ( edit ) A 2500HD Suburban became available in 2015 as a 2016 model . However , this version , identified as a Class 3 vehicle ( around 10,000 to 14,000 pound GVWR ) , is only available for sale to rental companies and commercial fleet entities as a 4WD vehicle and will use the same design as the twelfth generation version , but uses a different engine altogether . The 2500HD Suburban is only offered in LS and LT trims , reserving the LTZ trim for a more luxurious offering ( like limousine or taxi - related services ) . There is no 2WD or upgraded packages . In addition , there are no plans to offer a 3 / 4 - ton GMC Yukon XL as GM is making the design exclusive to Chevrolet for the time being . A one - ton `` Suburban 3500HD , '' which would be a GM - unique SUV , was introduced for the 2016 model year . This is government - exclusive and available in 4WD LS and LT trims only , weighing around 11,000 pound GVWR , 17 - inch machined aluminum wheels ( 8 lug ) , a high capacity air cleaner , 220 amp alternator , external engine oil cooler and auxiliary transmission cooler . Although the vehicle has a high GVWR , it is configured to provide a minimal towing capacity and is primarily intended for conversion to an armored vehicle . This version does not include HD radio , nor is there a GMC Yukon XL equivalent , making this version exclusive to Chevrolet as well . Additional changes and upgrades ( edit ) There is no diesel variant of the full - size SUVs for the 2015 model year . GM , however , will offer another off - road variant or trim for the Suburban and Yukon XL starting with the twelfth generation , which is in the planning stages . With the relaunch of the Z71 package in the Suburban , GM filed papers to trade mark the Trail Boss name for use on future Chevrolet truck and SUV models . One concept design for the Suburban called the Half - Pipe , whose features include roof racks and crossbars to mount skis , was featured at the SEMA Show on November 4 , 2013 ; its parts will be available for order at Chevrolet Accessories . This would later be followed by a video chat from GMC about the Yukon XL on November 6 , 2013 , which confirmed that the reason for the safety and fuel economy was the catalyst for GMC to no longer offer an AWD in the Yukon Denali XL and added that there will be no volume controls or devices in the rear seating area to operate the DVD system . On February 12 , 2014 , Callaway Cars announced that it will add an upgraded supercharged package to the Suburban for an additional $17,000 . On September 25 , 2015 , Corsa Performance added a cat - back exhaust system package for customers looking to upgrade their K2XX Suburban or Yukon XL , which would give the 5.3 L versions a 669 % flow increase and the 6.2 L versions a 342 % flow increase . Reviews and reception ( edit ) The news of the redesigned Suburban and Yukon XL have so far been met with positive reviews from automotive critics who praised GM 's devotion and commitment to keeping the Suburban and its sister SUVs in production due to their popularity and sales . A test drive that was done on February 25 , 2014 received positive reviews for its speed , handling , technology , and performance from The Fast Lane , and an overall 9 rating ( out of 10 ) from Canada 's Autonet.ca . Truck Trend quoted that they never really thought of the Suburban and Yukon XL as `` one - percent '' vehicles ( referring to their previous generations and its upper - class and family - oriented customers ) , they 're now solidly `` ten - percenters '' with the updated versions . However at the same time it has seen mixed comments from message boards like Autoblog and Chevrolet 's Facebook page , mainly about the front grille , its boxy design , GM 's decision to not include additional or optional features to the Suburban , like a Duramax engine , and the conspicuous absence of the `` 2500 '' ( or 3 / 4 ton ) version in the current production lineup or making it available for sale to the public . In a review from Automobile Magazine , writer Greg Migliore notes that despite the reception from both sides and the possibility that other automakers might exit the large SUV segment , that with this 12th generation , `` GM is clearly hoping the Suburban makes it to the century mark . '' The Detroit News gave the 2016 Suburban LTZ a 4 star ( excellent ) rating , this after comparing the SUV with the Fiat 500L in an experimental test inspired by Pope Francis ' 2015 visit to North America , in which the Pontiff used the 500L , which is the equivalent of the President of the United States ' armored Suburban The 2016 model also got a workout of sorts at the Florida International Rally & Motorsports Park to test its abilities on the racetrack , where it performed successfully . The 2015 Suburban was ranked third among the top affordable SUVs and fifth among affordable SUVs with 3 - row seats by U.S. News & World Report , and was among the finalists in Motor Trend 's SUV of the year for 2015 . It also received a 2015 MotorWeek Drivers ' Choice Award for best large SUV , while Consumer Reports ranked the Suburban as the best SUV with a third row seat , topping its competitors in this category . On May 31 , 2016 , the Chevrolet Suburban took third place behind the Tahoe and GMC Yukon in the 2016 J.D. Power Vehicle Dependability Study among full - size SUVs , based on responses from owners of the vehicles . Sales ( edit ) The interest in the redesigned twelfth generation Suburban has also translated into surging sales . In April 2014 it saw a 109.8 percent spike with most dealers reporting that the vehicles are being sold within 10 days after it arrives on the dealership lots with customers opting for the fully loaded LTZ model , making it one of Chevrolet 's fastest selling brands in 2014 . The twelfth generation Suburban is also a hot seller in the Middle East , where in August 2014 posted a 37 % increase in sales , with most of the purchases coming from Saudi Arabia ( 65 % ) , the United Arab Emirates ( 15 % ) and Qatar ( 108 % ) . By the end of September 2014 , GM sold more than 4101 units of the Suburban ( up 50.1 % ) , while the Yukon XL posted 2165 units sold ( up 64 % ) , with GM boasting that 80 % of the vehicles sold were its large SUVs . In Canada , sales of the Suburban reached 966 units ( up 43 % ) in 2014 , although the Yukon XL is the best seller in that country with 1,760 vehicles sold ( up 50.3 % ) that same year . Overall , they account for 70 percent of GM Canada 's SUV sales for 2014 . On August 17 , 2015 , GM confirmed plans to increase production on its large SUVs , especially on the Suburban / Yukon XL , due to lower gas prices and a higher demand for the vehicles . The move also resulted in its Arlington Assembly adding more hours and increasing its production from 48,000 SUVs to 60,000 based on the expanding hours and added Saturday overtime shifts . The 2017 MY Suburban saw its biggest sales increase in January 2017 , when it posted a 72.3 % gain ( 5,634 units ) , the most ever since January 2008 when it had the 2008 MY Suburban . Military applications ( edit ) Main article : Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicle LSSV Overview Manufacturer General Motors , AM General Model years 2001 -- present Body and chassis Body style 2 - door SUV 4 - door SUV 2 - door pickup 4 - door pickup Platform GM GMT880 platform Powertrain Engine 6.6 L Duramax V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4L80 - E automatic 5 - speed Allison 1000 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase varies by model Length varies by model Width varies by model Height varies by model Curb weight varies by model When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000 , GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings . The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle in 2001 . In 2005 , LSSV production switched to AM General , a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings . The LSSV is a GM - built Chevrolet Silverado 1500 , Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD , Chevrolet Tahoe , or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 - liter turbo diesel engine . As GM has periodically redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001 to the present , LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically . The militarization of standard GM trucks / SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint ( Forest Green , Desert Sand , or 3 - color Camouflage ) , blackout lights , military bumpers , a brush guard , a NATO slave receptacle / NATO trailer receptacle , a pintle hook , tow shackles and a 24 / 12 volt electrical system . The dashboard has additional controls and dataplates . The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab , cargo tie down hooks , folding troop seats , pioneer tools , winches , and other military accessories . In the Canadian Army these vehicles are nicknamed `` Milverado '' . The Enhanced Mobility Package ( EMP ) option adds an uprated suspension , 4 - wheel anti-lock brakes , a locking rear differential , beadlock tires , a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades . About 2,000 LSSV units have been sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations . Variants ( edit ) Cargo / Troop Carrier Pickup ( 2 - door , Extended Cab , or 4 - door Silverado ) Cargo / Troop Carrier / Command Vehicle ( 4 - door Tahoe ) Cargo / Troop Carrier / Command Vehicle / Ambulance ( 4 - door Suburban ) Safety ( edit ) 2007 -- 14 ( edit ) For the 2009 model year , the Suburban received the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 's ( NHTSA ) best rating of 5 stars in the frontal driver / passenger and side driver / passenger categories . NHTSA Chevrolet Suburban crash test results ( For 2009 models ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : 2WD Rollover : 4WD Rollover : 2015 -- present ( edit ) For the 2015 model year , the Suburban received an NHTSA rating of 4 stars overall , with the side driver / passenger categories receiving 5 stars . ( Because of more stringent tests , 2011 and newer model ratings are not comparable to 1990 -- 2010 ratings . ) The NHTSA gave the 2016 models 4 stars overall in its review , similar to its review of its 2015 models . NHTSA Chevrolet Suburban crash test results ( For 2015 models ) : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Rear Passenger : 2WD Rollover : 4WD Rollover : 2016 GMC Yukon Denali on NHTSA Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover AWD : 22.2 % Insurance institute for Highway safety ( iihs ) ( edit ) 1995 -- 99 Suburban ( edit ) It gave the Suburban an Acceptable rating along with the Tahoe and Yukon . The Escalade also got an Acceptable rating . 2000 -- 06 Suburban ( edit ) The Suburban , Tahoe , GMC Yukon and Escalade a Good rating and a Best Pick . However all four including the Yukon XL got a Good rating for head protection in side and seats and head restraints . 2007 -- 14 Suburban ( edit ) The Suburban , Tahoe , Yukon and Escalade earned a Good rating in the front offset . However 2007 -- 09 models without side airbags got a Poor rating . Models with them got a Marginal rating . 2010 -- 14 models got a Top Safety pick . 2015 -- present models ( edit ) All of the K2XX SUVs received a top safety pick , except for the Chevrolet / GMC 1500 series pickups , which have not been tested . The pickups have been tested against the moderate overlap test , for which they received a good rating . Recalls ( edit ) On March 28 , 2014 , GM announced a recall on the 2015 Suburban and Yukon XL in order to fix a `` transmission oil cooler line that is not securely seated in its fitting , '' causing the vehicle to stop and rupture the oil cooling line , resulting in the engine to malfunction and catching fire immediately . The move comes on the heels on an incident that happened on March 23 , 2014 , when a 2015 GMC Yukon caught fire and went up in flames in Anaheim , California during a test drive . Despite being an isolated incident , the 2015 Suburban and Yukon XL are not tied to GM 's announced recall of its vehicles ( from previous generation models and discontinued brands that were produced prior to , during , and after , GM 's restructuring in 2010 ) that was made on March 17 , 2014 . On June 6 , 2014 , GM issued another recall on the 2015 Suburban and Yukon XL because their radio control modules may not work , and thus prevent certain audible safety warnings . This would be followed two weeks later on June 27 , 2014 with another recall , in which the transfer case `` may electronically switch to neutral without input from the driver , '' adding that if this occurs while the vehicle is moving , power will not be sent to the wheels , meaning that if the vehicle is parked , it may roll away unexpectedly if the parking brake has not been set . On December 5 , 2014 GM announced that it is replacing ignition key units on the 2015 Suburban and Yukon XL after customers made complaints that the shift lever strikes the head of the key if the tilt - adjustable steering column is in the fully up position . The lever only can be moved out of `` park '' into a gear when the engine is running and the driver 's foot is on the brake . The push - button ignition features are not affected . On January 4 , 2015 GM issued a recall on eleventh - generation Suburbans and Yukon XLs from the 2011 and 2012 model year for a potential ignition lock actuator issue , citing that they 're not the right size and can cause the ignition to get stuck in the `` Start '' position , and then either due to a jarring event or a `` cool interior temperature '' the ignition could switch back to the `` Accessory '' position , resulting in a loss of power assistance and prevent the airbags from deploying . On December 30 , 2015 , the NHTSA revealed that it had received complaints from 2015 Suburban / Yukon XL owners about buffeting and vibration problems , which is causing the drivers and passengers to endure an annoying vibration inside the cabin so severe that it leads to dizziness and headaches . GM is aware of this and has moved to correct the situation and try to pinpoint the source , but assures the vehicles are safe to drive . On May 3 , 2016 , GM placed a recall on both 2016 model Suburbans and Yukon XLs over inadequate welds on its upper front control arms , which could result in an accident or injury . On February 4 , 2017 , GM issued a recall on 2016 and 2017 Chevrolet Suburban HD models over an improperly fixed right hand rear view outside mirror , affecting 211 vehicles , which GM says it will replaced for free . Yearly American sales ( edit ) Beginning in 1999 , GM re-branded the GMC Suburban as the Yukon XL . Calendar Year Chevrolet Suburban GMC Suburban Yukon XL Total U.S. sales 94,010 43,161 -- 137,171 99,068 43,137 -- 142,205 1998 108,933 42,423 -- 151,356 1999 138,977 44,886 1,857 185,720 2000 133,123 4,776 47,016 184,915 2001 154,782 94 70,706 225,582 2002 151,056 -- 67,556 218,612 2003 135,222 -- 70,887 206,109 119,545 -- 65,917 185,462 2005 87,011 -- 53,652 140,663 2006 77,211 -- 45,413 122,624 2007 83,673 -- 45,303 128,976 2008 54,058 -- 26,404 80,462 2009 41,055 -- 16,819 57,874 45,152 -- 23,797 68,949 2011 49,427 -- 25,223 74,650 2012 48,116 -- 23,427 71,543 2013 51,260 -- 31,258 82,518 2014 55,009 -- 29,752 84,761 2015 50,866 -- 31,334 82,200 2016 60,082 -- 37,054 97,136 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Everybody Loves the Suburban '' . August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles used by Secret Service '' . Government Police Cars Web Site . 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'' from Car and Driver ( September 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Here 's the 2015 Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe : America 's greatest utility vehicle , and its kid brother . '' from Road & Track ( September 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Video : 2015 Chevrolet Suburban and 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe First Drive and Review '' from The Fast Lane ( February 26 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` FIRST DRIVE : 2015 CHEVROLET TAHOE AND SUBURBAN , GMC YUKON AND YUKON XL '' from Autonet.ca ( February 28 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe , Suburban and GMC Yukon , XL , and Denali First Drive '' from Truck Trend ( February 28 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ 2015 Chevrolet Suburban and Tahoe , 2015 GMC Yukon and Yukon XL Revealed from Automobile Magazine ( September 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Payne : Papal Fiat 500L vs. Presidential Chevy Suburban '' from The Detroit News ( October 7 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` How Does The 2016 Chevrolet Suburban Handle Itself At The Track ? ( Video ) '' from GM Authority ( December 28 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2015 Chevrolet Suburban '' from U.S. News & World Report ( June 20 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Finalist : Chevrolet Suburban '' from Motor Trend ( January 10 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2015 Driver 's Choice Award '' from MotorWeek ( February 13 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Best & worst three - row vehicles '' from Consumer Reports / Yahoo ! ( June 26 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` GM 's Full - Size SUVs Sweep Full - Size SUV Segment In 2016 J.D. Power Vehicle Dependability Study '' from GM Authority ( May 31 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Says Demand For 2015 Suburban And Tahoe Higher Than Expected '' from GM Authority ( May 7 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Middle East SUV and Pickup Sales Up 35 Percent In August '' from GM Authority ( September 16 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GM September 2014 Sales Grow 19 Percent , Pickups on Top '' from Motor Trend ( October 1 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ 2014 Large SUV Sales from Good Car Bad Car ( January 15 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2015 Chevrolet Suburban LT 4WD Review '' from Wheels.ca ( February 17 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` GM Said To Be Boosting Production Of Big SUVs , Pickups '' from Automotive News ( August 17 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Suburban Sales Up 72.3 % In January 2017 '' from GM Authority ( February 24 , 2017 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Light Service Support Vehicle ( LSSV ) '' . Olive - Drab . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Chevrolet Suburban Earns Four - Star Safety Rating From Federal Government '' . Edmunds . July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Safercar.gov '' . Safercar.gov . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 GMC Yukon Denali SUV 4WD '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GM recalls another 680,000 trucks , cars , adding to quality woes '' from Detroit Free Press ( March 28 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GMC Yukon erupts into flames during test drive in Anaheim '' from Los Angeles Times ( March 24 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GM announces 3 new recalls affecting 1.7 M vehicles in North America ( w / video ) '' from Autoblog ( March 17 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GM issues 4 new recalls for 90k vehicles , Chevy , Buick , GMC affected '' from Autoblog.com ( June 6 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GM announces four new recalls , 507k vehicles affected '' from Autoblog ( June 27 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GM replaces ignition keys on new trucks '' from USA Today ( December 5 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` GM recalls 83,572 SUVs for ignition switch issue '' from Autoblog ( January 4 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Fullsize GM SUVs have a problem that 's making owners sick '' from Autoblog ( December 30 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` General Motors Recalls 2016 - 2017 Full - Size Trucks And SUVs Over Issue With Front Upper Controls '' from GM Authority ( May 3 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ 2016 - 2017 Chevrolet Suburban HD Recalled Over Right Hand Outside Mirror from GM Authority ( February 4 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM reports robust December sales ; leads industry in truck sales during second half of 1999 '' ( Press release ) . Media.gm.com . January 5 , 2000 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM 's ' Industry Leading Truck Lineup ' Sets Calendar Year Industry Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Media.gm.com . January 3 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2004 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM Reports December 2005 and Year Results '' . Theautochannel.com . January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GM Reports 341,327 Deliveries in December '' ( Press release ) . GM Communications . January 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` GM truck deliveries ( United States ) '' . jalopnik.com . December 2008 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deliveries December 2009 '' ( Press release ) . General Motors media . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. deliveries for December 2010 -- divisional brand level '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . General Motors media . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` GM U.S. deliveries for December 2011 -- divisional brand level '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . General Motors media . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2014/jan/Deliveries-December-2013.pdf Jump up ^ `` GM Deliveries Up 19 Percent In Blockbuster December '' GM Media ( January 5 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0105-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/GM-Deliveries-December-2015.pdf Jump up ^ http://media.gm.com/dld/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/jan/0104-gmsales/_jcr_content/rightpar/sectioncontainer_0/par/download_0/file.res/Deliveries-December-2016.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet Suburban . The official Chevrolet Suburban website ( United States ) GMC Yukon XL website Canadian website Chevrolet vehicles A marque of General Motors Current Cars Aveo / Sonic Bolt Camaro Cavalier Cobalt Corvette Cruze Impala Malibu Matiz Onix / Prisma Sail Spark Volt Pickup trucks CMP Colorado / S - 10 Colorado / D - Max Montana / Tornado Silverado HD LSSV Pickup Crossovers / SUVs Captiva Captiva Sport Equinox Grand Vitara Grand Vitara Classic Niva Suburban LSSV SUV Tahoe LSSV SUV TrailBlazer Traverse Trax / Tracker Vans CMV City Express Enjoy Express / Savana Lova RV N200 Orlando Spin Tavera Commercial trucks CYZ FTR FVZ N - Series / LCF Former models 1910s and 1920s 490 Baby Grand Classic Six Light Six Little Four Little Six Series AA Capitol Series AB National Series AC International Series D Series F Series FA Series FB Series H Series M Copper - Cooled Superior 1930s and 1940s 3100 3600 3800 AC Advance Design AK Series Deluxe Eagle Fleetline Fleetmaster Loadmaster LQ Master Mercury Series AD Universal Series AE Independence Series BA Confederate Special Standard Six Stylemaster Thriftmaster 1950s 31 50 100 150 210 3100 3200 3600 Apache Beauville Bel Air Biscayne Brookwood Cameo Cameo Carrier Delray El Camino Kingswood Parkwood Spartan Task Force Townsman Viking Yeoman 1960s 400 Blazer CUCV Pickup / SUV C10 C15 C20 C30 C / K Caprice Chevelle Chevy Chevy II Constantia Corvair Corvette Stingray G10 Greenbrier K10 K15 K20 Kingswood Estate Kommando Lakewood Nova Opala Parkwood Sportvan Titan Van Veraneio 1970s 350 1700 2500 3800 4100 Ascona Beauville Bison Bruin Chevair Chevelle Laguna Chevette Commodore Custom Deluxe De Ville El Torro G20 G30 Iran Laguna Type S - 3 LUV Monte Carlo Monza Pickup Rekord Royal Royale San Remo Scottsdale Senator Vega Vega 2300 1980s A10 A20 Aska Astro Beretta S - 10 Blazer Cavalier Celebrity Chevy 500 Citation Citation II Corsica D10 D20 Gemini Ipanema Kadett Kodiak Marajó Metro Monza S - 10 Samurai Spectrum Sprint Super Carry Suprema Trafic T - Series Tracker Vitara 1990s 454 SS CUCV II Pickup Alero Astra Calibra Cassia Chevy Classic CMP CMV Combo Corsa Esteem Exclusive Frontera Grand Blazer Joy Lumina Lumina APV Matiz Metro Nabira Niva Omega Prizm Rodeo Savana Swift Taxi Chronos Tigra Trans Sport Trooper Urvan Vectra Venture Xtreme Zafira 2000s Alto Avalanche Aveo Cobalt D - Max Epica Estate Evanda Forester Grand Vitara HHR Jimny Kalos Lacetti Lova Lumina Coupe Lanos Matiz Eco Logic Meriva Nubira Optra Rezzo Sonora SSR T - Series Tacuma Tosca Uplander Vitara XL7 W - Series 2010s Agile Caprice Celta Epica Lumina Lumina Ute Nexia Optra Vivant Omega SS Concept cars Aerovette Bolt Cheyenne Groove Miray FNR Sequel SS Trax Baker 52 Building Phelamus Reeve Category Commons Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , light truck timeline , international market , 1950s -- 1970s -- next '' Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Full - size SUV Veraneio K5 Blazer K5 Blazer Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Coupe utility El Camino El Camino El Camino El Camino El Camino Compact pickup LUV Full - size pickup El Toro Advance Design Task Force C / K C / K C / K Van Van Van Van Greenbrier SportVan SportVan Beauville `` previous -- Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , light truck timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact crossover Trax / Tracker Compact crossover Forester Captiva Sport Equinox Mid-size crossover Equinox Equinox Captiva Full - size crossover Traverse Traverse Mini SUV Samurai Jimny Vitara Tracker Tracker Tracker Compact SUV Tracker Tracker Orlando Grand Vitara S - 10 Blazer Rodeo / Frontera Mid-size SUV Blazer Blazer ( Brazil ) TrailBlazer TrailBlazer XL - 7 Trooper Trooper Full - size SUV Grand Blazer Veraneio Bonanza Silverado Sonora K5 Blazer Blazer Tahoe Tahoe Tahoe Tahoe Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban Suburban SUT Avalanche Avalanche Coupe utility SSR Pickup Corsa Corsa Utility / Montana / Tornado Utility / Montana / Tornado El Camino Lumina Lumina Lumina Lumina Lumina Compact pickup S - 10 S - 10 S - 10 ( Brazil ) Chevy 500 S - 10 EV D - Max D - Max LUV LUV LUV Mid-size pickup Colorado Colorado / S10 ( Brazil ) Full - size pickup C / K C / K Silverado Silverado Silverado Minivan Meriva Spin Nabira Zafira Zafira Tavera Tavera Lumina APV Lumina Venture Uplander Trans Sport Tacuma / Rezzo Vivant Van City Express Combo Combo N300 Astro Astro N200 Van Express Express Beauville Trafic Damas GMC , a marque of General Motors , light truck timeline , international market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact car Chevette Compact crossover Terrain Terrain Mid-size crossover Terrain Acadia Full - size crossover Acadia Compact SUV Tracker Mid-size SUV S - 15 Jimmy Jimmy Envoy Typhoon Full - size SUV K5 Jimmy Yukon Yukon Yukon Yukon Suburban Suburban Yukon XL Yukon XL Yukon XL Coupé utility Caballero 500 Compact pickup S - 15 Sonoma Sonoma Syclone Mid-size pickup Canyon Canyon Full - size pickup C / K Sierra Sierra Sierra Sierra Van Safari Safari G - Series Savana Savana Vehicles are available only in Argentina Vehicles are available only in the Middle East Vehicles are available only in Canada Holden , a marque of General Motors , automobile timeline , 1948 -- present Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Type 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Subcompact Barina Spark ( MJ ) Spark ( MP ) Subcompact Barina ( MB / ML ) Barina ( MF / MH ) Barina ( SB ) Barina ( XC ) Barina ( TK ) Barina ( TM ) Compact Astra ( LB / LC ) Astra ( LD ) Nova ( LE / LF ) Nova ( LG ) Astra ( TR ) Astra ( TS ) Viva ( JF ) Cruze ( JG / JH ) Astra Sedan ( BL ) Compact Torana ( HB ) Torana ( LC / LJ / TA ) Gemini ( TX / TC / TD / TE / TF / TG ) Gemini ( RB ) Astra ( AH ) Volt ( EV ) Astra ( PJ ) Astra ( BK ) Mid-size Sunbird / Torana ( LH / LX / UC ) Camira ( JB / JD / JE ) Apollo ( JK / JL ) Apollo ( JM / JP ) Vectra ( JR / JS ) Vectra ( ZC ) Epica ( EP ) Malibu ( EM ) Mid-size Standard / Business / Special ( 48 / FJ ) Standard / Business / Special ( FE / FC ) Standard / Special ( FB / EK ) Standard / Special / Premier ( EJ / EH ) Standard / Special / Premier ( HD / HR ) Commodore / Calais ( VB / VC / VH / VK / VL ) Insignia ( GA ) Full - size Belmont / Kingswood / Premier ( HK / HT / HG ) Belmont / Kingswood / Premier / GTS ( HQ / HJ / HX / HZ ) Commodore / Berlina / Calais ( VN / VP / VR / VS ) Commodore / Berlina / Calais / Adventra ( VT / VX / VY / VZ ) Commodore / Berlina / Calais ( VE / VF ) Full - size Brougham ( HK / HT / HG ) Statesman ( HQ / HJ / HX / HZ / WB ) Statesman / Caprice ( VQ / VR / VS ) Statesman / Caprice ( WH / WK / WL ) Statesman / Caprice ( WM / WN ) Sports Tigra ( XC ) Sports Piazza ( YB ) Calibra ( YE ) Astra ( TS ) Astra ( AH ) Cascada ( CJ ) Monaro ( HK / HT / HG ) Monaro / Limited Edition ( HQ / HJ / HX ) Monaro ( V2 / VZ ) Utility Rodeo ( KB ) Rodeo ( TF ) Rodeo / Colorado ( RA / RC ) Colorado ( RG ) Utility Utility ( 50 / FJ ) Utility ( FE / FC ) Utility ( FB / EK ) Utility ( EJ / EH ) Utility ( HD / HR ) Belmont / Kingswood ( HK / HT / HG ) Belmont / Kingswood / Utility / One Tonner ( HQ / HJ / HX / HZ / WB ) Utility / Commodore ( VG / VP / VR / VS ) Ute / One Tonner / Crewman ( VU / VY / VZ ) Ute ( VE / VF ) Van Gemini ( TD / TE / TF / TG ) Scurry ( NB ) Combo ( SB ) Combo ( XC ) Van Panel van ( FJ ) Panel van ( FE / FC ) Panel van ( FB / EK ) Panel van ( EJ / EH ) Panel van ( HD / HR ) Belmont ( HK / HT / HG ) Belmont / Kingswood / Panel van ( HQ / HJ / HX / HZ / WB ) Shuttle ( WFR ) Zafira ( TT ) Subcompact SUV Drover ( QB ) Cruze ( YG ) Trax ( TJ ) Subcompact SUV Compact SUV Frontera ( UT ) Frontera ( UE ) Captiva MaXX / Captiva 5 ( CG ) Compact SUV Mid-size SUV Captiva / Captiva 7 ( CG ) Mid-size SUV Jackaroo ( UBS - 1 ) Jackaroo / Monterey ( UBS - 2 ) Colorado 7 / Trailblazer ( RG ) Full - size SUV Suburban ( K8 ) Full - size SUV List of Holden vehicles † HQ -- WB Statesmans not marketed under the `` Holden '' brand , but rather the separate `` Statesman '' brand . GM Holden Ltd A subsidiary of General Motors Current Cars Astra GTC / VXR Barina Barina Spark Cascada Caprice Commodore Cruze Insignia VXR Malibu Volt Pickup Trucks Colorado Ute SUVs / Crossovers Captiva 5 Captiva 7 Colorado 7 Trax Future Spark Astra Cruze Acadia Equinox Historic Apollo Belmont Calibra Combo Epica Gemini Jackaroo Kingswood Monaro Nova One Tonner Panel Van Piazza Premier Rodeo Scurry Shuttle Special Suburban Tigra Torana Utility Vectra Viva Zafira Divisions and subsidiaries Holden Special Vehicles Holden New Zealand Engines Black Motor Blue Motor Grey Motor Red Motor Starfire Motor straight - six motor V8 engine People James Alexander Holden ( Founder ) Edward Holden ( Founder ) Mike Devereux ( Chairman ) Other Platforms Engines Transmissions Factories Proving Grounds Holden Racing Team Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Suburban&oldid=804839495 '' Categories : All - wheel - drive vehicles Chevrolet vehicles Cars of the United States Expanded length sport utility vehicles Flexible - fuel vehicles Military light utility vehicles Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Sport utility vehicles Full - size sport utility vehicles Luxury sport utility vehicles Flagship vehicles Station wagons Cars introduced in 1933 1930s automobiles 1940s automobiles 1950s automobiles 1960s automobiles 1970s automobiles 1980s automobiles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2016 All articles needing style editing Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 13 : 09 . 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8737938626439290271 | List of Prime Ministers of India | List of Prime Ministers of India - Wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of India Jump to : navigation , search India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Prime Ministers of India ( by state of birth ) The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India . In India 's parliamentary system , the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure , but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers . Appointed and sworn - in by the President , the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha , the lower house of India 's Parliament . Since 1947 , India has had fourteen Prime Ministers , fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role . The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party , who was sworn - in on 15 August 1947 , when India gained independence from the British . Serving until his death in May 1964 , Nehru remains India 's longest - serving prime minister . He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri , whose 19 - month term also ended in death . Indira Gandhi , Nehru 's daughter , succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country 's first woman premier . Eleven years later , she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party , whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister . After he resigned in 1979 , his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later . Indira Gandhi 's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984 , when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards . That evening , her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn - in as India 's youngest premier , and the third from his family . Thus far , members of Nehru -- Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days . Rajiv 's five - year term ended with his former cabinet colleague , V.P. Singh of the Janata Dal , forming the year - long National Front coalition government in 1989 . A six - month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed , after which the Congress party returned to power , forming the government under P.V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991 . Rao 's five - year term was succeeded by four short - lived governments -- the Bharatiya Janata Party 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996 , a year each under United Front prime ministers H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K. Gujral , and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998 -- 99 . After Vajpayee was sworn - in for the third time , in 1999 , he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) government to a full five - year term , the first non-Congressman to do so . Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh , the first Sikh premier , whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014 . The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP - led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India 's first non-Congress single party majority government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers of India 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Key Colour key for party of the prime ministers Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress designated Indian National Congress ( I ) 1977 -- 1996 Janata Dal Janata Party Janata Party ( Secular ) Samajwadi Janata Party Other key No : Incumbent number Assassinated or died in office Returned to office after a previous term Resigned Resigned following a no - confidence motion Prime Ministers of India No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Prior Office Party ( Alliance ) Elected constituency Term of office Appointed by Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1889 -- 1964 ) Vice President of Executive Council Indian National Congress Phulpur , Uttar Pradesh 15 August 1947 27 May 1964 16 years , 286 days Lord Mountbatten Rajendra Prasad -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 27 May 1964 9 June 1964 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1904 -- 1966 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh 9 June 1964 11 January 1966 1 year , 216 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan -- Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) ( 1898 -- 1998 ) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha , Gujarat 11 January 1966 24 January 1966 13 days Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Prime Minister ( Re-elected ) Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1966 24 March 1977 11 years , 59 days V.V. Giri Morarji Desai ( 1896 -- 1995 ) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat , Gujarat 24 March 1977 28 July 1979 2 years , 126 days B.D. Jatti ( acting President ) Charan Singh ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Minister of Finance Janata Party ( Secular ) with INC Baghpat , Uttar Pradesh 28 July 1979 14 January 1980 170 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 3 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1917 -- 1984 ) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress ( I ) Medak , Andhra Pradesh 14 January 1980 31 October 1984 4 years , 291 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 6 Rajiv Gandhi ( 1944 -- 1991 ) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress ( I ) Amethi , Uttar Pradesh 31 October 1984 2 December 1989 5 years , 32 days Zail Singh 7 Vishwanath Pratap Singh ( 1931 -- 2008 ) Minister of Defence Janata Dal ( National Front ) Fatehpur , Uttar Pradesh 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 343 days R. Venkataraman 8 Chandra Shekhar ( 1927 -- 2007 ) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party with INC Ballia , Uttar Pradesh 10 November 1990 21 June 1991 223 days R. Venkataraman 9 Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress ( I ) Nandyal , Andhra Pradesh 21 June 1991 16 May 4 years , 330 days R. Venkataraman 10 Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 16 May 1 June 16 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 11 Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda ( born 1933 ) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June 21 April 1997 324 days Shankar Dayal Sharma 12 Inder Kumar Gujral ( 1919 -- 2012 ) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal ( United Front ) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April 1997 19 March 1998 332 days Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 10 ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( born 1924 ) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh 19 March 1998 22 May 6 years , 64 days K.R. Narayanan 13 Manmohan Singh ( born 1932 ) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress ( UPA ) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May 26 May 2014 10 years , 4 days A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil 14 Narendra Modi ( born 1950 ) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party ( NDA ) Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 26 May 2014 Incumbent 4 years , 2 days Pranab Mukherjee Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991 , but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him . Timeline See also Government of India portal India portal Prime Minister 's Office List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity List of Presidents of India References General `` Former Prime Minister 's of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( PMO ) . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . `` Gallery of Prime Ministers '' . Press Information Burea . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Brass , Paul R. ( 1994 ) . The Politics of India Since Independence . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521459709 . Specific Jump up ^ Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand Publishing . 2003 . ISBN 9788121922036 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers Prime Minister of India '' . www.pmindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` In India , next generation of Gandhi dynasty '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Ankit Panda , The . `` BJP , Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Indian National Congress '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Ministers '' . PM India . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister , swearing in on May 26 '' . The Times of India . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzarilal Nanda ( acting ) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi List List by longevity Official residence PM 's Office Indian union ministries Interim Nehru I Nehru II Nehru III Nehru IV Shastri I. Gandhi I I. Gandhi II Desai C. Singh I. Gandhi III R. Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar Rao Vajpayee I Deve Gowda Gujral Vajpayee II Vajpayee III M. Singh I M. Singh II Modi Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia ( hide ) Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Minority Affairs North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India&oldid=843035585 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of India Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use Indian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch فارسی Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 12 : 28 . 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87060364534833568 | Drive shaft | Drive shaft - wikipedia Drive shaft Jump to : navigation , search Drive shaft with universal joints at each end and a spline in the centre Škoda 422 rear axle , suspension and drive shaft on display at the Škoda Museum This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A drive shaft , driveshaft , driving shaft , propeller shaft ( prop shaft ) , or Cardan shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation , usually used to connect other components of a drive train that can not be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them . As torque carriers , drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress , equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load . They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress , while avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia . To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven components , drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints , jaw couplings , or rag joints , and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic joint . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Automotive drive shaft 2.1 Vehicles 2.1. 1 Front - engine , rear - wheel drive 2.1. 2 Front - wheel drive 2.1. 3 Four wheel and all - wheel drive 2.2 Research and development 3 Motorcycle drive shafts 4 Marine drive shafts 5 Locomotive drive shafts 6 Drive shafts in bicycles 6.1 Advantages 6.2 Disadvantages 7 Drive shaft production 8 See also 9 References History ( edit ) The term drive shaft first appeared during the mid 19th century . In Stover 's 1861 patent reissue for a planing and matching machine , the term is used to refer to the belt - driven shaft by which the machine is driven . The term is not used in his original patent . Another early use of the term occurs in the 1861 patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse - drawn mowing machine . Here , the term refers to the shaft transmitting power from the machine 's wheels to the gear train that works the cutting mechanism . In the 1890s , the term began to be used in a manner closer to the modern sense . In 1891 , for example , Battles referred to the shaft between the transmission and driving trucks of his Climax locomotive as the drive shaft , and Stillman referred to the shaft linking the crankshaft to the rear axle of his shaft - driven bicycle as a drive shaft . In 1899 , Bukey used the term to describe the shaft transmitting power from the wheel to the driven machinery by a universal joint in his Horse - Power . In the same year , Clark described his Marine Velocipede using the term to refer to the gear - driven shaft transmitting power through a universal joint to the propeller shaft . Crompton used the term to refer to the shaft between the transmission of his steam - powered Motor Vehicle of 1903 and the driven axle . The pioneering automobile industry company , Autocar , was the first to use a drive shaft in a gasoline - powered car . Built in 1901 , today this vehicle is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution . Automotive drive shaft ( edit ) Vehicles ( edit ) An automobile may use a longitudinal shaft to deliver power from an engine / transmission to the other end of the vehicle before it goes to the wheels . A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to send power from a central differential , transmission , or transaxle to the wheels . A truck two section propeller shaft Front - engine , rear - wheel drive ( edit ) Main article : Front - engine , rear - wheel drive layout In front - engined , rear - drive vehicles , a longer drive shaft is also required to send power the length of the vehicle . Two forms dominate : The torque tube with a single universal joint and the more common Hotchkiss drive with two or more joints . This system became known as Système Panhard after the automobile company Panhard et Levassor patented it . Most of these vehicles have a clutch and gearbox ( or transmission ) mounted directly on the engine , with a drive shaft leading to a final drive in the rear axle . When the vehicle is stationary , the drive shaft does not rotate . Some vehicles ( generally sports cars , most commonly Alfa Romeo or Porsche 924 / 944 / 928 models ) , seeking improved weight balance between front and rear , use a rear - mounted transaxle . In some non-Porsche models , this places the clutch and transmission at the rear of the car and the drive shaft between them and the engine . In this case the drive shaft rotates continuously with the engine , even when the car is stationary and out of gear . However , the Porsche 924 / 944 / 928 models have the clutch mounted to the back of the engine in a bell housing and the drive shaft from the clutch output , located inside of a hollow protective torque tube , transfers power to the rear mounted transaxle ( transmission + differential ). Thus the Porsche driveshaft only rotates when the rear wheels are turning as the engine - mounted clutch can decouple engine crankshaft rotation from the driveshaft . So for Porsche , when the driver is using the clutch while briskly shifting up or down ( manual transmission ) , the engine can rev freely with the driver 's accelerator pedal input , since with the clutch disengaged , the engine and flywheel inertia is relatively low and is not burdened with the added rotational inertia of the driveshaft . The Porsche torque tube is solidly fastened to both the engine 's bell housing and to the transaxle case , fixing the length and alignment between the bell housing and the transaxle and greatly minimizing rear wheel drive reaction torque from twisting the transaxle in any plane . A drive shaft connecting a rear differential to a rear wheel may be called a half - shaft . The name derives from the fact that two such shafts are required to form one rear axle . Early automobiles often used chain drive or belt drive mechanisms rather than a drive shaft . Some used electrical generators and motors to transmit power to the wheels . Front - wheel drive ( edit ) In British English , the term `` drive shaft '' is restricted to a transverse shaft that transmits power to the wheels , especially the front wheels . A drive shaft connecting the gearbox to a rear differential is called a propeller shaft , or prop - shaft . A prop - shaft assembly consists of a propeller shaft , a slip joint and one or more universal joints . Where the engine and axles are separated from each other , as on four - wheel drive and rear - wheel drive vehicles , it is the propeller shaft that serves to transmit the drive force generated by the engine to the axles . Several different types of drive shaft are used in the automotive industry : One - piece drive shaft Two - piece drive shaft Slip - in - tube drive shaft The slip - in - tube drive shaft is a new type that improves crash safety . It can be compressed to absorb energy in the event of a crash , so is also known as a collapsible drive shaft . Four wheel and all - wheel drive ( edit ) These evolved from the front - engine rear - wheel drive layout . A new form of transmission called the transfer case was placed between transmission and final drives in both axles . This split the drive to the two axles and may also have included reduction gears , a dog clutch or differential . At least two drive shafts were used , one from the transfer case to each axle . In some larger vehicles , the transfer box was centrally mounted and was itself driven by a short drive shaft . In vehicles the size of a Land Rover , the drive shaft to the front axle is noticeably shorter and more steeply articulated than the rear shaft , making it a more difficult engineering problem to build a reliable drive shaft , and which may involve a more sophisticated form of universal joint . Modern light cars with all - wheel drive ( notably Audi or the Fiat Panda ) may use a system that more closely resembles a front - wheel drive layout . The transmission and final drive for the front axle are combined into one housing alongside the engine , and a single drive shaft runs the length of the car to the rear axle . This is a favoured design where the torque is biased to the front wheels to give car - like handling , or where the maker wishes to produce both four - wheel drive and front - wheel drive cars with many shared components . Research and development ( edit ) The automotive industry also uses drive shafts at testing plants . At an engine test stand a drive shaft is used to transfer a certain speed or torque from the internal combustion engine to a dynamometer . A `` shaft guard '' is used at a shaft connection to protect against contact with the drive shaft and for detection of a shaft failure . At a transmission test stand a drive shaft connects the prime mover with the transmission . Motorcycle drive shafts ( edit ) The exposed drive shaft on BMW 's first motorcycle , the R32 Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles since before WW1 , such as the Belgian FN motorcycle from 1903 and the Stuart Turner Stellar motorcycle of 1912 . As an alternative to chain and belt drives , drive shafts offer long - lived , clean , and relatively maintenance - free operation . A disadvantage of shaft drive on a motorcycle is that helical gearing , spiral bevel gearing or similar is needed to turn the power 90 ° from the shaft to the rear wheel , losing some power in the process . BMW has produced shaft drive motorcycles since 1923 ; and Moto Guzzi have built shaft - drive V - twins since the 1960s . The British company , Triumph and the major Japanese brands , Honda , Suzuki , Kawasaki and Yamaha , have produced shaft drive motorcycles . Lambretta motorscooters type A up to type LD were shaft - driven the NSU Prima scooter was also shaft - driven Motorcycle engines positioned such that the crankshaft is longitudinal and parallel to the frame are often used for shaft - driven motorcycles . This requires only one 90 ° turn in power transmission , rather than two . Bikes from Moto Guzzi and BMW , plus the Triumph Rocket III and Honda ST series all use this engine layout . Motorcycles with shaft drive are subject to shaft effect where the chassis climbs when power is applied . This effect , which is the opposite of that exhibited by chain - drive motorcycles , is counteracted with systems such as BMW 's Paralever , Moto Guzzi 's CARC and Kawasaki 's Tetra Lever . Marine drive shafts ( edit ) On a power - driven ship , the drive shaft , or propeller shaft , usually connects the transmission inside the vessel directly to the propeller , passing through a stuffing box or other seal at the point it exits the hull . There is also a thrust block , a bearing to resist the axial force of the propeller . As the rotating propeller pushes the vessel forward , any length of drive shaft between propeller and thrust block is subject to compression , and when going astern to tension . Except for the very smallest of boats , this force is n't taken on the gearbox or engine directly . Cardan shafts are also often used in marine applications between the transmission and either a propeller gearbox or waterjet . The portion of the prop shaft which connects directly to the propeller is known as the tail shaft . Locomotive drive shafts ( edit ) The rear drive shaft , crankshaft and front drive shaft of a Shay locomotive The Shay , Climax and Heisler locomotives , all introduced in the late 19th century , used quill drives to couple power from a centrally mounted multi-cylinder engine to each of the trucks supporting the engine . On each of these geared steam locomotives , one end of each drive shaft was coupled to the driven truck through a universal joint while the other end was powered by the crankshaft , transmission or another truck through a second universal joint . A quill drive also has the ability to slide lengthways , effectively varying its length . This is required to allow the bogies to rotate when passing a curve . Cardan shafts are used in some diesel locomotives ( mainly diesel - hydraulics , such as British Rail Class 52 ) and some electric locomotives ( e.g. British Rail Class 91 ) . They are also widely used in diesel multiple units . Drive shafts in bicycles ( edit ) Main article : shaft - driven bicycle This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A shaft - driven bicycle The drive shaft has served as an alternative to a chain - drive in bicycles for the past century , never becoming very popular . A shaft - driven bicycle ( or `` Acatane '' , from an early maker ) has several advantages and disadvantages : Advantages ( edit ) Drive system is less likely to become jammed . The rider can not become dirtied from chain grease or injured by `` Chain bite '' when clothing or a body part catches between an unguarded chain and a sprocket . Lower maintenance than a chain system when the drive shaft is enclosed in a tube . More consistent performance . Dynamic Bicycles claims that a drive shaft bicycle can deliver 94 % efficiency , whereas a chain - driven bike can deliver anywhere from 75 - 97 % efficiency based on condition . Disadvantages ( edit ) A drive shaft system weighs more than a chain system , usually 0.5 -- 1 kg ( 1 -- 2 lb ) heavier . Many of the advantages claimed by drive shaft 's proponents can be achieved on a chain - driven bicycle , such as covering the chain and gears . Use of lightweight derailleur gears with a high number of ratios is impossible , although hub gears can be used . Wheel removal can be complicated in some designs ( as it is for some chain - driven bicycles with hub gears ) . Drive shaft production ( edit ) Nowadays new possibilities exist for the production process of drive shafts . The filament winding production process is gaining popularity for the creation of composite drive shafts . Several companies in the automotive industry are looking to adopt this knowledge for their high volume production process . See also ( edit ) Girolamo Cardano Giubo Power take - off Quill drive Shaft alignment Shaft collar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry D. Stover , Improvement in Wood - Planing Machines , U.S. Patent Reissue 1,190 , May 21 , 1861 . Jump up ^ Henry D. Stover , Planing Machine , U.S. Patent 30,993 , Dec. 18 , 1860 , 1861 . Jump up ^ John DeLancy Watkins and Robert Bryson , Mowing Machines , U.S. Patent Reissue 1,904 , July 23 , 1861 . Jump up ^ Rush S. Battles , Locomotive , U.S. Patent 455,154 , June 30 , 1891 . Jump up ^ Walter Stillman , Bicycle , U.S. Patent 456,387 , July 21 , 1891 . Jump up ^ Dudley D. Bukey , Horse - Power , U.S. Patent 631,198 , Aug. 15 , 1899 . Jump up ^ Charles Clark , Marine Velocipede , ( U.S. Patent 637,547 ) , Nov. 21 , 1899 . Jump up ^ Charles Crompton , Motor - Vehicle U.S. Patent 718,097 , January 1903 Jump up ^ `` Autocar automobile '' . National Museum of American History . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lambretta Scooters Models '' . Cambridge Lambretta Workshop . UK . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NSU Prima sales brochures '' . NSU Prima . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wärtsilä Encyclopedia of Marine Technology '' . Powertrain Part of the Automobile series Automotive engine Diesel engine Electric Fuel cell Hybrid ( Plug - in hybrid ) Internal combustion engine Petrol engine Steam engine Transmission Automatic transmission Chain drive Clutch Constant - velocity joint Continuously variable transmission Coupling Differential Direct - shift gearbox Drive shaft Dual - clutch transmission Drive wheel Electrohydraulic manual transmission Electrorheological clutch Epicyclic gearing Fluid coupling Friction drive Gear stick Giubo Hotchkiss drive Limited - slip differential Locking differential Manual transmission Manumatic Parking pawl Park by wire Preselector gearbox Semi-automatic transmission Shift by wire Torque converter Transaxle Transmission control unit Universal joint Wheels and Tires Wheel hub assembly Wheel Rim Alloy wheel Hubcap Tire Tubeless Radial Rain Snow Racing slick Off - road Run - flat Spare Hybrid Electric motor Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Electric generator Alternator Portal Motorcycle components Chassis Frame Suspension Fork Swingarm Wheels Engine Layouts ( common ) Single Parallel twin V - twin Flat twin ( boxer ) Triple Inline - four V4 Flat - four Straight - six Flat - six V8 Layouts ( other ) Rotary piston Turbine Wankel ( rotary ) Energy source Diesel Electric Gasoline ( petrol ) Hydrogen fuel cell Transmission Manual Sequential manual transmission Automatic Continuously variable transmission Dual - clutch transmission Semi-automatic Clutch Slipper Final drive Chain drive Belt drive Shaft drive Accessories Fairing Pannier Sidecar Trailer Other Disc brake Drum brake Saddle Tires Traction control system Anti-lock braking system Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drive_shaft&oldid=840406550 '' Categories : Vehicle parts Mechanical power control Mechanical power transmission Shaft drives Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from April 2018 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Simple English Slovenščina Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 17 : 46 . 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-6735251528700847770 | Precipitation hardening | Precipitation hardening - wikipedia Precipitation hardening Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Precipitation hardening , also called age hardening or particle hardening , is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials , including most structural alloys of aluminium , magnesium , nickel , titanium , and some steels and stainless steels . In superalloys , it is known to cause yield strength anomaly providing excellent high - temperature strength . Precipitation hardening relies on changes in solid solubility with temperature to produce fine particles of an impurity phase , which impede the movement of dislocations , or defects in a crystal 's lattice . Since dislocations are often the dominant carriers of plasticity , this serves to harden the material . The impurities play the same role as the particle substances in particle - reinforced composite materials . Just as the formation of ice in air can produce clouds , snow , or hail , depending upon the thermal history of a given portion of the atmosphere , precipitation in solids can produce many different sizes of particles , which have radically different properties . Unlike ordinary tempering , alloys must be kept at elevated temperature for hours to allow precipitation to take place . This time delay is called `` aging '' . Solution treatment and aging is sometimes abbreviated `` STA '' in metals specs and certs . Note that two different heat treatments involving precipitates can alter the strength of a material : solution heat treating and precipitation heat treating . Solid solution strengthening involves formation of a single - phase solid solution via quenching . Precipitation heat treating involves the addition of impurity particles to increase a material 's strength . Precipitation hardening via precipitation heat treatment is the main topic of discussion in this article . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kinetics versus thermodynamics 2 Alloy design 3 Types of hardening 4 Theory 5 Governing equations 6 Examples of precipitation hardening materials 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Kinetics versus thermodynamics ( edit ) This technique exploits the phenomenon of supersaturation , and involves careful balancing of the driving force for precipitation and the thermal activation energy available for both desirable and undesirable processes . Nucleation occurs at a relatively high temperature ( often just below the solubility limit ) so that the kinetic barrier of surface energy can be more easily overcome and the maximum number of precipitate particles can form . These particles are then allowed to grow at lower temperature in a process called aging . This is carried out under conditions of low solubility so that thermodynamics drive a greater total volume of precipitate formation . Diffusion 's exponential dependence upon temperature makes precipitation strengthening , like all heat treatments , a fairly delicate process . Too little diffusion ( under aging ) , and the particles will be too small to impede dislocations effectively ; too much ( over aging ) , and they will be too large and dispersed to interact with the majority of dislocations . Alloy design ( edit ) Precipitation strengthening is possible if the line of solid solubility slopes strongly toward the center of a phase diagram . While a large volume of precipitate particles is desirable , a small enough amount of the alloying element should be added that it remains easily soluble at some reasonable annealing temperature . Elements used for precipitation strengthening in typical aluminum and titanium alloys make up about 10 % of their composition . While binary alloys are more easily understood as an academic exercise , commercial alloys often use three components for precipitation strengthening , in compositions such as Al ( Mg , Cu ) and Ti ( Al , V ) . A large number of other constituents may be unintentional , but benign , or may be added for other purposes such as grain refinement or corrosion resistance . In some cases , such as many aluminum alloys , an increase in strength is achieved at the expense of corrosion resistance . The addition of large amounts of nickel and chromium needed for corrosion resistance in stainless steels means that traditional hardening and tempering methods are not effective . However , precipitates of chromium , copper , or other elements can strengthen the steel by similar amounts in comparison to hardening and tempering . The strength can be tailored by adjusting the annealing process , with lower initial temperatures resulting in higher strengths . The lower initial temperatures increase the driving force of nucleation . More driving force means more nucleation sites , and more sites means more places for dislocations to be disrupted while the finished part is in use . Many alloy systems allow the aging temperature to be adjusted . For instance , some aluminium alloys used to make rivets for aircraft construction are kept in dry ice from their initial heat treatment until they are installed in the structure . After this type of rivet is deformed into its final shape , aging occurs at room temperature and increases its strength , locking the structure together . Higher aging temperatures would risk over-aging other parts of the structure , and require expensive post-assembly heat treatment because a high aging temperature promotes the precipitate to grow too readily . Types of hardening ( edit ) There are a number of ways by which a matrix can be hardened by precipitates . 1 . Coherency hardening 2 . Modulus hardening 3 . Chemical hardening 4 . Order strengthening Theory ( edit ) The primary species of precipitation strengthening are second phase particles . These particles impede the movement of dislocations throughout the lattice . You can determine whether or not second phase particles will precipitate into solution from the solidus line on the phase diagram for the particles . Physically , this strengthening effect can be attributed both to size and modulus effects , and to interfacial or surface energy . The presence of second phase particles often causes lattice distortions . These lattice distortions result when the precipitate particles differ in size and crystallographic structure from the host atoms . Smaller precipitate particles in a host lattice leads to a tensile stress , whereas larger precipitate particles leads to a compressive stress . Dislocation defects also create a stress field . Above the dislocation there is a compressive stress and below there is a tensile stress . Consequently , there is a negative interaction energy between a dislocation and a precipitate that each respectively cause a compressive and a tensile stress or vice versa . In other words , the dislocation will be attracted to the precipitate . In addition , there is a positive interaction energy between a dislocation and a precipitate that have the same type of stress field . This means that the dislocation will be repulsed by the precipitate . Precipitate particles also serve by locally changing the stiffness of a material . Dislocations are repulsed by regions of higher stiffness . Conversely , if the precipitate causes the material to be locally more compliant , then the dislocation will be attracted to that region . In addition , there are three types of interphase boundaries ( IPBs ) , shown in Figure 1 . In ( a ) , it is a coherent or ordered IPB , the atoms match up one by one along the boundary . Due to difference in lattice parameters of the two phases , a coherency strain energy is associated with this type of boundary . In ( b ) , it is a fully disordered IPB and there are no coherency strains . In ( c ) , it is a partially ordered IPB , so coherency strains are partially relieved by the periodic introduction of dislocations along the boundary . Here is a schematic of a coherent precipitate in a matrix , shown in Figure 2 . The precipitate has a lattice parameter less than that of the matrix , the atomic match across the IPB leads to an internal stress field that interacts with moving dislocations . There are two deformation paths , one is the coherency hardening , the lattice mismatch is ε c o h = ( a p − a m ) / a m ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ ( coh ) = ( a_ ( p ) - a_ ( m ) ) / a_ ( m ) ) τ c o h = 7 G ε c o h 3 / 2 ( r f / b ) 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( coh ) = 7G \ varepsilon _ ( coh ) ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ( rf / b ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) Where G is the shear modulus , ε c o h ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon coh ) is the coherent lattice mismatch , r is the particle radius , f is the particle volume fraction , b is the burgers vector , rf / b equals the concentration . The other one is modulus hardening , a schematic is shown in Figure 3 . The energy of the dislocation energy is U m = G m b 2 / 2 ( \ displaystyle U_ ( m ) = G_ ( m ) b ^ ( 2 ) / 2 ) , when it cuts through the precipitate , its energy is U p = G p b 2 / 2 ( \ displaystyle U_ ( p ) = G_ ( p ) b ^ ( 2 ) / 2 ) , the change in line segment energy is △ U = ( U p − U m ) 2 r = ( G p − G m ) b 2 r ( \ displaystyle \ bigtriangleup ( U ) = ( U_ ( p ) - U_ ( m ) ) 2r = ( G_ ( p ) - G_ ( m ) ) b ^ ( 2 ) r ) . The maximum dislocation length affected is the particle diameter , the line tension change takes place gradually over a distance equal to r . The interaction force between the dislocation and the precipitate is F = d U d r = ( G p − G m ) b 2 = G m b 2 ( G p − G m ) / G m = G m b 2 ε G p ( \ displaystyle F = ( dU \ over dr ) = ( G_ ( p ) - G_ ( m ) ) b ^ ( 2 ) = G_ ( m ) b ^ ( 2 ) ( G_ ( p ) - G_ ( m ) ) / G_ ( m ) = G_ ( m ) b ^ ( 2 ) \ varepsilon _ ( Gp ) ) and τ = F / b L ( \ displaystyle \ tau = F / bL ) . Furthermore , a dislocation may cut through a precipitate particle . A schematic of this process is shown in Figure 4 . In ( a ) , the dislocation is approaching the particle , in ( b ) , it is within the particle and an offset , b , of a portion of the upper part of the particle with respect to the lower part accompanies the dislocation entry . In ( c ) , a similar offset is effected when the dislocation exits the particle . The complete transit is accompanied by creation of matrix - precipitate surface area of approximate magnitude A = 2 π r b ( \ displaystyle A = 2 \ pi rb \ , \ ! ) , where r is the radius of the particle and b is the magnitude of the burgers vector . The resulting increase in surface energy is E = 2 π r b γ s ( \ displaystyle E = 2 \ pi rb \ gamma _ ( s ) \ , \ ! ) , where γ s ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( s ) ) is the surface energy . The maximum force between the dislocation and particle is F m a x = π r γ s ( \ displaystyle F_ ( max ) = \ pi r \ gamma _ ( s ) \ , \ ! ) , the corresponding flow stress should be Δ τ = F m a x / b L = π r γ s / b L ( \ displaystyle \ Delta \ tau = F_ ( max ) / bL = \ pi r \ gamma _ ( s ) / bL ) . When a particle is sheared by a dislocation , a threshold shear stress is needed to deform the particle . A schematic of the stress required for dislocations to shear precipitates as a function of precipitate size is shown in Figure 5 . The expression for the required shear stress is as follows : τ = c G ε 3 / 2 ( r f / b ) 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ tau = cG \ varepsilon ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ( rf / b ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) When the precipitate size is small , the required shear stress τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) is proportional to the precipitate size r 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) , However , for a fixed particle volume fraction , this stress may decrease at larger values of r owing to an increase in particle spacing . The overall level of the curve is raised by increases in either inherent particle strength or particle volume fraction . The dislocation can also bow around a precipitate particle through so - called Orowan mechanism . A schematic of a dislocation approach nondeforming particles is shown in Figure 6 . Since the particle is nondeforming , the dislocation bows around the particles ( φ c = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ phi _ ( c ) = 0 ) ) , the stress required to effect the bypassing is inversely proportional to the interparticle spacing ( L - 2r ) , that is , τ b = G b / ( L − 2 r ) ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) = Gb / ( L - 2r ) ) , where r is the particle radius . Dislocation loops encircle the particles after the bypass operation , a subsequent dislocation would have to be extruded between the loops . Thus , the effective particle spacing for the second dislocation is reduced to ( L - 2r ` ) with r ` > r , and the bypassing stress for this dislocation should be τ b ′ = G b / ( L − 2 r ′ ) ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) \ prime = Gb / ( L - 2r \ prime ) ) , which is greater than for the first one . However , as the radius of particle increases , L will increase so as to maintain the same volume fraction of precipitates , ( L - 2r ) will increase and τ b ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) ) will decrease . As a result , the material will become weaker as the precipitate size increases . Figure 7 shows the bowing stress and particle size relationship . On one hand , for a fixed particle volume fraction , τ b ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) ) decreases with increasing r as this is accompanied by an increase in particle spacing . On the other hand , increasing f increases the level of the stress as a result of a finer particle spacing . The level of τ b ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) ) is unaffected by particle strength . That is , once a particle is strong enough to resist cutting , any further increase in its resistance to dislocation penetration has no effect on τ b ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) ) , which depends only on matrix properties and effective particle spacing . If particles of A of volume fraction f 1 ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) ) are dispersed in a matrix , particles are sheared for r < r c 1 ( \ displaystyle r < r_ ( c1 ) ) and are bypassed for r > r c 1 ( \ displaystyle r > r_ ( c1 ) ) , maximum strength is obtained at r = r c 1 ( \ displaystyle r = r_ ( c1 ) ) , where the cutting and bowing stresses are equal . If inherently harder particles of B of the same volume fraction are present , the level of the τ c ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( c ) ) curve is increased but that of the τ b ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) ) one is not . Maximum hardening , greater than that for A particles , is found at r c 2 < r c 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( c2 ) < r_ ( c1 ) ) . Increasing the volume fraction of A raises the level of both τ b ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( b ) ) and τ c ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( c ) ) and increases the maximum strength obtained . The latter is found at r c 3 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( c3 ) ) , which may be either less than or greater than r c 1 ( \ displaystyle r_ ( c1 ) ) depending on the shape of the τ − r ( \ displaystyle \ tau - r ) curve . Governing equations ( edit ) There are two equations to describe the two mechanisms for precipitation hardening : Dislocations cutting through particles : τ = π r γ b L ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( \ pi r \ gamma ) ( bL ) ) \ , \ ! ) where τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) is material strength , r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the second phase particle radius , γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) is the surface energy , b ( \ displaystyle b ) is the magnitude of the Burgers vector , and L ( \ displaystyle L ) is the spacing between pinning points . This governing equation shows that the strength is proportional to r ( \ displaystyle r ) , the radius of the precipitate particles . This means that it is easier for dislocations to cut through a material with smaller second phase particles ( small r ) . As the size of the second phase particles increases , the particles impede dislocation movement and it becomes increasingly difficult for the particles to cut through the material . In other words , the strength of a material increases with increasing r . Dislocations bowing around particle : Precipitation hardening , also called age hardening or particle hardening , is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials , including most structural alloys of aluminium , magnesium , nickel , titanium , and some steels and stainless steels . In superalloys , it is known to cause yield strength anomaly providing excellent high - temperature strength . τ = G b L − 2 r ( \ displaystyle \ tau = ( \ frac ( Gb ) ( L - 2r ) ) \ , \ ! ) where τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) is the material strength , G ( \ displaystyle G ) is the shear modulus , b ( \ displaystyle b ) is the magnitude of the Burgers vector , L ( \ displaystyle L ) is the distance between pinning points , and r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the second phase particle radius . This governing equation shows that for dislocation bowing the strength is inversely proportional to the second phase particle radius r . Dislocation bowing , also called Orowan strengthening , is more likely to occur when the particle density in the material is lower . These governing equations show that the precipitation hardening mechanism depends on the size of the precipitate particles . At small r , cutting will dominate , while at large r , bowing will dominate . Looking at the plot of both equations , it is clear that there is a critical radius at which max strengthening occurs . This critical radius is typically 5 - 30 nm . Examples of precipitation hardening materials ( edit ) 2000 - series aluminum alloys ( important examples : 2024 and 2019 , also Y alloy and Hiduminium ) 6000 - series aluminum alloys ( important example : 6061 for bicycle frames and aeronautical structures ) 7000 - series aluminum alloys ( important examples : 7075 and 7475 ) 17 - 4 stainless steel ( UNS S17400 ) Maraging steel Inconel 718 Alloy X-750 René 41 Waspaloy Copper Precipitation - Hardened Steels ( 1 ) Mulberry ( uranium alloy ) See also ( edit ) Alfred Wilm Strength of Materials Strengthening mechanisms of materials Metallurgy Superalloy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ W.D. Callister . Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering , 2nd ed . Wiley & Sons . pp. 252 . Jump up ^ Thosmas H. Courtney . Mechanical Behavior of Materials , 2nd ed . Waveland Press , Inc ... pp. 198 - 205 . Jump up ^ Orowan Bowing Further reading ( edit ) ASM metals handbook vol 4 heat treating External links ( edit ) Project aluMatter Precipitation hardening of light alloys . Positron spectroscopy . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_hardening&oldid=810864811 '' Categories : Strengthening mechanisms of materials Metal heat treatments Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | hardness of stainless steel increases with increasing temperature | [] | [] |
4947805521697619773 | This Guy's in Love with You | This Guy 's in Love with You - wikipedia This Guy 's in Love with You Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' Single by Herb Alpert from the album The Beat of the Brass B - side `` A Quiet Tear '' ( from The Lonely Bull ) Released April 1968 Format 7 '' Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David , and recorded by Herb Alpert . Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass , Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording , arranged by Bacharach . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Female renditions 3 Other cover versions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links History ( edit ) As documented in a Biography cable episode featuring Bacharach , the recording originated when Alpert asked Bacharach , `` Say , Burt , do you happen to have any old compositions lying around that you and Hal never recorded ; maybe one I might use ? '' Alpert said he made it his practice to ask songwriters that particular question ; often a lost `` pearl '' was revealed . As it happened , Bacharach recalled one , found the lyrics and score sheet , and offered it to Alpert : `` Here , Herb ... you might like this one . '' Alpert saw the possibilities in it for himself . The composition had a recognizable Bacharach - David feel , a spot for a signature horn solo in the bridge and in the fadeout , and it was an easy song to sing within Alpert 's vocal range . He originally sang `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' on a 1968 television special , The Beat of the Brass . In response to numerous viewer telephone calls following the broadcast , Alpert decided that the song should be released as a single recording , and it reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in June of that year , remaining in the top position for four weeks . It was not only Alpert 's first No. 1 single , but it was also the first No. 1 single for his A&M record label . The song also spent ten weeks at No. 1 on the Easy Listening chart . For the single 's B - side , Alpert chose `` A Quiet Tear '' from his first album in 1962 , The Lonely Bull . Eleven years later Alpert became the first ( and only ) artist to have reached the prized No. 1 position of the Billboard Hot 100 with both a vocal performance and an instrumental performance when his instrumental , `` Rise '' , reached the top of the hit chart . `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' was succeeded at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 by `` Grazing In The Grass '' , an instrumental by Hugh Masekela . On the Billboard Easy Listening chart , Alpert 's song was both preceded and succeeded at No. 1 by instrumental hits from Hugo Montenegro ( `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' ) and Mason Williams ( `` Classical Gas '' ) , respectively . Besides this hit in English , he recorded the song in Spanish and Italian . Female renditions ( edit ) `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' Single by Dionne Warwick B - side `` Dream Sweet Dreamer '' Released January 1969 ( 1969 ) Label Scepter Records Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` Promises , Promises '' ( 1968 ) `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' ( 1969 ) `` The April Fools '' ( 1969 ) `` Promises , Promises '' ( 1968 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 1969 ) `` The April Fools '' ( 1969 ) Several female vocalists have rendered the song as `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' , beginning with Dionne Warwick . Her version was released as a single in 1969 , reaching No. 7 that same year . It ranked as the 64th biggest US hit of 1969 . As a demo , her version was actually the original as it preceded Alpert 's . Eydie Gormé had a Top 20 Easy Listening hit with the song . Aretha Franklin cut the song to serve as title cut for her This Girl 's in Love with You album released in 1970 . Dusty Springfield recorded the song for her 1968 album Dusty ... Definitely . Allison Durbin released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man ( titled `` This Girl 's In Love '' ) . The song has also been recorded by Barbara Acklin , Petula Clark , Ella Fitzgerald , Anita Harris , Brenda Lee , Liza Minnelli , Marva Whitney , and Hildegard Knef . More recent versions have included those by She & Him and Frances Madden in 2014 . Other cover versions ( edit ) In Italy , the song has been sung by Fred Bongusto in English and by Herb Alpert himself , as well as Tony Renis in Italian with the title `` Un ragazzo che ti ama '' ( `` A guy who loves you '' ) . The Lettermen covered this song on their 1968 album , Put Your Head on My Shoulder . Sammy Davis Jr. covered this song on the TV show Dee Time in 1968 . Johnny Mathis covered the song for his album Those Were the Days in 1968 , a year after he returned to Columbia Records , his current label . Des O'Connor covered this song for his album I Pretend in July 1968 , shortly after the original version . Al Wilson ( singer ) covered this song on his album ' Searching for the Dolphins ' in 1968 . Pierre Lalonde released a French cover of the song in 1968 Une Poupée . Percy Faith recorded the song sung by his chorus on his 1968 album Angel Of The Morning . Swedish jazz singer Svante Thuresson recorded the Swedish - language cover `` Du ser en man '' in 1968 . Diana Ross and The Supremes with The Temptations on the 1968 album Join The Temptations . Burt Bacharach himself recorded the song as an instrumental , with some backing vocals , for his 1969 album , Make It Easy On Yourself . B.J. Thomas released a version of the song on his 1969 album Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head . Andy Kim released a version of the song on his 1969 album Baby I Love You . Spiral Starecase released a version of the song on their 1969 debut album , More Today Than Yesterday . Ray Conniff & The Singers covered the song on their 1970 album Bridge Over Troubled Water . Jimmy Ruffin covered it on his album Forever ( Motown , 1970 ) . Sacha Distel covered the song in 1970 . Donny Osmond recorded it for his 1972 album Portrait Of Donny Filipino crooner Jose Mari Chan also covered his version of the song in 1973 . Harry James released a version in 1981 on his album For Listening And Dancing ( Reader 's Digest RD4A 213 ) Australian group The Reels released a version as a single and on the album Beautiful in 1982 . It reached No. 7 in the Australian charts . Denny McLain , MLB baseball pitcher , on his album Denny McLain At The Organ . David T. Walker recorded a cover version as part of the medley on `` Going Up '' . Freedy Johnston , on tour and as radio promos in 1994 . Grenadine covered the song on their 1994 album Nopalitos , with Jenny Toomey singing lead . Harry Connick , Jr. recorded it for the soundtrack of the film One Fine Day ( 1996 ) . Noel Gallagher of Oasis sang the song live in 1996 at a Burt Bacharach concert at the London Festival Hall , while Bacharach accompanied him on piano and conducted the orchestra . Although not actually a cover , Oasis song Half the World Away borrows heavily from the song . Guy Klucevsek performed a dirge - like solo accordion version of the song , coupled with the Bacharach - David song `` Who Gets the Guy ? '' , on the 1997 Tzadik Records compilation Great Jewish Music : Burt Bacharach . Fastball recorded the song and released it on the 1997 compilation Lounge - A-Palooza , as well as on the soundtrack of the film Failure to Launch ( 2006 ) . Eva Braun covered the song in 2002 , but the recording had not been officially released until 2008 on the compilation album Off The Record . Richard Clayderman recorded it for his 2005 compilation album The Anniversary Collection . Barry Manilow recorded a version of this song , which appears on his 2006 album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . Julio Iglesias covered the song on his 2006 album Romantic Classics Till Brönner recorded a version of this song which appears on his album Oceana -- 2007 ( US version ) . Dave Koz , smooth jazz saxophonist , has covered the song on his 2010 album Hello Tomorrow . Herb Alpert himself was featured on trumpet . Regis Philbin , as a duet with wife Joy Philbin , 2010 . UK group These New Puritans featured an avant - garde cover of the song as the opening track on their 2013 album Field of Reeds . Canadian singer - songwriter Mac DeMarco recorded a cover version of the song in 2014 . Australian singer Sarah Maclaine recorded a cover version of the song in 2014 for her album The Heart of Me . The Bad Plus perform this song on their 2007 release Prog ( album ) . Faith No More has performed the song live in 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 . A live version was released as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of Album of the Year , released in 2016 . She & Him perform this song on their 2014 release Classics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Top 100 Hits of 1969 Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Mac DeMarco Covers `` This Guy 's In Love With You '' for Video Introducing New Guitarist `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition , 1996 External links ( edit ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' at SongFacts.com Burt Bacharach & Herb Alpert interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Preceded by `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' by Hugo Montenegro Billboard Easy Listening number - one single ( Herb Alpert version ) June 8 , 1968 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Classical Gas '' by Mason Williams Preceded by `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon and Garfunkel Billboard Hot 100 number one single June 22 -- July 19 , 1968 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Grazing in the Grass '' by Hugh Masekela Dionne Warwick Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) The Magic of Believing ( 1968 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1972 ) Just Being Myself ( 1973 ) Then Came You ( 1975 ) Track of the Cat ( 1975 ) Love at First Sight ( 1977 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Dionne Sings Cole Porter ( 1990 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) Aquarela do Brazil ( 1994 ) Dionne Sings Dionne ( 1998 ) Dionne Sings Dionne , Vol. 2 ( 2000 ) My Favorite Time of the Year ( 2004 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Why We Sing ( 2008 ) Only Trust Your Heart ( 2011 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' ( with Spinners ) `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix / I Say a Little Prayer '' ( with Isaac Hayes ) `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' ( with Barry Manilow ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( with Elton John , Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder ) `` Love Power '' ( with Jeffrey Osborne ) `` It 's All Over '' ( with Dieter Bohlen as Blue System ) `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' ( with TheHipHopNationUnited ) Record labels Arista Concord Rhino River North Scepter Warner Bros . Related articles Discography Solid Gold ( TV series ) Book : Dionne Warwick Andy Kim Studio albums Baby I Love You Andy Kim Singles `` Baby , I Love You '' `` Be My Baby '' `` Rock Me Gently '' `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' Songwriting Credits `` Jingle Jangle '' `` Sugar , Sugar '' Cover Songs `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Guy%27s_in_Love_with_You&oldid=796961082 '' Categories : 1968 singles 1969 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Songs with lyrics by Hal David Andy Kim songs Herb Alpert songs Faith No More songs Dionne Warwick songs Petula Clark songs The Reels songs A&M Records singles 1968 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang this guy's in love with you lyrics | [
"\"This Guy's in Love with You\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and recorded by Herb Alpert. Although known primarily for his trumpet playing as the leader of the Tijuana Brass, Alpert sang lead vocals on this solo recording, arranged by Bacharach."
] | [
"Herb Alpert"
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-450701826475937370 | National Institutes of Health | National Institutes of Health - wikipedia National Institutes of Health `` NIH '' redirects here . For other uses , see NIH ( disambiguation ) . National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) National Institutes of Health logo Aerial photo of the NIH Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center , Bethesda , Maryland Agency overview Formed 1887 ( 1887 ) Preceding agency Hygienic Laboratory Headquarters Bethesda , Maryland , U.S. Employees 20,262 Annual budget US $ 37 billion ( as of 2018 ) Agency executive Francis S. Collins , Director Parent agency Department of Health & Human Services Child agencies National Cancer Institute National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute National Library of Medicine Website www.nih.gov The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) ( / ɛnaɪˈeɪtʃ / ) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research , founded in the late 1870s . It is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services with facilities mainly located in Bethesda , Maryland . It conducts its own scientific research through its Intramural Research Program ( IRP ) and provides major biomedical research funding to non-NIH research facilities through its Extramural Research Program . As of 2013 , the IRP had 1,200 principal investigators and more than 4,000 postdoctoral fellows in basic , translational , and clinical research , being the largest biomedical research institution in the world , while , as of 2003 , the extramural arm provided 28 % of biomedical research funding spent annually in the U.S. , or about US $26.4 billion . The NIH comprises 27 separate institutes and centers of different biomedical disciplines and is responsible for many scientific accomplishments , including the discovery of fluoride to prevent tooth decay , the use of lithium to manage bipolar disorder , and the creation of vaccines against hepatitis , Haemophilus influenzae ( HIB ) , and human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . Contents 1 History 2 Directors 3 Locations and campuses 4 Research 4.1 Intramural research 4.2 Public Access Policy 4.3 NIH Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee 4.4 Economic return 4.5 Notable discoveries and developments 4.5. 1 NIH Toolbox 5 Funding 5.1 Budget and politics 5.1. 1 Historical funding 5.2 Extramural research 5.3 Funding criteria 5.3. 1 Gender and sex bias 5.4 Government shutdown 5.5 Stakeholders 5.5. 1 General public 5.5. 2 Extramural researchers and scientists 6 Commercial partnerships 7 Institutes and centers 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The Laboratory of Hygiene in 1887 Ida A. Bengtson , a bacteriologist who in 1916 was the first woman hired to work in the Hygienic Laboratory . Dedication of first six NIH buildings by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 NIH campus in Bethesda , Maryland , in 1945 NIH 's roots extend back to a Marine Hospital Service in the late 1790s that provided medical relief to sick and disabled men in the U.S. Navy . By 1870 , a network of marine hospitals had developed and was placed under the charge of a medical officer within the Bureau of the Treasury Department . In the late 1870s , Congress allocated funds to investigate the causes of epidemics like cholera and yellow fever , and it created the National Board of Health , making medical research an official government initiative . In 1887 , a laboratory for the study of bacteria , the Hygienic Laboratory , was established at the Marine Hospital in New York . In the early 1900s , Congress began appropriating funds for the Marine Hospital Service . By 1922 , this organization changed its name to Public Health Services and established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School . This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities . In 1930 , the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act , and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings . Over the next few decades , Congress would increase funding tremendously to the NIH , and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs . In 1944 , the Public Health Service Act was approved , and the National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH . In 1948 , the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health . In the 1960s , virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital . When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent , the experiment gained considerable media attention . The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam 's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation . Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions , the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects . From then on , the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards . In 1967 , the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease , cancer , and strokes . That same year , the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people . An advisory committee was formed to oversee further development of the NIH and its research programs . By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act , initiating a National Cancer Program , President 's Cancer Panel , National Cancer Advisory Board , and 15 new research , training , and demonstration centers . Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress , serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time . In 1992 , the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government 's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research , and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities . While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s , research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s , but has remained relatively stagnant since then . By the 1990s , the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research , and launched the Human Genome Project . Directors ( edit ) Joseph J. Kinyoun , served August 1887 - April 30 , 1899 Milton J. Rosenau , served May 1 , 1899 -- September 30 , 1909 John F. Anderson , served October 1 , 1909 -- November 19 , 1915 George W. McCoy , served November 20 , 1915 -- January 31 , 1937 Lewis R. Thompson , served February 1 , 1937 -- January 31 , 1942 Rolla Dyer , served February 1 , 1942 -- September 30 , 1950 William H. Sebrell , Jr , served October 1 , 1950 -- July 31 , 1955 James Augustine Shannon , served August 1 , 1955 -- August 31 , 1968 Robert Q. Marston , served September 1 , 1968 -- January 21 , 1973 Robert Stone , served May 29 , 1973 -- January 31 , 1975 Donald S. Fredrickson , served July 1 , 1975 -- June 30 , 1981 James B. Wyngaarden , served April 29 , 1982 -- July 31 , 1989 Bernadine Healy , served April 9 , 1991 -- June 30 , 1993 Harold E. Varmus , served November 23 , 1993 -- December 31 , 1999 Elias A. Zerhouni , served May 2 , 2002 -- October 31 , 2008 Francis S. Collins , served August 17 , 2009 -- Present Locations and campuses ( edit ) Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda , Maryland and Rockville , Maryland , and the surrounding communities . The Bayview Campus in Baltimore , Maryland houses the research programs of the National Institute on Aging , National Institute on Drug Abuse , and National Human Genome Research Institute with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff . The Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick , MD and the nearby Riverside Research Park , houses many components of the National Cancer Institute , including the Center for Cancer Research , Office of Scientific Operations , Management Operations Support Branch , the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis . The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina . Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus . The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton , Montana , with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work . NIDKK operates the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in Phoenix , AZ . Research ( edit ) Clinical Center -- Building 10 As of 2017 , 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 195 have been awarded a Lasker Award . Intramural research ( edit ) NIH devotes 10 % of its funding to research within its own facilities ( intramural research ) . The institution gives 80 % of its funding in research grants to extramural ( outside ) researchers . Of this extramural funding , a certain percentage ( 2.8 % in 2014 ) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR / STTR program . The extramural funding consists of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions . In FY 2010 , NIH spent US $10.7 bn ( not including temporary funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ) on clinical research , US $7.4 bn on genetics - related research , US $6.0 bn on prevention research , US $5.8 bn on cancer , and US $5.7 bn on biotechnology . Public Access policy ( edit ) Main article : NIH Public Access Policy In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine 's research repository , PubMed Central ( PMC ) , no later than 12 months after the official date of publication . The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency . NIH interagency pain research coordinating committee ( edit ) On February 13 , 2012 , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain . This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to `` coordinate pain research activities across the federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration ... and providing an important avenue for public involvement '' ( `` Members of new , '' 2012 ) . With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available . With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for arthritis sufferers . Economic return ( edit ) In 2000 , the Joint Economic Committee of Congress reported NIH research , which was funded at $16 billion a year in 2000 , that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US . It found that of the 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992 , public funding was `` instrumental '' for 15 . As of 2011 NIH - supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA - approved drugs , vaccines , and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior . One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA - approved drugs from 2010 to 2016 . In 2015 , Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents . Notable discoveries and developments ( edit ) Since its inception , the NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries . Some of these include : 1908 -- George W. McCoy 's discovery that rodents were a reservoir of bubonic plague . 1911 -- George W. McCoy , Charles W. Chapin , William B. Wherry , and B.H. Lamb described the previously - unknown tularemia . 1924 -- Roscoe R. Spencer and Ralph R. Parker developed a vaccine against Rocky Mountain spotted fever . 1930 -- Sanford M. Rosenthal developed a treatment for mercury poisoning used widely before the development of dimercaptoethanol . 1943 -- Wilton R. Earle pioneered the cell culture process and published a paper describing the production of malignancy in vitro , Katherine K. Sanford developed the first clone from an isolated cancer cell , and Virginia J. Evans devised a medium that supported growth of cells in vitro . 1940 's - 50 's -- Bernard Horecker and colleagues described the pentose phosphate pathway . 1950 's -- Julius Axelrod discovered a new class of enzymes , cytochrome P450 monooxygenases , a fundamental of drug metabolism . 1950 -- Earl Stadtman discovered phosphotransacetylose , elucidating the role of acetyl CoA in fatty acid metabolism . 1960s -- Discovered the first human slow virus disease , kuru , which is a degenerative , fatal infection of the central nervous system . This discovery of a new mechanism for infectious diseases revolutionized thinking in microbiology and neurology . 1960s -- Defined the mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline , one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain . 1960s -- Developed the first licensed rubella vaccine and the first test for rubella antibodies for large scale testing . 1960s -- Developed an effective combination drug regimen for Hodgkin 's lymphoma . 1960s -- Discovery that tooth decay is caused by bacteria . 1970s -- Developed the assay for human chorionic gonadotropin that evolved into the home pregnancy tests . 1970s -- Described the hormonal cycle involved in menstruation . 1980s -- Determined the complete structure of the IgE receptor that is involved in allergic reactions . 1990s -- First trial of gene therapy in humans . NIH Toolbox ( edit ) In September 2006 , the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state - of - the - art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies . Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed . In September 2012 , the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community . NIH Toolbox assessments are based , where possible , on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer . Funding ( edit ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Budget and politics ( edit ) Historical NIH budget Year Budget ( millions ) 1935 1940 0.7 1945 2.8 1950 52.7 1955 81.2 1960 399.4 1965 959.2 1970 1,061.0 2,092.9 1980 3,428.9 1985 5,149.5 7,567.4 1995 11,299.5 2000 17,840.5 2005 28,594.4 31,238.0 2015 30,311.4 2016 32,311.4 To allocate funds , the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress . This process begins with institute and center ( IC ) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields . IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects , new research proposals , and new initiatives from the Director . NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget . Many adjustments and appeals occur between NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH 's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) . OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President 's final budget . The President then sends NIH 's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year 's allocations . The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall , Congress usually appropriates funding . This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds . Historical funding ( edit ) Over the last century , the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes . In the 1970s , Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research , and in the 1980s there was a significant amount allocated for AIDS / HIV research . Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress , serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time . During the 1980s , President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research , only to see Congress partly restore funding . The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation 's response to the AIDS epidemic ; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981 , no funding was provided for research on the disease . In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that `` variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV - III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) , '' a new epidemic that gripped the nation . In 1992 , the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government 's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research , and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities . From 1993 to 2001 the NIH budget doubled . Since then , funding essentially remained flat , and during the decade following the financial crisis , the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation . In 1999 Congress increased the NIH 's budget by $2.3 billion to $17.2 billion in 2000 . In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $31 billion in 2010 . In March 2017 , President Trump proposed to cut the 2018 budget by 18.3 % , or about $5.8 billion to $25.9 billion . Extramural research ( edit ) Main article : NIH grant Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of NIH can apply for research project grants ( RPGs ) from the NIH . There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types ( e.g. , basic research , clinical research etc . ) and career stages ( e.g. , early career , postdoc fellowships etc . ) . The NIH regularly issues `` requests for applications '' ( RFAs ) , e.g. , on timely medical problems ( such as Zika virus research in early 2016 ) . In addition , researchers can apply for `` investigator - initiated grants '' whose subject is determined by the scientist . The total number of applicants has increased substantially , from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015 . Due to this , the `` cumulative investigator rate , '' that is , the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5 - year window , has declined from 43 % to 31 % . R01 grants are the most common funding mechanism and include investigator - initiated projects . The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17 - 19 % during 2012 though 2014 . Similarly , the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13 - 14 % during the same period . In FY 2016 , the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220 , with approximately 19 % being awarded funding . Institutes have varying funding rates . The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12 % of applicants , while the National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30 % of applicants . Funding criteria ( edit ) NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy . First , ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process . Second , seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease . Third , maintain a diverse research portfolio in order to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology , genetics , physics , engineering , and computer science . Fourth , address public health needs according to the disease burden ( e.g. , prevalence and mortality ) . And fifth , construct and support the scientific infrastructure ( e.g. , well - equipped laboratories and safe research facilities ) necessary to conduct research . Advisory committee members advise the Institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding . Gender and sex bias ( edit ) In 2014 , it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals , or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures , and that the NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants . The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex - specific diseases ( for example , ovarian or testicular cancer ) . Government shutdown ( edit ) When a government shutdown occurs , the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials , but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial , except for the most critically ill , as determined by the NIH Director . Stakeholders ( edit ) General public ( edit ) One of the goals of the NIH is to `` expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research . '' Taxpayer dollars funding NIH are from the taxpayers , making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research . Thus , the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy . However , some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented , and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests . Extramural researchers and scientists ( edit ) Other important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy are researchers and scientists . Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by the NIH but may apply for funding . Throughout the history of the NIH , the amount of funding received has increased , but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant . The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted . Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affects researchers . For example , the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first - time NIH R01 applicants , or the research grant applications of young scientists . To encourage the participation of young scientists , the application process has been shortened and made easier . In addition , first - time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past . Commercial partnerships ( edit ) In 2011 and 2012 , the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published a series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000 -- 2010 , institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes , in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners , committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress . Institutes and centers ( edit ) Main article : List of NIH ICs The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers ( ICs ) that conduct and coordinate research across different disciplines of biomedical science . These are : National Cancer Institute National Eye Institute National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute National Human Genome Research Institute National Institute on Aging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institute of Mental Health National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institute of Nursing Research National Library of Medicine Center for Information Technology Center for Scientific Review Fogarty International Center National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health NIH Clinical Center In addition , the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13 , 1962 to December 23 , 2011 . See also ( edit ) List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health United States Public Health Service National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Heads of International Research Organizations NIH Toolbox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baye , Rachel ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` NIH plans to move 3,000 employees to Bethesda campus '' . Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Congress approve largest U.S. research spending increase in a decade '' . Science AAAS . March 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Appropriations ( Section 2 ) '' . The NIH Almanac ( Report ) . National Institutes of Health . February 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Organization and Leadership NIH Intramural Research Program '' . Irp.nih.gov . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2013 . 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Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01 - AI - 3 - 0052 With Avecia Biologics Limited '' ( PDF ) . September 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266 - 2006 - 00015C With NexBio , Inc '' ( PDF ) . September 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . `` Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN272 - 2008 - 00013C with the EMMES Corporation ( A-03 - 10 - 03115 ) '' ( PDF ) . October 2011 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 2 , 2013 . 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-2123491248222935450 | Zero tolerance | Zero tolerance - wikipedia Zero tolerance This article is about the general type of punishment policy . For other uses , see Zero tolerance ( disambiguation ) . This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A zero - tolerance policy is one which imposes strict punishment for infractions of a stated rule , with the intention of eliminating undesirable conduct . Zero - tolerance policies forbid persons in positions of authority from exercising discretion or changing punishments to fit the circumstances subjectively ; they are required to impose a pre-determined punishment regardless of individual culpability , extenuating circumstances , or history . This pre-determined punishment , whether mild or severe , is always meted out . Zero - tolerance policies are studied in criminology and are common in formal and informal policing systems around the world . The policies also appear in informal situations where there may be sexual harassment or Internet misuse in educational and workplace environments . In 2014 , the mass incarceration in the United States based upon minor offenses has resulted in an outcry on the use of zero tolerance in schools and communities . Little evidence supports the claimed effectiveness of zero - tolerance policies . One underlying problem is that there are a great many reasons why people hesitate to intervene , or to report behavior they find to be unacceptable or unlawful . Zero - tolerance policies address , at best , only a few of these reasons . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Applications 3.1 Bullying in the workplace 3.2 Narcotics 3.3 Driving 3.4 In schools 4 Criticism 4.1 Discrimination by state - run monopoly 4.1. 1 Alcohol 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) According to the Online Etymology Dictionary , the first recorded use of the term `` zero tolerance '' was in 1972 . It was originally used in politics in the United States . An earlier use of the term came in the mid-1960s , in reference to an absolute ban of the pesticide heptachlor by the United States Food and Drug Administration ; for example , in an article that appeared in the June 1963 issue of Popular Mechanics , it is stated that `` Heptachlor , though , is even more toxic and has been given a ' zero tolerance ' by the FDA ; that is , not even the slightest trace of heptachlor is permitted on food . '' History ( edit ) The idea behind zero - tolerance policies can be traced back to the Safe and Clean Neighborhoods Act , approved in New Jersey in 1973 , which has the same underlying assumptions . The ideas behind the 1973 New Jersey policy were later popularized in 1982 , when a US cultural magazine , The Atlantic Monthly , published an article by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling about the broken windows theory of crime . Their name for the idea comes from the following example : Consider a building with a few broken windows . If the windows are not repaired , the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows . Eventually , they may even break into the building , and if it 's unoccupied , perhaps become squatters or light fires inside . Or consider a sidewalk . Some litter accumulates . Soon , more litter accumulates . Eventually , people even start leaving bags of trash from take - out restaurants . According to scholars , zero tolerance is the concept of giving carte blanche to the police for the inflexible repression of minor offenses , homeless people , and the disorders associated with them . A well - known criticism to this approach is that it redefines social problems in terms of security , it considers the poor as criminals , and it reduces crimes to only `` street crimes '' , those committed by lower social classes , excluding white - collar crimes . On the historical examples of the application of zero tolerance kind of policies , nearly all the scientific studies conclude that it did n't play a leading role in the reduction of crimes , a role which is claimed by its advocates . On the other hand , large majorities of people who are living in communities in which zero tolerance policing has been followed believe that in fact it has played a key , leading role in reducing crime in their communities . It has been alleged that in New York City , the decline of crimes rate started well before Rudy Giuliani came to power in 1993 , and none of the decreasing processes had particular inflection under him . and that in the same period , the decrease in crime was the same in the other major US cities , even those with an opposite security policy . But the experience of the vast majority of New Yorkers led them to precisely the opposite conclusion and allowed a Republican to win and retain the Mayor 's office for the first time in decades in large part because of the perception that zero tolerance policing was key to the improving crime situation in New York City . On the other hand , some argue that in the years 1984 - 7 New York already experienced a policy similar to Giuliani 's one , but it faced a crime increase instead . Two American specialists , Edward Maguire , a Professor at American University , and John Eck from the University of Cincinnati , rigorously evaluated all the scientific work designed to test the effectiveness of the police in the fight against crime . They concluded that `` neither the number of policemen engaged in the battle , or internal changes and organizational culture of law enforcement agencies ( such as the introduction of community policing ) have by themselves any impact on the evolution of offenses . '' They argue that crime decrease was due not to the work of the police and judiciary , but to economic and demographic factors . The main ones were an unprecedented economic growth with jobs for millions of young people , and a shift from the use of crack towards other drugs . An alternative argument comes from Kelling and William Bratton , Giuliani 's original police chief , who argue that broken windows policing methods did contribute to the decrease in crime , but that they were not a form of zero tolerance : Critics use the term `` zero tolerance '' in a pejorative sense to suggest that Broken Windows policing is a form of zealotry -- the imposition of rigid , moralistic standards of behavior on diverse populations . It is not . Broken Windows is a highly discretionary police activity that requires careful training , guidelines , and supervision , as well as an ongoing dialogue with neighborhoods and communities to ensure that it is properly conducted Sheldon Wein has set out a list of six characteristics of a zero tolerance policy : Full enforcement ( all those for whom there is adequate evidence that they have violated the rule are to be identified ) Lack of prosecutorial discretion ( for every plausibly accused person , it is determined whether the person has in fact violated the policy ) Strict constructivist interpretation ( no room for narrow interpretation of the rule ) Strict liability ( no excuses or justifications ) Mandatory punishment ( not under a mandatory minimum penalty ) Harsh punishment ( mandatory minimum penalty is considered relatively harsh given the nature of the offence ) . Wein sees these points as representing `` focal meaning '' of the concept , namely , that not each one need be met literally , yet that any policy that clearly meets all six of these conditions would definitely be seen as a case of a zero tolerance policy . Applications ( edit ) Bullying in the Workplace ( edit ) See also : Harassment and Workplace bullying Various institutions have undertaken zero - tolerance policies , for example , in the military , in the workplace , and in schools , in an effort to eliminate various kinds of illegal behavior , such as harassment . Proponents hope that such policies will underscore the commitment of administrators to prevent such behavior . Others raise a concern about this use of zero - tolerance policies , a concern which derives from analysis of errors of omission versus errors of commission . Here is the reasoning : Failure to proscribe unacceptable behavior may lead to errors of omission -- too little will be done . But zero tolerance may be seen as a kind of ruthless management , which may lead to a perception of `` too much being done '' . If people fear that their co-workers or fellow students may be fired , terminated , or expelled , they may not come forward at all when they see behavior deemed unacceptable . ( This is a classic example of Type I and type II errors . ) The Type Two error , where it occurs with respect to zero tolerance , leads to the situation where too stringent a policy may actually reduce reports of illegal behavior . Narcotics ( edit ) See also : War on drugs and Drug policy of Sweden In the United States , zero tolerance , as an approach against drugs , was originally designed as a part of the War on Drugs under Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush , ostensibly to curb the transfer of drugs at US borders . Law - enforcement was to target the drug users rather than the transporters or suppliers under the assumptions that harsh sentences and strict enforcement of personal use would reduce demand and , therefore , strike at root cause of the drug problem . The policy did not require additional laws ; instead existing law was enacted with less leniency . Similar concepts in other countries , such as Sweden , Italy , Japan , Singapore China , India , and Russia have since been labeled zero tolerance . A consistence of zero tolerance is the absolute dichotomy between the legality of any use and no use , equating all illicit drugs and any form of use as undesirable and harmful to society . This is contrasting to viewpoints of those who stress the disparity in harmfulness among drugs , and would like to distinguish between occasional drug use and problem drug use . Although some harm reductionists also see drug use as generally undesirable , they hold that the resources would do more good if they were allocated toward helping problem drug users instead of combating all drug users . As an example , research findings from Switzerland indicate that emphasis on problem drug users `` seems to have contributed to the image of heroin as unattractive for young people . '' On a more general level , zero - tolerance advocates holds the aim at ridding the society of all illicit drug use and that criminal justice has an important role in that endeavor . The Swedish parliament for example set the vision a drug - free society as the official goal for the drug policy in 1978 . These visions were to prompt new practices inspired by Nils Bejerot , practices later labeled as Zero tolerance . In 1980 the Swedish attorney general finally dropped the practice of giving waivers for possession of drugs for personal use after years of lowering the thresholds . The same year , police began to prioritize drug users and street - level drug crimes over drug distributors . In 1988 all non medicinally prescribed usage became illegal and in 1993 the enforcement of personal use were eased by permitting the police to take blood or urine samples from suspects . This unrelenting approach towards drug users , together with generous treatment opportunities , have won UNODC 's approval , and is cited by the UN as one of the main reasons for Sweden 's relatively low drug prevalence rates . However , that interpretation of the statistics and the more general success of Sweden 's drug policies are highly questioned . Driving ( edit ) The term is used in the context of driving under the influence of alcohol , referring to a lower illegal blood alcohol content for drivers under the age of 21 . In the US , the legal limit in all states is now . 08 % , but for drivers under 21 the prohibited level in most states is . 01 % or . 02 % . This is also true in Puerto Rico despite a drinking age of 18 . In Europe , Belgium , Finland , France , Germany , and Sweden have zero - tolerance laws for drugs and driving , as opposed to the other main legal approach where laws forbidding impaired driving is enacted instead . The legislation among countries that practice zero tolerance on drug use for drivers varies . Only a limited set of ( common ) drugs are included in the zero - tolerance legislation in Germany and Belgium , where in Finland and Sweden all controlled substances fall into the scope of zero tolerance , if they are not covered by a prescription . In Argentina , the Cordoba State Highway Patrol enforces a zero - tolerance policy . In Asia , Japan also practices zero - tolerance for alcohol and driving . The people caught driving after drinking , including the next morning if there are still traces of alcohol , receive a fine and can be fired . Foreigners may even be deported . In schools ( edit ) Main article : Zero tolerance ( schools ) See also : School - to - prison pipeline Zero - tolerance policies have been adopted in schools and other education venues around the world . These policies are usually promoted as preventing drug abuse , violence , and gang activity in schools . In schools , common zero - tolerance policies concern possession or use of drugs or weapons . Students and , sometimes staff , parents , and other visitors , who possess a banned item or perform any prohibited action for any reason are automatically punished . School administrators are barred from using their judgment , reducing severe punishments to be proportional to minor offenses , or considering extenuating circumstances . For example , the policies treat possession of a knife identically , regardless of whether the knife is a blunt table knife being used to eat a meal , a craft knife used in an art class , or switchblade with no reasonable practical or educational value . Consequently , these policies are sometimes derided as `` zero - intelligence policies '' . There is no credible evidence that zero tolerance reduces violence or drug abuse by students . The unintended negative consequences are clearly documented and sometimes severe : school suspension and expulsion result in a number of negative outcomes for both schools and students . Although the policies are `` facially neutral '' , minority children are the most likely to suffer the negative consequences of zero tolerance . These policies have also resulted in embarrassing publicity for schools and have been struck down by the courts and by Departments of Education , and they have been weakened by legislatures . Criticism ( edit ) Some critics have argued that `` zero tolerance '' policing violates the Law Enforcement Code of Conduct passed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police , which says in part : `` The fundamental duties of a police officer include serving the community , safeguarding lives and property , protecting the innocent , keeping the peace and ensuring the rights of all to liberty , equality and justice '' ( cited in Robinson , 2002 ) . This code requires that police behave in a courteous and fair manner , that they treat all citizens in a respectable and decent manner , and that they never use unnecessary force . As Robinson ( 2002 : 206 ) explains : Zero - tolerance policing runs counter to community policing and logical crime prevention efforts . To whatever degree street sweeps are viewed by citizens as brutal , suspect , militaristic , or the biased efforts of `` outsiders , '' citizens will be discouraged from taking active roles in community building activities and crime prevention initiatives in conjunction with the police . Perhaps this is why the communities that most need neighborhood watch programs are least likely to be populated by residents who take active roles in them . Critics say that zero - tolerance policing will fail because its practice destroys several important requisites for successful community policing , namely police accountability , openness to the public , and community cooperation ( Cox and Wade 1998 : 106 ) . Zero tolerance policies violate principles of health and human services , and standards of the education and healthy growth of children , families and communities . Even traditional community service providers in the 1970s aimed for `` services for all '' ( e.g. , zero reject ) instead of 100 % societal exclusion ( zero tolerance ) . Public administration and disability has supported principles which include education , employment , housing , transportation , recreation and political participation in the community . which zero tolerance groups claim are not a right in the US . Opponents of zero tolerance believe that such a policy neglects investigation on a case - by - case basis and may lead to unreasonably harsh penalties for crimes that may not warrant such penalties in reality . Another criticism of zero - tolerance policies is that it gives officers and the legal system little discretion in dealing with offenders . Zero - tolerance policies may prohibit their enforcers from making the punishment fit the crime . It also may cause offenders to go all out , knowing if the punishment is the same for a little or a lot . This phenomenon of human nature is described in an adage that dates back to at least the 17th century , `` might as well be hanged for a sheep as a lamb '' : until 1820 , the English law prescribed hanging for stealing anything worth more than one shilling , whether that was a low - value lamb or a whole flock of sheep . In the Kids for cash scandal , judge Mark Ciavarella , who promoted a platform of zero tolerance , received kickbacks for constructing a private prison that housed juvenile offenders , and then proceeded to fill the prison by sentencing children to extended stays in juvenile detention for offenses as minimal as mocking a principal on Myspace , scuffles in hallways , trespassing in a vacant building , and shoplifting DVDs from Walmart . Critics of zero - tolerance policies argue that harsh punishments for minor offences are normalized . The documentary Kids for Cash interviews experts on adolescent behaviour , who argue that the zero tolerance model has become a dominant approach to policing juvenile offences after the Columbine shooting . Recently , argumentation theorists ( especially Sheldon Wein ) have suggested that , frequently , when people advocate adopting a zero tolerance policy , they commit what he has called the `` zero tolerance fallacy '' . Subsequently , Wein has proposed standards which arguments for zero tolerance policies must meet in order to avoid such fallacious inferences . Discrimination by State - run monopoly ( edit ) Alcohol ( edit ) A majority of the beverages advertised as `` non alcoholic '' or `` alcohol - free '' by the Swedish alcohol monopoly Systembolaget actually contain 0.5 % alcohol . According to two Swedish addiction experts , this is `` dangerous and misleading '' and enough for the beverages to be a threat to recovering alcoholics . While different from a zero - declaration , Systembolaget has countered that according to EU regulation , alcohol content of less than 1.2 % does not need to be declared . See also ( edit ) Blue - collar crime Bob Kiley Crime mapping Fixing broken windows Harm reduction Ignorantia juris non excusat Kids for cash scandal Law and order ( politics ) Mandatory sentencing Nils Bejerot Ray Mallon Tolerance Trump administration family separation policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ zero tolerance , n . ( under zero , n . ) . The Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition 1989 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 from oed.com website . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ zero tolerance . ( n.d. ) . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Retrieved 10 November 2009 , from Dictionary.com website . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Zero Tolerance - Cambridge English Dictionary '' . Cambridge Dictionaries Online . Cambridge University . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben - Moshe , L. , Chapman , C. & Carey , A.C. ( 2014 ) . Disability Incarcerated : Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada . NY , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . Jump up ^ Ervelles , N. ( 2014 ) . Crippin ' Jim Crow : Disability , Dis - location , and the School to Prison Pipeline . In : Carey , A. , Ben - Moshe , L. , & Chapman , C. , Disability Incarcerated : Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada . NY , NY : Palgrave MacMillan . Jump up ^ Rowe and Bendersky , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Dealing with -- or Reporting -- '' Unacceptable '' Behavior - with additional thoughts about the Bystander Effect '' © 2009 Mary Rowe MIT , Linda Wilcox HMS , Howard Gadlin NIH , JIOA , vol 2 , no 1 , p52 . Jump up ^ `` Zero Tolerance '' . Online Etymology DIctionary . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Clifford B. Hicks , `` And Was It a Silent Spring ? '' , Popular Mechanics , June 1963 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Tonello ( 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson and Kelling ( 1982 ) ^ Jump up to : Wacquant , Loïc ( 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall 1999 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` anti-social behaviours associated with the homeless '' as in Kelling 's own terminology Jump up ^ Wacquant , Loïc ( 1999 ) : `` une comparaison méthodique montrerait tout de suite que la prétendue `` montée inexorable '' des `` violences urbaines '' est avant tout une thématique politico - médiatique visant à faciliter la redéfinition des problèmes sociaux en termes de sécurité `` , eng : `` A comparison would show immediately that the so - called `` inexorable rise '' of the `` urban violence '' is first and foremost a political - media theme aimed at facilitating the redefinition of social problems in terms of security '' ^ Jump up to : Wacquant , Loïc ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Fagan et al. ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Eck and Maguire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Bowling ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ William Bratton , George Kelling ( December 2014 ) . `` Why we need Broken Windows policing '' . City Journal . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wein , Sheldon ( 2014 ) . `` Exploring the virtues ( and vices ) of zero tolerance arguments '' . University of Windsor . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . , Proceedings of the 2013 OSSA Conference ( edited by Dima Mohammed and Marcin Lewiński ) , Centre for Research on Reasoning , Argumentation , and Rhetoric ( CRRAR ) publishing , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Workplace Justice , Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers : Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems , '' with Corinne Bendersky , in Negotiations and Change , From the Workplace to Society , Thomas Kochan and Richard Locke ( editors ) , Cornell University Press , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : See zero tolerance in Carson - Dewitt , Rosalyn ( 2002 ) . Drugs , Alcohol and Tobacco : Learning about the Addictive Behavior ; Volume 1 , 2 , and 3 . Macmillan Reference Library . ISBN 002865756X . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : UNODC : Sweden 's successful drug policy , 2007 Jump up ^ Peter Popham ( 2003 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Italy signs up to zero - tolerance drugs crackdown '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Statement to the UN general assembly by Mr. Makoto Hashizume , Delegation of Japan , on Agenda Item 106 : Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and Agenda Item 107 : International Drug Control '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Japan . 2005 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jamie Lee ; Geert De Clercq ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Singapore drug cases jump 42 pct on Subutex abuse '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Luke Baker ( 2009 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Drug policy groups decry fresh UN anti-drug strategy '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ming - sum Tsui `` The harm reduction approach revisited : An international perspective '' International Social Work 2000 , vol 43 , page 243 Jump up ^ Nordt , Carlos ; Stohler , Rudolph ( 3 June 2006 ) . `` Incidence of heroin use in Zurich , Switzerland : a treatment case register analysis '' . The Lancet . 367 ( 9525 ) . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 06 ) 68804 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( 2006 ) . Looking at the UN , smelling a rat . Amsterdam : CEDRO . Jump up ^ Tham , Henrik ( September 1998 ) . `` Swedish Drug Policy : A Successful Model ? '' . European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research . Springer Netherlands . 6 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 414 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1008699414325 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Editorial comment ( March 2009 ) . `` Failed states and failed policies - How to stop the drug wars '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 5 June 2016 ) . `` Zero Tolerance Laws for Young Drivers '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ P. Lillsunde , T. Gunnar `` Drugs and driving : The Finnish perspective '' Bulletin on Narcotics , vol . LVII , Nos. 1 and 2 , 2005 page 214 ) Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Drink - driving in Japan is serious business - motoring.com.au '' . motoring.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Zero Tolerance is Zero Intelligence '' . Delaware Liberal . 6 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Russell J. Skiba Zero Tolerance , Zero Evidence : An Analysis of School Disciplinary Practice Policy Research Report # SRS2 August , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Are Zero Tolerance Policies Effective in the Schools ? An evidentiary review and recommendations . American Psychologist , December 2008 . Jump up ^ Zero Tolerance Policies : no substitute for good judgment Summary of the APA Task Force Report at everydaypsychology.com Jump up ^ `` Reports of Sections and Divisions , Criminal Justice , Report Nos . 103B '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . 9 February 2001 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No expulsion for pair who found pill at school '' . Deseret News . 5 October 2002 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Nuckols ( AP ) ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` Delaware 1st grader has 45 - day suspension lifted '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Racino , J. ( 2014 ) . Public Administration and Disability : Community Services Administration in the US . London : CRC Press , Francis and Taylor . Jump up ^ Christine Ammer ( 1997 ) The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 72774 - 4 p. 279 . Jump up ^ Khan , Daryl ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) . `` A Plot with a Scandal : A Closer Look at ' Kids for Cash ' Documentary '' . Juvenile Justice Information Exchange . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Intolerance and the Zero Tolerance Fallacy '' , What do We Know about the World ? Rhetorical & Argumentative Perspectives ( edited by Gabrijela Kišiček and Igor Ž . Žagar ) , co-published by the Digital Library Dissertationes ( Educational Research Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia ) and the Centre for Research on Reasoning , Argumentation , and Rhetoric , Windsor Studies in Argumentation , University of Windsor Press , 2013 ( pages 132 to 144 ) . Jump up ^ For more on the virtues and vices of zero tolerance arguments , see Wein , Sheldon ( 2014 ) . `` Exploring the virtues ( and vices ) of zero tolerance arguments '' . University of Windsor . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . , Proceedings of the 2013 OSSA Conference ( edited by Dima Mohammed and Marcin Lewiński ) , Centre for Research on Reasoning , Argumentation , and Rhetoric ( CRRAR ) publishing , 2014 . See also , Wein , Sheldon ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Exploring the virtues ( and vices ) of zero tolerance arguments '' . Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . and Wein , Sheldon ( 25 May 2015 ) . `` Response to my commentator '' . Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation . Retrieved 1 October 2017 ... Jump up ^ `` Sweden 's alcohol - free drink label ' misleading ' '' . Thelocal.se. 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Bowling , B. ( 1999 ) The rise and fall of New York murder : zero tolerance or crack 's decline ? vol. 39 , no . 4 ( 1999 ) : 531 - 554 . Cox , S. & J. Wade . ( 1998 ) . The Criminal Justice Network : An Introduction . New York : McGraw - Hill . Dennis , Norman ; Erdos , George ( 2005 ) Cultures and Crimes , cap . 13 Dealing with Diversity : Libertarianism and Multiculturalism pp. 169 -- 183 ISBN 1 - 903386 - 38 - 1 Eck , John E. ; Maguire , Edward R. ( 2000 ) Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime ? , pp. 207 -- 265 in The Crime Drop in America , edited by Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman . Cambridge University Press , New York , 2000 . Fagan , Jeffrey ; Franklin Zimring et June Kim , Declining Homicide in New York City : A Tale of Two Trends , Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 88 - 4 , été 1998 , pp. 1277 -- 1324 . Marshall , Jayne ( 1999 ) Zero Tolerance Policing . South Australia Office of Crime , Issue 9 March 1999 . Robinson , M. ( 2002 ) . Justice Blind ? Ideals and Realities of American Criminal Justice . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Rowe , Mary and Corinne Bendersky , `` Workplace Justice , Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers : Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems , '' in Negotiations and Change , From the Workplace to Society , Thomas Kochan and Richard Locke ( editors ) , Cornell University Press , 2002. ( http://web.mit.edu/ombud/publications/index.html , # 18 ) . Sherman , L. , D. ; Gottfredson , D ; MacKenzie , J ; Eck , P ; Reuter & Bushway , S. ( 1997 ) . `` Preventing Crime : What Works , What Does n't , What 's Promising . '' ( 3 ) Snider , Laureen. ( 2004 ) `` Zero Tolerance Reversed : Constituting the Non-Culpable Subject in Walkerton '' in What is a Crime ? Defining Criminal Conduct in Contemporary Canadian Society . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press , and Montreal : Laval University Press ( French translation ) , 2004 : 155 - 84 . Tonello , Fabrizio ( 2007 ) Così negli Usa è fallita la Tolleranza zero ( eng. : So Zero Tolerance failed in the US ) published by il manifesto 31 August 2007 , p. 5 ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( in Italian ) Wacquant , Loïc ( 1999 ) Penal ' common sense ' comes to Europe - US exports zero tolerance ( 7 ) April 1999 Le Monde Diplomatique . ( original French version , ita version ) Wacquant , Loïc ( November 1999 ) Prisons of Poverty Wacquant , Loïc ( 2002 ) Sur quelques contes sécuritaires venus d'Amérique - Les impasses d'un modèle répressif ( in French ) May 2002 Le Monde Diplomatique . ( ita version ) Wilson , James Q. ; Kelling , George L. `` Broken Windows : The police and neighborhood safety '' ( PDF ) . The Atlantic Monthly , March 1982 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . ( 8 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_tolerance&oldid=851195686 '' Categories : Criminology Criminal law Crime prevention Law enforcement Law enforcement techniques Hidden categories : Articles needing POV - check from August 2016 Articles with Italian - language external links Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 18 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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5909679429606056440 | List of H2O: Just Add Water episodes | List of H2O : just Add water episodes - Wikipedia List of H O : just Add water episodes The following is an episode list for the Australian television show H O : Just Add Water , which first aired on Network Ten in Australia and has since been broadcast in more than 120 countries worldwide . Series one premiered in Australia on 7 July 2006 and series two began there on 28 September 2007 . The third series premiered in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2009 while its Australian premiere occurred on 22 May 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series one ( 2006 ) 2.2 Series two ( 2007 -- 08 ) 2.3 Series three ( 2009 -- 10 ) 3 Compilation TV films 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Series premiere Series finale 26 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 26 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 26 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) Episode list ( edit ) Series one ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Emma Gilbert ( Claire Holt ) , Cleo Sertori ( Phoebe Tonkin ) and Rikki Chadwick ( Cariba Heine ) are three teenage girls who become stranded on the mysterious Mako Island . When they enter an underground pool of water that leads to the ocean they find themselves bathed in the glow of moonlight from overhead . After being rescued the girls return to their normal lives but soon discover they have changed : seconds after contact with water they transform into mermaids . After further experimentation , they discover they also have unique supernatural powers over water . Emma can freeze water , Cleo can control the shape and volume of water , and Rikki can boil water . The girls enlist Cleo 's long - time friend Lewis McCartney ( Angus McLaren ) to try to determine why this has happened to them and help them keep their new identity a secret . The series focuses on the girls dealing with everyday teen problems while trying to cope with their newfound abilities . The first series features a single primary storyline with three main elements . The girls meet Louise Chatham ( Christine Amor ) , an older woman who reveals that she too was once a mermaid . She helps the girls understand their own situation and warns them of the dangers involved . After a confrontation with Ms. Chatham , Zane Bennett ( Burgess Abernethy ) gets trapped on her sinking houseboat which forces Emma to rush to his aid . During the rescue , Zane catches a glimpse of her tail and becomes obsessed with finding this `` sea monster '' . Doctor Denman ( Lara Cox ) , a marine biologist , also becomes focused on the mermaids when Lewis accidentally leaves behind a genetic sample of the girls he was working on in her lab . Zane later helps her to capture the girls , unaware of their true identities . When he realises what he has done , Zane works with Lewis to free the girls who trick the scientists into believing they have given up their powers during a lunar eclipse . In reality , they were only temporarily removed of their powers . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 01 `` Metamorphosis '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 7 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) 101 Three fifteen - year - old girls -- Emma Gilbert , Rikki Chadwick , and Cleo Sertori -- find themselves stranded out at sea in a dinghy , and drift onto the beaches of Mako Island . Once there , they discover a hidden , underground cavern , and inside it , a deep pool of water , sitting within the cone of a volcano . Realising that the pool , which has an underwater tunnel connected to the ocean , is their only way out , the girls step into the water and find themselves bathed in the light of the full moon as it passes over the top of the volcano . Little do they know , as they swim out of the tunnel and are rescued by the water police , that they have undergone a magical transformation , and their lives will never be the same again . Ten seconds after they touch water , they turn into mermaids . Cleo and Emma discover that they have powers to control water . 02 `` Pool Party '' Colin Budds Deb Cox 14 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 14 ) 102 While Rikki enjoys her new life as a mermaid , Emma and Cleo are less enthusiastic about their mermaid powers . Emma 's swimming career is in jeopardy , and Cleo feels isolated when she realises that she ca n't go to fashionable Miriam 's pool party . Rikki soon gets fed up with their moaning , and storms off ... and accidentally discovers a power of her own . Meanwhile , Cleo wants to tell her friend , Lewis , about her powers , but Emma and Rikki forbid it . However , Cleo might need his help after all when she takes a risk and attends Miriam 's pool party ... and gets thrown in the pool by prankster Zane Bennett and his pal Nate , just as Lewis arrives . Lewis discovers that the girls are mermaids but promises to keep their secret . 03 `` Catch of the Day '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 21 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 21 ) 103 Emma and Rikki use their new - found abilities to free hatchling sea turtles caught in fishing nets . But when they shred one of the nets with a knife , they spark stories of sharks patrolling the waters . Meanwhile , Emma and Rikki have bad news for Cleo ; the fishing boat that caught the turtle in its net was her father 's . Refusing to believe that her father is illegally catching turtles , Cleo swims after his boat to investigate and at last accepts what she is . But the fishermen on board the boat mistake Cleo for a shark and catch her in their net . Emma and Rikki rescue her and Cleo is no longer afraid to swim in the water . 04 `` Party Girls '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 28 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 28 ) 104 A worried Emma cancels her annual sleepover party when she realises the risk of growing a tail in front of all her guests . She and Lewis travel back to Mako Island to try to find out how the girls were transformed into mermaids , and Emma finds a mysterious locket at the bottom of the Moon Pool , and thinks that it may be important . Meanwhile , Cleo gets a job at the marine park 's dolphin tank , and Emma is furious with her for taking such risks around water . But Cleo 's determination to lead a normal life without being scared of every drop of water she sees convinces Emma , who reschedules her sleepover . But there is trouble in store when Miriam , upset that she was n't invited to Emma 's party , gate crashes with Zane . At the party , Cleo gets water on herself , and has to hide in a closet , but when the other girls at the party open the door , she has already managed to zip herself up inside a sleeping bag . The girls , however , almost feel Cleo 's tail , and she has to use her power to blow up the drinks as a distraction . Jealous Miriam then tries to steal Emma 's locket , but Rikki stops her , and gives it back to Emma . Emma then gives it to Cleo , saying that a mermaid who can hide her tail in the middle of a party is more than capable of taking care of so important a locket . Also , Cleo is confused when she is approached at the marine park by a strange old woman who seems to know her secret . 05 `` Something Fishy '' Colin Budds Joanne Watson 4 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 04 ) 105 Cleo 's secret diary falls into the hands of her younger sister , Kim . Kim grows suspicious when she reads in the diary that Cleo and her friends are mermaids , and shares her ideas with Emma 's brother , Elliot . At first , Elliot does n't believe her ; but when Emma accidentally freezes his shower , Elliot becomes convinced that his sister is part of an evil mermaid cult . To put the kids off the scent , the girls decide to make them think that the diary is about someone else , and choose Miriam as their decoy , using their powers to make it look as though Miriam has powers of her own . Meanwhile , an oblivious Miriam enters the Miss Sea Queen pageant , and taunts Cleo , who decides to enter the pageant herself -- unaware that Kim and Elliot are planning to shower the stage with water to expose Miriam and Cleo as mermaids . Lewis goes to Mako Island to investigate the moon pool in order to find out how the girls became mermaids . 06 `` Young Love '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 11 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) 106 When Rikki saves Emma 's brother Elliot from drowning , he develops a crush on her , and wo n't leave her alone . With Rikki getting annoyed , Emma and Cleo try to persuade her to let Elliot down gently ; but with Rikki 's fiery nature , that does n't work too well , and an upset Elliot runs away . Rikki finds him at Lewis ' brother 's nursery plant school and apologises . However , they end up locked in and Rikki discovers that the sprinklers will wash the plants . The others must get them out before Rikki is transformed . 07 `` Moon Spell '' Colin Budds Max Dann 18 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 18 ) 107 The strange old woman makes a reappearance at the marine park , and gives Cleo a mysterious warning not to look at the full moon . The other girls , however , are convinced the old woman is crazy , and ignore the warning , going ahead with Emma 's planned surprise party for her father . At the party , however , Emma sees the reflection of the full moon in a bowl of punch , and then starts acting very strange , losing her inhibitions and being rude to the guests . Cleo , Rikki and Lewis try to keep her under control , but Emma ends up diving into the water , and turning into a mermaid . Worse still , when the others dry her off , her tail wo n't go away . How can they hide a mermaid in the middle of a party ? 08 `` The Denman Affair '' Colin Budds Chris Anastassiades 25 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) 108 Lewis gets a job as a lab assistant for Dr. Linda Denman , a beautiful marine biologist , and secretly plans to use her equipment to try to find out more about the girls ' mermaid transformation . But he instead ends up putting their secret in danger , when he leaves a DNA sample from Cleo behind in the lab , and Dr. Denman discovers it . The girls realise that they are really in trouble when Cleo sneaks into Dr. Denman 's lab , and discovers a scientific article on Dr. Denman 's laptop about her unusual cell sample . With Lewis refusing to believe that Dr. Denman stole the cell sample from him ( partly because he has a crush on her ) , Emma , Rikki and Cleo 's secret could be about to be exposed to the world . 09 `` Dangerous Waters '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 1 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 01 ) 109 When one of Cleo 's beloved fish dies , Rikki ca n't understand why she is so upset , and ends up offending her . To make up for it , Rikki uses her mermaid abilities to dive where no fish collector can dive , and picks Cleo a replacement fish . Back on dry land , however , she meets a man claiming to be a Marine Park breeder of rare fish , who offers to pay her good money for more rare fish specimens . Rikki takes the job , but when she sees one of the fish she caught in a pet tank in the JuiceNet cafe , she realises that the man who hired her does not really work for the Marine Park , and is actually selling the fish illegally for high profit . Rikki takes it upon herself to find the man , and deliver him to the police . 10 `` The Camera Never Lies '' Colin Budds Deb Cox 8 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 08 ) 110 Lewis and the girls enter a short film contest held at the JuiceNet cafe , but Lewis , last year 's champion , is fresh out of ideas . Rikki and Cleo are roped into doing a film about Emma 's mother , but Rikki , thinking that the film is boring , sneaks off to shoot her own film , featuring some impressive underwater footage of sharks . Meanwhile , Zane , ineligible to compete himself , as his father is on the judging panel , recruits Lewis to shoot a film of him windsurfing around Mako Island , recreating ( and hopefully beating ) , his father 's windsurfing record of several years before . But things do n't go to plan , when Zane falls off his windsurfer , right in the middle of Mako Island 's shark breeding ground . 11 `` Sink or Swim '' Colin Budds Max Dann 15 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) 111 Emma is flattered when local surfing hero , Byron , asks her to train him up for a swimming competition , but has to turn him down for obvious reasons . However , she changes her mind after learning that Zane is boasting to everyone that he will beat Byron by a mile , and begins training Byron without getting in the pool herself . But Byron is disappointed when Emma turns into a ' heavy training dragon ' , and the pair nearly fall out . Emma takes advice from her friends not to be so hard on Byron , but by being nice to him , she gives him the wrong idea , and they end up kissing . Meanwhile , Lewis continues his research on the girls , but Rikki does not like him treating her as a specimen , and tries to annoy him by disrupting his experiments . 12 `` The Siren Effect '' Colin Budds Susan MacGillicuddy 22 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) 112 As another full moon approaches , Rikki pushes Cleo into a karaoke contest at the JuiceNet cafe , not realising that Cleo can not sing . After embarrassing herself in front of everybody listening , Cleo heads back home with Emma , Rikki and Lewis to prepare for the full moon . But despite all their preparations , Cleo glimpses the moon in the reflection of some water in the bathroom sink , but when she touches the water , she does n't turn into a mermaid . Cleo then stands before everyone in the house , and , to Rikki and Emma 's surprise , sings with the most beautiful voice imaginable . Lewis realises that the full moon has turned Cleo into a siren -- a mythological mermaid that used its mesmerising voice to lure sailors to their deaths . Cleo 's voice , however , seems to be luring hundreds of teenage boys to her house , and under the spell of her voice , Lewis kisses her , and is thrown out by her father . It is then up to Emma and Rikki to keep Cleo out of trouble until the moon sinks ; but , while they both sleep , Cleo phones up the local radio station , and gets her voice on the radio . 13 `` Shipwrecked '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 28 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 28 ) 113 At the local boat yard , Emma finally meets the mysterious old woman who has been following Cleo around ; Miss Chatham . And she finds her at just the right time , as Miss Chatham has an argument with Zane about an accident involving her houseboat ( `` Lorelei '' ) and his jet ski , and then collapses from a heart attack . As she is taken away in an ambulance , Zane hears her muttering to Emma that she needs to protect her ' treasure ' . Later , Emma invites the fragile Miss Chatham to stay with her , and she , Cleo and Rikki get to know her better . But upon hearing that she has been evicted from the boat yard , Miss Chatham sets off in the Lorelei before it can be taken away from her but she accidentally damages Zane 's Jet Ski . Zane chases after her in his Zodiac pontoon boat , catches up with the Lorelei near Mako Island , and boards the Lorelei . He demands compensation for his damaged jet ski , but Miss Chatham passes out with another heart attack . Emma and Lewis arrive just in time to help Miss Chatham and take her to seek medical care on Lewis ' boat . Zane stays aboard the Lorelei , searching for the treasure . Kerosene from a lamp ignites on the Lorelei 's engine , and the boat begins to sink , trapping Zane . Emma is forced to dive down to the sinking boat in order to save Zane , and risks him discovering that she is a mermaid , but he just glimpses her tail before he passes out . Emma returns Miss Chatham 's `` treasure '' to her , and it turns out to be a locket ( identical to Cleo 's ) , containing a picture of three teenage girls ; herself and her friends Julia and Gracie , who were all mermaids back in the 1950s ( Cleo 's locket belonged to Miss Chatham 's friend Gracie ) . 14 `` Surprise ! '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 6 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 06 ) 114 Cleo counts down the days to her sixteenth birthday , not with excitement , but with dread . Emma and Rikki ca n't understand Cleo 's mood , until Lewis tells them about Cleo 's father 's embarrassing birthday parties . Meanwhile , Zane is determined to find the `` sea monster '' that saved him from drowning , and recruits Lewis to help him . But Lewis has promised the girls that he will keep Zane as far away from Mako Island and them as possible . 15 `` The Big Chill '' Jeffrey Walker John Armstrong 13 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 13 ) 115 Emma is excelling at her new job at the JuiceNet café , and is delighted when Wilfred puts her in charge for a whole weekend . However , her skills and patience are put to the test when Cleo persuades her to hire slacker Rikki , who needs the money for concert tickets . But with Emma being a megalomaniac manager , and Rikki a lazy employee , things do n't work out , and Rikki quits after Emma gives her a hard time for being rude to demanding customer Miriam . While the girls argue , the scheming Miriam sneaks into the JuiceNet 's Cool Room , and turns up the temperature , in an attempt to get Rikki and Emma fired . Emma soon discovers that things in the Cool Room are thawing out , and uses her power to re-freeze them -- but accidentally freezes Miriam at the same time . 16 `` Lovesick '' Jeffrey Walker Caroline O'Meara 20 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 20 ) 116 Zane is relentlessly carrying on with his search for the mystery sea monster that saved his life , and tricks Cleo into giving him access to the marine park 's library , so that he can learn more about sea creatures . Meanwhile , Cleo 's friends and family become convinced that she has a secret boyfriend when she starts making odd phone calls and sneaking out of the house ... unaware that she is only going to the marine park to care for a sick dolphin that seems to have a ' crush ' on her . 17 `` Under the Weather '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 27 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) 117 The girls are left housebound on the day of a big biology exam by a sudden rain storm . To keep Emma 's mother from getting suspicious , the girls use their powers to fake illness ( Rikki gives them high temperatures and red blotches on their skin , before Emma gives them low temperatures ) , but their plan backfires when Emma 's mother calls a doctor , who is convinced that the girls have a rare tropical disease , and wants to send them to a hospital . Knowing that they would not last five minutes in the hospital without someone discovering their secret , the girls must try to think a way out of their elaborate lie ... without getting into trouble with their families . 18 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 3 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 03 ) 118 Haunted by his experience with the `` sea monster '' , Zane presses on with his investigations , and is soon led to Mako Island . Meanwhile , on the night of another full moon , it is Rikki 's turn to be moonstruck , when she glimpses the moon 's reflection in a glass of water , and undergoes a catastrophic change ; she loses control of her ability to heat water , and begins boiling everything around her . Distraught , Rikki runs away to Mako Island , and bumps into Zane . Feeling alone and frightened , she kisses him , but ends up hurting him with her power . Emma , Cleo and Lewis seek Miss Chatham 's help . 19 `` Hurricane Angela '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) 119 When Cleo 's young cousin Angela comes to stay , Cleo 's father gives Cleo the responsibility of taking care of her , hoping it will distract Cleo from arguing with her sister Kim . But taking care of Angela brings on challenges of its own , as it appears she is a spoiled brat , who is determined to get what she wants , and , worst of all , has a fondness for water . Rather than taking Angela to the beach to go body boarding , Cleo instead takes her to the safety of the marine park to look at the pelicans Kim is so fond of . But things soon turn bad , when Angela goes missing , and Cleo and the others find a pelican in her house , which Cleo accuses Kim of stealing from the marine park . The real thief turns out to be Angela , who used the pelican as a distraction so that she could go body boarding as punishment Cleo makes Angela clean up after the pelicans at the marine park . 20 `` Hook , Line and Sinker '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 17 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) 120 Keen angler Lewis enters the annual fishing derby with a secret weapon ; a specially designed lure , that is actually hopeless at catching fish . With Nate and the rest of the contestants laughing at him , Cleo feels sorry for Lewis , and tries to help him by deliberately putting a huge fish on the end of his line . But her plan backfires when it is revealed that the fish she chose was a deep - sea tuna , a fish impossible to catch with an ordinary fishing rod from the shore . Lewis is accused of cheating , and is kicked out of the competition , leaving Cleo feeling guilty . Meanwhile , Rikki visits an art exhibition , and has an awkward meeting with Zane . But the pair are forced to talk to each other when they get trapped on a balcony . 21 `` Red Herring '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 24 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 24 ) 121 When Byron makes an innocent comment about Emma being dependable , she misunderstands , and thinks he is saying she is boring . Deciding she needs a change , Emma asks Cleo to dye her hair , but is horrified when Cleo accidentally dyes it a bright red . However , the girls discover that , as Emma was a mermaid when she dyed her hair ( as dyeing hair involves water ) , her hair only becomes red when she has her tail . Meanwhile , Zane 's investigations into his sea monster mystery lead him to Miss Chatham , and he becomes convinced that she knows something . At first , the girls are unconcerned , as Zane has no evidence that Miss Chatham knows anything ; but when they discover that Zane is planning to dive down to Miss Chatham 's wrecked houseboat , Miss Chatham tells them of some old photographs of her and her mermaid friends , locked in a metal chest on board . Emma chooses to swim out to the wreck to salvage the photographs , before Zane finds them . But as she swims out of the wreck , Zane sees her ( but luckily does n't recognise her because of her red hair ) . When the girls find out that Zane now knows about mermaids , Rikki tracks Zane down and says she will be his girlfriend , provided he stops his mermaid hunt . She also warns him not to tell Emma or Cleo about them . 22 `` Fish Out of Water '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 1 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) 122 Emma and Cleo are suspicious of Rikki when they see her apparently out on a date with Zane . After her friends pester her about it , Rikki finally confesses that she and Zane are going out , and Emma and Cleo , fearing that Rikki will tell Zane their secret , tell her to dump him . Rikki refuses , and she and the others fall out ; but when Zane 's father unveils plans to turn Mako Island into a holiday resort , and Zane fails to stand up to him , Rikki begins to wonder whether she made the wrong choice . 23 `` In Too Deep '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 8 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) 123 Rikki is amazed when she sees a locket in a jeweller 's shop identical to Cleo 's and Miss Chatham 's . Miss Chatham reveals that the locket belonged to her friend Julia , the third original mermaid , and Rikki and the others begin searching for the money to buy it for her . But Zane makes a mistake when he lets slip to ex-girlfriend Miriam that Rikki was looking at the locket , and Miriam buys it just to spite her . But another problem comes to the girls ' attention when Miss Chatham tells the story of how Julia -- a girl with a fiery nature identical to Rikki 's -- trusted her wealthy boyfriend with her mermaid secret , only to have him betray her . She and the girls are worried that Rikki will make the same mistake of having too much trust in Zane , but when Zane retrieves the locket for Rikki after Miriam throws it in the water , they are relieved to see that she carefully dries the locket before touching it , meaning that she is not willing to share her secret with Zane . The girls give Julia 's locket to Miss Chatham , but she gives it to Rikki , and then gives her own locket to Emma , saying that it is right that they are all together . 24 `` Love Potion # 9 '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 15 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 15 ) 124 With the school 's end of year dance approaching , Emma takes up the stressful job of heading up the dance committee . But , while the tough task of organising the dance is bad enough on her nerves , she is also flattened by the news that Byron , who she was hoping would ask her to the dance , is already going with Ice Queen Miriam . Cleo is also disappointed that Lewis is too caught up in his experiments to ask her to the dance , and , rather than go alone , she is forced to ask Nate . The only upside is that Lewis , after days of research and testing , has come up with a formula to make the girls ' skin waterproof , and they no longer have to worry about getting wet . But , as the wise Miss Chatham declares , science and magic can not mix , and Lewis ' formula gives the girls an allergic reaction where their skin turns red , and they are forced to flee the dance . Things turn out well in the end , however , as Cleo finally admits to Lewis how she feels about him , and they become a couple . 25 `` Dr. Danger '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 22 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) 125 Emma is forced to drop out of her family 's annual holiday to a water park resort , which upsets her parents and annoys her little brother . But she and the other girls have much more to worry about , when Lewis and Cleo spot their old enemy Dr. Denman 's boat anchored near Mako Island . Returning to follow up her discovery of cells that mutate on contact with water ( a DNA sample from Cleo that Lewis accidentally left behind in her lab ) , Dr. Denman and her team of divers investigate Mako Island , and soon discover the Moon Pool -- and what is worse , they also find a scale from one of the mermaids ' tails . After performing some tests on the scale , Dr. Denman sees that it is identical to the cell sample she stole from Lewis , and realises that he is strongly connected to the whole thing . But she gets even closer to the girls ' secret when she meets Zane , and hears his story of the mermaid he saw . At first , Dr. Denman does n't believe a word Zane says ; but when her underwater cameras set up around the entrance to the Moon Pool capture images of Emma , Rikki and Cleo , she and Zane 's wealthy father team up to capture the mermaids ( although they decide not to tell Zane that one of the mermaids is actually Rikki ) . 26 `` A Twist in the Tail '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 29 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 29 ) 126 Now that the mermaids have been identified , Dr. Denman continues her pursuit of them by holding Lewis hostage on her boat and using his mobile phone to lure the girls to the Moon Pool , where she traps them . After discovering that the three mermaids are in fact Rikki and her friends , Zane is left torn about where his loyalties lie ; with his father , or with Rikki . Eventually , his conscience leads him to set Lewis and the girls free ( much to his father and Dr. Denman 's annoyance ) , but the mermaids are not out of trouble yet . Knowing that Dr. Denman and the scientists will still come after them , the girls must make a tough decision . Miss Chatham tells them of the forthcoming lunar eclipse , and says that , if they enter the Moon Pool when the eclipse passes over it , it will draw their powers away from them . As normal girls , the three of them would be of no interest to the scientists , and would be out of danger . The girls make the choice to enter the pool , and while their powers seem to vanish completely , the next morning they find they 've become mermaids again : the eclipse only affected them for 12 hours . Series two ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) A full moon , in conjunction with a rare planetary alignment , calls the girls to the moon pool at Mako Island where their powers are greatly augmented and strengthened . The second series revolves around the arrival of a new girl , Charlotte Watsford ( Brittany Byrnes ) , who moves into the area and develops an instant attraction to Lewis . After Charlotte sees a film of her grandmother Gracie as a mermaid she meets Max Hamilton ( Martin Vaughan ) who was once romantically involved with Gracie . Happy to have met his lover 's granddaughter , he tells her about the previous mermaids -- Louise , Julia , and Gracie -- and of Mako Island . Charlotte travels to the moon pool during a full moon and becomes the fourth mermaid in possession of all the girls ' powers . Believing herself superior , she and the girls become sworn enemies . This conflict results in a confrontation during an especially powerful full moon , which ends with Charlotte being permanently stripped of her mermaid form and abilities . Series two also focuses on the romantic entanglements of the girls . Cleo breaks up with Lewis for being too clingy and protective after which he dates Charlotte . Rikki and Zane start dating again after breaking up during the series one finale . Emma meets Ash ( Craig Horner ) and flirts with him but he is frustrated by the secrets she constantly holds back . She eventually relents and tells him that she is a mermaid . Torn because of the conflict between his friends and Charlotte , Lewis comes to the conclusion that his loyalties lie with the girls and with Cleo in particular . He breaks up with Charlotte and begins dating Cleo again . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 27 `` Stormy Weather '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 28 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 201 With Cleo 's parents now divorced , Cleo is ordered by her father to take more care of Kim , starting with taking her to a concert . But on the night , Cleo , Rikki and Emma all accidentally see the full moon , and take off to Mako Island , with Lewis in hot pursuit . Once there , the girls undergo another magical transformation in the Moon Pool , as a rare planetary alignment intensifies the power of the full moon -- Emma 's power is enhanced so that she can produce snow and frost , Rikki can conjure lightning , and Cleo can now control wind as well as water . After the moonstruck girls nearly harm Lewis , they realise that they must work to control their new powers , before anyone else gets hurt . 28 `` Control '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 5 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 05 ) 202 A new girl , Charlotte Watsford , moves to the Gold Coast , and it is evident that she is developing a crush on Cleo 's boyfriend , Lewis . But Charlotte may soon have her chance , as Cleo is getting fed up with Lewis ' constant , smothering concern for her , and is considering breaking up with him . Meanwhile , the girls are still trying to learn how to control their powers , and Emma in particular is put to the test when she sees Elliot being bullied by a member of his soccer team . Furious when she sees the boy ( Nate 's little brother ) , shove Elliot in the middle of a game , Emma then executes total control of her newfound powers ... by making the boy slip on a sheet of ice . But elsewhere , Cleo makes the tough decision to break up with Lewis . 29 `` The One That Got Away '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 12 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) 203 Rikki is bothered by Zane 's reappearance on the Gold Coast , as she realises she still likes him . With Zane thinking that Rikki gave up her mermaid powers at the lunar eclipse during the war with Dr. Denman , can she manage to keep her secret from him for a second time ? Meanwhile , Cleo grows jealous when she sees that Lewis and Charlotte are becoming close friends , and , in a mad rage , she steals Charlotte 's diary ... and discovers that she apparently already has a boyfriend named RJ . The episode ends with Zane rediscovering that Rikki is a mermaid , when Nate blasts her with water , but he promises not to tell anyone , and they rekindle their relationship . Cleo ends up embarrassing herself when she confronts Charlotte about her secret other boyfriend , and learns that the dates in the diary are meetings for Charlotte 's theatre group ( RJ stands for Romeo and Juliet ) . 30 `` Fire and Ice '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Anastassiades 19 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) 204 When Emma 's parents head off to a crystal - wear convention , she is left in charge of the house , and invites Cleo to stay ... but instead ends up with the messy and rebellious Rikki . However , when Rikki criticises Emma for being a control - freak , Emma sets out to prove that she can have fun too , and throws a wild party at her house . But she starts to regret her decision when the party gets out of hand . Meanwhile , Nate convinces Lewis that Cleo broke up with him because he was n't manly enough , and offers to teach him judo . But the lessons are actually a ploy to keep Lewis away from Cleo , so that Nate can flirt with her . 31 `` Hocus Pocus '' Jeffrey Walker Kirsty Fisher 26 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) 205 Emma convinces Wilfred to shoot a TV commercial for the steadily failing JuiceNet cafe , but is taken aback when he asks her to star in it . Meanwhile , Lewis digs up an old book on mermaid magic , and with it , an alleged wish - granting potion . He and the girls brew up the potion in a storage room at the JuiceNet , but when it apparently does n't work , a smug Rikki overheats the potion , causing it to grow into a foul fungus that begins to engulf the cafe . However , when Cleo takes home an untouched sample of the potion in order to make her father wish her mother return , she discovers that it does indeed work , but only when it is used by a mermaid . 32 `` Pressure Cooker '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 2 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 206 Cleo and Kim are concerned when it seems that their father has found a new girlfriend . With no desire for a step - mother , the girls are horrified when their father invites the woman over for dinner ; but Cleo is even more horrified to discover that she is Charlotte 's mother ! Feeling that desperate times call for desperate measures , Cleo invites Rikki and Emma round , and persuades them to use their powers to ruin her father 's dinner . Only afterwards do the girls realise their mistake ; Charlotte 's mother was a business associate of Cleo 's father , interested in buying some of his catch . 33 `` In Hot Water '' Jeffrey Walker Joss King 9 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) 207 Cleo is fired from her job at the marine park for feeding Ronnie the dolphin the wrong food , but Emma and Rikki tell her not to worry , and that her boss will soon call her back . Unfortunately , Lewis , needing the money for a new computer , unknowingly takes Cleo 's job , and she vows never to speak to him again . In an attempt to get Cleo her job back , Emma and Rikki use their powers to make Lewis ' job ten times harder , but he soon finds them out , and sends them off . But , on their way out , the girls leave the marine park 's underwater gate open , and Ronnie the dolphin escapes . When Lewis gets the blame , and his boss threatens to have him arrested , Emma and Rikki are forced to confess to Cleo , and the three of them search the ocean for Ronnie . 34 `` Wrong Side of the Tracks '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 16 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) 208 While dirt biking through a caravan park , Zane and Nate spot a rundown Harley - Davidson motorcycle , and Nate steals the badge . A guilty Zane , however , tries to return the badge , but is caught by the owner , who thinks he is the thief . Zane has an argument with the man , and insults him ... not realising that he is girlfriend Rikki 's father , and that the caravan park is where Rikki lives ; but she has been too embarrassed to admit it . When Zane finds out , he tells Rikki that he does n't care where she comes from or how much money she has , but her father does n't approve of Zane , and keeps them apart . Meanwhile , Cleo begins to suspect that Charlotte and Lewis are secretly going out . 35 `` Riding for a Fall '' Jeffrey Walker Susan MacGillicuddy 23 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) 209 When Emma 's mother makes her take her brother Elliot for riding lessons , she ends up getting into a competitive conflict with the riding instructor , Ash ( who Rikki and Cleo are convinced she has a crush on ) . However , Emma 's stubbornness towards Ash lands her in trouble , when she ignores a warning from him , and accidentally lets his horse , Rebel , eat some poisonous weeds . Meanwhile , Lewis wins an award for young inventors , and asks Cleo to accompany him to the awards ceremony , but she declines , saying that they are just friends now . Lewis instead decides to take Charlotte as his date , but then Cleo changes her mind , and accepts Lewis ' invitation , not realising that Charlotte is going in her place . 36 `` Missed the Boat '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 30 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 210 Cleo is devastated when she fails a biology exam , and realises that it was all because she did not have Lewis to tutor her . Cleo 's father then schedules Cleo a re-sit for the exam , and also finds her a new tutor ... Charlotte . Determined to keep Cleo and Lewis apart , Charlotte sets Cleo a whole weekend of studying , and then takes Lewis to paint with her ... on Mako Island . The girls try to stop Lewis from taking her there , but he refuses , thinking they are being paranoid . Cleo sneaks off from studying to go with Emma and Rikki to Mako , and try to keep Charlotte from discovering too much . But she ends up with her heart broken when she falls into a stream , and looks up to see Lewis kissing Charlotte ( not realising that he only did it to stop Charlotte from seeing her as a mermaid ) . 37 `` In Over Our Heads '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 7 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) 211 Zane comes to Rikki with an offer to find a priceless Tibetan statue lost at the bottom of the ocean . The owners of the statue are offering a large reward for its return , but Rikki refuses , thinking that Zane is being greedy . But then she discovers that her father is in serious financial trouble , and when he tells her that they might have to leave the Gold Coast , Rikki agrees to find the statue with Zane , and persuades the others to help ( without telling them that there is a reward involved ) . But when Emma and Cleo discover that the recovery of the statue was all about making money , they take off , leaving Rikki and Zane to find the statue on their own . Rikki overworks herself , and ends up being struck on the head by the statue crate , and is knocked unconscious . Emma and Cleo rush back to help , but Lewis is held back by Charlotte , who switches his phone off to ensure that no one interrupts their time together . 38 `` Fish Fever '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 14 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) 212 While out swimming , Emma collects a beautiful piece of coral for Cleo 's new fish tank , but accidentally cuts herself on it . Soon after the coral is placed in the tank , however , Cleo 's goldfish , Hector , starts behaving very strangely , and his scales begin to turn white . Stranger still , Emma seems to be suffering from the same illness , as she begins ravenously devouring fish , and her mermaid scales also turn white . Cleo and the others soon make the connection between Emma and Hector and the piece of coral ( which turns out to be toxic ) , and Lewis takes Hector to the marine park to get an antidote ( blowing off a date with Charlotte , who is convinced that Cleo wants to ruin her and Lewis ' date ) . But things get complicated when an eerily changed Emma disappears into the pools of the marine park . Even worse , Emma sneaks to her house and eats the lobster while her parents are celebrating their wedding anniversary . However , her parents hear her inside , forcing the girls and Lewis to try to find a cure before Emma 's parents discover the situation . 39 `` Moonwalker '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Roache 21 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) 213 When Cleo 's father revives the tradition of the Sertori family camping trip , two problems arise . Firstly , the trip is on Mako Island ; secondly , it is a full moon . Emma , Rikki and Lewis tag along to help Cleo , and Charlotte annoyingly follows Lewis . Once on the island , the girls try to scare the campers off of it by telling Kim and Charlotte stories of monsters , and using their powers to freak them out . But when a nervous Kim climbs into the moonlight - proof tent Lewis has constructed for the girls , Cleo glimpses the full moon 's reflection outside , and wanders off . When Emma and Rikki discover that Cleo is missing , they decide to face the power of the moon , and go out looking for her . Meanwhile , a moonstruck Cleo bumps into Charlotte out walking , who torments her , thinking that she is jealous of her new relationship with Lewis . But when Emma and Rikki ( now also under the full moon 's spell ) , see this , they frighten Charlotte away with their powers . Unfortunately , Charlotte runs straight into the cave where the moon pool is ... just as the full moon passes over it . She sees the full moon 's strange effect on the pool and is intrigued , but luckily Emma is able to stop her from touching the water by freezing the moon pool 's surface , preventing Charlotte from becoming a mermaid . 40 `` Get Off My Tail '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 28 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 28 ) 214 Cleo begins to realise that she misses spending time with Lewis , and asks her friends for advice . Rikki tells Cleo to re-establish her friendship with him , and use her unique mermaid abilities to her advantage -- after all , Charlotte is just an ordinary girl , but Cleo is not . But Charlotte soon realises what Cleo is doing , and uses her bond with Lewis to make her rival jealous . Meanwhile , Wilfred leaves the Gold Coast , and Emma thinks that he has left the JuiceNet cafe to her , until the new manager shows up ... and it is Ash , the cute riding instructor . Ash makes several quick changes to the cafe , which annoys Emma . But just as Emma is starting to accept Ash , some food gets stored in the wrong place and spoiled , and Ash , believing that it must have been Emma because she was the only one protesting about the changes , fires her . But he later finds out that it was another member of staff who simply got confused because of the quick changes , and gives Emma her job back . He also asks her out on a date which she accepts . 41 `` Irresistible '' Colin Budds Chris Anastassiades 4 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 04 ) 215 Zane reads a myth about mermaids being attracted to ambergris ( a substance found in whale droppings ) , and purchases a bottle of it from the internet . Lewis is not too keen on the idea ( even though he realise it could be a chance to get back with Cleo ) , but he offers to look at the ambergris with Zane . The two are disgusted by the liquid 's foul smell , and abandon the bottle on a table outside the JuiceNet cafe ... where it is unfortunately found by the odious Nate , who apparently likes the smell , and sprays some on himself . But while everyone else retreats from Nate 's smell , Emma , Rikki and Cleo seem drawn to him , and it does n't take Lewis and Zane long to realise that Nate 's popularity with the girls is due to the ambergris . Under its influence , the girls travel down to the beach with Nate , putting their secret in danger . 42 `` Double Trouble '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 11 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) 216 Lewis is being troubled by recurring nightmares of Cleo being exposed as a mermaid , and it is clear that he still has feelings for her . Meanwhile , Elliot surprises everyone by asking Kim out on a date , and Lewis and Cleo act as chaperones when they go to the marine park . However , Lewis ' nightmare comes true when Cleo falls into the water , and someone spots her . Elsewhere , Emma grows suspicious when she discovers that Rikki has been having secret meetings with Ash ... but it turns out the two of them were only planning to give her an award . 43 `` Moonstruck '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 18 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 18 ) 217 Unable to convince Emma to tell Ash the truth about herself , Rikki and Cleo encourage Ash to make a bold , romantic gesture to her . But he musters his courage at exactly the wrong time , when he cooks Emma a surprise dinner at her home on the night of a full moon . By leaving the front door open , he does n't realise the chaos he is about to cause , when Cleo accidentally looks up at the moon . The mischievous , moonstruck Cleo then forces Rikki to see the full moon , and the two of them plot to get Emma wet , so that Ash can see her in mermaid form . 44 `` The Heat is On '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 25 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 25 ) 218 With the arrival of the girls ' one year anniversary as mermaids , Cleo organises a party at Mako Island to celebrate . But when Zane accidentally spills some drinks on Emma at the cafe , he is forced to have an argument with Ash to stop him from seeing her as a mermaid . Overhearing Zane calling her a ' clumsy waitress ' , Emma does n't realise he is only trying to help her , and gives him the cold shoulder . This leads to Emma and Zane 's girlfriend Rikki becoming enemies , and it looks like there will be no party at Mako Island , which upsets Cleo . Meanwhile , Lewis feels guilty when he realises he has n't been spending much time with Charlotte . 45 `` The Gracie Code , Part One '' Colin Budds Max Dann 1 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) 219 While doing some research on Mako Island , Lewis uncovers the work of Max Hamilton , who , fifty years before , was also investigating the place . Realising that his findings could be the key to finding out more about the Moon Pool and the girls ' transformation , Lewis tries to befriend the old man , but finds him unwilling to talk ... until , that is , he sees Cleo talking to Lewis , and recognises the locket around her neck . Max follows Lewis and Cleo to Mako Island , splashes some water on Cleo , and discovers that she is a mermaid as well . He is not shocked , however , because Max was a friend of Miss Chatham 's when she was a mermaid along with Gracie and Julia Dove in the 1950s , and was romantically involved with Gracie . Max promises to keep Cleo 's secret , and hands his research on Mako Island to Lewis . Absent : Claire Holt as Emma Gilbert 46 `` The Gracie Code , Part Two '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 8 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) 220 Sifting through Max 's research on Mako Island , the girls discover an old reel of film , and a photograph of his beloved Gracie . But elsewhere , Charlotte wants answers as to why Lewis is spending so much of his time with Cleo , Emma and Rikki , and storms over to Cleo 's house . Whilst there , she sees the photo of Gracie in amongst Max 's papers , and the girls are all stunned when Charlotte reveals that she is Gracie 's granddaughter . Lewis is then given the task of finding out just how much Charlotte knows about her grandmother , but his questions only make her more suspicious , and , thinking that Lewis and the girls are hiding something from her , she goes back to Cleo 's house , and steals the old reel of film in amongst the research . After getting the film transferred on to a DVD , Charlotte watches it , and finds that it is a home movie of her grandmother , Gracie , as a mermaid . Meanwhile , Ash makes a well - intentioned attempt to help Emma overcome her apparent fear of water , which leads to him almost discovering her secret . 47 `` And Then There Were Four '' Colin Budds Susan MacGillicuddy 15 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) 221 Charlotte is determined to find out whether or not her grandmother was truly a mermaid , and follows Lewis to Max when he goes to give the research back . Max is delighted to meet the granddaughter of his beloved Gracie , and , not realising that Charlotte is a threat to Emma , Rikki and Cleo , tells her everything . With the girls unaware that Charlotte now knows about them , and also preoccupied with the arrival of the full moon , they are unable to stop her from travelling back to Mako Island and diving into the moon pool just as the full moon passes . The next day , she tells Lewis that she has become a mermaid . 48 `` Bubble , Bubble , Toil and Trouble '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 22 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 22 ) 222 Lewis tells the girls that Charlotte is a mermaid . Although they are unhappy that Charlotte has become the fourth mermaid of Mako Island , they decide to welcome her into their group and befriend her . The perfect opportunity comes when the four of them are placed on the school 's beach volleyball team to stop them from failing gym class ( as they have been avoiding swimming lessons ) . But , although the girls do form a bond , Emma , Rikki and Cleo still have reservations about Charlotte , when it is revealed that she possesses all three of their mermaid powers , and declares herself a `` super mermaid '' . 49 `` Reckless '' Colin Budds Max Dann 29 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) 223 When the girls offer to help Charlotte learn how to control her new - found powers , she rejects them , thinking that they are trying to cut her off from her full potential . Charlotte 's powers soon go to her head , as she declares herself the only `` real '' mermaid , and recklessly uses her powers in public . After almost killing Ronnie the dolphin in a fit of panic , she then tries to get revenge on Nate when he attacks Lewis , and it takes all the girls ' effort to stop her . Will Charlotte 's lack of control mean the exposure of the mermaids ' secret ? 50 `` Three 's Company '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 7 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 07 ) 224 Charlotte takes control of the planning for Lewis ' birthday party , and refuses to let any of the other girls help . Rikki , fed up with Charlotte 's intrusion into what was once their close - knit group , decides to exclude herself , and leaves to spend more time with Zane . Meanwhile , at the boring birthday party that Charlotte has organised for Lewis , Charlotte jealously locks Cleo and Emma in a flooded storage room , where they are left trapped as mermaids . Their secret is threatened when Ash hears them in the storage room and tries to unlock the door , only for Zane and Rikki to arrive in time to help . Zane leads Ash away whilst Rikki uses her powers to dry the girls . Realising what Charlotte has done , the girls then organise a party boat to come and take Lewis from Charlotte 's terrible party , and then tell Charlotte that she is not one of them any more . 51 `` Sea Change '' Colin Budds Robert Armin 14 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) 225 Charlotte 's short - lived friendship with Emma , Rikki and Cleo is over , and she forbids Lewis to talk to them . When Cleo shows concern for him , Charlotte lies to her , saying that Lewis willingly gives Cleo the cold shoulder because he does n't care about her any more . A fight leads to Charlotte taking Cleo 's locket , and when Lewis does nothing ( believing that Cleo gave the locket to Charlotte , because it was her grandmother 's ) , an upset Cleo is convinced that Lewis is on Charlotte 's side , and leaves a phone message for him ( which he does n't hear , as Charlotte has stolen his phone ) , about how he has abandoned her and wants nothing to do with her , before running away from home . When Lewis eventually hears Cleo 's message , he breaks up with the venomous Charlotte , and races after Cleo . Meanwhile , Cleo is being hunted by a pack of sharks , who can sense that she is weak . Lewis arrives just in time to save her , and the two of them get back together . 52 `` Unfathomable '' Colin Budds Chris Roache 21 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 21 ) 226 A rare full moon with the power to strip away the girls ' powers permanently is approaching . The girls attempt to forewarn Charlotte , but Charlotte instead uses her powers against them out of spite . She releases her hold on them once Ash comes out ; Emma attempts to make Ash forget what he saw , but not giving up , he visits her that night to try to get an explanation . Charlotte , still bitter , controls the water in Emma 's house from the outside , and the girls can not fight back unless they end up revealing their secret to Ash . When Cleo follows Lewis and Charlotte to Mako Island , Rikki and Emma join her as well . Cleo , Rikki and Emma have a power battle with Charlotte , in which Charlotte loses both the battle and her powers . The following morning , Lewis retrieves the locket from Charlotte , Emma tells her secret to Ash , and the season closes with the girls running into the ocean while their boyfriends look on . Note : Final appearance of Claire Holt , Brittany Byrnes , and Craig Horner Series three ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) The third series begins with Cleo and Rikki dealing with the loss of Emma who is travelling the world with her family . New characters are introduced including Bella Hartley ( Indiana Evans ) , a singer and mermaid since the age of nine with the power to turn water into gelatine ; and Will Benjamin ( Luke Mitchell ) , a skilled diver who is trying to figure out the secrets of Mako Island and who accidentally seems to unleash a powerful force which turns water against the mermaids . The girls must also deal with Zane , who attempts to exploit the moon pool after Rikki breaks up with him . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 53 `` The Awakening '' Jeffrey Walker Joss King 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) ( UK ) 301 Rikki and Cleo are about to face their final year of high school without Emma , who has gone travelling with her family . The JuiceNet cafe has now closed down and is just a vacant building on the coastline until Zane buys it and persuades Rikki to reopen it with him , renaming the cafe Rikki 's in honour of her . At the cafe 's opening night , Cleo and Rikki meets Bella Hartley , a new girl in town who does Rikki a favour by singing for her in Nate 's band . That same night , free - diver Will discovers the Moon Pool and witnesses the full moon 's effect on it . A strange creature made entirely of water forms and attacks Will . It then races to the cafe and kidnaps Rikki , dragging her back to Mako Island . To Cleo 's horror , this all happens in front of Bella , but she has no choice but to dive in and rescue Rikki . However , Bella dives in after her , revealing that she is also a mermaid . Together , Cleo and Bella rescue Rikki from the water tentacle . Bella befriends Rikki and Cleo and the new trio is determined to find out what caused water to turn against them . Note : Claire Holt left the series to film Messengers 2 : The Scarecrow . Indiana Evans and Luke Mitchell join the main cast . 54 `` Jungle Hunt '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 27 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 27 ) ( UK ) 302 First day back at school , and the girls are surprised to discover that Will is attending too . Will is thrilled to see them , and asks for help relocating the Moon Pool , so that he can investigate what happened to him during the full moon . Bella ( obviously smitten with Will ) , offers to help him , but promises the others that she will keep him away from the Moon Pool ; but a suspicious Rikki follows her . Meanwhile , Lewis and Cleo are convinced that something has happened to change the Moon Pool , but ca n't figure out what . 55 `` Keep Your Enemies Close '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) ( UK ) 303 Bella is pleased and Rikki wary when Cleo applies for a new job as an assistant dolphin trainer at the marine park . But she is soon in over her head , when Will visits the park , and takes a swim with Ronnie , and his influence has the dolphin performing tricks that he has never done before . However , head dolphin trainer Laurie mistakenly thinks that it is Cleo making Ronnie perform the tricks , and offers her a spot in the marine park 's dolphin show . Meanwhile , Rikki fires the live band from the cafe after hearing Nate 's terrible new song , but Bella gets the wrong end of the stick , and thinks that Rikki fired the band because she has an issue with her . 56 `` Valentine 's Day '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 29 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 29 ) ( UK ) 304 Valentine 's Day comes to the Gold Coast , and the girls all seem to be having trouble with love . Rikki finds that the stress of running the cafe is destroying her relationship with Zane , Bella 's crush on Will deepens , but she finds it hard to tell him of her feelings , and Cleo is less than impressed with Lewis ' idea of a Valentine 's date ; fishing . Even Kim is having serious ' boy trouble ' . The only person who does seem to be having any luck in love is Cleo 's father , Don , who falls for a pretty marine licensing inspector named Samantha . But it seems that he has blown his chance when she gets knocked overboard . 57 `` Big Ideas '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 30 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) ( UK ) 305 Zane 's management style is steering the cafe into debt , and Rikki is not impressed with his new idea to hold a dirt bike race at the cafe to bring in more money . Zane has promised to give the winner of the race a prize of $1000 , but , knowing full well that he is the best biker in town , enters the competition himself , so that he wo n't have to hand out the money . But he starts to doubt himself when experienced dirt biker Will enters the race after encouragement from Bella , and so enlists Nate to help him cheat . Meanwhile , Lewis and Cleo continue with their investigations on the Moon Pool , and make an amazing discovery when they mix water from the new waterfall with water from the pool . 58 `` Secrets & Lies '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 2 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) ( UK ) 306 As Bella grows more and more fond of Will , she tries to set up a study date so that they can spend some time together , but is hurt to find herself stood up . Furious , she goes to Will 's boatshed to confront him , and is devastated to find him there with another girl . Meanwhile , Lewis ' science teacher , Ms. Taylor , is impressed by Lewis ' science project -- not realising that it is actually his apparatus for studying the floating water from the Moon Pool . Lewis is then forced to show his experiment in class , putting the secret of the Moon Pool and the mermaids in danger . Ignoring Rikki 's advice , Bella follows Will and the mystery girl on a diving trip , and they nearly see her , but Bella is relieved when she discovers that the girl is Will 's sister , Sophie . Cleo uses her power to help Lewis replicate the effect of the floating Moon Pool water , and he submits an alternative science project , keeping the mermaids ' secret safe . 59 `` Happy Families '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 3 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 03 ) ( UK ) 307 Cleo and Kim 's father Don takes them to the beach to get to know his new girlfriend , Sam . But while Cleo is willing to accept her for her father 's sake , Kim hates her from the start , but uses the situation to get expensive gifts out of her father as bribes for her approval , much to Cleo 's disgust . But Sam and Don get the wrong idea when Cleo refuses to go swimming with Sam , and think that Cleo is the one who has a problem with her . Meanwhile , Bella applies for a job at the cafe , and Rikki is keen to give it to her ... except Zane wants to give the job to Will 's ambitious sister , Sophie . Absent : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney 60 `` Kidnapped '' Jeffrey Walker Chris Roache 4 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) ( UK ) 308 The girls prepare to sleep over at Cleo 's for the full moon , to try to protect themselves from any water attack . Lewis makes preparations of his own by installing cameras in the Moon Pool cavern , in an attempt to capture the mysterious water tentacle on film , and learn more about how it is created . Will , meanwhile , decides to revisit the Moon Pool to continue with his investigations there , and drops by Cleo 's to ask Bella to come with him . But Bella is n't there -- she has been kidnapped by the water tentacle ! Rikki and Cleo race to Mako Island to save her , while Lewis tries to keep Will away . At Mako , Rikki and Cleo discover that the tentacle seems to be turning Bella into water . But when they manage to pry her away from the tentacle , Bella says that she felt safe when she was with it . 61 `` The Sorcerer 's Apprentice '' Jeffrey Walker Philip Dalkin 5 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) ( UK ) 309 When Lewis tells Cleo not to experiment with the floating water they collected from Mako , she can not resist , and sends Lewis off for a day of golfing with her father , so that he wo n't discover her . But when Rikki accidentally gets the water in Cleo 's fish tank , her goldfish , Hector , becomes imprisoned in a bubble of floating water ! The girls ' attempts to free Hector result in him going down the drain , and they must use their mermaid abilities to retrieve him from the canal . Also , the girls try to keep Will , who is in the house while looking for Bella with whom he has to do a project for school , from seeing Hector . Meanwhile , somewhere on the golf course , Lewis is pretending to lose to Cleo 's father at golf , so that he can get into his good books . 62 `` Revealed '' Jeffrey Walker Sam Carroll 6 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) ( UK ) 310 When Rikki and Cleo realise that Will has made a connection between Bella , Mako , and the full moon , they warn Bella to stay away from him , but she ca n't . Will is also growing incredibly interested in her , and wants to spend time with her ; but when he realises that Bella wo n't swim , he deliberately spills some water on her , thinking her secret might be something to do with water . In a panic , Bella dives into the water , but Will follows her ... and discovers that she is a mermaid . Afterwards , Bella tells Will how she became a mermaid . Can he keep her secret ? 63 `` Just a Girl at Heart '' Jeffrey Walker Anthony Morris 18 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) ( UK ) 311 Will 's ruthless sister , Sophie , is training him to be a professional free - diver , only he 'd rather spend time swimming with Bella . Irritated , Sophie tells Bella to stay away from Will , as she sees her as a distraction for him , but Bella does n't listen . While watching Will train in a public pool , Bella dives in to help him with his swimming technique ... just as Sophie turns up . Although Will manages to hide her , Bella is still worried , not about Sophie , but about Will . She thinks he only likes the mermaid side of her . Meanwhile , Rikki comes up with a brilliant idea to hold corporate events at the cafe , but after Zane makes a mistake with the booking , the cafe is overrun by a wild children 's party . Absent : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney 64 `` Crime & Punishment '' Jeffrey Walker Max Dann 19 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) ( UK ) 312 On Rikki 's birthday , Cleo and Bella travel to the Moon Pool , and make her a present using their powers ; an elegant mermaid statue that Cleo moulds from water , and Bella hardens with her gelatine power . But when Will discovers the unusual present on Rikki 's desk , he suspects that Cleo and Rikki know Bella 's mermaid secret . Meanwhile , Sophie takes it upon herself to organise the cafe 's first food delivery order , and sends Will to make the delivery , but he comes back with a payment of fake dollar bills . Realising that something is amiss , Rikki returns the fake bills to the address -- a houseboat in the middle of nowhere -- and discovers that the people on board are printing counterfeit money . When the criminals take her hostage on board the boat , Rikki manages to get a desperate message to Cleo and Bella , before her captors take her phone , and Bella and Cleo get Will to tell them where Rikki has gone -- but not before he makes them admit that all three of them are mermaids . Realising that they must now all trust each other , Cleo , Bella and Will set off together to save Rikki . 65 `` To Have & to Hold Back '' Jeffrey Walker Simon Butters 21 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 21 ) ( UK ) 313 The day of Don and Sam 's wedding arrives , and selfish Kim tries to ruin everything . Meanwhile , Lewis gets the chance to spend three years working at a scientific research centre in America , but frets about telling Cleo ... until Kim tells her for him . Cleo is distraught , thinking that Lewis planned to leave without telling her , and refuses to talk to him . Don and Sam 's big day is then completely ruined when Kim turns on the sprinklers ( nearly making Cleo , Rikki and Bella grow tails in front of everyone ) . In the end , Lewis tells Cleo that he is not going to America because he loves her , and Cleo forgives him . But she decides to let him go after all , and they part promising to see each other again . The girls organise another wedding ceremony for Don and Sam on Mako Island , and Kim at last warms to Sam . Note : Angus McLaren 's final episode as a regular 66 `` Mermaid Magic '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 22 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) ( UK ) 314 Cleo finds an unusual crystal in a rock from the Moon Pool , identical to the one in Bella 's necklace , which she collected from the Moon Pool in which she was transformed . Could this be the source of Moon Pool magic ? Meanwhile , after discovering that Zane cheated in a free - diving competition , Will challenges him , and dives to a depth of 60 metres . But Will pushes himself too hard , and ends up passing out , forcing Rikki to dive down and save him . 67 `` Power Play '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 23 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) ( UK ) 315 After seeing the work done at the marine park by the charity Dolphin Rescue , Bella comes up with an idea to hold a fundraising event for them at the cafe , but is deflated when Sophie overhears , and steals her idea , presenting it to Rikki and Zane as her own . What is more , as Sophie is organising the event , she spitefully refuses to let Bella and the band perform . But she gets into trouble with Rikki and Zane , when all of the bands she has booked instead of Bella 's pull out , after hearing that Sophie has tried to make Dolphin Rescue pay a fee for the concert . Sophie is fired from the cafe , and Bella and the band perform to save the night . 68 `` The Dark Side '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 24 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 24 ) ( UK ) 316 Frustrated by the water tentacle 's constant attacks on them , Rikki travels to Mako Island at the full moon in order to confront it . With Bella and Cleo delayed , Will hurries after Rikki , but instead of finding the tentacle attacking her , he finds her somehow controlling it . Rikki appears to form some sort of connection with the tentacle , but when the full moon passes , she makes Will swear not to tell Bella or Cleo what happened . 69 `` A Magnetic Attraction '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 25 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) ( UK ) 317 Cleo is introduced to Ryan , a geophysicist working for Sam . Thinking that he might be able to help , Cleo shows him the magnetic crystal rock she found at Mako , which infuriates Rikki , who thinks that Cleo is putting their secret at risk . Cracks are beginning to form in the girls ' relationship , and Cleo and Bella become worried when Rikki starts spending all of her time in the Moon Pool . This prompts Will to confess to them what happened on the night of the full moon when Rikki confronted the tentacle . Back at the Moon Pool , Rikki discovers that bonding with the tentacle has strengthened her powers . 70 `` Into the Light '' Colin Budds Sam Carroll 12 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) ( UK ) 318 Kim lets slip to geophysicist Ryan that Cleo and the others spend a lot of time on Mako Island , and Ryan goes there in search of more magnetic rocks like the one Cleo showed him . Rikki discovers this , and tries to warn the others that Ryan is on to them , but Bella and Cleo do n't believe her , as they are beginning to lose trust in Rikki . Rikki goes to Mako Island herself ( with Will tailing her ) , and uses her powers to destroy Ryan 's equipment , but when she starts going too far , Will springs out , and stops her . The two of them are then forced to run and hide in the Moon Pool cavern when Ryan hears them and chases after them , but this leads to Ryan accidentally discovering the Moon Pool . Rikki forces Ryan out with her powers , but Will tells her that she has only made things worse . Realising that he is right , Rikki apologises , and , when she arrives home , reconciles with the others , and tells them of her experience with the tentacle , and how it has affected her . Rikki says she does n't think the tentacle is trying to harm them , which opens up a new mystery . The girls must also figure out how they are going to put Ryan off the scent . 71 `` Breakaway '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 13 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK ) 319 Will is getting sick of Sophie 's pressuring him into competitive free - diving , but agrees to compete in a competition to set a new depth record . Sophie is delighted with Will 's record breaking dive of 80 metres , but after the competition , Will gives up competitive free - diving to shrug off Sophie 's influence . As Will sets his record , however , Rikki witnesses Sophie and Zane kissing , and her relationship with Zane is ended for good . 72 `` Queen for a Day '' Colin Budds Samantha Strauss 13 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) ( UK ) 320 After breaking up with Zane , Rikki leaves the cafe in order to get away from him , and Zane re-hires Sophie as the new manager . Thrilled with her new position , Sophie immediately starts making changes to the cafe , and hires Cleo 's sister Kim as a waitress . Meanwhile , Will 's new after shave gives Bella a sneezing allergy , which also inadvertently triggers her powers . Unable to perform without sneezing ( and unleashing her mermaid powers on everyone ) , Bella is close to being fired from the cafe by the brutal Sophie . 73 `` The Jewel Thief '' Colin Budds Simon Butters 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) ( UK ) 321 Since saving his life when he passed out during a dive , Rikki has formed a close friendship with Will , and is touched when he makes her a necklace , similar to Bella 's , using the magnetic crystal found on Mako Island . Rikki and Bella experiment with their crystals , and are fascinated by how they react when near each other ; the crystals produce a blue glow that mesmerises the girls , similar to the effect of a full moon , and , when actually touched together , they release a powerful energy burst , that causes an electrical blackout ! The girls decide to keep the crystals apart until they learn more about them , and Rikki leaves hers with Will . But a jealous Zane , mistakenly thinking that Rikki and Will are going out , breaks into Will 's boatshed , and steals the necklace . A furious Rikki gets it back from him , and tells him once again that their relationship is over . Will makes another necklace for Cleo , and the girls wear them as a symbol of their friendship . 74 `` Mako Masters '' Colin Budds Philip Dalkin 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) ( UK ) 322 A stressed out Cleo is trying to plan study sessions for the girls ' final exams , but Bella and Rikki are more preoccupied with finding out about the tentacle . The girls are forced to make a quick exit when , during their science exam , the full moon rises early , and the tentacle tries to reach them through a water cooler in the classroom . They travel to Mako Island , and confront the tentacle , this time without fear , and realise that it is not trying to harm them , but get a message to them . The girls all place their crystal necklaces in a hole in the cave wall , triggering a projection to appear in the air . The girls watch it , and see a comet travelling towards the Earth , but before they can watch the whole message , Zane and Will interrupt them , and the projection stops . The girls are confused as to whether the Moon Pool was showing them the past ( the creation of the Moon Pool itself ) , or the future . 75 `` Beach Party '' Colin Budds Anthony Morris 15 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) ( UK ) 323 The Gold Coast is playing host to a massive beach party , and Bella wants to ask Will if he will go with her . But she is upset when she misunderstands a conversation she hears between Rikki and Will , and thinks that they are going together . Bella then has no alternative but to ask Nate , which confuses Will ( as he was about to ask her ) . Things are straightened out at the party , however , when Zane tells Will to stay away from Rikki , and Will exclaims that he likes Bella . Bella and Will become a couple . Meanwhile , Sophie is trying to persuade Zane to change the name of the cafe . 76 `` Too Close for Comfort '' Colin Budds Max Dann 15 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 15 ) ( UK ) 324 When Kim demands an expensive holiday , Cleo 's father gets a second job doing a pirate show at the marine park , so that he can afford it . At first , Cleo is worried that her father will humiliate himself ; but when the dolphin shows start emptying out , Cleo realises that her father is more popular than she thought , and his shows threaten to end Cleo 's job . Meanwhile , there is trouble between Bella and Will , when they struggle to find things in common . 77 `` A Date with Destiny '' Colin Budds Chris Roache 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) 325 The girls find a way to simulate a full moon , so that they can finish watching the message the Moon Pool was trying to show them . They discover that the comet they saw is being drawn towards the Earth by the Moon Pool 's magnetic pull , and is going to hit Mako Island . The girls must try to harness the power of Mako Island 's magnetic crystals to force the comet away , and save the Earth . Meanwhile , the cafe is in danger of going bankrupt , and Sophie is searching for ways to earn more money . She gets her chance when Ryan ( who is annoyed that Sam has ended his research on Mako Island ) , spots the crystal in Bella 's necklace , and tells her that it might be valuable . After finding out where Will got the crystal from , Sophie leads Ryan to Mako Island ( with a reluctant Zane close behind ) , and they discover the magnetic crystals in the walls of the Moon Pool cave . 78 `` Graduation '' Colin Budds Joss King 16 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 16 ) ( UK ) 326 By harvesting the magnetic crystals , Zane , Sophie and Ryan have severely damaged the Moon Pool , and the girls find that it no longer has enough power to push the incoming comet away from the Earth . All seems lost , but Bella , Cleo and Rikki band together , and use their own magic to create a tower of water and light , that knocks the comet off course , making it miss the Earth . With the Earth saved , the girls then graduate from school , and celebrate in the cafe , but there is one more surprise in store for them ... Lewis has returned home . Guest starring : Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney Compilation TV films ( edit ) Title Original air date H O : Just Add Water -- The Movie 8 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 08 ) This TV movie summarised the events of the beginning of series one using clips from the episodes `` Metamorphosis '' , `` Pool Party '' , `` Catch of the Day '' , `` Party Girls '' , `` Lovesick '' , `` The Denman Affair '' and `` The Siren Effect '' . H O : Metamorphosis 14 March 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) In the United States `` Metamorphosis '' and `` Pool Party '' premiered as a one - hour movie . H O : Exposed 20 June 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 20 ) In the United States `` Dr. Danger '' and `` A Twist in the Tail '' premiered as a one - hour movie called `` Exposed '' . H O : Just Add Water -- And Then There Were Four 7 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) In some countries , such as Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , the episodes `` The Gracie Code ( Part 1 ) '' , `` The Gracie Code ( Part 2 ) '' and `` And Then There Were Four '' are combined into a 70 minute television movie . This version aired only in central and eastern Europe on Jetix . H O : Just Add Water -- The Finale 7 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 07 ) In some countries , such as Hungary , Romania and Bulgaria , the episodes `` Three 's Company '' , `` Sea Change '' and `` Unfathomable '' are combined into a 70 minute television movie . This version aired only in central and eastern Europe on Jetix . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit ( Series 1 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Production Info -- H 0 : Just Add Water -- Series 3 '' . PFTC.com.au . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ ZDF Enterprises ( 2008 ) . `` H O Mermaids Dive Into Third Season '' ( PDF ) . NewsFocus . p. 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Kit ( Series 3 ) '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . ZDF Enterprises . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 October 2009 . General references Zuk , T. `` H2O -- Just Add Water '' . Australian Television Information Archive . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Episode guide at the Internet Movie Database Episode guide at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_H2O:_Just_Add_Water_episodes&oldid=819711403 '' Categories : H2O : Just Add Water Lists of Australian children 's television series episodes Lists of Australian drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes 2006 Australian television seasons 2007 Australian television seasons 2008 Australian television seasons 2009 Australian television seasons 2010 Australian television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Australian English from October 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does will end up with in h2o | [
"\n\nNo.\nTitle[4]\nDirected by[4]\nWritten by[4]\nOriginal air date\nProduction code\n\n\n53\n\"The Awakening\"\nJeffrey Walker\nJoss King\n26 October 2009 (2009-10-26) (UK)\n301\n\n\n\nRikki and Cleo are about to face their final year of high school without Emma, who has gone travelling with her family. The JuiceNet cafe has now closed down and is just a vacant building on the coastline until Zane buys it and persuades Rikki to reopen it with him, renaming the cafe Rikki's in honour of her. At the cafe's opening night, Cleo and Rikki meets Bella Hartley, a new girl in town who does Rikki a favour by singing for her in Nate's band. That same night, free-diver Will discovers the Moon Pool and witnesses the full moon's effect on it. A strange creature made entirely of water forms and attacks Will. It then races to the cafe and kidnaps Rikki, dragging her back to Mako Island. To Cleo's horror, this all happens in front of Bella, but she has no choice but to dive in and rescue Rikki. However, Bella dives in after her, revealing that she is also a mermaid. Together, Cleo and Bella rescue Rikki from the water tentacle. Bella befriends Rikki and Cleo and the new trio is determined to find out what caused water to turn against them.\nNote: Claire Holt left the series to film Messengers 2: The Scarecrow. Indiana Evans and Luke Mitchell join the main cast.\n\n\n54\n\"Jungle Hunt\"\nJeffrey Walker\nAnthony Morris\n27 October 2009 (2009-10-27) (UK)\n302\n\n\nFirst day back at school, and the girls are surprised to discover that Will is attending too. Will is thrilled to see them, and asks for help relocating the Moon Pool, so that he can investigate what happened to him during the full moon. Bella (obviously smitten with Will), offers to help him, but promises the others that she will keep him away from the Moon Pool; but a suspicious Rikki follows her. Meanwhile, Lewis and Cleo are convinced that something has happened to change the Moon Pool, but can't figure out what.\n\n\n55\n\"Keep Your Enemies Close\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSam Carroll\n28 October 2009 (2009-10-28) (UK)\n303\n\n\nBella is pleased and Rikki wary when Cleo applies for a new job as an assistant dolphin trainer at the marine park. But she is soon in over her head, when Will visits the park, and takes a swim with Ronnie, and his influence has the dolphin performing tricks that he has never done before. However, head dolphin trainer Laurie mistakenly thinks that it is Cleo making Ronnie perform the tricks, and offers her a spot in the marine park's dolphin show. Meanwhile, Rikki fires the live band from the cafe after hearing Nate's terrible new song, but Bella gets the wrong end of the stick, and thinks that Rikki fired the band because she has an issue with her.\n\n\n56\n\"Valentine's Day\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSimon Butters\n29 October 2009 (2009-10-29) (UK)\n304\n\n\nValentine's Day comes to the Gold Coast, and the girls all seem to be having trouble with love. Rikki finds that the stress of running the cafe is destroying her relationship with Zane, Bella's crush on Will deepens, but she finds it hard to tell him of her feelings, and Cleo is less than impressed with Lewis' idea of a Valentine's date; fishing. Even Kim is having serious ‘boy trouble'. The only person who does seem to be having any luck in love is Cleo's father, Don, who falls for a pretty marine licensing inspector named Samantha. But it seems that he has blown his chance when she gets knocked overboard.\n\n\n57\n\"Big Ideas\"\nJeffrey Walker\nPhilip Dalkin\n30 October 2009 (2009-10-30) (UK)\n305\n\n\nZane's management style is steering the cafe into debt, and Rikki is not impressed with his new idea to hold a dirt bike race at the cafe to bring in more money. Zane has promised to give the winner of the race a prize of $1000, but, knowing full well that he is the best biker in town, enters the competition himself, so that he won't have to hand out the money. But he starts to doubt himself when experienced dirt biker Will enters the race after encouragement from Bella, and so enlists Nate to help him cheat. Meanwhile, Lewis and Cleo continue with their investigations on the Moon Pool, and make an amazing discovery when they mix water from the new waterfall with water from the pool.\n\n\n58\n\"Secrets & Lies\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSimon Butters\n2 November 2009 (2009-11-02) (UK)\n306\n\n\nAs Bella grows more and more fond of Will, she tries to set up a study date so that they can spend some time together, but is hurt to find herself stood up. Furious, she goes to Will's boatshed to confront him, and is devastated to find him there with another girl. Meanwhile, Lewis' science teacher, Ms. Taylor, is impressed by Lewis' science project – not realising that it is actually his apparatus for studying the floating water from the Moon Pool. Lewis is then forced to show his experiment in class, putting the secret of the Moon Pool and the mermaids in danger. Ignoring Rikki's advice, Bella follows Will and the mystery girl on a diving trip, and they nearly see her, but Bella is relieved when she discovers that the girl is Will's sister, Sophie. Cleo uses her power to help Lewis replicate the effect of the floating Moon Pool water, and he submits an alternative science project, keeping the mermaids' secret safe.\n\n\n59\n\"Happy Families\"\nJeffrey Walker\nMax Dann\n3 November 2009 (2009-11-03) (UK)\n307\n\n\n\nCleo and Kim's father Don takes them to the beach to get to know his new girlfriend, Sam. But while Cleo is willing to accept her for her father's sake, Kim hates her from the start, but uses the situation to get expensive gifts out of her father as bribes for her approval, much to Cleo's disgust. But Sam and Don get the wrong idea when Cleo refuses to go swimming with Sam, and think that Cleo is the one who has a problem with her. Meanwhile, Bella applies for a job at the cafe, and Rikki is keen to give it to her... except Zane wants to give the job to Will's ambitious sister, Sophie.\nAbsent: Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney\n\n\n60\n\"Kidnapped\"\nJeffrey Walker\nChris Roache\n4 November 2009 (2009-11-04) (UK)\n308\n\n\nThe girls prepare to sleep over at Cleo's for the full moon, to try to protect themselves from any water attack. Lewis makes preparations of his own by installing cameras in the Moon Pool cavern, in an attempt to capture the mysterious water tentacle on film, and learn more about how it is created. Will, meanwhile, decides to revisit the Moon Pool to continue with his investigations there, and drops by Cleo's to ask Bella to come with him. But Bella isn't there – she has been kidnapped by the water tentacle! Rikki and Cleo race to Mako Island to save her, while Lewis tries to keep Will away. At Mako, Rikki and Cleo discover that the tentacle seems to be turning Bella into water. But when they manage to pry her away from the tentacle, Bella says that she felt safe when she was with it.\n\n\n61\n\"The Sorcerer's Apprentice\"\nJeffrey Walker\nPhilip Dalkin\n5 November 2009 (2009-11-05) (UK)\n309\n\n\nWhen Lewis tells Cleo not to experiment with the floating water they collected from Mako, she cannot resist, and sends Lewis off for a day of golfing with her father, so that he won't discover her. But when Rikki accidentally gets the water in Cleo's fish tank, her goldfish, Hector, becomes imprisoned in a bubble of floating water! The girls' attempts to free Hector result in him going down the drain, and they must use their mermaid abilities to retrieve him from the canal. Also, the girls try to keep Will, who is in the house while looking for Bella with whom he has to do a project for school, from seeing Hector. Meanwhile, somewhere on the golf course, Lewis is pretending to lose to Cleo's father at golf, so that he can get into his good books.\n\n\n62\n\"Revealed\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSam Carroll\n6 November 2009 (2009-11-06) (UK)\n310\n\n\nWhen Rikki and Cleo realise that Will has made a connection between Bella, Mako, and the full moon, they warn Bella to stay away from him, but she can't. Will is also growing incredibly interested in her, and wants to spend time with her; but when he realises that Bella won't swim, he deliberately spills some water on her, thinking her secret might be something to do with water. In a panic, Bella dives into the water, but Will follows her... and discovers that she is a mermaid. Afterwards, Bella tells Will how she became a mermaid. Can he keep her secret?\n\n\n63\n\"Just a Girl at Heart\"\nJeffrey Walker\nAnthony Morris\n18 January 2010 (2010-01-18) (UK)\n311\n\n\n\nWill's ruthless sister, Sophie, is training him to be a professional free-diver, only he'd rather spend time swimming with Bella. Irritated, Sophie tells Bella to stay away from Will, as she sees her as a distraction for him, but Bella doesn't listen. While watching Will train in a public pool, Bella dives in to help him with his swimming technique... just as Sophie turns up. Although Will manages to hide her, Bella is still worried, not about Sophie, but about Will. She thinks he only likes the mermaid side of her. Meanwhile, Rikki comes up with a brilliant idea to hold corporate events at the cafe, but after Zane makes a mistake with the booking, the cafe is overrun by a wild children's party.\nAbsent: Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney\n\n\n64\n\"Crime & Punishment\"\nJeffrey Walker\nMax Dann\n19 January 2010 (2010-01-19) (UK)\n312\n\n\nOn Rikki's birthday, Cleo and Bella travel to the Moon Pool, and make her a present using their powers; an elegant mermaid statue that Cleo moulds from water, and Bella hardens with her gelatine power. But when Will discovers the unusual present on Rikki's desk, he suspects that Cleo and Rikki know Bella's mermaid secret. Meanwhile, Sophie takes it upon herself to organise the cafe's first food delivery order, and sends Will to make the delivery, but he comes back with a payment of fake dollar bills. Realising that something is amiss, Rikki returns the fake bills to the address – a houseboat in the middle of nowhere – and discovers that the people on board are printing counterfeit money. When the criminals take her hostage on board the boat, Rikki manages to get a desperate message to Cleo and Bella, before her captors take her phone, and Bella and Cleo get Will to tell them where Rikki has gone – but not before he makes them admit that all three of them are mermaids. Realising that they must now all trust each other, Cleo, Bella and Will set off together to save Rikki.\n\n\n65\n\"To Have & to Hold Back\"\nJeffrey Walker\nSimon Butters\n21 January 2010 (2010-01-21) (UK)\n313\n\n\n\nThe day of Don and Sam's wedding arrives, and selfish Kim tries to ruin everything. Meanwhile, Lewis gets the chance to spend three years working at a scientific research centre in America, but frets about telling Cleo... until Kim tells her for him. Cleo is distraught, thinking that Lewis planned to leave without telling her, and refuses to talk to him. Don and Sam's big day is then completely ruined when Kim turns on the sprinklers (nearly making Cleo, Rikki and Bella grow tails in front of everyone). In the end, Lewis tells Cleo that he is not going to America because he loves her, and Cleo forgives him. But she decides to let him go after all, and they part promising to see each other again. The girls organise another wedding ceremony for Don and Sam on Mako Island, and Kim at last warms to Sam.\nNote: Angus McLaren's final episode as a regular\n\n\n66\n\"Mermaid Magic\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n22 February 2010 (2010-02-22) (UK)\n314\n\n\nCleo finds an unusual crystal in a rock from the Moon Pool, identical to the one in Bella's necklace, which she collected from the Moon Pool in which she was transformed. Could this be the source of Moon Pool magic? Meanwhile, after discovering that Zane cheated in a free-diving competition, Will challenges him, and dives to a depth of 60 metres. But Will pushes himself too hard, and ends up passing out, forcing Rikki to dive down and save him.\n\n\n67\n\"Power Play\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n23 February 2010 (2010-02-23) (UK)\n315\n\n\nAfter seeing the work done at the marine park by the charity Dolphin Rescue, Bella comes up with an idea to hold a fundraising event for them at the cafe, but is deflated when Sophie overhears, and steals her idea, presenting it to Rikki and Zane as her own. What is more, as Sophie is organising the event, she spitefully refuses to let Bella and the band perform. But she gets into trouble with Rikki and Zane, when all of the bands she has booked instead of Bella's pull out, after hearing that Sophie has tried to make Dolphin Rescue pay a fee for the concert. Sophie is fired from the cafe, and Bella and the band perform to save the night.\n\n\n68\n\"The Dark Side\"\nColin Budds\nSam Carroll\n24 February 2010 (2010-02-24) (UK)\n316\n\n\nFrustrated by the water tentacle's constant attacks on them, Rikki travels to Mako Island at the full moon in order to confront it. With Bella and Cleo delayed, Will hurries after Rikki, but instead of finding the tentacle attacking her, he finds her somehow controlling it. Rikki appears to form some sort of connection with the tentacle, but when the full moon passes, she makes Will swear not to tell Bella or Cleo what happened.\n\n\n69\n\"A Magnetic Attraction\"\nColin Budds\nSam Carroll\n25 February 2010 (2010-02-25) (UK)\n317\n\n\nCleo is introduced to Ryan, a geophysicist working for Sam. Thinking that he might be able to help, Cleo shows him the magnetic crystal rock she found at Mako, which infuriates Rikki, who thinks that Cleo is putting their secret at risk. Cracks are beginning to form in the girls' relationship, and Cleo and Bella become worried when Rikki starts spending all of her time in the Moon Pool. This prompts Will to confess to them what happened on the night of the full moon when Rikki confronted the tentacle. Back at the Moon Pool, Rikki discovers that bonding with the tentacle has strengthened her powers.\n\n\n70\n\"Into the Light\"\nColin Budds\nSam Carroll\n12 April 2010 (2010-04-12) (UK)\n318\n\n\nKim lets slip to geophysicist Ryan that Cleo and the others spend a lot of time on Mako Island, and Ryan goes there in search of more magnetic rocks like the one Cleo showed him. Rikki discovers this, and tries to warn the others that Ryan is on to them, but Bella and Cleo don't believe her, as they are beginning to lose trust in Rikki. Rikki goes to Mako Island herself (with Will tailing her), and uses her powers to destroy Ryan's equipment, but when she starts going too far, Will springs out, and stops her. The two of them are then forced to run and hide in the Moon Pool cavern when Ryan hears them and chases after them, but this leads to Ryan accidentally discovering the Moon Pool. Rikki forces Ryan out with her powers, but Will tells her that she has only made things worse. Realising that he is right, Rikki apologises, and, when she arrives home, reconciles with the others, and tells them of her experience with the tentacle, and how it has affected her. Rikki says she doesn't think the tentacle is trying to harm them, which opens up a new mystery. The girls must also figure out how they are going to put Ryan off the scent.\n\n\n71\n\"Breakaway\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n13 April 2010 (2010-04-13) (UK)\n319\n\n\nWill is getting sick of Sophie's pressuring him into competitive free-diving, but agrees to compete in a competition to set a new depth record. Sophie is delighted with Will's record breaking dive of 80 metres, but after the competition, Will gives up competitive free-diving to shrug off Sophie's influence. As Will sets his record, however, Rikki witnesses Sophie and Zane kissing, and her relationship with Zane is ended for good.\n\n\n72\n\"Queen for a Day\"\nColin Budds\nSamantha Strauss\n13 April 2010 (2010-04-13) (UK)\n320\n\n\nAfter breaking up with Zane, Rikki leaves the cafe in order to get away from him, and Zane re-hires Sophie as the new manager. Thrilled with her new position, Sophie immediately starts making changes to the cafe, and hires Cleo's sister Kim as a waitress. Meanwhile, Will's new after shave gives Bella a sneezing allergy, which also inadvertently triggers her powers. Unable to perform without sneezing (and unleashing her mermaid powers on everyone), Bella is close to being fired from the cafe by the brutal Sophie.\n\n\n73\n\"The Jewel Thief\"\nColin Budds\nSimon Butters\n14 April 2010 (2010-04-14) (UK)\n321\n\n\nSince saving his life when he passed out during a dive, Rikki has formed a close friendship with Will, and is touched when he makes her a necklace, similar to Bella's, using the magnetic crystal found on Mako Island. Rikki and Bella experiment with their crystals, and are fascinated by how they react when near each other; the crystals produce a blue glow that mesmerises the girls, similar to the effect of a full moon, and, when actually touched together, they release a powerful energy burst, that causes an electrical blackout! The girls decide to keep the crystals apart until they learn more about them, and Rikki leaves hers with Will. But a jealous Zane, mistakenly thinking that Rikki and Will are going out, breaks into Will's boatshed, and steals the necklace. A furious Rikki gets it back from him, and tells him once again that their relationship is over. Will makes another necklace for Cleo, and the girls wear them as a symbol of their friendship.\n\n\n74\n\"Mako Masters\"\nColin Budds\nPhilip Dalkin\n14 April 2010 (2010-04-14) (UK)\n322\n\n\nA stressed out Cleo is trying to plan study sessions for the girls' final exams, but Bella and Rikki are more preoccupied with finding out about the tentacle. The girls are forced to make a quick exit when, during their science exam, the full moon rises early, and the tentacle tries to reach them through a water cooler in the classroom. They travel to Mako Island, and confront the tentacle, this time without fear, and realise that it is not trying to harm them, but get a message to them. The girls all place their crystal necklaces in a hole in the cave wall, triggering a projection to appear in the air. The girls watch it, and see a comet travelling towards the Earth, but before they can watch the whole message, Zane and Will interrupt them, and the projection stops. The girls are confused as to whether the Moon Pool was showing them the past (the creation of the Moon Pool itself), or the future.\n\n\n75\n\"Beach Party\"\nColin Budds\nAnthony Morris\n15 April 2010 (2010-04-15) (UK)\n323\n\n\nThe Gold Coast is playing host to a massive beach party, and Bella wants to ask Will if he will go with her. But she is upset when she misunderstands a conversation she hears between Rikki and Will, and thinks that they are going together. Bella then has no alternative but to ask Nate, which confuses Will (as he was about to ask her). Things are straightened out at the party, however, when Zane tells Will to stay away from Rikki, and Will exclaims that he likes Bella. Bella and Will become a couple. Meanwhile, Sophie is trying to persuade Zane to change the name of the cafe.\n\n\n76\n\"Too Close for Comfort\"\nColin Budds\nMax Dann\n15 April 2010 (2010-04-15) (UK)\n324\n\n\nWhen Kim demands an expensive holiday, Cleo's father gets a second job doing a pirate show at the marine park, so that he can afford it. At first, Cleo is worried that her father will humiliate himself; but when the dolphin shows start emptying out, Cleo realises that her father is more popular than she thought, and his shows threaten to end Cleo's job. Meanwhile, there is trouble between Bella and Will, when they struggle to find things in common.\n\n\n77\n\"A Date with Destiny\"\nColin Budds\nChris Roache\n16 April 2010 (2010-04-16) (UK)\n325\n\n\nThe girls find a way to simulate a full moon, so that they can finish watching the message the Moon Pool was trying to show them. They discover that the comet they saw is being drawn towards the Earth by the Moon Pool's magnetic pull, and is going to hit Mako Island. The girls must try to harness the power of Mako Island's magnetic crystals to force the comet away, and save the Earth. Meanwhile, the cafe is in danger of going bankrupt, and Sophie is searching for ways to earn more money. She gets her chance when Ryan (who is annoyed that Sam has ended his research on Mako Island), spots the crystal in Bella's necklace, and tells her that it might be valuable. After finding out where Will got the crystal from, Sophie leads Ryan to Mako Island (with a reluctant Zane close behind), and they discover the magnetic crystals in the walls of the Moon Pool cave.\n\n\n78\n\"Graduation\"\nColin Budds\nJoss King\n16 April 2010 (2010-04-16) (UK)\n326\n\n\n\nBy harvesting the magnetic crystals, Zane, Sophie and Ryan have severely damaged the Moon Pool, and the girls find that it no longer has enough power to push the incoming comet away from the Earth. All seems lost, but Bella, Cleo and Rikki band together, and use their own magic to create a tower of water and light, that knocks the comet off course, making it miss the Earth. With the Earth saved, the girls then graduate from school, and celebrate in the cafe, but there is one more surprise in store for them... Lewis has returned home.\nGuest starring: Angus McLaren as Lewis McCartney\n\n"
] | [
"Bella"
] |
-7480109000610407161 | Happy (Pharrell Williams song) | Happy ( Pharrell Williams song ) - wikipedia Happy ( Pharrell Williams song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Happy '' Single by Pharrell Williams from the album Girl Released November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD digital download Recorded 2013 Studio Circle House Studios , Miami , Florida Genre Soul neo soul Length 3 : 53 Label Back Lot Music i Am Other Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Pharrell Williams Producer ( s ) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams singles chronology `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' ( 2013 ) `` Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` Move That Dope '' ( 2014 ) `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' ( 2013 ) `` Happy '' ( 2013 ) `` Move That Dope '' ( 2014 ) Alternative cover Despicable Me 2 cover `` Happy '' is a song written , produced , and performed by American singer Pharrell Williams , from the Despicable Me 2 soundtrack album . It also served as the lead single from Williams ' second studio album , Girl ( 2014 ) . It was first released on November 21 , 2013 , alongside a long - form music video . The song was reissued on December 16 , 2013 , by Back Lot Music under exclusive license to Columbia Records , a division of Sony Music . `` Happy '' is a midtempo soul and neo soul song on which Williams 's falsetto voice has been compared to Curtis Mayfield by critics . The song has been highly successful , peaking at No. 1 in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , and 19 other countries . It was the best - selling song of 2014 in the United States with 6.45 million copies sold for the year , as well as in the United Kingdom with 1.5 million copies sold for the year . It reached No. 1 in the UK on a record - setting three separate occasions and became the most downloaded song of all time in the UK in September 2014 ; it is the ninth highest - selling single of all time in the country . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . A live rendition of the song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards . The music video for `` Happy '' was nominated for Best Male Video and Video of the Year at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . It also won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards . The song was Billboard 's number - one single for 2014 . `` Happy '' was the most successful song of 2014 , with 13.9 million units ( sales plus equivalent streams ) worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Chart performance 4.1 Netherlands 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 New Zealand 4.4 United States 4.5 Other charts 5 Music video 5.1 `` Happy '' tribute videos 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Williams provided vocals for French duo Daft Punk 's 2013 album Random Access Memories , on the songs `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' and `` Get Lucky '' . After returning from the recording sessions in Paris , he attended a meeting with record label managers who said that the results were `` spectacular '' and that `` Get Lucky '' would be Daft Punk 's next single . They also made Williams an offer to record his own album , to which he agreed quickly , `` overwhelmed that someone wanted to know what 's in my heart . '' On December 17 , 2013 , it was announced that Williams had signed to Columbia Records and would release his second studio album in 2014 . In a December 2013 press release , Rob Stringer , Chairman of Columbia Records , said `` When we excitedly partnered with Pharrell in January of this year , we felt it was his time again . Since then , ' Blurred Lines ' and ' Get Lucky ' have defined pop music in 2013 , and now we are preparing to launch Pharrell as a global solo superstar in 2014 . ' Happy ' is just the beginning . '' Williams originally wrote the song for CeeLo Green and felt Green 's recording of the song was better , but Elektra Records , Green 's record label , decided against it since he was on the verge of releasing his Christmas album , Cee Lo 's Magic Moment . Composition ( edit ) `` Happy '' ( 2013 ) A 23 - second sample of `` Happy '' , a soul song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Happy '' was written and produced by Williams , with backing vocals by Rhea Dummett , Trevon Henderson , Ashley L. Lee , Shamika Hightower , Jasmine Murray and Terrence Rolle . The track was digitally edited and arranged by Andrew Coleman and Mike Larson , who also recorded it with assistance from Matthew Desrameaux at Circle House Studios in Miami , Florida . The song was later mixed by Leslie Brathwaite at Music Box Studios in Atlanta , Georgia . `` Happy '' plays for 3 minutes and 53 seconds in common time and at a tempo of 156 beats per minute . Williams sings the upper notes in falsetto ; his vocal range spans from F to C. His singing on the track has been compared to that of Curtis Mayfield . `` Happy '' is a mid-tempo soul and neo soul song . According to music journalist Paul Tingen , `` Happy '' is `` a mid-tempo ... song in a faux - Motown style , with an arrangement that is , by modern standards , very sparse : programmed drums , one bass and one keyboard part , and handclaps both programmed and played , all topped off by Williams 's lead vocals and a whole posse of backing vocals '' . Jody Rosen viewed the song as a `` standout '' with a `` sprightly neosoul funk groove '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Contactmusic.com Renowned for Sound Rolling Stone Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave it 3.5 stars and deemed it `` an instant contender for 2013 's Song of the Summer '' . In a 4 / 5 review , Renowned for Sound 's Huw Woodward said , `` Happy is a rather ... well ... happy affair with a cheerful beat and exuberant vocal that would indicate that the former N.E.R.D singer is finding a lot of lighthearted fun to be had in both music and life . ' Because I 'm happy , clap along if you feel like happiness is the truth ' sings Williams as the jaunty rhythm gets your head nodding . '' Holly Williams of Contactmusic.com gave it four stars , praising it for being `` unbelievably catchy '' and `` the kind of song that makes you want to dance and sing along '' . Accolades ( edit ) The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 86th Academy Awards on March 2 , 2014 , but lost to `` Let It Go '' from Frozen . When GQ magazine asked Williams `` how badly '' he wanted the Oscar , he responded : `` When they read the results , my face was ... frozen . But then I thought about it , and I just decided just to ... let it go . '' In January 2015 , `` Happy '' was ranked at No. 13 on The Village Voice 's annual year - end Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . `` I like that song ' Happy ' ... '' remarked Phil Collins . `` It 's a great groove and he 's a very smart guy . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Netherlands ( edit ) In October 2013 , a month prior to its release , `` Happy '' catapulted to No. 1 on the Dutch Top 40 chart in the Netherlands , partially as a result of radio station 3FM airplay and subsequent online downloads , as well as featuring in a Transavia commercial . It was released worldwide on November 21 , 2013 . As of April 10 , 2014 , after 35 weeks in charts and still in the top 15 , `` Happy '' is the most successful song in the Dutch Top 40 of all time . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Happy '' debuted at No. 71 on the UK Singles Chart on December 1 , 2013 . It then spent four weeks climbing before finally reaching No. 1 on December 29 . It became Williams ' third No. 1 song in Britain , counting `` Get Lucky '' and `` Blurred Lines '' , where he appeared as a featured artist . It has since spent four non-consecutive weeks at No. 1 , reaching the peak on three separate occasions . In doing so , Williams became only the third artist ever to achieve this , and the first since Guy Mitchell in 1957 with `` Singing the Blues '' . Following the single 's third week at No. 1 , it spent five weeks in the top three before returning to the summit , boosted by his performance at the 2014 Brit Awards . In the same week that `` Happy '' returned to No. 1 for the third time , it sold its millionth copy in the UK , Williams ' third in under a year , having previously done so with Daft Punk 's `` Get Lucky '' in June 2013 , and Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' in July 2013 . This made Williams only the second artist in UK chart history ( the first being The Beatles ) to have three singles sell 1 million copies in under a year , as well as only the third artist ever to have three million - sellers , along with The Beatles ( who have six ) and Rihanna ( who has four ) . `` Happy '' was the best - selling single of UK in 2014 with 1.5 million copies sold for the year , and became the most downloaded song of all time in the UK by September 2014 , with over 1.62 million sold . It had also been streamed over 25 million times and was the first song released in the 2010s to go 3 × Platinum . With the inclusion of streaming , `` Happy '' has achieved combined sales of over 2 million . Additionally , `` Happy '' and Idina Menzel 's `` Let It Go '' became the first singles ever to spend an entire calendar year on the official UK top 75 chart . On June 12 , it was announced that `` Happy '' had overtaken `` Evergreen '' by Will Young as the UK 's best - selling single of the 21st century with sales of 1.81 million . `` Happy '' spent 92 weeks in the UK top 100 . On April 22 , 2016 , `` Happy '' went 4 × Platinum . As of September 2017 , the song has sold 1,922,000 copies , which gives a total of 2,630 combined units when 70 million streams are included . New Zealand ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On the New Zealand Singles Chart , `` Happy '' debuted at No. 11 on December 23 , 2013 . The next week it moved to No. 2 . Then on January 6 , 2014 , `` Happy '' began a 12 - week consecutive reign in the No. 1 position , right up until March 24 , 2014 . It then dropped to No. 2 for one week , then spent a further three weeks at No. 1 , bringing the total number of weeks at No. 1 to fifteen , breaking the 36 - year - long record for most weeks spent at No. 1 , previously held by Boney M. 's `` Rivers of Babylon '' . As of February 22 , 2015 , `` Happy '' had spent 62 straight weeks in the New Zealand Top 40 since its debut , before finally dropping out of the chart the following week . The song has been certified 6 × Platinum in New Zealand . United States ( edit ) `` Happy '' reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 8 , 2014 , giving Williams his fourth No. 1 single on the chart , but his first as lead artist . It took twelve years and a week ( as the issue date is March 8 , 2014 ) to achieve his first Hot 100 No. 1 hit as a lead artist . The song remained at No. 1 the following week , and also topped the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song also holds the record for the second - highest audience peak for a week on the Hot 100 Airplay , with 225.9 million impressions while Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' , a song in which Pharrell was featured as well as produced and co-wrote , holds the all - time record . The song remained at the No. 1 position longer than any other song in the calendar year . The single passed its 4 million sales mark in April 2014 , the first song of 2014 to do so . On the week of May 17 , 2014 , after spending ten weeks at the summit , `` Happy '' was finally knocked off of number one by John Legend 's `` All of Me '' down to the No. 2 spot . `` Happy '' became the 28th song in the history of the chart to reach this milestone . It spent a total of 22 weeks in the top 10 , entering on the week - ending February 15 , 2014 and departing on July 19 , 2014 . The song sold 5,633,000 copies in the US in the first six months of 2014 , the most ever of any song in the first six months of any calendar year . It was also the best - selling song of 2014 in the US with 6.45 million copies sold for the year , and has sold over 6.9 million total copies in the US as of April 2015 . Other Charts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song also topped the charts of 22 other countries , including Australia , Austria , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy , Poland and Spain . It has spent twelve weeks ( including seven consecutive ) at No. 1 in Ireland , making it the third song in less than a year to spend more than seven weeks at No. 1 , after Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' and Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up ! '' . In France , `` Happy '' spent 22 weeks at No. 1 , the longest reign at the top of the Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique , beating Lou Bega 's `` Mambo No. 5 '' , which spent 20 weeks at No. 1 in 1999 . Music video ( edit ) To coincide with the single release , the website 24hoursofhappy.com was launched , featuring a visual presentation of `` Happy '' , which was advertised as being `` the world 's first 24 - hour music video . '' The video was shot by steadicam operator Jon Beattie , its creative director was Yoann Lemoine and its director the French directing team We Are from LA . It consists of the four - minute song repeated multiple times , with various people dancing around Los Angeles and miming along . The website allows users to navigate to various points in the 24 - hour timeframe , including all 360 four - minute segments . Williams himself appears 24 times in the day - long video , once at the start of each hour . There are a number of celebrity cameos in the video , including Whit Hertford , Kelly Osbourne , Rob Zabrecky , Magic Johnson , Urijah Faber , Sérgio Mendes , Jimmy Kimmel , Odd Future , Steve Carell ( who plays Gru in Despicable Me 2 ) , Jamie Foxx , Ana Ortiz , Miranda Cosgrove ( who plays Margo in Despicable Me 2 ) , Gavin DeGraw and JoJo . The minions from Despicable Me 2 make several appearances throughout the film , including one scene at 3 : 00 am , in which Pharrell Williams and the minions dance in a movie theatre that is playing the scene from Despicable Me 2 in which `` Happy '' appears . A lone , one - eyed minion also appears dancing to song in its entirety at 4 : 40 pm . An official four - minute edit of the video was also released onto YouTube on November 21 , 2013 , and as of February 2018 has had over 998 million views . It was nominated for Best Male Video and Video of the Year at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . The 24 - hour music video for `` Happy '' was also projected at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema in April 2014 . `` Happy '' tribute videos ( edit ) The original video spawned many cover videos on YouTube in which people from different cities throughout the world dance to the song . Those videos are usually called `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy -- We Are from ( name of the city ) '' . As of May 2014 , more than 1,500 videos have been created . Inspired by this global phenomenon , a French couple launched a website wearehappyfrom.com to showcase the remakes . In April 2014 , the Embassy of the United States , Yerevan , Armenia released a video titled `` Happy Yerevan '' , directed by Artyom Abovyan featuring US ambassador John A. Heffern and several Armenian celebrities , such as singers André , Emmy and Aram Mp3 . The same month artsmedia Albania produced a music video for the track featuring inhabitants of Tirana . The video soon became viral in Albania and caused controversy over the usage of images of Albanian First Secretary Enver Hoxha . In May 2014 , a group of Iranian fans who created a tribute to `` Happy '' were arrested . According to a police chief , the song represented vulgarity and also hurt public chastity . Williams responded to the arrest in a tweet stating `` It 's beyond sad these kids were arrested for trying to spread happiness . '' Soon after Iran 's President Hassan Rouhani criticized the arrest when he tweeted `` # Happiness is our people 's right . We should n't be too hard on behaviours caused by joy . '' The dancers , along with the director , were later released . It was reported on September 19 , 2014 that seven of the individuals in the Iranian video had been handed suspended punishments of 91 lashes each along with jail sentences by Iranian courts . The result of the suspended sentence is that if another crime is committed in the next three years , then the punishments will be carried out . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Circle House Studios , Miami , Florida Mixed at Music Box Studios , Atlanta , Georgia Personnel Pharrell Williams -- lead vocals , keyboards , drums , bass guitar , writing , production Rhea Dummett -- backing vocals Trevon Henderson -- backing vocals Ashley L. Lee -- backing vocals Shamika Hightower -- backing vocals Jasmine Murray -- backing vocals Terrence Rolle -- backing vocals Mike Larson -- recording , digital editing , arrangement Matthew Desrameaux -- recording assistant Ali Khazaee -- cover art Andrew Coleman -- digital editing , arrangement Leslie Brathwaite -- mixer Reuben Cohen -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 17 Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Dominican Republic ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 5 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 6 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea ( Gaon ) 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 45 Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 92 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 85 Chart ( 2014 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 Airplay ) 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 12 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Chart ( 2015 ) Rank Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 41 Chart ( 2016 ) Rank Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 55 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) US Billboard Hot 100 76 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 11 × Platinum 770,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 8 × Platinum 640,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 335,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Diamond 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 6 × Platinum 180,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 3 × Platinum 180,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 6 × Platinum 90,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,922,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 6,900,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 10,400,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 16,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Worldwide May 22 , 2013 Streaming Australia November 21 , 2013 Digital download Back Lot Music Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Japan Latin America Netherlands New Zealand Norway Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States United States January 13 , 2014 Adult contemporary Columbia Records United States January 21 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2014 List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( century ) in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2014 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2014 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2013 List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2014 List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( Canada ) List of number - one digital songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Italy ) List of number - one hits of 2014 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one On - Demand Songs of 2014 List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Slovenia ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( South Africa ) List of number - one singles of 2014 ( Spain ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2014 ( Australia ) List of top 10 singles in 2013 ( France ) List of top 100 singles of 2014 ( France ) List of Top 25 singles for 2014 in Australia List of UK Independent Singles Chart number ones of 2013 List of UK top 10 singles in 2013 List of UK top 10 singles in 2014 List of Ultratop 50 number - one singles of 2014 List of songs which have spent the most weeks on the UK Singles Chart New Zealand top 50 singles of 2014 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes US . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Despicable Me 2 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Media notes ) . Back Lot Music , Columbia Records . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Pharrell Has 2014 's Best - Selling Song '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell 's Happy now the UK 's most downloaded track of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Male Video 2014 MTV Video Awards '' . MTV . Viacom . August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Of The Year 2014 MTV Video Music Awards '' . MTV . Viacom . August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 14 April 2015 . p. 12 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Batey , Angus ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` We Heard Pharrell 's New Album & This Is What It Sounds Like '' . NME . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pharrell Williams Signs To Columbia Records '' . Vibe . December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Showbiz , Bang ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams -- Pharrell Williams : Happy was for Cee Lo Green '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy -- The World 's First 24 Hour Music Video '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Happy '' By Pharrell Williams -- Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . EMI Music Publishing . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosen , Jody ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell -- Happy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams , a ' Happy ' and busy guy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tingen , Paul ( May 2014 ) . `` Inside Track : Happy '' . Sound on Sound . Cambridge . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryland , Ali ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wireless Festival 2014 : From OutKast to Pharrell , the top ten acts to watch '' . Metro . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Holly . `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Woodward , Huw ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Single review : Pharrell Williams -- ' Happy ' '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nominations '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 ... International Press Academy . Jump up ^ Baron , Zach ( March 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams on Advanced Style Moves and That Oscar Snub : My Song Will `` Be Here For 10 Years '' `` . GQ . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Terri ( December 2014 ) . `` Cash for questions '' . Q. p. 32 . Jump up ^ Oitmann , Pierre ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams scoort eerste solo - nummer 1 - hit '' . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . Sanoma . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) `` Happy van Pharrell Williams grootste Top 40 - hit ooit '' . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 ... Dutch Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 2500 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 01 December 2013 -- 07 December 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( December 29 , 2013 ) . `` X Factor winner Sam Bailey 's reign lasts just one week as she is knocked off No. 1 spot by Pharrell '' . Metro . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Unstoppable Pharrell scores chart record hat - trick as Happy smashes a million '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell 's Happy achieves rare triple platinum sales '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Taylor Swift tops albums with 90,336 sales of 1989 '' . Music Week . Mediaor.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Chart News '' . April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Manning , Brendan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell 's happy chart - buster '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' ' Happy ' Hits No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell 's ' Happy ' Holds at No. 1 On Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' ' Happy ' Holds Atop Hot 100 ; DJ Snake & Lil Jon Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : `` Happy '' tops 4M `` . Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` John Legend 's ' All Of Me ' Tops Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Debuts At No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 For 10th Week , Iggy Azalea Vaults Into Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : 12 Facts About 2014 's First Six Months in Music '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 ... Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rise of Uptown Funk : Could It Become the All - Time # 1 Seller ? '' . Hits. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Pharrell Williams holds on to Irish No. 1 with ' Happy ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wöber , Sebastian ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` How did Jon Beattie shoot Pharrell 's `` 24 Hours of Happy '' ? `` . cinema5D . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Luke ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams ' Happy ' by We Are From LA '' . Promonews.tv . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 ... Grammy.com . The Recording Academy . Jump up ^ Awazie , Ikechi ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Be An Inspiration : 24 Hours Of Happy Music '' . Be A Light To The World . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nagle , Robert ( March 2 , 2014 ) . `` Robert 's Ultimate Guide to all 24 hours of Pharrell Williams ' Happy Video '' . Imaginary Planet . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams - Happy ( Official Music Video ) '' . i Am Other . YouTube . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BAFICI '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Government of Buenos Aires . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Search for happy pharrell williams we are from -- Overview '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # BBCtrending : Pharrell 's hit video inspires 1,000 re-makes '' . BBC News Online . April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Yerevan '' . U.S. Embassy in Armenia. April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Yerevan ( Aram MP 3 , US Ambassador , Andre & Others ) '' . Tert.am. April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Are Happy From Tirana -- Pharrell Williams # HAPPYFROMTIRANA '' . artsmedia Albania. April 18 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Hayden ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Iranians arrested after posting their own video of Pharrell Williams 's song Happy on YouTube '' . ABC Online . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Josie ; Vahdat , Ahmad ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Young Iranians arrested for ' vulgar ' Pharrell Williams ' Happy dance '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hafiz , Yasmine ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Young Iranians arrested for ' vulgar ' Pharrell Williams ' Happy dance '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian Pharrell fans arrested for Happy tribute video '' . BBC News Online . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams '' . Twitter . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hassan Rouhani '' . Twitter . May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved Feb 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Robert ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Director of ' Happy in Tehran ' Video Is Reportedly Freed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dehghan , Saeed Kamil ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Iranian Pharrell Williams fans behind Happy video sentenced '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - 3 de junho de 2014 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . June 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10.03. 14 - 16.03. 14 '' Airplay Top 5 . Bulgarian Association of Music Producers . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201409 into search . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201418 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Top 20 General '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 ... Monitor Latino . RadioNotas . Jump up ^ `` January 11 , 2014 -- Euro Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams : Happy ( From Despicable Me 2 ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 03 / 2014 '' ( in German ) . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` April 19 , 2014 -- Greece Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 1 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` January 18 , 2014 -- Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` March 29 , 2014 -- Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Pharrell Williams - Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` November 30 , 2013 -- Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts '' . Media Forest . March 10 -- 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 01 - 28 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 년 02 주차 Download Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Download Chart . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201411 into search . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201428 into search . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tedenska lestvica : 14 Teden 31.03. 2014 -- 06.04. 2014 '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Record Report -- Pop Rock General '' . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 ... Record Report . R.R. Digital C.A. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Jaaroverzicht van 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2013 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2014 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 2014 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot Pop '' . Billboard Brasil . Vol. 2 . December 2014 . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2014 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) `` Jahrescharts -- 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 ... Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2014 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' מסתובב '' הוא השיר הכי מושמע בישראל ב - 2014 `` . Mako.co.il . January 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts 2014 '' . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 ... Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tedenska lestvica : 2014 Leto '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2014 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) `` Resumen Anual 2014 '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 ... Record Report . R.R. Digital C.A. Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 -- Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Aller Tijden -- Singles '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top de Tous les Temps -- Singles '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Pharrell Williams in the field Interpret . Enter Happy in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus en France du millénaire , épisode 2 ( 90 - 81 ) '' ( in French ) . Charts in France . Pure Charts . July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Pharrell Williams ; ' Happy ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List - July 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Pharrell Williams '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Pharrell Williams ; ' Happy ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Happy in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Pharrell Williams -- Happy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Pharrell Williams - Happy '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 30 : Del 21.07. 2014 Al 27.07. 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bella , Sarah ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pharrell Williams Streams ' Happy ' From ' Despicable Me 2 ' '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Australia . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single von Pharrell Williams '' ( in German ) . iTunes Austria . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Single by Pharrell Williams '' . iTunes Belgium . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Single by Pharrell Williams '' . iTunes Canada . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Denmark . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Finland . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single par Pharrell Williams '' ( in French ) . iTunes France . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single von Pharrell Williams '' ( in German ) . iTunes Germany . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Greece . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single di Pharrell Williams '' ( in Italian ) . iTunes Italy . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ファレル ・ ウィリアムス Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams ( in Japanese ) . iTunes Japan . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Latin America . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single ' van Pharrell Williams '' ( in Dutch ) . iTunes Netherlands . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes New Zealand . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes Norway . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single de Pharrell Williams '' ( in Spanish ) . iTunes Spain . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single av Pharrell Williams '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Sweden . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy ( From `` Despicable Me 2 '' ) - Single by Pharrell Williams `` . iTunes United Kingdom . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Mod / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) 24 Hours of Happy music video website Official music video on YouTube Pharrell Williams singles Discography The Neptunes Present ... Clones `` Frontin ' '' In My Mind `` Can I Have It Like That '' `` Angel '' `` Number One '' Girl `` Happy '' `` Marilyn Monroe '' `` Come Get It Bae '' `` Gust of Wind '' `` It Girl '' Featured singles `` I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) '' `` Shake Ya Ass '' `` Southern Hospitality '' `` Formal Invite '' `` Nothin ' '' `` Boys ( The Co-Ed Remix ) '' `` When the Last Time '' `` From tha Chuuuch to da Palace '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Beautiful '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' `` Belly Dancer '' `` Change Clothes '' `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' `` Let 's Get Blown '' `` Wanna Love U Girl '' `` Mr. Me Too '' `` Money Maker '' `` Sex ' n ' Money '' `` Give It Up '' `` Blue Magic '' `` I Know '' `` Zock On ! '' `` Give It 2 Me '' `` Universal Mind Control '' `` Announcement '' `` Work That ! '' `` Blanco '' `` I 'm Good '' `` One ( Your Name ) '' `` ADD SUV '' `` Here Ye , Hear Ye '' `` Celebrate '' `` Blurred Lines '' `` Get Lucky '' `` Feds Watching '' `` Get Like Me '' `` ATM Jam '' `` Lose Yourself to Dance '' `` Move That Dope '' `` Aerosol Can '' `` Hugs '' `` WTF ( Where They From ) '' `` Safari '' `` Surfin ' '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Feels '' Other singles `` Yummy '' `` My Drive Thru '' `` Tacky '' `` Shine '' `` Freedom '' `` Yellow Light '' Despicable Me Films Main series Despicable Me Despicable Me 2 Despicable Me 3 Spin - offs Minions Minions 2 Music Despicable Me : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Happy '' Related articles Despicable Me Minion Mayhem Minions Minions Paradise Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) The X Factor ( Australia ) Discography Seasons 5 6 7 8 Winners Random Altiyan Childs Reece Mastin Samantha Jade Dami Im Marlisa Punzalan Cyrus Villanueva Isaiah Firebrace Finalists Season 1 5 6 7 8 Singles Winners singles `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` Somewhere in the World '' `` Good Night '' `` What You 've Done to Me '' `` Alive '' `` Stand by You '' `` Stone '' `` It 's Gotta Be You '' Charity singles `` Call Me Maybe '' `` Happy '' Related articles X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)&oldid=825885066 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs American soul songs APRA Award winners Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Columbia Records singles Despicable Me ( franchise ) Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Yoann Lemoine Neo soul songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Switzerland Pharrell Williams songs Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Song recordings produced by Pharrell Williams Songs about happiness Songs written for films Songs written by Pharrell Williams South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with Dutch - language external links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with German - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Bulgaria Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song because i'm happy | [
"\n\n\"Happy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Pharrell Williams\n\n\nfrom the album Girl\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)[1]\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\n7\"\n12\"\nCD\ndigital download\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nCircle House Studios, Miami, Florida[2]\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nSoul\nneo soul\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:53\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nBack Lot Music\ni Am Other\nColumbia\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nPharrell Williams\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPharrell Williams\n\n\nPharrell Williams singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Lose Yourself to Dance\"\n(2013)\n\"Happy\"\n(2013)\n\"Move That Dope\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Lose Yourself to Dance\"\n(2013)\n\"Happy\"\n(2013)\n\"Move That Dope\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDespicable Me 2 cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Pharrell Williams"
] |
3200255873178798190 | Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India | Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India - Wikipedia Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India . At the time when the Constitution was enacted , inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission , and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi , the official language of the Union . The list has since , however , acquired further significance . The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages , such that `` they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge '' . In addition , a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper . Per Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 of the Indian Constitution , the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages : Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei ( Manipuri ) Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Santali Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu Of these languages , 14 were initially included in the Constitution . Subsequently , Sindhi was added in 1967 ; Konkani , Manipuri and Nepali were added in 1992 ; and Bodo , Dogri , Maithili and Santali were added in 2003 . Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule ( edit ) At present , as per Ministry of Home Affairs , there are demands for inclusion of 39 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution . These are : Angika Banjara Bazika Bhojpuri Bhoti Bhotia Bundelkhandi Chhattisgarhi Dhatki English French Garhwali ( Pahari ) Gondi Gujjar / Gujjari Ho Kachachhi Kamtapuri Karbi Khasi Kodava ( Coorgi ) Kok Barak Kumaoni ( Pahari ) Kurak Kurmali Lepcha Limbu Mizo ( Lushai ) Magahi Mundari Nagpuri Nicobarese Himachali Pali Rajasthani Sambalpuri / Kosali Shaurseni ( Prakrit ) Siraiki Tenyidi Tulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitution of India , Article 344 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Constitution of India , Article 351 . Jump up ^ Official Languages Resolution , 1968 , para. 2 . Archived March 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Official Languages Resolution , 1968 , para. 4 . Archived March 18 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Constitution of India by P.M. Bakshi Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf Jump up ^ http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf This article about the law of India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=815114861 '' Categories : Languages of India Schedules to the Constitution of India Indian law stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 21 : 26 . About Wikipedia | languages mentioned in 8th schedule of indian constitution | [] | [] |
-8708995097671669375 | World War II | World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , and the Balkan Campaign , as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece , gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig after the invasion , September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were used . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . ISBN 9781412981767 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . 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Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . JSTOR 20444365 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . JSTOR 2008855 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did war war 2 start and end | [
"\n\nWorld War II\n\n\n\n(clockwise from top left)\n\n\nChinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing\nAustralian 25-pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein\nGerman Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943\nAmerican naval force in the Lingayen Gulf\nWilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender\nSoviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 (1939-09-01 – 1945-09-02) (7003219300000000000♠6 years and 1 day)[a]\n\n\nLocation\nEurope, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa and Horn of Africa, briefly North and South America\n\n\nResult\n\nAllied victory\n\nCollapse of Nazi Germany\nFall of Japanese and Italian Empires\nDissolution of the League of Nations\nCreation of the United Nations\nEmergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers\nBeginning of the Cold War (more...)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParticipants\n\n\nAllied Powers\nAxis Powers\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\nMain Allied leaders\n\n\n Joseph Stalin\n Franklin D. Roosevelt\n Winston Churchill\n Chiang Kai-shek\n\n\n\nMain Axis leaders\n\n\n Adolf Hitler\n Hirohito[b]\n Benito Mussolini\n\n\n\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n\n\n\nMilitary dead:\nOver 16,000,000\nCivilian dead:\nOver 45,000,000\nTotal dead:\nOver 61,000,000 (1937–45)\n\n\n...further details\n\n\n\nMilitary dead:\nOver 8,000,000\nCivilian dead:\nOver 4,000,000\nTotal dead:\nOver 12,000,000 (1937–45)\n\n\n...further details\n\n"
] | [
"1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945"
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468738602374495946 | Timeline of the American Revolution | Timeline of the American Revolution - wikipedia Timeline of the American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search Timeline of the American Revolution ( 1760 − 1791 ) -- timeline of the political upheaval in the 18th century in which Thirteen Colonies in North America joined together for independence from the British Empire , and after victory in the Revolutionary War combining to form the United States of America . The American Revolution includes political , social , and military aspects . The Revolutionary era is generally considered to have begun with the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 and ended with the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . The military phase of the Revolution , the American Revolutionary War , lasted from 1775 to 1783 . Contents ( hide ) 1 1760s 2 1770s 3 1780s 4 1790s 5 See also 5.1 Further reading 6 External links 1760s ( edit ) Further information : Category : 1760s in the Thirteen Colonies 1760 Pierre de Rigaud , Governor of New France , capitulates ( September 8 ) to Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst . This ends most fighting in North America between France and Great Britain in the French and Indian War . Amherst becomes the First British Governor - General of territories that would later become Canada plus lands ( Ohio Country and Illinois Country ) west of the American Colonies . King George II of Great Britain dies ( October 25 ) and is succeeded by his grandson George III . 1761 New England Planters immigrate to Nova Scotia , Canada ( 1759 - 1768 ) to take up lands left vacant after the Expulsion of the Acadians . 1763 The Treaty of Paris ( February 10 ) formally ends the French and Indian War . France cedes most of its territories in North America to Great Britain , but Louisiana west of the Mississippi River is ceded to Spain . Previously allied with France , Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region resist the policies of the British under Amherst . Pontiac 's Rebellion begins , lasting until 1766 . The extent of America 's territorial growth prior to the Revolution . The westward border established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 is shown . King George 's Royal Proclamation of 1763 ( October 7 ) establishes administration in territories newly ceded by France . To prevent further violence between settlers and Native Americans , the Proclamation sets a western boundary on the American colonies . The Navigation Acts are re-enforced by George Grenville as a part of his attempt to reassert unified economic control over the British Empire following the Seven Years ' War . 1764 The Sugar Act ( April 5 ) , intended to raise revenues , and the Currency Act ( September 1 ) , prohibiting the colonies from issuing paper money , are passed by Parliament . These Acts , coming during the economic slump that followed the French and Indian War , are resented by the colonists and lead to protests . 1765 To help defray the cost of keeping troops in America , Parliament enacts ( March 22 ) the Stamp Act , imposing a tax on many types of printed materials used in the colonies . Seen as a violation of rights , the Act sparks violent demonstrations in several Colonies . Virginia 's House of Burgesses adopts ( May 29 ) the Virginia Resolves claiming that , under British law , Virginians could be taxed only by an assembly to which they had elected representatives . Delegates from nine colonies attend the Stamp Act Congress which adopts ( October 19 ) a Declaration of Rights and Grievances and petitions Parliament and the king to repeal the Act . Parliament enacts ( March 24 ) the Quartering Act , requiring the Colonies to provide housing , food , and other provisions to British troops . The act is resisted or circumvented in most of the colonies . In 1767 and again in 1769 , Parliament suspended the governor and legislature of New York for failure to comply . 1766 The British Parliament repeals ( March 18 ) the unpopular Stamp Act of the previous year , but , in the simultaneous Declaratory Act , asserts its `` full power and authority to make laws and statutes ... to bind the colonies and people of America ... in all cases whatsoever '' . Liberty Pole erected in New York City commons in celebration of the Stamp Act repeal ( May 21 ) . An intermittent skirmish with the British garrison over the removal of this and other poles , and their replacement by the Sons of Liberty , rages until the Province of New York is under the control of the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress in 1775 1767 The Townshend Acts , named for Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend , are passed by Parliament ( June 29 ) , placing duties on many items imported into America . 1768 In April , Britain 's Secretary of State for the Colonies , Lord Hillsborough , orders colonial governors to stop their own assemblies from endorsing Adams ' circular letter . Hillsborough also orders the governor of Massachusetts to dissolve the general court if the Massachusetts assembly does not revoke the letter . By month 's end , the assemblies of New Hampshire , Connecticut and New Jersey have endorsed the letter . In May , a British warship armed with 50 cannons sails into Boston harbor after a call for help from custom commissioners who are constantly being harassed by Boston agitators . In June , a customs official is locked up in the cabin of the Liberty , a sloop owned by John Hancock . Imported wine is then unloaded illegally into Boston without payment of duties . Following this incident , customs officials seize Hancock 's sloop . After threats of violence from Bostonians , the customs officials escape to an island off Boston , then request the intervention of British troops . In July , the governor of Massachusetts dissolves the general court after the legislature defies his order to revoke Adams ' circular letter . In August , in Boston and New York , merchants agree to boycott most British goods until the Townshend Acts are repealed . In September , at a town meeting in Boston , residents are urged to arm themselves . Later in September , English warships sail into Boston Harbor , then two regiments of English infantry land in Boston and set up permanent residence to keep order . 1769 To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York broadside published by the local Sons of Liberty ( c . December ) 1770s ( edit ) Further information : Category : 1770s in the Thirteen Colonies 1770s in the United States : 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , 1773 , 1774 , 1775 , 1776 , 1777 , 1778 , 1779 . 1770 Golden Hill incident in which British troops wound civilians , including one death ( January 19 ) Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain ( January 28 ) The Boston Massacre , an engraving by patriot Paul Revere . Boston Massacre ( March 5 ) 1771 Battle of Alamance in North Carolina ( May 16 ) 1772 Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence Gaspee Affair ( June 9 ) The Watauga Association in what would become Tennessee declares itself independent . 1773 Parliament passes the Tea Act ( May 10 ) Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York published by local Sons of Liberty ( December 15 ) Boston Tea Party ( December 16 ) 1774 Benjamin Franklin , Massachusetts ' agent in London , is questioned before Parliament Lord Dunmore 's War British pass Intolerable Acts , including : Boston Port Act ( March 31 ) Administration of Justice Act ( May 20 ) , Massachusetts Government Act ( May 20 ) , A second Quartering Act ( June 2 ) , and Quebec Act The Powder Alarm , General Gage 's secret raid on the Cambridge powder magazine ( September 1 ) The First Continental Congress meets ; twelve colonies send delegates Burning of the HMS Peggy Stewart ( October 19 ) Petition to the King ( October 26 ) Greenwich Tea Party ( December 22 ) 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Battles of Lexington and Concord , followed by the Siege of Boston ( April 19 ) Gunpowder Incident ( April 20 ) Skenesboro , New York ( now Whitehall , New York ) captured by Lt Samuel Herrick . ( May 9 ) Fort Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen , Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys . ( May 10 ) Second Continental Congress meets ( May 10 ) Congress votes to create Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston and appointed George Washington of Virginia as commanding general . This would later become the modern United States Army ( June 14 ) Battle of Bunker Hill ( June 17 ) Washington arrives in Cambridge , MA to take command of the Continental Army ( July 2 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms issued ( July 6 ) Olive Branch Petition sent to King George III ( July 8 ) Continental Marines established by Continental Congress . They would become the modern day United States Marine Corps ( November 10 ) Henry Knox transported fifty - nine captured cannons ( taken from Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point ) from upstate New York to Boston , MA . Trip took 56 days to complete . ( Dec. 05 , 1775 to Jan. 24 , 1776 ) 1776 New Hampshire ratifies the first state constitution Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense ( January 10 ) Battle of Moore 's Creek Bridge ( February 27 ) Battle of Nassau ( March 3 -- 4 ) Fortification of Dorchester Heights results in British forces evacuating Boston ( March 4 -- 5 ) British evacuate Boston ( March 17 ) The Newly formed Continental Army departs its first winter encampment at Cambridge , Massachusetts ( April ) Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet ( June 29 ) Second Continental Congress enacts ( July 2 ) a resolution declaring independence from the British Empire , and then approves ( July 4 ) the written Declaration of Independence . Sons of Liberty order African slaves to topple statue of King George III in Bowling Green ( New York City ) ( July 9 ) Battle of Long Island , a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn ( August 27 ) British prison ships begin in Wallabout Bay , New York Staten Island Peace Conference ( September 11 ) Landing at Kip 's Bay ( September 15 ) Battle of Harlem Heights ( September 16 ) Great Fire of New York ( September 21 -- 22 ) Nathan Hale captured and executed for espionage ( September 22 ) Battle of Valcour Island ( October 11 ) Battle of White Plains ( October 29 ) Battle of Fort Washington ( November 16 ) Battle of Fort Lee ( November 20 ) Battle of Iron Works Hill ( December 23 -- December 26 ) Washington Crossing the Delaware , painting 1851 by Emanuel Leutze Battle of Trenton ( December 26 ) 1777 Battle of the Assunpink Creek , also known as the Second Battle of Trenton , ( January 2 ) Battle of Princeton ( January 3 ) Continental Army enters second winter encampment of the war at Morristown January 6 Forage War ( January -- March ) : Battle of Millstone ( January 20 ) Battle of Drake 's Farm ( February 1 ) Battle of Quibbletown ( February 8 ) Battle of Spanktown ( February 23 ) Battle of Bound Brook ( April 13 ) Sybil Ludington , 16 - year - old daughter of American Colonel Henry Ludington , makes a 40 - mile ride in the early hours of the night ( April 26 ) British regulars , under Major General William Tryon , burn and loot Danbury , CT ( April 26 ) Battle of Ridgefield ( April 27 ) Middlebrook encampment ( May 28 -- July 2 ) Battle of Short Hills ( June 26 ) Fort Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans due to advancing British troops placing cannon on Mount Defiance . ( July 5 ) British retake Fort Ticonderoga . ( July 6 ) Battle of Hubbardton ( July 7 ) Delegates in Vermont , which was not one of the Thirteen Colonies , establish a republic and adopt ( July 8 ) a constitution -- the first in what is now the territory of the United States to prohibit slavery . ( Vermont would become the fourteenth state in 1791 . ) Battle of Oriskany ( August 6 ) Battle of Bennington ( August 16 ) Battle of Brandywine ( September 11 ) Battle of Paoli ( Paoli Massacre ) ( September 20 ) British occupation of Philadelphia ( September 26 ) Battle of Germantown ( October 4 ) Surrender of General Burgoyne , 1821 painting by John Trumbull Two Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 ) conclude with the surrender of the British army under General Burgoyne . Battle of Red Bank ( October 22 ) Articles of Confederation adopted by the Second Continental Congress ( November 15 ) Capture of Fort Mifflin , ( November 16 ) and Fort Mercer , ( November 18 ) Battle of White Marsh ( December 5 -- December 8 ) Battle of Matson 's Ford ( December 11 ) 1777 -- 1778 -- Continental Army in third winter quarters at Valley Forge ( December 19 -- June 19 ) 1778 Treaty of Amity and Commerce and Treaty of Alliance with France ( February 6 ) Battle of Barren Hill ( May 20 ) British occupation of Philadelphia ends ( June ) Battle of Monmouth ( June 28 ) Capture of Savannah ( December 28 ) British successfully launch their southern strategy 1778 -- 1779 -- Majority of Continental Army in fourth winter quarters at Middlebrook encampment ( November 30 -- June 3 ) 1778 - 1779 - Major General Israel Putnam choses Redding Connecicut as his winter encampment to keep an eye on the storehouses in Danbury , Connecticut 1779 Siege of Fort Vincennes ( February 23 -- 25 ) Tryon 's raid ( July 3 - July 14 ) Tryon 's division lands in East Haven , Connecticut , met with spirited resistance from a band of local militia , take Black Rock Fort ( July 5 ) Battle of Fairfield Destroy 54 barns , 47 storehouses , burned 83 homes , two churches , and municipal buildings including a schoolhouse , the courthouse and the local jail ( July 7 ) Battle of Norwalk weakly opposed by about 50 local militia , easily dispersed . The destruction of the village and its commercial infrastructure destroyed ( July 11 ) Battle of Stony Point ( July 16 ) Battle of Paulus Hook ( August 19 ) 1779 -- 1780 Continental Army in fifth winter quarters at Morristown ( December -- May ) 1780s ( edit ) 1780s in the United States : 1780 , 1781 , 1782 , 1783 , 1784 , 1785 , 1786 , 1787 , 1788 , 1789 . 1780 Cornwallis 's surrender at Yorktown January 15 -- Congress establishes the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture to provide for final adjudication of appeals from state court prize cases involving disposition of ships and cargo allegedly seized from the British . January 28 -- A stockade known as Fort Nashborough is founded on the banks of the Cumberland River. Two years later the site is renamed Nashville . February 1 -- Some 8,000 British forces under General Henry Clinton arrive in Charleston , South Carolina , from New York . February 1 -- New York cedes to Congress its western claims , including territory west of Lake Ontario . In 1792 New York will sell the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania March 14 -- Bombardment of Fort Charlotte : After a two - week siege , Spanish general , colonial governor of Louisiana , and Viceroy of New Spain Bernardo de Gálvez captures Fort Charlotte , taking the port of Mobile ( in present - day Alabama ) from the British . Fort Charlotte was the last remaining British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana . Its fall drove the British from the western reaches of West Florida and reduced the British military presence in West Florida to its capital , Pensacola . April 8 -- Siege of Charleston : British Army troops under General Henry Clinton and naval forces under Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot besiege Charleston , South Carolina . British ships sail past Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to occupy Charleston Harbor . Washington will order reinforcements to Charleston , but the city falls on May 12 in what is arguably the worst American defeat of the war . May 6 -- Siege of Charleston : Fort Moultrie falls to the British . May 12 -- Siege of Charleston : American General Benjamin Lincoln surrenders Charleston to the British . The British lose 255 men while capturing a large American garrison . May 29 -- Battle of Waxhaws : A clash between Continental Army forces under Abraham Buford and a mainly Loyalist force led by Banastre Tarleton occurs near Lancaster , South Carolina in the Waxhaws area ( close to present - day Buford ) . The British destroyed the American forces . June 6 -- Battle of Connecticut Farms June 23 -- Battle of Springfield . With the attempted British invasion of New Jersey stopped at Connecticut Farms and Springfield , major fighting in the North ends . August 16 - Battle of Camden . British General Cornwallis gains a humiliating victory over Gates in South Carolina . September 23 -- John André captured and the treason of Benedict Arnold is exposed September 26 - Battle of Charlotte October 7 -- Battle of King 's Mountain December - Continental Army enters sixth winter with encampments in New York 's Hudson Highlands and Pompton and Morristown New Jersey 1781 January 17 - Battle of Cowpens March 1 -- Articles of Confederation ratified March 15 -- Battle of Guilford Court House September 5 - Battle of the Chesapeake September 6 - Battle of Groton Heights September 8 - Battle of Eutaw Springs October 19 -- The British surrender at Yorktown December 31 -- Bank of North America chartered December - Continental Army returns to Hudson Highlands and Morristown New Jersey for its seventh winter encampment . 1782 February 27 -- The British House of Commons votes against further war , informally recognizing American independence . August 27 - Battle of the Combahee River November - Continental Army moves into its eighth and final winter quarters , at the New Windsor Cantonment and in the Hudson Highlands December 14 -- British evacuate Charleston , South Carolina 1783 Washington 's Entry into New York by Currier & Ives September 3 -- The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) ends the American Revolutionary War November 25 -- The British evacuate New York , marking the end of British rule , and General George Washington triumphantly returns with the Continental Army . 1784 January 14 -- The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the Congress . April 9 -- The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the British May 12 -- Ratified treaties are exchanged in Paris between the two nations . August -- `` The state of Frankland , '' later known as Franklin , secedes from North Carolina 1785 Treaty of Hopewell ( November 28 ) Congress refuses admission of Franklin to the Union 1786 Shays ' Rebellion Annapolis Convention fails 1787 Northwest Ordinance Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy . Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia Delaware , Pennsylvania and New Jersey ratify the constitution 1788 North Carolina reconquers Franklin , which ceases to exist . Georgia , Connecticut , Massachusetts , Maryland , South Carolina , New Hampshire , Virginia and New York ratify the constitution 1789 United States presidential election , 1789 Constitution goes into effect George Washington is inaugurated as President in New York City The First United States Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Hamilton tariff Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty November 21 -- North Carolina becomes the 12th state to ratify the Constitution , with a vote of 194 -- 77 1790s ( edit ) 1790s in the United States : 1790 , 1791 , 1792 , 1793 , 1794 , 1795 , 1796 , 1797 , 1798 , 1799 . Main article : Timeline of United States history ( 1790 -- 1819 ) 1790 -- Rhode Island and Providence Plantations becomes the 13th state to ratify the Constitution , with a vote of 34 -- 32 ( May 29 ) 1791 - Ratification of the United States Bill of Rights See also ( edit ) Timeline of Colonial America Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the United States Timelines of United States history by period Further reading ( edit ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard Alan Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) Morris , Richard B. Encyclopedia of American History ( 7th ed. 1996 ) External links ( edit ) Theamericanrevolution.org : Timeline of the American Revolution American Revolution . ( hide ) Timeline of United States history Period Before 1760 American Revolution ( 1760 -- 1789 ) 1790 -- 1819 1820 -- 1859 1860 -- 1899 1900 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 1989 1990 -- present Topic Diplomatic history Military operations Related History of the United States Outline of United States history Years in the United States United States history timelines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution&oldid=841390917 '' Categories : American Revolution Timelines of United States history by period United States history - related lists United States military history timelines American Revolutionary War American Revolution - related lists History of the Thirteen Colonies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the first act of the american revolution | [] | [] |
805757589505300480 | Medical education in Australia | Medical education in Australia - wikipedia Medical education in Australia Jump to : navigation , search Medical education in Australia is concerned with both the basic training of medical practitioners and with the post-graduate training of medical specialists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical school 2 Prevocational training 2.1 Internship 2.2 Residency 3 Specialist training 4 Continuing medical education 5 Rural medical education 6 General practice education and training 7 See also 8 References Medical school ( edit ) Various models of medical education exist in Australia . Undergraduate programs typically last 5 -- 6 years , and by definition , admit secondary school matriculants . Applicants are usually assessed by a combination of high school leaving certificate performance , Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test ( UMAT ) score and an interview . Graduate medical programs typically last 4 years , and applicants are assessed on the results of their previous academic degree in addition to aptitude tests and interviews . The most commonly used selection test is the Graduate Australian Medical School Admissions Test ( GAMSAT ) . During the pre-clinical years , theoretical domains of study predominate most Australian medical programs . However , early clinical exposure -- in which students commence clinical skills training early in the course , concurrently with theoretical study -- is a component of many programs , particularly graduate medical programs . In recent years , medical school teaching and learning in Australia has taken on a new direction in line with international trends . At most universities there has been a shift from traditional methods of teaching to the Problem Based Learning ( PBL ) pedagogy including the use of Objective Structured Clinical Examinations ( OSCEs ) . Historically , Australian medical schools have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery ( MBBS ) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) for their research training degree , analogous to the PhD , or for their honorary doctorates . Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s , under the previous Australian Qualifications Framework ( AQF ) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor 's degrees together with other undergraduate programs . The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master 's degrees ( Extended ) which permits the use of the term ' Doctor ' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs . As a result , various Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature . With the introduction of the Master 's level MD , universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates . The University of Melbourne was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree , and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science ( DMedSc ) . Current Australian medical schools and their basic qualifying medical degrees are listed below : University Current Degree ( s ) Duration AQF level Entry Previous Degree ( s ) University of Adelaide MBBS 6 years 7 Undergraduate N / A Australian National University MChD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS Bond University BMedSt / MD 4.6 years 9 Undergraduate MBBS Deakin University MD 4 years 9 Graduate BMBS Flinders University MD 4 years 9 Graduate BMBS Griffith University MD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS James Cook University MBBS 6 years 7 Undergraduate N / A University of Melbourne MD 4 years 9 Graduate BMedSc / MBBS Monash University BMedSci / MD 5 years 9 Undergraduate MBBS , MBBS ( Hons ) University of Newcastle BMedSc / MD 5 years 9 Undergraduate BMed University of New England BMedSc / MD 5 years 9 Undergraduate BMed University of New South Wales BMed / MD 6 years 9 Undergraduate MBBS University of Notre Dame Australia MD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS University of Queensland MD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS University of Sydney MD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS University of Tasmania MBBS 5 years 7 Undergraduate N / A University of Western Australia MD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS Western Sydney University MBBS 5 years 7 Undergraduate N / A University of Wollongong MD 4 years 9 Graduate MBBS Curtin University MBBS 5 years 7 Undergraduate N / A Macquarie University MD 4 years 9 Graduate N / A Prevocational training ( edit ) Prevocational training refers to the first two years of training that medical graduates undertake after leaving university . These are commonly referred to as PGY1 and PGY2 ( where PGY stands for `` postgraduate year '' ) . For international medical graduates , entry into prevocational training requires AMC certification . For graduates of Australian and New Zealand Medical Schools , PGY1 is called internship , and they are called interns or Junior Medical Officers ( JMOs ) . PGY2 is also known as Resident Medical Officer Year 1 ( RMO1 ) . Internship ( edit ) All States and Territories require medical graduates to successfully complete at least one year of supervised practice , generally known as an internship . Internship is undertaken in hospital , general practice and community training positions accredited for this purpose . Interns in Australia are required to complete compulsory rotations in Emergency Medicine , General Medicine and General Surgery , with the remaining internship time spent in non compulsory rotations across a diverse range of medical disciplines . The National Standard for General Registration took effect on 1 January 2014 and made this training structure of compulsory and non-compulsory rotations consistent across Australia . Rotations differ across training sites in terms of clinical content and patient load in accordance with the health services delivered at each site . In some states , a general practice term is offered for the compulsory Emergency Medicine , given the availability of undifferentiated patient morbidity and acuity at such sites . Interns are closely supervised during each rotation and routinely assessed . Successful completion of Internship results in the granting of general registration as a medical practitioner . Aside from experience gained through working , formal educational opportunities are required to be provided by intern training providers , along with a range of wellbeing and advocacy infrastructure specifically tailored to interns . Accreditation of intern training programs and positions is conducted by each state 's postgraduate medical council or equivalent , under the approval and authority of the Medical Board of Australia . The majority of postgraduate medical education councils are part of the state health department , though structural models vary widely . A minority are independent of the state health department . Accreditation frameworks have been nationalised since the successful adoption in 2009 of the Prevocational Medical Accreditation Framework . This important milestone , along with the Australian Curriculum Framework for Junior Doctors , represented a significant watershed moment in nationally consistent intern education and accreditation . Since then , the Medical Board of Australia have appointed the Australian Medical Council to review and further nationalise intern training and training . Residency ( edit ) Upon successful conclusion of the intern year , doctors qualify for full registration with the Medical Board and are licensed to engage in independent medical practice . In general , most doctors spend two to three years practicing as a Resident Medical Officer ( RMO ) or Hospital Medical Officer ( HMO ) in a hospital before commencing specialist training . Others may choose to continue practicing as an RMO / HMO for a longer period before deciding on the field in which they would like to specialise . Some may continue working as an RMO / HMO for the entirety of their medical careers , and are termed Career Medical Officers ( CMOs ) . Specialist training ( edit ) Specialist training programs are governed by Medical Colleges , such as the Royal Australian College of Surgeons . These colleges also oversee and maintain professional standards for their areas of specialty , and as such the requirements of specialist training programs vary between colleges . Most specialty training programs take between three and six years to complete . Doctors who have commenced specialist training through a Medical College are referred to as Registrars , although in some colleges doctors continue to be referred to as RMOs until later in the program . Those successful in completing the requirements of their college program become Fellows of that college . They are then referred to as Specialists . Specialists typically work in specialist private practice or as a Consultant in a hospital , or sometimes both . There have been recent calls for harmonisation of the accreditation of medical specialist college training programs . This is consistent with the nationalisation underway within the prevocational phase of the medical training continuum . It remains to be seen if harmonisation reaches the vocational phase of the medical training pipeline . The recent growth in medical schools and medical graduate numbers has resulted in an increased number of prevocational and resident doctors who seek entry to vocational training programs as part of their professional development . Entry requirements and demand varies widely from medical colleges and historically there is consistent over-subscription to more popular specialisations ( such as orthopaedic surgery ) and an under - subscription to other specialisations . This mal - distribution of medical specialities has been under increasing study by national medical workforce bodies . Continuing medical education ( edit ) All Australian Medical Colleges require their members to undertake continuing medical education . The requirements of each college vary . Some colleges , such as the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine , offer online courses that contribute to the continuing clinical and professional development of its Fellows . Rural medical education ( edit ) The shortage of doctors in rural areas is an ongoing problem , and to encourage medical doctors to remain in rural areas after qualification the Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing has set aside considerable funding to establish rural clinical schools in every Australian State . The Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine specialises in training registrars who want to become a rural generalist . Their courses and training program is designed and developed by rural practitioners for rural practitioners . General practice education and training ( edit ) With almost a third of Australian GPs practicing in rural areas , the use of online education has increased significantly in recent years . The Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine ( ACRRM ) is a leading College providing continual learning and a Professional Development Program online and in key locations across Australia . All courses and training programs are available for both rural and urban general practitioners interested in gaining a broad range of skills . A key online provider is ThinkGP , which is the largest single provider of online education to GPs in Australia . Established in 2005 by GP Dr John Crimmins the site has become an excellent litmus test for the uptake of online learning for Australian GPs . The uptake of online education by GPs is currently being studied by Monash University who feel this should influence the standards of education delivery to GPs in the future . General Practitioners in Australia enjoy access to a variety of learning formats that include large city based conferences and workshops . The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners ( RACGP ) conducts an annual scientific conference , and within each State Faculty , coordinates multiple other conferences , workshops and other learning opportunities for GPs . See also ( edit ) Medical Schools in Australia Category : Schools of medicine in Australia Category : Teaching hospitals in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Information booklet 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Council for Educational Research . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) '' . University of Melbourne . 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Medical School Accreditation Program and Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Australian Medical Council . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : IMG Orientation Handbook , 2nd Edition . By Medical Workforce Unit , Central Coast Local Health Network , Northern Sydney Local Health Network . January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Registration Standards '' . Medical Board of Australia . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What happens when you finish your medical degree ? '' . Australian Indigenous Doctors ' Association . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Maley M , Denz - Penhey H , Lockyer - Stevens V , Murdoch JC : Tuning medical education for rural - ready practice : designing and resourcing optimally . Medical Teacher ; 2006 ; 28 ( 4 ) : 345 -- 350 , Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_education_in_Australia&oldid=815366918 '' Categories : Medical education in Australia Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 11 : 48 . About Wikipedia | how many years is a medical degree in australia | [] | [] |
1032432079689808176 | Chronicle of a Death Foretold | Chronicle of a death Foretold - wikipedia Chronicle of a death Foretold Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Chronicle of a Death Foretold ( disambiguation ) . Chronicle of a Death Foretold First edition ( Colombia ) Author Gabriel García Márquez Country Colombia Publisher La Oveja Negra Publication date 1981 Published in English Media type Print Pages 122 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 015754 - 3 OCLC 43223288 Chronicle of a Death Foretold ( Spanish : Crónica de una muerte anunciada ) is a novella by Gabriel García Márquez , published in 1981 . It tells , in the form of a pseudo-journalistic reconstruction , the story of the murder of Santiago Nasar by the two Vicario brothers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Inspiration 3 Key themes 4 Adaptations 4.1 Editions 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The non-linear story , told by an anonymous narrator , begins with the morning of Santiago Nasar 's death . The reader learns that Santiago lives with his mother , Placida Linero ; the cook , Victoria Guzman ; and the cook 's daughter , Divina Flor . Santiago took over the successful family ranch after the death of his father Ibrahim , who was of Arabic origin . He returns home in the early morning hours from an all night celebration of a wedding between a recent newcomer , Bayardo San Roman , and a long - term resident , Angela Vicario . Two hours after the wedding , Angela was dragged back to her mother 's home by Bayardo because she was not a virgin . After a beating from her mother , Angela is forced to reveal the name of the man who has defiled her purity and honor . In a somewhat spurious manner , she reveals the man to be Santiago . Her two twin brothers , Pablo and Pedro Vicario , decide to kill Santiago in order to avenge the insult to their family honor with two knives previously used to slaughter pigs . They proceed to the meat market in the pre-dawn hours to sharpen their knives , and announce to the owner and other butchers that they plan to kill Santiago . No one believes the threat because the brothers are such `` good people '' , or they interpret the threat as `` drunkards ' baloney '' . Faustino Santos , a butcher friend , becomes suspicious and reports the threat to the policeman , Leandro Pornoy . The brothers proceed to Cotilde Armenta 's milk shop where they tell her about the plan to kill Santiago , and she notices the knives wrapped in rags . Meanwhile , Officer Leandro talks with Colonel Aponte who , after leisurely dressing and enjoying his breakfast , proceeds to the milk shop and takes away their knives and sends them off to sleep though he considers them `` a pair of big bluffers '' . Clotilde wants `` to spare those poor boys from the horrible duty '' and tries to convince Colonel Aponte to investigate further so they can be stopped . He does nothing more . Since the brothers had announced their plans to kill Santiago at the meat market and the milk store , the news spreads through town , but no one directly warns Santiago . Clotilde asks everyone she sees to warn Santiago , but people do not warn him for several reasons : they assume he must have been warned already , believe that someone else should warn him , ca n't find him easily , do n't believe it will happen , are too excited about the Bishop 's arrival , want him secretly dead , or believe the killing to be justified . The brothers show up again to the milk shop with two new knives , and this time Pedro has hesitations about killing because he feels they had fulfilled their duty `` when the mayor disarmed them '' . Nevertheless , they yell their plans to kill Santiago . Even the priest later confesses , `` I did n't know what to do ... it was n't any business of mine but something for the civil authorities . '' He decides to mention it to Santiago 's mother , but because he was excited about the bishop coming , he forgets about Santiago . Santiago wakes up after an hour 's sleep to get dressed and greet the bishop , who is expected by the townsfolk to stop in their town on his way elsewhere . He misses the note on the floor that someone has left with a warning and details about the Vicario plan . The bishop 's boat passes by the town without stopping even though people have been waiting for him with various gifts . Santiago then proceeds to his fiancee , who yells , `` ... I hope they kill you ! '' because she is upset about his involvement with Angela Vicario and decides not to warn him . The murder occurs . After the murder , the Vicario family leaves town due to the scandal and disgrace surrounding the events of Angela 's wedding and Santiago 's murder . Bayardo San Roman leaves town as well ; his family comes by boat and picks him up . The Vicario twins spend three years in prison awaiting trial , but are acquitted in court , after which Pablo marries his lover and Pedro leaves for the armed forces . Only after Bayardo returned her did Angela fall in love with him . After she moves away from the town with her family , Angela writes him a letter each day for seventeen years . At the end of seventeen years , San Roman returns to her , carrying all of her letters in bundles , all unopened . The murder of Santiago Nasar is described . His friend Cristo Bedoya had frantically looked for Santiago on the morning of the murder to warn him of the plan , but Cristo Bedoya failed to find Santiago , who was actually at his fiancée Flora Miguel 's house . When Flora Miguel 's father finds out , he warns Santiago minutes before the twins reach Santiago . Santiago becomes disoriented from the news and starts to run home . His mother , who is finally told , believes he is inside the house and , therefore , bars the front door to which Santiago is running while being chased by the Vicario brothers . He is repeatedly stabbed as he attempts to enter his home , over twenty times total with seven fatal wounds , as they discovered in an ill - performed autopsy performed by the priest . The murder is brutal as Santiago carries his own entrails and enters the back door of his home . He collapses in his kitchen and dies . Inspiration ( edit ) The novella was based on real - life events that occurred to a family that García Márquez knew . García Márquez heard the story of a young couple that got married in Sucre and , on the day following their wedding , the groom rejected the bride due to her lack of virginity . The bride was determined to have had relations with her former boyfriend , who was consequently pursued and murdered by the bride 's two brothers in order to avenge the family 's honor . Though many publications speculated that García Márquez had witnessed the murder firsthand , the writer was in fact not present during the events , which took place in Sucre in 1951 . There are a few key differences in the action of the story and what took place in reality . For one , in the novella , Santiago Nasar did not have a prior relationship with Ángela Vicario before her wedding , whereas in real life , the bride was deflowered by her former boyfriend . Additionally , García Márquez chose to make the two assassins in the novella twins , Pablo and Pedro Vicario . In real life , they were simply brothers . Lastly , in the book , there is a reconciliation between Ángela and the groom who rejects her , Bayardo San Roman . In real life , there was no such reconciliation . Key themes ( edit ) The central question at the core of the novella is how the death of Santiago Nasar was foreseen , yet no one tried to stop it . The narrator explores the circumstances surrounding his death by meticulously collecting the testimonials of the villagers who were present during his murder and exploring the seeming contradiction of a murder that was predicted in advance . The book explores the morality of the village 's collective responsibility in the murder of Santiago Nasar . Unlike the traditional detective novel , Chronicle of a Death Foretold does n't investigate the murder , which is made clear from the first sentence . Instead , the true mystery is the violation of Ángela Vicario . The book delves into issues of gender and chastity as well . Another key motif is the use of omens and premonitions ( keeping in the theme of `` foretelling '' ) . The weather , dreams , and nature all provide evidence of what is to come in the novella . Adaptations ( edit ) It was translated into English by Gregory Rabassa and by Edith Grossman . The book was adapted for the big screen in the Spanish language film : Chronicle of a Death Foretold ( 1987 ) , an Italian - French - Colombian co-production , directed by Francesco Rosi , starring Ornella Muti , Rupert Everett and Anthony Delon . In 1995 , Graciela Daniele adapted it into the Tony Award - nominated Broadway musical of the same name , which she also directed and choreographed . A Romanian short film was made in 2007 . Editions ( edit ) ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3471 - X ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 103246 - 7 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , Stephen ( 1994 ) . Gabriel García Márquez : Crónica de una muerte anunciada . Grant & Cutler . External links ( edit ) Analysis and quizzes for Chronicle of a Death Foretold by GradeSaver Chronicle of a Death Foretold at SparkNotes Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel García Márquez , reviewed by Ted Gioia ( Postmodern Mystery ) ( hide ) Works by Gabriel García Márquez Novels In Evil Hour One Hundred Years of Solitude The Autumn of the Patriarch Chronicle of a Death Foretold Love in the Time of Cholera The General in His Labyrinth Of Love and Other Demons Memories of My Melancholy Whores Short stories Leaf Storm No One Writes to the Colonel Big Mama 's Funeral Innocent Eréndira Strange Pilgrims The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Non-fiction The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor Clandestine in Chile News of a Kidnapping Living to Tell the Tale Speech The Solitude of Latin America BNF : cb13616335r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretold&oldid=810265666 '' Categories : 1981 novels Crime novels Colombian novels adapted into films Colombian novels adapted into plays Novels by Gabriel García Márquez Colombian novellas Colombian magic realism novels Alfred A. Knopf books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית ქართული Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | gabriel garcia marquez cronica de una muerte anunciada english | [] | [] |
1573305791373998687 | Eagles (album) | Eagles ( album ) - wikipedia Eagles ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search Eagles Studio album by the Eagles Released June 1 , 1972 Recorded February 1972 Studio Olympic Studios , London Genre Country rock folk rock Length 37 : 19 Label Asylum Producer Glyn Johns the Eagles chronology Eagles ( 1972 ) Desperado ( 1973 ) Desperado 1973 Singles from Eagles `` Take It Easy '' Released : May 1 , 1972 `` Witchy Woman '' Released : August 1 , 1972 `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' Released : December 1 , 1972 Eagles is the debut studio album by the rock band the Eagles . The album was recorded at London 's Olympic Studios with producer Glyn Johns and released in 1972 . The album was an immediate success for the young band reaching No. 22 on the charts and going platinum . Three singles were released from the album , each reaching the Top 40 : `` Take It Easy '' ( number 12 ) , `` Witchy Woman '' ( number 9 ) , and `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' ( number 22 ) . The band , starting with this album , played a major role in popularizing the country rock sound . The album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time published in 2012 . The single `` Take It Easy '' is part of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . This album was slated for Quadraphonic release and even given a Quadraphonic catalog number but it was never released in that format . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Artwork 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Singles 8.3 Certifications 9 References Background In 1971 , the band had just been formed and signed by David Geffen , who then sent them to Aspen , Colorado , to develop as a band . For their first album , Glyn Johns was chosen as the producer by Glenn Frey , as Johns had produced a number of rock albums they liked , by bands such as The Rolling Stones , The Who and Led Zeppelin . Johns was invited by Geffen to see the band perform at a club called Tulagi in Boulder , Colorado , in December 1971 . Johns , however , was not impressed by the band 's live performance , thinking that the band was confused and lacking in cohesion -- Frey wanted it to be a rock & roll band while Bernie Leadon wanted a country feel -- so Johns declined to produce the album . Johns was persuaded by Geffen to have a second listen in a rehearsal setting in Los Angeles , but Johns did not change his opinion of the band until all four started singing harmonies with acoustic guitar on a ballad written by Meisner , `` Take The Devil '' . Johns was impressed by their harmony singing , and later said : `` There it was , the sound . Extraordinary blend of voices , wonderful harmony sound , just stunning . '' Johns emphasized the vocal blend of the band and has been credited with shaping the band into `` the country - rock band with those high - flyin ' harmonies '' . Recording The band went to London where they spent two weeks recording the album at the Olympic Studios . The album cost $125,000 to produce . Johns tried to introduce a more acoustic sound in the recording , and concentrated on the vocal blend and arrangements . Frey later admitted : `` He was the key to our success in a lot of ways '' , but added : `` We just did n't want to make another limp - wristed L.A. country - rock record . '' As a result , there were frequent disagreements over the sound of the band between the producer and Frey and Don Henley during the making of the album . Frey and Henley wanted a rougher rock and roll sound , while Johns was interested in using Bernie Leadon 's banjo and Randy Meisner 's bass to create a more country sound . On `` Take It Easy '' , Johns got Leadon to play double - time banjo on the song , a little touch that Johns felt made the song different . Three of the songs recorded in London feature Frey on lead vocals , another three with Meisner and two with Leadon . The chirping sound at the start of the song by Leadon and Meisner , `` Earlybird '' , was taken from a sound - effect library . Originally , Henley only had one song on the album , namely `` Witchy Woman '' . Later , a further track , `` Nightingale '' , was recorded in Los Angeles after Geffen and manager Elliot Roberts listened to the tape of the album and decided that it needed another song with Henley on lead vocals . Johns had previously recorded a few takes of the song in London , but abandoned it as he felt it did not work . Geffen tried to get the song recorded with another production team , and Johns , angered by the attempt to record `` Nightingale '' behind his back , then re-recorded the song with the band at Wally Heider 's Studio 3 in Hollywood . Even though Johns judged this recording unsatisfactory , it was included in the album . Artwork Album cover artist Gary Burden with photography by Henry Diltz were responsible for the album artwork . The album was initially designed as a gatefold album that would further open up into a poster , however Geffen thought it would be confusing , and glued it together so that it would not open , and the gatefold image of the band members at Joshua Tree then became orientated the wrong side up . In the documentary History of the Eagles , Glenn Frey revealed that the band were all on peyote when the gatefold picture of the band members were shot in Joshua Tree National Park . Critical reception Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Robert Christgau Rolling Stone Robert Christgau felt that the band wrote good songs , but he was unsure about the authenticity of their country roots so what they produced was `` suave and synthetic -- brilliant , but false . '' Bud Scoppa of Rolling Stone on the other hand , reviewing in 1972 , felt that they had `` distinguished '' country - rock backgrounds , and wrote : `` The Eagles is right behind Jackson Browne 's record as the best first album this year . And I could be persuaded to remove the word `` first '' from that statement . '' Allmusic 's William Ruhlmann , in his retrospective review , sums up the album as balanced in terms of songwriting , however noting that the three hit singles were sung by Frey and Henley who would later go on to dominate the band . Rolling Stone listed it as number 368 on their `` 500 Greatest Albums '' with the comment that the album `` created a new template for laid - back L.A. country - rock style '' . It was included in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . Commercial performance The album debuted on the US Billboard 200 chart at number 102 in its first week of release , rising at number 22 in its sixth week on the chart . The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on March 20 , 2001 for shipment of 1 million copies in the United States . Track listing Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Take It Easy '' Glenn Frey Jackson Browne Glenn Frey 3 : 34 2 . `` Witchy Woman '' Don Henley Bernie Leadon Don Henley 4 : 10 3 . `` Chug All Night '' Frey Frey 3 : 18 4 . `` Most of Us Are Sad '' Frey Randy Meisner 3 : 38 5 . `` Nightingale '' Browne Henley 4 : 08 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocals Length 1 . `` Train Leaves Here This Morning '' Leadon Gene Clark Leadon 4 : 13 2 . `` Take the Devil '' Meisner Meisner 4 : 04 3 . `` Earlybird '' Leadon Meisner Leadon 3 : 03 4 . `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' Jack Tempchin Frey 4 : 20 5 . `` Tryin ' '' Meisner Meisner 2 : 54 Personnel Eagles Glenn Frey -- vocals , guitars , slide guitar Don Henley -- vocals , drums Bernie Leadon -- vocals , guitars , banjo Randy Meisner -- vocals , bass guitar Production Gary Burden -- art direction , design Henry Diltz -- photography Glyn Johns -- producer , engineer Charts and certifications Weekly charts Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Albums Chart 13 US Billboard Pop Albums 22 Singles Year Single Peak chart positions US US AC CAN CAN AC NL 1972 `` Take It Easy '' 12 12 8 -- -- 1972 `` Witchy Woman '' 9 -- 8 -- 26 1973 `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' 22 20 35 22 -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart . Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References Jump up ^ Michael Ray , ed . ( December 1 , 2012 ) . Disco , Punk , New Wave , Heavy Metal , and More : Music in the 1970s and 1980s . Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 912 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` 500 Greatest Albums : The Eagles -- The Eagles Rolling Stone Music Lists '' . Rolling Stone . 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( June 1 , 2004 ) . Colorado Rocks ! : A Half - century of Music in Colorado . Pruett Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87108 - 930 - 4 . Jump up ^ Matt Sebastian ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Glenn Frey and the Eagles a storied part of Boulder 's music history '' . Daily Camera . ^ Jump up to : History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 34 : 50 -- 36 : 55 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glyn Johns -- Album by Album '' . Uncut.co.uk . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cameron Crowe ( September 25 , 1975 ) . `` Rolling Stone # 196 : The Eagles '' . The Uncool . ^ Jump up to : Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Eagles ' Complete Discography : Don Henley Looks Back '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Eliot , Marc ( 2004 ) . To The Limit : The Untold Story of the Eagles . Da Capo Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81398 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bill Halverson . `` Unreleased Eagles Music '' . Jump up ^ Johns , Glyn ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Eagles , 1971 '' . Sound Man : A Life Recording Hits with The Rolling Stones , The Who , Led Zeppelin , The Eagles , Eric Clapton , The Faces . Plume . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 61465 - 5 . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 47 : 20 -- 48 : 00 . Jump up ^ The Eagles ' Greatest Hit Grantland , August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Eagles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert . `` The Eagles : Desperado '' . Robert Christgau.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian David ( 2004 ) . Eagles . Simon and Schuster . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scoppa , Bud ( June 22 , 1972 ) . `` The Eagles -- The Eagles '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann ( 2011 ) . `` Eagles -- Eagles AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . by Frey and Henley . Jump up ^ `` 1001 Albums You Must Hear -- 2008 Edition '' . rocklistmusic.co.uk. 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Eagles Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . June 24 , 1972 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . August 5 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : `` American album certifications -- Eagles -- Eagles '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Eagles -- Eagles '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Eagles / Awards '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Album & Song Chart History -- Easy Listening '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ `` RPM100 '' . RPM . Jump up ^ `` RPM Pop Music Playlist '' . RPM . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl -- Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Eagles -- Eagles '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Eagles in the search field and then press Enter . ( hide ) Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eagles_(album)&oldid=801780332 '' Categories : Eagles ( band ) albums 1972 debut albums Elektra Records albums Asylum Records albums Albums produced by Glyn Johns Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 20 : 22 . 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"\nReleased\nJune 1, 1972\n"
] | [
"June 1, 1972"
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5260477293697706455 | Don Diamont | Don Diamont - wikipedia Don Diamont This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Don Diamont Diamont in 2010 Donald Feinberg ( 1962 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1962 ( age 55 ) New York City , U.S. Other names Donald Diamont Occupation Actor Years active 1984 -- present Known for The Young and the Restless as Brad Carlton ( 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful as Bill Spencer Jr. ( 2009 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Rachel Braun ( m . 1994 -- 2002 ) Cindy Ambuehl ( m . 2012 ) Children 6 Don Diamont ( born Donald Feinberg ; December 31 , 1962 ) is an American actor . His best known roles include Brad Carlton on The Young and the Restless and Bill Spencer Jr. on The Bold and the Beautiful . In 1990 , Diamont was chosen as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world by People Magazine , becoming the first daytime actor to receive the honor . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 2.1 Ethnicity 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) After several years as a successful model , Diamont 's first major acting role was as Carlo Forenza on Days of Our Lives . He joined the cast in 1984 after being hired by Ken Corday , and was with the show for a year . Diamont is best known for his portrayal of opportunistic businessman Brad Carlton on The Young and the Restless . He initially joined the show in 1985 and left the cast in 1996 , but returned in 1998 , remaining on the show until his character was killed off in early 2009 . On March 5 , 2009 it was announced that Diamont would be joining the cast of the CBS daytime drama The Bold and the Beautiful in the contract role of Bill Spencer Jr . His first air date was May 12 , 2009 . `` Don is a versatile actor with a vast range of talent , '' B&B 's Executive Producer and Head Writer , Bradley Bell , said in a statement , `` It is my pleasure to welcome him to B&B . He has also expressed an interest in being a script writer . '' Diamont is also known for being the spokesperson for Morris Home Furnishings in Dayton , Ohio . In 2006 , Diamont was voted No. 1 on the Sexiest Soap Hunks of All Time list at the Shrine to the Soap Hunks . Diamont was also a cover model for Playgirl magazine twice , in 1988 and 1995 . He is active with the National Multiple Sclerosis Society , and has a niece afflicted with the illness . Don was named `` Sexiest Veteran Soap Actor '' by People Magazine in 2009 . He was in 1995 's Sure Ultra Dry commercial campaign . In 2018 he tooks part in the cast of the talent show conducted by Milly Carlucci , `` Ballando con le stelle '' ( the Italian adaptation of Strictly Come Dancing ) Personal life ( edit ) Diamont is the son of Judy ( née Diamont ; died 2006 ) and Albert Feinberg ( died 1987 ) . He has three siblings , two sisters Bette ( died 1998 ) and Elena , and one brother , Jack ( died 1989 ) . With his ex-wife Rachel Braun , he has four sons . Diamont married his long - time girlfriend Cindy Ambuehl in Eze , France on June 12 , 2012 . They are parents to twin boys . He also raised his late sister Bette 's son . His son , Alexander , nicknamed Zander , played quarterback for the Indiana University football team . Ethnicity ( edit ) Diamont began using his mother 's maiden name when he began acting and modeling after an agent suggested that it was more `` rhythmical , '' but in fact because it was less obviously Jewish - sounding . In the August 15 , 2006 edition of Soap Opera Digest , Diamont discusses his Jewish background and discloses that he did not fully embrace his Jewish heritage until later in life . Coincidentally , his storyline on The Young and the Restless ( head written by Lynn Marie Latham & Scott Hamner ) has paralleled his personal life in some ways . The show has revealed that the persona of `` Brad Carlton '' is actually `` George Kaplan . '' ( For dramatic purposes , the show has explained this by disclosing that George / Brad had to hide his past , and his Jewishness , for his own safety . ) Filmography ( edit ) Days of Our Lives - Carlo Forenza ( 1984 ) The Young and the Restless - Brad Carlton ( 1985 -- 1996 , 1998 -- 2009 ) The Bold and the Beautiful - Brad Carlton ( 1993 ) / Bill Spencer Jr. ( 2009 -- present ) A Low Down Dirty Shame - Chad ( 1994 ) OP Center ( 1995 ) Country Justice - Ray ( 1997 ) Diagnosis : Murder - Max Halik ( 1997 ) Baywatch : White Thunder at Glacier Bay - Gavin ( 1998 ) The Incredible Adventures of Marco Polo - Marco Polo ( 1998 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.soapcentral.com/bb/news/2009/0309-diamont.php Jump up ^ http://soaphunks.net Jump up ^ http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts/article/restless_hunk_reveals_family_secret_hes_jewish_20060728 Jump up ^ http://www.jta.org/2007/08/31/life-religion/yom-kippur-atonement-on-popular-soap Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BBaYYafPecv/?taken-by=dondiamont Jump up ^ http://soaphub.com/bold-beautiful/don-diamont-take-raising-seven-boys-fatherhood/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2016/11/26/ius-zander-diamont-quit-football-after-bowl-need-my-brain/94490628/.html External links ( edit ) Soap opera character 's revelation matches actor 's personal journey Article comparing character Carlton 's `` coming out '' as a Jew to Diamont 's developing Judaism . Don Diamont Chats About B&B Role Don Diamont on IMDb Don Diamont Q&A : On Leaving Y&R WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0003 5649 089X VIAF : 187389666 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Diamont&oldid=864589176 '' Categories : 1962 births American male soap opera actors American male television actors American people of Jewish descent Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from New York City Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title BLP articles lacking sources from July 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 06 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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524292220845431331 | The North Face | The North Face - wikipedia The North Face Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the company . For the book , see The North Face ( novel ) . For other uses , see North face ( disambiguation ) . The North Face Motto : Never Stop Exploring Type Subsidiary Industry Retail Founded 1968 ; 50 years ago ( 1968 ) Founders Douglas Tompkins Susie Tompkins Buell Headquarters Alameda , California , U.S. Area served North & South America , Europe & Asia Pacific Products Clothing , outdoor gear Parent VF Corporation Website thenorthface.com The North Face , Inc. is an American outdoor product company specializing in outerwear , fleece , coats , shirts , footwear , and equipment such as backpacks , tents , and sleeping bags . Its clothing and equipment lines are catered towards college students , climbers , mountaineers , skiers , snowboarders , hikers , and endurance athletes . The company sponsors professional athletes from the worlds of running , climbing , skiing and snowboarding . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rise in popularity 3 Stores 4 References 5 External links History The North Face store on Bloor Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada The North Face , Inc . Clothing ( tops ) The North Face began as a San Francisco - based climbing equipment retail store , founded in 1966 by Douglas Tompkins and his then - wife , Susie Tompkins . It was acquired two years later by Kenneth `` Hap '' Klopp . The name was derived to evoke homage to the fact the north face of a mountain in the northern hemisphere is generally the coldest , iciest and most formidable route to climb . Originally the store offered only highly selective merchandise , targeted to climbers and backpackers . By the 1980s , skiwear was added , followed by camping equipment . Today The North Face offers many product categories from athletic clothing to more casual sportswear , though they are best known for insulated jackets . The North Face is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the VF Corporation . It is headquartered in Alameda , California , co-located with its corporate sibling , JanSport . In 2007 , JanSport was the world 's largest backpack manufacturer ; combined , the two manufactured nearly half of all small backpacks sold in the United States . Participating in an Eco-fair in New York The North Face 's quarter - circle logo , produced by California designer David Alcorn in 1971 , evokes Half Dome , a massive granitic monolith in Yosemite National Park . The North Face maintains strong links with the outdoor community through sponsoring athletes , including Lizzy Hawker , winner of the Ultra Trail Tour du Mont Blanc in 2005 , 2008 and 2010 . Rise in popularity North Face attire has grown in popularity . The rise in the popularity of the North Face attire has resulted in wearers of the line becoming the targets of robbery . In early 2005 , a group of teenagers from Washington D.C. were arrested on charges including the armed robbery of , specifically , The North Face jackets from students on the street . In December 2008 , The North Face filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri against The South Butt , its creator James A. Winkelmann , Jr. , and a company which handled the firm 's marketing and manufacturing . In the legal action , The North Face alleged trademark infringement and sought injunctive relief . After the court ordered mediation in the case , the parties reached a closed settlement agreement on April 1 , 2010 ; however , in October 2012 , Winkelmann admitted in court that he and his father violated the settlement agreement with The North Face and agreed to pay $65,000 , an amount that will be reduced by $1,000 for every month of compliance . Stores The North Face hiking shoe . In addition to selling through department stores and outdoor retailers , The North Face operates over 55 retail and 20 outlet locations in the United States , 4 retail and 2 outlet locations in Canada , 19 locations in the United Kingdom and many others worldwide . References ^ Jump up to : Finz , Stacey ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Business booming for once - troubled North Face '' . SF Gate . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About The North Face '' . Backcountry . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce B. Johnson 's History of Gear webpage '' . ^ Jump up to : Thenorthface.com Jump up ^ VF Corporation -- VF in the News ^ Jump up to : Horovitz , Bruce ( 2007 - 08 - 20 ) . `` New ' badge ' of cool : High - tech , high - fashion backpacks '' . USA Today . p. 1A . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lizzyhawker.com Jump up ^ Szabo , Julia ( 1997 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Geared for the Grocery , or Mount Everest '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects nabbed in jacket , car robberies '' . The Washington Times . 14 February 2005 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Todd C. ( 2009 - 12 - 15 ) . `` The North Face is suing The South Butt International clothing company accuses teen 's Ladue - based operation of trademark infringement '' . STLtoday.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Billhartz Gregorian , Cynthia ( 2010 - 04 - 03 ) . `` North Face , South Butt reach agreement '' . STLtoday.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` South Butt Clothing Falls Off a Cliff '' . Couthouse News Service . 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Store Locator '' . TheNorthFace USA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The North Face Stores in the UK '' External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The North Face . Official website VF Corporation homepage Biography of Hap Klopp , founder of The North Face The North Face Calls On Consumers and Businesses to Act Now to Positively Affect Climate Change Policy Climbing Types Aid Bouldering Clean Competition Crack Deep - water solo Direttissima Face Free Free solo Grass Ice Indoor Lead Rock Mixed Mountaineering Slab Speed Sport Top rope Trad Tree Lists Alpine clubs Climbers Deaths on eight - thousanders Equipment Everest deaths First ascents Knots Mount Hood incidents Terminology Terminology Abseiling Alpenstock Anchor Approach shoe Ascender Bachar ladder Belay device Belaying Bolt Bouldering mat Cam Carabiner Crampons Dry - tooling Dynamic rope Exposure Fifi hook Grades Grade ( bouldering ) Harness Head for heights Mountaineering boot Hex Ice axe Ice screw Ice tool Nut Picket Sure - footedness Pitch Piton Protection Quickdraw Self - locking device Shoes Sling Snow fluke Snow protection Snowshoe Spotting Tricam Webbing Media Climber Climbing Rock & Ice Companies Black Diamond CAMP Five Ten Grivel Kouba La Sportiva Lanex Mammut Mountain Safety Research Singing Rock Sir Joseph The North Face Therm - a-Rest Triop Ocun Petzl Rab Red Chili Rock Empire Wild Country Organizations Alpine Club Alpine Club of Canada American Alpine Club Appalachian Mountain Club Austrian Alpine Club Austrian Tourist Club Club Alpin Français Club Alpino Italiano Den Norske Turistforening Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade German Alpine Club International Federation of Sport Climbing International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation South African National Climbing Federation South Tyrol Alpine Club Swiss Alpine Club Svenska Turistföreningen USA Climbing Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_North_Face&oldid=827296754 '' Categories : Clothing companies of the United States Outdoor clothing brands Companies based in San Francisco Camping equipment manufacturers Mountaineering equipment manufacturers Shoe companies of the United States Companies established in 1968 Companies based in San Leandro , California 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Clothing brands of the United States 1968 establishments in California Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 22 : 26 . 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-4631926057091442984 | The Most Interesting Man in the World | The Most Interesting Man in the World - wikipedia The Most Interesting Man in the World Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Dos Equis advertisement . For the Family Guy episode , see The Most Interesting Man in the World ( Family Guy ) . The Most Interesting Man in The World Goldsmith played the Most Interesting Man in the World from 2006 to 2016 First appearance 2006 Portrayed by Jonathan Goldsmith ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Claudio Marangone ( young ) Augustin Legrand ( 2016 -- present ) Company Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery Information Aliases The World 's Most Interesting Man Gender Male The Most Interesting Man in the World is an advertising campaign for the Dos Equis brand of beer . The ads feature `` the world 's most interesting man '' , a bearded , debonair gentleman , with voiceovers that are intended to be both humorous and outrageous . The advertisements first began appearing in the United States in 2006 and have since then become a popular Internet meme . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Advertisements 3 Sales strategy and results 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) Augustin Legrand replaced Goldsmith in 2016 The advertisements first began appearing in the United States in 2006 , with The Most Interesting Man in the World portrayed by American actor Jonathan Goldsmith , and Frontline narrator Will Lyman providing voiceovers . They were produced by the marketing firm Euro RSCG ( now Havas Worldwide ) for Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery . Goldsmith landed the Dos Equis gig by auditioning for the role . Auditioners were given the ending line `` ... and that 's how I arm wrestled Fidel Castro '' and asked to improvise . Goldsmith began his audition by removing one sock and then improvised for 30 minutes before reaching the concluding line . The character was inspired by his deceased sailing partner and friend Fernando Lamas . In March 2016 , Dos Equis announced Goldsmith 's retirement from the role , with a commercial sending him on a one - way journey to Mars amid much acclaim , and the narration : `` His only regret is not knowing what regret feels like '' . In September , they introduced French actor Augustin Legrand as Goldsmith 's replacement . Advertisements ( edit ) The Goldsmith advertisements feature an older bearded , debonair gentleman . They also feature a montage ( mostly in black and white ) of daring exploits involving `` the most interesting man '' when he was younger , in which the character is played by actor Claudio Marangone . The precise settings are never revealed , but he performs feats such as freeing an angry bear from a painful - looking bear trap , shooting a pool trick shot before an audience ( by shooting the cue ball out of the mouth of a man lying on the pool table ) , catching a marlin while cavorting in a Hemingway-esque scene with a beautiful young woman , winning an arm - wrestling match in a South American setting , surfing a killer wave , and bench pressing two young women , each seated in a chair , in a casino setting . The voiceovers themselves are intended to be both humorous and outrageous , and include humorous undertones such as his giving his own father `` the talk '' , experiencing an awkward moment just to know how it felt , and finding the Fountain of Youth but not drinking from it , `` because he was n't thirsty '' . Other feats are more centered on his physical abilities and personality . These include his small talk changing foreign policies , parallel - parking a train , and slamming a revolving door . At the end of the advertisement , the most interesting man , usually shown sitting in a night club or other social setting surrounded by several beautiful young women , says , `` I do n't always drink beer . But when I do , I prefer Dos Equis . '' Each commercial ends with him stating the signature sign - off : `` Stay thirsty , my friends . '' There are secondary advertisements that are similar to the final part of the original advertisements . They feature the man sitting in a social setting , surrounded by beautiful young women , conveying a short opinion to the viewer on certain subjects , such as bar nuts , the two - party system , self - defense , trophy wives , and `` bromance '' . He then finishes the advertisement by holding a Dos Equis beer and saying , `` Stay thirsty , my friends . '' The advertisements featuring Legrand end with a slightly different sign - off : `` Stay thirsty , mis amigos '' ( Spanish for `` my friends '' ) . Sales strategy and results ( edit ) The agency 's rationale for the brand strategy was defined as : `` He is a man rich in stories and experiences , much the way the audience hopes to be in the future . Rather than an embodiment of the brand , The Most Interesting Man is a voluntary brand spokesperson : he and Dos Equis share a point of view on life that it should be lived interestingly . '' According to the company , U.S. sales increased each year between 2006 -- 2010 and tripled in Canada in 2008 , although exact figures were not provided . Sales of Dos Equis are said to have increased by 22 % at a time when sale of other imported beer fell 4 % in the U.S. Goldsmith said in an interview that he realized how successful the campaign had been when a man came up to him in a restaurant , telling Goldsmith that the man had asked his young son what he wanted to be when he grew up , and the son replied : `` I want to be The Most Interesting Man In The World . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The Most Interesting Man in the World has become an Internet meme , with a picture of The Most Interesting Man accompanying the phrasal template `` I do n't always ( X ) , but when I do , I ( Y ) '' . On the September 22 , 2012 airing of Saturday Night Live , guest host Joseph Gordon - Levitt played the unimpressive son of The Most Interesting Man in the World in a pair of sketches , with Jason Sudeikis appearing as his father in the second . See also ( edit ) Chuck Norris facts Bill Brasky References ( edit ) Jump up ^ E.J. Schultz ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Story Behind Dos Equis ' Most Interesting Man in the World - Behind The Work - Advertising Age '' . adage.com . Advertising Age . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sydney Morning Herald Blogs : All Men Are Liars '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helliesen , Gunnar ( 04 / 7 / 2010 ) . `` The most interesting ad in the world '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Jack Busch ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) . `` An Interview with Jonathan Goldsmith , The Actor Behind The Most Interesting Man in the World '' . www.primermagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` The Most Interesting Man in the World - Fox News Video - Fox News '' . Fox News . 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yanan ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` The ' Most Interesting Man in the World ' just lost his job '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dos Equis introduces its new ' Most Interesting Man ' '' . Jump up ^ `` On the Set With The Most Interesting Man in the World '' . adage.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 秘密 の チャット レディ バイト '' . staythirstymyfriends.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis Pruett . `` The Most Interesting Beer Campaign in The World ? '' . The Witty Barman Guide . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Austin Carr ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Why The Most Interesting Man in the World Moves More Units Than Old Spice Guy '' . Fastcompany.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kate Lunau ( 2009 - 08 - 13 ) . `` King of beer sales , amigo '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ WHATUNEEDTV ( 2010 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Jonathan Goldsmith Dos Equis : `` The Most Interesting Man '' at the 2009 World Music Awards `` . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Strecker ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Share ALL the memes ! - Coast Weekend : Coastal Life '' . Coast Weekend . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Campus - themed Internet memes go viral -- '' . Usatoday.com. 2012 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Johanna ( 2012 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Massachusetts students use memes to joke about high school - Beverly - Your Town '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Most_Interesting_Man_in_the_World&oldid=832928895 '' Categories : Advertising campaigns Advertising characters Advertising slogans Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional salespeople Internet memes Mascots Snowclones Television commercials Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2011 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 18 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | dos equis the world's most interesting man | [] | [] |
-3281507472653930971 | U.S. Route 20 | US Route 20 - wikipedia US Route 20 Jump to : navigation , search U.S. Route 20 Route information Length 3,365 mi ( 5,415 km ) Existed November 11 , 1926 -- present Major junctions West end US 101 in Newport , OR I ‐ 5 at Albany , OR I ‐ 15 at Idaho Falls , ID I ‐ 25 at Casper , WY I ‐ 35 near Williams , IA I ‐ 55 near Chicago , IL I ‐ 65 / I ‐ 90 in Gary , IN I ‐ 75 in Perrysburg , OH I ‐ 79 near Erie , PA I ‐ 90 near Rensselaer , NY I ‐ 95 in Waltham , MA East end Route 2 in Boston , MA Location States Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Iowa , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Massachusetts Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced U.S. Highway 20 ( US 20 ) is an east -- west United States highway that stretches from the Pacific Northwest all the way to New England . The `` 0 '' in its route number indicates that US 20 is a coast - to - coast route . Spanning 3,365 miles ( 5,415 km ) , it is the longest road in the United States , and the route roughly parallels that of Interstate 90 ( I - 90 ) . There is a discontinuity in the official designation of US 20 through Yellowstone National Park , with unnumbered roads used to traverse the park . It and US 30 break the general U.S. Route numbering rules in Oregon , since US 30 actually starts north of US 20 and runs parallel to the north throughout the state . The two overlap and continue in the `` correct '' positioning near Caldwell , Idaho . This is because US 20 was not a planned coast - to - coast route while US 30 was . US 20 originally ended at the eastern entrance of Yellowstone Park ; it was extended in 1940 . The highway 's eastern terminus is in Boston , Massachusetts , at Kenmore Square , where it meets Route 2 . Its western terminus is in Newport , Oregon , at an intersection with US 101 , within a mile of the Pacific Ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Oregon 1.2 Idaho 1.3 Montana 1.4 Wyoming 1.5 Nebraska 1.6 Iowa 1.7 Illinois 1.8 Indiana 1.9 Ohio 1.10 Pennsylvania 1.11 New York 1.12 Massachusetts 2 History 2.1 Historic termini 2.2 Historic routes 2.3 Historic names 3 Major intersections 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Route description ( edit ) The highway passes through the following states : Oregon ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Oregon New sign at western origin in Newport , Oregon US 20 begins at an intersection with US 101 in Newport , Oregon , and runs generally eastward towards Idaho . On the way it goes over the Central Oregon Coast Range , through several Willamette Valley cities including Corvallis and Albany , climbs the Cascade Mountains over Santiam Pass , goes through Bend , and traverses the Oregon High Desert passing through Burns . It eventually overlaps with US 26 in Vale , and the two roads continue concurrently to the Idaho border . Idaho ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Idaho US 20 crosses into Idaho from Oregon northwest of Parma . It runs concurrently with US 26 and joins US 95 through Parma . US 20 / US 26 leaves US 95 southeast of Parma and runs to Caldwell where US 20 / US 26 joins with I - 84 and US 30 for a short time . These four highways parallel each other ( on two roadways ) to Boise where US 20 / US 26 runs through downtown before joining with I - 84 and US 30 again to Mountain Home , where it departs at exit 95 to head east , past Rattlesnake Station , Anderson Ranch Dam road , and cresting at Cat Creek summit at 5,527 feet ( 1,685 m ) above mean sea level . It continues into and across Camas County through Fairfield to Timmerman Junction , the intersection in Blaine County with State Highway 75 , the route to Sun Valley , Galena Summit , and Stanley . US 20 continues east through Picabo and Carey , joined with US 26 and US 93 , to Craters of the Moon and Arco , where US 93 splits off and turns north - northwest to climb the Big Lost River valley . US 20 / US 26 continues on through the Idaho National Laboratory , where the highways split just west of Atomic City ; US 26 heads to Blackfoot and US 20 to Idaho Falls , where it turns north - northeast to pass near Rexburg as a freeway . US 20 then climbs through the communities of St. Anthony , Ashton , and Island Park , and crosses the Continental Divide at Targhee Pass at 7,072 feet ( 2,156 m ) , entering Montana west of West Yellowstone . Montana ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Montana In the state of Montana , US 20 runs for less than 10 miles ( 16 km ) . It runs from the Idaho state line to West Yellowstone , Montana , the western entrance to Yellowstone National Park . US 20 is known as the Targhee Pass Highway in Montana . Wyoming ( edit ) In the state of Wyoming , the eastern segment of US 20 starts at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park along with the western termini of US 14 and US 16 . These three routes run east to Greybull , where US 14 continues east and US 16 / US 20 turns south ; at Worland , US 16 turns east while US 20 continues south . US 20 joins US 26 in Shoshoni , where it turns east . In Casper it joins I - 25 and US 87 . These four routes stay combined to Orin , where US 20 turns east . At its intersection with I - 25 , US 18 begins . US 18 and US 20 are concurrent from Orin to Lusk . US 18 separates there and US 20 runs east into Nebraska . Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Nebraska See also : Interstate 129 US 20 enters Nebraska from Wyoming In the state of Nebraska , US 20 runs from west of Harrison to South Sioux City on the Missouri River . Portions overlap US 385 , US 83 , US 183 , US 275 , I - 129 , and US 75 . Iowa ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Iowa US 20 crosses the Mississippi River connecting Dubuque , Iowa , and East Dubuque , Illinois US 20 enters Iowa at Sioux City via the Missouri River crossing with I - 129 and US 75 . After skirting the southeast side of Sioux City as a freeway with US 75 , US 20 continues east as an expressway to Moville . From Moville through north of Early at the junction with U.S. Route 71 and Iowa Highway 471 , US 20 is a rural two - lane highway . North of Early , Iowa , US 20 becomes a four - lane road for the rest of its length in Iowa , passing to the north of Sac City , where it has another interchange with the realigned U.S. Route 71 , then passing to the south of Fort Dodge and Webster City before intersecting I - 35 near Williams . A new segment of freeway between US 65 south of Iowa Falls and Iowa Highway 14 opened in 2003 creating a continuous four - lane route from Moorland to Dubuque . The new segment shaved 16 miles ( 26 km ) off US 20 's length in Iowa . In the Waterloo / Cedar Falls area , the segment of US 20 overlapped by the Avenue of the Saints , which is also designated as Iowa Highway 27 . US 20 passes Independence , Manchester , and Dyersville before reaching Dubuque . At Dubuque , US 20 crosses into Illinois over the Julien Dubuque Bridge . Illinois ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Illinois See also : Interstate 290 ( Illinois ) , North Avenue ( Chicago ) , Lake Street ( Chicago ) , Mannheim Road , and 95th Street ( Chicago ) In the state of Illinois , US 20 begins in East Dubuque , following southeastward along the Mississippi River , and continues into the very hilly Driftless Area of northwest Illinois through Galena and Elizabeth . The highway then transitions eastward from the Driftless Area to the Interior Plains near Stockton . The road continues as a bypass north of Freeport , and then runs as a freeway along the southern fringe of Rockford . From Rockford to Chicago , Illinois , US 20 is a mixture of four - lane expressway , four - lane limited access freeway , and winding two - lane surface road . It is signed as `` General U.S. Grant Highway '' after Ulysses S. Grant . U.S. 20 runs through the south side of Chicago as 95th Street . US 20 exits Illinois along with US 12 and US 41 as Indianapolis Boulevard south of the Chicago Skyway . Indiana ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Indiana See also : St. Joseph Valley Parkway Looking westbound at US 20 as it meets State Road 127 in a traffic circle in Angola , Indiana In the state of Indiana , US 20 enters from the west beneath the Chicago Skyway with US 12 and US 41 . US 20 passes through heavily industrialized northwestern Indiana and is the main east -- west artery through Gary . It then parallels US 12 to just west of Michigan City before running due east to South Bend . US 20 travels around South Bend and Elkhart on the St. Joseph Valley Parkway , a four - lane limited access freeway , then returns to surface road east of Elkhart . US 20 then passes through LaGrange and Angola , intersecting with I - 69 before leaving Indiana just north of the eastern terminus of the Indiana Toll Road . From Gary to South Bend , US 20 was built as the Dunes Relief Road . During the 1930s and 1940s the Dunes Highway , US 12 , was becoming more crowded as housing lots and communities developed in the Indiana Dunes . Today , there are numerous communities along US 20 and the lakefront , including Gary , Portage , Burns Harbor , Porter , Chesterton , Pines , and Michigan City . Most notably , the route is one of the main access roads to the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Ohio ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Ohio Sign for US 20 along with the sign for State Route 7 in Conneaut , Ohio US 20 enters Ohio from Indiana just west of Columbia and traverses east through Pioneer and Alvordton to Fayette . It continues east through Oakshade , Assumption and becomes five - lane , non-limited access roadway into Sylvania to Toledo , and then turns south until into the Toledo suburb of Maumee . After Maumee , US 20 crosses Maumee River curving back east becoming 2 lanes through Perrysburg to Woodville , where it becomes a four - lane , non-limited access highway . It bypasses Fremont while concurrent with US 6 , State Route 53 , and State Route 19 , and then travels through the northern edge of Clyde and the downtown area of Bellevue , where it is joined by State Route 18 . From there the four - lane highway continues through Monroeville and bypasses Norwalk , then becomes a two - lane highway from there to Oberlin . Continuing east , US 20 traverses through Elyria , North Ridgeville , Westlake , Rocky River , Lakewood and Cleveland , where it goes right through Public Square . East of Cleveland US 20 follows the southern shore of Lake Erie , following Euclid Avenue from Public Square , and traverses Euclid , Wickliffe , where it intersects with I - 90 , Mentor , Painesville , Madison , Geneva , Ashtabula and crosses into Pennsylvania just east of Conneaut . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Pennsylvania I - 79 at US 20 ( exit 182 ) in Erie , Pennsylvania US 20 runs for nearly 50 miles ( 80 km ) across Erie County , Pennsylvania , most of that time just south of the CSX Amtrak railroad tracks . US 20 appears as West Ridge Road eastward from the Ohio border through Springfield , Girard , Fairview and Millcreek townships . At the intersection with Pennsylvania Route 832 , just outside the Erie city limits , it becomes West 26th Street . After it reaches city center at the intersection with State Street , it becomes East 26th Street . It turns sharply northward as Broad Street at the Bayfront Connector , then turns east again as Buffalo Road through Wesleyville and Harborcreek Township . Buffalo Road turns sharply northward at the town of Harborcreek . US 20 intersects with Pennsylvania Route 955 and resumes its eastward journey . At North East Township , US 20 becomes West Main Road . Within the town limits , it becomes West Main Street until it reaches the town center at its intersection with Pennsylvania Route 89 , where it becomes East Main Street . Outside the town limits it becomes East Main Road until it reaches Pennsylvania 's border with New York . New York ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in New York US 20 marker in Onondaga County , New York In New York , US 20 runs roughly parallel to the New York State Thruway ( I - 90 ) throughout the state . The route runs concurrently with New York State Route 5 twice , with the second overlap extending 68 miles ( 109 km ) across Western and Central New York from Avon to Auburn . US 20 runs across the rural Cherry Valley Turnpike between Skaneateles and Albany . US 20 was also known as the Boston - Buffalo highway prior to the construction of the New York Thruway and Massachusetts Turnpike . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Route 20 in Massachusetts New sign for Route 20 at Kenmore Square , near the Boston Citgo sign In Massachusetts , US 20 runs near I - 90 Mass Pike , intersecting it at exits 2 and 10A . In part of Berkshire County , US 20 runs north -- south as it shares the roadway with US 7 . It is known as `` Jacob 's Ladder '' as it crosses the Berkshire Hills between Lee in Berkshire County and Chester in Hampden County . From Chester to Westfield , US 20 and the Boston and Albany Railroad follow the Westfield River down to the broad valley of the Connecticut River . In Shrewsbury , US 20 is called `` Hartford Turnpike . '' In Northborough , and Worcester it is called `` Southwest Cutoff '' , until it merges with the original Boston Post Road in Northborough ( Southwest Cutoff and West Main Street ) . Southwest Cutoff was created at the turn of the century to bypass truck traffic around Shrewsbury center as well as connecting to the Boston and Worcester Turnpike . In parts of eastern Massachusetts , US 20 follows the route of the old Boston Post Road and passes by Longfellow 's Wayside Inn , in Sudbury , the oldest continually operated Inn in America . In 1926 , after engineers determined that heavy truck traffic on the Boston Post Road was damaging the foundations of the Inn , Henry Ford , then owner & proprietor , ordered the construction of the mile - and - a-half - long Route 20 bypass . Upon its completion on December 11 , 1928 , he sold it to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for $1 and never cashed the check . According to the Boston Herald the by - pass cost Ford $288,000 . The original route of US 20 is now called Wayside Inn Road . US 20 continues from Sudbury through Wayland , Weston , Waltham , Watertown and then into Boston through Allston and Fenway -- Kenmore . U.S. Route 20 's official eastern terminus is in Kenmore Square at the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue , Beacon Street , and Brookline Avenue , where the alignment becomes Massachusetts Route 2 . Route 2 continues for a short distance where it terminates at U.S. Route 3 . History ( edit ) Before the U.S. Highway System , the route in New England and New York was designated as New England Interstate Route 5 ( NE - 5 ) , part of the New England Interstate Route system that existed between 1922 and 1927 . Around 1923 , from Springfield to Pittsfield , NE - 5 was known as `` Jacob 's Ladder '' , and from Boston to Albany , the `` Hubway '' . When US 20 was first commissioned , it took over the entirety of NE - 5 . Historic termini ( edit ) Until 1940 , the western endpoint of US 20 was the east entrance to Yellowstone National Park . Historic routes ( edit ) Between Fort Dodge , Iowa , and Dubuque , Iowa , the route has been upgraded to four lanes , the last link of this completed in 2003 . Much of the old route is a few miles north of the present route except between I - 35 and Waterloo . There , the old route is farther north , going through Iowa Falls , Aplington , and the north side of Cedar Falls along what is now Iowa Highway 57 . From just west of South Bend , Indiana , to the St. Joseph -- Elkhart county line , the old route of US 20 through St. Joseph County is now Business US 20 . In Elkhart County , its old route is now classified as a county road and is simply called Old US 20 . The St. Joseph Valley Parkway is the present route of US 20 in the South Bend -- Elkhart Area . From 1930 to 1933 , US 20 followed what are now Massachusetts Route 67 and Massachusetts Route 9 from Worcester to Palmer via Shrewsbury and Northborough . The 1953 Massachusetts Department of Public Works Master Plan would have relocated US 20 between Palmer , Massachusetts and either West Springfield , Massachusetts or Westfield , Massachusetts along the right - of - way now used by the Massachusetts Turnpike , but this was never implemented . Until 1970 -- 72 , US 20 followed an old route through downtown Springfield -- Boston Road and State Street -- crossing the Connecticut River via the older Memorial Bridge ( now Massachusetts Route 147 ) . The construction of I - 291 prompted a change . US 20 now crosses from West Springfield at the North End Bridge , and is co-signed with I - 291 until Page Boulevard , where it heads back to Boston Road via the former route of 20A . In 2012 , the Historic US Route 20 Association was formed to identify , promote and preserve the history of the route and original alignments that were once signed `` Route 20 '' from Boston to Newport . Historic names ( edit ) The portion of US 20 eastward from Illinois generally follows the path of the Yellowstone Trail . In Massachusetts , US 20 follows the Boston Post Road in Wayland and Sudbury . In the state of New York , part of US 20 follows the old Cherry Valley Turnpike and is still referred to by that name in some places . From Buffalo westward to Cleveland , Ohio , US 20 follows the path of the Buffalo Stage Road . One of the 1842 milestones marking the original Western Reserve and Maumee Turnpike in Woodville , Ohio . Between Fremont , Ohio and Perrysburg , Ohio , the road dates back to the late 1830s . It was known then as the Maumee and Western Reserve Road . Nicknamed `` Mud Pike '' and earned a reputation as `` The worst road on the continent '' for the mudholes that would trap wagon wheels and slow draft animals . Travelers sometimes would take three days to travel 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) . It is still signed as Maumee St. in and near Angola , IN . Through western Indiana , US 20 was built as the Dunes Relief Road , as it bypassed the heavily traveled Dunes Highway . Northwest of Chicago it is called Ulysses S. Grant Highway . Major intersections ( edit ) Western segment Oregon US 101 at West Olive Street in Newport I ‐ 5 in Albany US 97 in Bend US 395 in Riley . The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Burns . US 26 in Vale . The highways travel concurrently to Mountain Home , Idaho . Idaho US 95 north of Parma . The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Parma . I ‐ 84 / US 30 north of Caldwell . The highways travel concurrently to Caldwell . I ‐ 184 in Boise . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 84 / US 30 in Boise . The highways travel concurrently to Mountain Home . US 26 / US 93 in Carey . US 20 / US 26 travel concurrently to northwest of Atomic City . US 20 / US 93 travel concurrently to Arco . I ‐ 15 in Idaho Falls . The highways travel concurrently through the city . Montana US 191 / US 287 at Firehole Avenue in West Yellowstone . The highways travel concurrently to West Thumb . Wyoming US 89 north - northwest of West Thumb . The highways travel concurrently to West Thumb . Eastern segment Wyoming US 14 / US 16 at the East Entrance to Yellowstone National Park , southeast of Pahaska Tepee . US 14 / US 20 travel concurrently to Greybull . US 16 / US 20 travel concurrently to Worland . US 310 west - northwest of Greybull US 26 in Shoshoni . The highways travel concurrently to Orin . I ‐ 25 / US 87 at Events Drive on the Casper -- Hartrandt city line . I - 25 / US 20 travel concurrently into Casper proper . US 20 / US 87 travel concurrently to Orin . I ‐ 25 in Casper I ‐ 25 southeast of Glenrock . The highways travel concurrently to Orin . I ‐ 25 / US 18 / US 26 / US 87 in Orin . US 18 / US 20 travel concurrently to Lusk . US 85 in Lusk . The highways travel concurrently through the town . Nebraska US 385 west of Chadron . The highways travel concurrently to Chadron . US 83 in Valentine . The highways travel concurrently to south - southeast of Valentine . US 183 west - northwest of Long Pine . The highways travel concurrently to Bassett . US 281 in O'Neill . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 275 / US 281 in O'Neill . US 20 / US 275 travel concurrently to southeast of Inman . US 81 west - southwest of Randolph I ‐ 129 / US 75 / US 77 in South Sioux City . I - 129 / US 20 travel concurrently to Sioux City , Iowa . US 20 / US 75 travel concurrently to the Woodbury -- Concord township line . Iowa I ‐ 29 / I ‐ 129 in Sioux City US 59 in Holstein . The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Holstein . US 71 in Boyer Valley Township . US 169 in Elkhorn Township US 69 in Liberty Township I ‐ 35 in Rose Grove Township US 65 in Ellis Township US 63 in Waterloo I ‐ 380 / US 218 in Waterloo . I - 380 / US 20 travel concurrently to Poyner Township . Illinois I ‐ 39 / US 51 in Rockford . The highways travel concurrently to Cherry Valley . I ‐ 90 north - northeast of Hampshire I ‐ 355 in Addison I ‐ 290 in Elmhurst . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 12 / US 45 on the Stone Park - Melrose Park city line . US 12 / US 20 travel concurrently to East Chicago , Indiana . US 20 / US 45 travel concurrently to west of the Palos Hills - Hickory Hills city line . I ‐ 290 on the Bellwood - Hillside - Westchester city line US 34 in La Grange I ‐ 55 on the Countryside - Hodgkins city line I ‐ 294 in Willow Springs I ‐ 294 on the Hickory Hills - Bridgeview city line US 41 in Chicago . The highways travel concurrently to Whiting . Indiana I ‐ 90 northwest of Whiting US 12 on the Hammond - Gary city line . The highways travel concurrently into Gary proper . I ‐ 65 in Gary I ‐ 90 in Gary I ‐ 94 in Burns Harbor US 421 in Michigan City I ‐ 94 east - southeast of Michigan City US 35 east - southeast of Michigan City US 31 in South Bend . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 33 in Elkhart I ‐ 69 in Jackson Township Ohio US 127 in Mill Creek Township . The highways travel concurrently to Gorham Township . I ‐ 475 / US 23 in Sylvania I ‐ 80 / I ‐ 90 in Maumee US 24 in Maumee I ‐ 75 / US 23 in Perrysburg . US 20 / US 23 travel concurrently to the Troy - Woodville township line . US 6 in Sandusky Township . The highways travel concurrently to Fremont . US 250 in Norwalk US 6 in Lakewood . The highways travel concurrently to Cleveland . US 6 / US 42 / US 322 / US 422 in Cleveland . US 20 / US 422 travel concurrently for one block . US 6 in East Cleveland . The highways travel concurrently to Euclid . I ‐ 90 on the Euclid - Wickliffe city line Pennsylvania US 6N in Springfield Township I ‐ 79 in Erie US 19 in Erie I ‐ 90 east - northeast of North East New York I ‐ 90 in Hanover I ‐ 390 east of Avon I ‐ 81 south - southwest of LaFayette US 11 south of LaFayette I - 87 in McKownville US 9W in Albany US 9 in Albany . The highways travel concurrently to Schodack . US 4 in East Greenbush I ‐ 90 in Schodack Massachusetts US 7 in Pittsfield . The highways travel concurrently to Lenox . I ‐ 90 in Lee US 202 in Westfield . The highways travel concurrently through the city . US 5 in West Springfield I ‐ 91 in Springfield I ‐ 291 in Springfield . The highways travel concurrently through the city . I ‐ 84 in Sturbridge I ‐ 395 / I ‐ 290 in Auburn I ‐ 495 in Marlborough I ‐ 95 in Waltham Route 2 in Boston See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal Book : U.S. 20 Book : U.S. Routes 20 - 29 Massachusetts Route 20A U.S. Route 20A in New York U.S. Route 20A in Ohio U.S. Route 20 Business -- Sioux City , Iowa ; also passes through South Sioux City , Nebraska U.S. Route 20 Business -- Fort Dodge , Iowa U.S. Route 120 , became Pennsylvania Route 120 in 1967 U.S. Route 220 U.S. Route 320 ( now decommissioned , was part of the old Route 26 ) U.S. Route 420 ( part of U.S. Route 14 Alternate ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials ( November 11 , 1926 ) . United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( Map ) . 1 : 7,000,000 . Washington , DC : U.S. Geological Survey . OCLC 32889555 . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 -- via University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Weingroff , Richard ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ask the Rambler : What Is The Longest Road in the United States ? '' . Federal Highway Administration . US Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . The longest road in the United States was once the second longest : U.S. 20 from Boston , Massachusetts , to Newport , Oregon . ~ . The description of U.S. 20 in the Joint Board 's report of October 30 , 1925 , read ( all spellings as in the original ) : `` From Boston , Massachusetts , to Springfield , Pittsfield , Albany , New York , Auburn , Batavia , Buffalo , Erie , Pennsylvania , Cleveland , Ohio , Maumee , South Bend , Indiana , Chicago , Illinois , Rockford , Dubuque , Iowa , Waterloo , Webster City , Sioux City , O'Neill , Nebraska , Chadron , Lusk , Wyoming , Casper , Shoshoni , Greybull , Yellowstone National Park , Idaho Falls , Idaho , Pocatello , Twin Falls , Boise , Payette , Pendleton , Oregon , Umatilla , The Dalles , Portland , Astoria . '' The Secretary of Agriculture forwarded the Joint Board 's report to the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) for adoption . This transmittal reflected the fact that the States owned the roads . AASHO asked the States for their concurrence in the Joint Board 's proposed plan and numbering . Jump up ^ `` Endpoints of US highways '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sudbury , 1890 - 1989 , 100 years in the Life of a Town ( Chapter 7 ) '' . sudbury.ma.us . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Save BIG with $9.99 . COMs from GoDaddy ! '' . Go Daddy . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : : US 20 Archived October 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ US 5 : A Highway To History Jump up ^ `` The Historic US Route 20 Association '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` More on Cleveland walking tours and history '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Nelson , Mac ( 2008 ) . Twenty West : The Great Road across America . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7469 - 3 . Czarnecki , Michael ( 1997 ) . Twenty Days on Route 20 . FootHills Publishing . ISBN 0 - 941053 - 01 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 20 . Galena Bypass project homepage Illinois Highway Ends : US 20 Indiana Highway Ends : US 20 In Search of ... U.S. Route 20 in Ohio by Michael G. Buettner , February 2006 US 20 Travelogue in New York at Empire State Roads `` On Route 20 , Where the Past Is Present '' : August 11 , 2006 , article in The New York Times Escapes section . Flickr Group for photos taken along US 20 Endpoints of US 20 at USends.com Twenty West : The Great Road Across America -- book about US 20 Historic US Route 20 Association Site dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Historic US Route 20 Browse numbered routes ← US 18 WY WYO 22 → United States Numbered Highway System 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system . Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system . ( hide ) U.S. Routes related to US 20 US 120 former US 220 US 320 former US 420 former Special ( 220 ) LCCN : sh2007007323 VIAF : 315531471 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_20&oldid=840790688 '' Categories : United States Numbered Highways U.S. Highways in Idaho U.S. Highways in Illinois U.S. Highways in Indiana U.S. Highways in Iowa U.S. Highways in Massachusetts U.S. Highways in Montana U.S. Highways in Nebraska U.S. Highways in New York ( state ) U.S. Highways in Ohio U.S. Highways in Oregon U.S. Highways in Pennsylvania U.S. Highways in Wyoming U.S. Route 20 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Svenska ไทย 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the longest freeway in the united states | [] | [] |
-2518460484155967359 | Sa Re Ga Ma Pa | Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - wikipedia Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical reality TV show . For the musical notes , see Swara . For the music company , see Saregama . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa logo Creative director ( s ) Zee TV , Neeraj Sharma Presented by Sonu Nigam ( 1995 - 2000 ) Amaan Ali Khan and Ayaan Ali Khan ( 2000 - 01 ) Shaan ( 2001 - 06 ) Aditya Narayan ( 2007 - 09 , 2014 - present ) Purab Kohli ( 2010 ) Manish Paul ( 2010 ) Javed Ali ( 2012 - 2013 ) Opening theme `` Sa Re Ga Ma '' by Sonu Nigam and Sadhana Sargam ( 1995 - 2000 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Shaan and Sadhana Sargam ( 2000 - 06 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Aditya Narayan and Shriram Iyer ( 2007 - 09 ) `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa '' by Javed Ali ( 2010 - present ) Country of origin India No. of episodes 1000 + Production Running time approx. 52 minutes Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) , Original release May 1 , 1995 External links Website www.ozee.com/shows/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-2017/ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is an Indian musical reality TV show . It started airing on Zee TV in 1995 as Sa Re Ga Ma . Series history ( edit ) The first episode aired on May 1 , 1995 and was hosted by Sonu Nigam . In the year 1999 , the show was hosted by the Bangash brothers , Amaan Ali Bangash and Ayaan Ali Bangash , sons of legendary sarod - player Amjad Ali Khan . From 2002 , Shaan started hosting the show . Till 2005 , the show used to follow a format wherein experts in the field of music would judge the contestants and score them . The format changed with the advent of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 which introduced the judges as mentors of different teams and scoring was primarily dependent on public voting . After Shaan quit hosting the show , the show was hosted by many others like Purab Kohli , Manish Paul , Karan Singh Rathore , Archana Jani , Vipul Roy , Jay Soni and even kids Dhairya Sorecha & Afsha Musani . The most prominent names to host the show in later seasons were Javed Ali and the current host Aditya Narayan The show has seen multiple variations over the years : Sa Re Ga Ma : Contestants were scored only by the expert judges . There were 8 prelim rounds , each consisting of 2 male singers and 2 female singers . One male winner and one female winner from each show competed in the semifinal rounds ; there were a total of 4 semifinals . In the finals , there was one male winner and another female winner . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : 2 male singers , 2 female singers . The male and female winner would return the following episode and compete against a new challenger . At the start of this `` roll - over '' series , they had initially announced that anyone with over 10 wins would get an album ; however , that never materialized . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge : Teams were formed , each Gharana ( team ) had a judge who mentored them . Elimination was decided by public voting . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu : A duet singing competition which featured some new contestants as well as old contestants from earlier seasons . Weekly elimination decided by public voting . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs : A singing competition for young children , which judges the prodigious kids on the basis of their voice quality , singing talent and versatility in performance . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA : The first instalment of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge series in USA . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge : A special season in which eight teams representing eight different states and consisting of total 24 talented contestants from past seasons of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participated . The show was made to celebrate the 1000th episode of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa . Notable Indian singers and musicians were roped in to judge each of the episodes . There have also been multiple regional versions in languages like Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Kannada , Punjabi , Tamil , and Telugu . # Season Year Winner Host Judges Sa Re Ga Ma 1995 Sanjeevani Bhelande Sonu Nigam Anu malik , udit narayan , kumar shanu Sa Re Ga Ma Nobina Mirjankar Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma Mohammed Vakil Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma 1998 Bela Shende Sonu Nigam Sa Re Ga Ma 1999 Archana Udupa Sonu Nigam 6 Sa Re Ga Ma 2000 Shreya Ghoshal Sonu Nigam 7 Sa Re Ga Ma Anita Pundit Amaan Ali Khan & Ayaan Ali Khan 8 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Golden Voice Hunt 2003 Arpita Mukherjee ( singer ) & Rahul Saxena Shaan 9 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa World Series Hrishikesh Ranade & Ronkini Gupta Shaan 10 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Special 2005 Twinkle Bajpai , Manish Bhatt Shaan 11 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 2005 Debojit Saha Shaan Himesh Reshammiya , Jatin - Lalit , Aadesh Shrivastava , Ismail Darbar 12 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu 2006 Aishwarya Nigam & Ujjaini Mukherjee Shaan , Ishita Arun Hariharan , Lesle Lewis 13 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2006 Sanchita Bhattacharya Shaan Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Alka Yagnik , Bappi Lahiri 14 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 2007 Aneek Dhar Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Ismail Darbar , Bappi Lahiri , Vishal - Shekhar 15 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International 2007 Anamika Choudhari Aditya Narayan Suresh Wadkar , Sonu Nigam 16 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 2008 Darshana Menon Aishwarya Nigam Suresh Wadkar , Aadesh Srivastav 17 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 2009 Vaishali Mhade Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Aadesh Srivastav , Shankar Mahadevan , Pritam 18 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 2009 Hemant Brijwasi Dhairya Sorecha , Afsha Musani Abhijeet Bhattacharya , Alka Yagnik 19 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge 2009 Team Maharashtra - Vaishali Mhade , Kaushik Deshpande and Rohit Raut Karan Singh Rathore and Archana Jani ( first episode ) Vipul Roy and Manish Paul Sonu Nigam , Pyarelal and Suresh Wadkar ( finale ) 20 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Kamal Khan Purab Kohli , Manish Paul Daler Mehndi , Vishal - Shekhar , Sajid - Wajid 21 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 2011 Azmat Hussain Jay Soni Adnan Sami , Kailash Kher , Javed Ali 22 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 2012 Jasraj Jayant Joshi Javed Ali Shankar Mahadevan , Rahul Ram , Sajid - Wajid 23 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 2014 Gagan Gopalkrishna Gaonkar Aditya Narayan Alka Yagnik ( Mahaguru ) , Shaan , Monali Thakur 24 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 Kushal Paul Aditya Narayan Pritam , Sajid - Wajid , Mika 25 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 2017 Aditya Narayan Himesh Reshammiya , Javed Ali , Neha Kakkar External links ( edit ) ZEE TV References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Reality shows take centre stage on TV - Livemint '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sonu Nigam back as host on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Music is inspiration '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Shaan '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Purab Kohli bids adieu to Zee TV 's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar '' . ZEE TV . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega challenge gets its hosts '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Team , Tellychakkar . `` Vipul to do some more hosting '' . Tellychakkar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Soni turns host - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dhairya Sonecha & Afsha Musani to Host ' Hero Honda Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ' '' . ZEE TV . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hero Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 ' finds new host in Javed Ali with top 15 contestants Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry . '' . www.bestmediainfo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Narayan returns to host ' Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil ' Champs - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Regional shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap Opera Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi Bin Kuch Kahe Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Piyaa Albela Sethji Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Reality Show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Weekends Show Fear Files Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Just Dance Nach Baliye Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Game 10 Ka Dum India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? 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Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Roadies Sacch Ka Saamna Zee 20 Cricket League Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X Idea Star Singer India 's Magic Star Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa&oldid=795453497 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian game shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 1995 Indian television series debuts Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 09 : 39 . 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6282407188241124633 | Cobalt | Cobalt - wikipedia Cobalt Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Cobalt ( disambiguation ) . Cobalt , Co General properties Pronunciation / ˈkoʊbɒlt / ( listen ) Appearance hard lustrous bluish gray metal Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7001589331940000000 ♠ 58.933 194 ( 4 ) Cobalt in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson -- ↑ Co ↓ Rh iron ← cobalt → nickel Atomic number ( Z ) 27 Group group 9 Period period 4 Element category transition metal Block d - block Electron configuration ( Ar ) 3d 4s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 15 , 2 Physical properties Color metallic gray Phase at STP solid Melting point 1768 K ( 1495 ° C , 2723 ° F ) Boiling point 3200 K ( 2927 ° C , 5301 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 8.90 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 8.86 g / cm Heat of fusion 16.06 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 377 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 24.81 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1790 1960 2165 2423 2755 3198 Atomic properties Oxidation states − 3 , − 1 , + 1 , + 2 , + 3 , + 4 , + 5 ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.88 Ionization energies 1st : 760.4 kJ / mol 2nd : 1648 kJ / mol 3rd : 3232 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 125 pm Covalent radius Low spin : 126 ± 3 pm High spin : 150 ± 7 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure hexagonal close - packed ( hcp ) Speed of sound thin rod 4720 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 13.0 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 100 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 62.4 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic Young 's modulus 209 GPa Shear modulus 75 GPa Bulk modulus 180 GPa Poisson ratio 0.31 Mohs hardness 5.0 Vickers hardness 1043 MPa Brinell hardness 470 -- 3000 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 48 - 4 History Discovery and first isolation Georg Brandt ( 1735 ) Main isotopes of cobalt Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Co syn 77.27 d ε Fe Co syn 271.79 d ε Fe Co syn 70.86 d ε Fe Co 100 % stable Co syn 5.2714 y β , γ Ni view talk references in Wikidata Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27 . Like nickel , cobalt is found in the Earth 's crust only in chemically combined form , save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron . The free element , produced by reductive smelting , is a hard , lustrous , silver - gray metal . Cobalt - based blue pigments ( cobalt blue ) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints , and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass , but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal bismuth . Miners had long used the name kobold ore ( German for goblin ore ) for some of the blue - pigment producing minerals ; they were so named because they were poor in known metals , and gave poisonous arsenic - containing fumes when smelted . In 1735 , such ores were found to be reducible to a new metal ( the first discovered since ancient times ) , and this was ultimately named for the kobold . Today , some types of cobalt are produced specifically from one of a number of metallic - lustered ores , such as for example cobaltite ( Co As S ) . The element is however more usually produced as a by - product of copper and nickel mining . The copper belt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) , Central African Republic and Zambia yields most of the global cobalt production . The DRC alone accounted for more than 50 % of world production in 2016 ( 123,000 tonnes ) , according to Natural Resources Canada . Cobalt is primarily used in the manufacture of magnetic , wear - resistant and high - strength alloys . The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt ( II ) aluminate ( CoAl O , cobalt blue ) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass , ceramics , inks , paints and varnishes . Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope , cobalt - 59 . Cobalt - 60 is a commercially important radioisotope , used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high energy gamma rays . Cobalt is the active center of a type of coenzymes called cobalamins . vitamin B , the best - known example of the type , is an essential trace mineral for all animals . Cobalt in inorganic form is also a micronutrient for bacteria , algae , and fungi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Compounds 2.1 Oxygen and chalcogen compounds 2.2 Halides 2.3 Coordination compounds 2.4 Organometallic compounds 3 Isotopes 4 History 5 Occurrence 6 Production 7 Cobalt extraction 7.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7.2 Canada 8 Applications 8.1 Alloys 8.2 Batteries 8.3 Catalysts 8.4 Pigments and coloring 8.5 Radioisotopes 8.6 Other uses 9 Biological role 10 Precautions 11 References 12 External links Characteristics A block of electrolytically refined cobalt ( 99.9 % purity ) cut from a large plate Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with a specific gravity of 8.9 . The Curie temperature is 1,115 ° C ( 2,039 ° F ) and the magnetic moment is 1.6 -- 1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom . Cobalt has a relative permeability two - thirds that of iron . Metallic cobalt occurs as two crystallographic structures : hcp and fcc . The ideal transition temperature between the hcp and fcc structures is 450 ° C ( 842 ° F ) , but in practice the energy difference between them is so small that random intergrowth of the two is common . Cobalt is a weakly reducing metal that is protected from oxidation by a passivating oxide film . It is attacked by halogens and sulfur . Heating in oxygen produces Co O which loses oxygen at 900 ° C ( 1,650 ° F ) to give the monoxide CoO . The metal reacts with fluorine ( F ) at 520 K to give CoF ; with chlorine ( Cl ) , bromine ( Br ) and iodine ( I ) , producing equivalent binary halides . It does not react with hydrogen gas ( H ) or nitrogen gas ( N ) even when heated , but it does react with boron , carbon , phosphorus , arsenic and sulfur . At ordinary temperatures , it reacts slowly with mineral acids , and very slowly with moist , but not with dry , air . Compounds See also : Category : Cobalt compounds . Common oxidation states of cobalt include + 2 and + 3 , although compounds with oxidation states ranging from − 3 to + 5 are also known . A common oxidation state for simple compounds is + 2 ( cobalt ( II ) ) . These salts form the pink - colored metal aquo complex ( Co ( H O ) ) in water . Addition of chloride gives the intensely blue ( CoCl . In a borax bead flame test , cobalt shows deep blue in both oxidizing and reducing flames . Oxygen and chalcogen compounds Several oxides of cobalt are known . Green cobalt ( II ) oxide ( CoO ) has rocksalt structure . It is readily oxidized with water and oxygen to brown cobalt ( III ) hydroxide ( Co ( OH ) ) . At temperatures of 600 -- 700 ° C , CoO oxidizes to the blue cobalt ( II , III ) oxide ( Co O ) , which has a spinel structure . Black cobalt ( III ) oxide ( Co O ) is also known . Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature : CoO ( Néel temperature 291 K ) and Co O ( Néel temperature : 40 K ) , which is analogous to magnetite ( Fe O ) , with a mixture of + 2 and + 3 oxidation states . The principal chalcogenides of cobalt include the black cobalt ( II ) sulfides , CoS , which adopts a pyrite - like structure , and cobalt ( III ) sulfide ( Co S ) . Halides Cobalt ( II ) chloride hexahydrate Four dihalides of cobalt ( II ) are known : cobalt ( II ) fluoride ( CoF , pink ) , cobalt ( II ) chloride ( CoCl , blue ) , cobalt ( II ) bromide ( CoBr , green ) , cobalt ( II ) iodide ( CoI , blue - black ) . These halides exist in anhydrous and hydrated forms . Whereas the anhydrous dichloride is blue , the hydrate is red . The reduction potential for the reaction Co + e → Co is + 1.92 V , beyond that for chlorine to chloride , + 1.36 V. Consequently , cobalt ( III ) and chloride would result in the cobalt ( III ) being reduced to cobalt ( II ) . Because the reduction potential for fluorine to fluoride is so high , + 2.87 V , cobalt ( III ) fluoride is one of the few simple stable cobalt ( III ) compounds . Cobalt ( III ) fluoride , which is used in some fluorination reactions , reacts vigorously with water . Coordination compounds As for all metals , molecular compounds and polyatomic ions of cobalt are classified as coordination complexes , that is , molecules or ions that contain cobalt linked to several ligands . The principles of electronegativity and hardness -- softness of a series of ligands can be used to explain the usual oxidation state of cobalt . For example , Co complexes tend to have ammine ligands . Because phosphorus is softer than nitrogen , phosphine ligands tend to feature the softer Co and Co , an example being tris ( triphenylphosphine ) cobalt ( I ) chloride ( ( P ( C H ) ) CoCl ) . The more electronegative ( and harder ) oxide and fluoride can stabilize Co and Co derivatives , e.g. caesium hexafluorocobaltate ( Cs CoF ) and potassium percobaltate ( K CoO ) . Alfred Werner , a Nobel - prize winning pioneer in coordination chemistry , worked with compounds of empirical formula ( Co ( NH ) ) Cl . One of the isomers determined was cobalt ( III ) hexammine chloride . This coordination complex , a typical Werner - type complex , consists of a central cobalt atom coordinated by six ammine orthogonal ligands and three chloride counteranions . Using chelating ethylenediamine ligands in place of ammonia gives tris ( ethylenediamine ) cobalt ( III ) chloride ( ( Co ( en ) ) Cl ) , which was one of the first coordination complexes to be resolved into optical isomers . The complex exists in the right - and left - handed forms of a `` three - bladed propeller '' . This complex was first isolated by Werner as yellow - gold needle - like crystals . Organometallic compounds Main article : Organocobalt chemistry Cobaltocene is a structural analog to ferrocene with cobalt in place of iron . Cobaltocene is much more sensitive to oxidation than ferrocene . Cobalt carbonyl ( Co ( CO ) ) is a catalyst in carbonylation and hydrosilylation reactions . Vitamin B ( see below ) is an organometallic compound found in nature and is the only vitamin that contains a metal atom . An example of an alkylcobalt complex in the otherwise uncommon + 4 oxidation state of cobalt is the homoleptic complex tetrakis ( 1 - norbornyl ) cobalt ( IV ) ( Co ( 1 - norb ) ) , a transition metal - alkyl complex that is notable for its stability toward to β - hydrogen elimination . The cobalt ( III ) and cobalt ( V ) complexes ( Li ( THF ) ) ( Co ( 1 - norb ) ) and ( Co ( 1 - norb ) ) ( BF ) are also known . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of cobalt Co is the only stable cobalt isotope and the only isotope that exists naturally on Earth . Twenty - two radioisotopes have been characterized ; the most stable , Co has a half - life of 5.2714 years , and Co has a half - life of 271.8 days , Co a half - life of 77.27 days , and Co a half - life of 70.86 days . All the other radioactive isotopes of cobalt have half - lives shorter than 18 hours , and in most cases shorter than 1 second . This element also has 4 meta states , all of which have half - lives shorter than 15 minutes . The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u ( Co ) to 73 u ( Co ) . The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope , Co , is electron capture and the primary mode of decay in isotopes with atomic mass greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay . The primary decay products below Co are element 26 ( iron ) isotopes ; above that the decay products are element 28 ( nickel ) isotopes . History Early Chinese blue and white porcelain , manufactured c. 1335 Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass , glazes , and ceramics . Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture , Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC , in the ruins of Pompeii , destroyed in 79 AD , and in China , dating from the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) and the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 AD ) . Cobalt has been used to color glass since the Bronze Age . The excavation of the Uluburun shipwreck yielded an ingot of blue glass , cast during the 14th century BC . Blue glass from Egypt was either colored with copper , iron , or cobalt . The oldest cobalt - colored glass is from the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt ( 1550 -- 1292 BC ) . The source for the cobalt the Egyptians used is not known . The word cobalt is derived from the German kobalt , from kobold meaning `` goblin '' , a superstitious term used for the ore of cobalt by miners . The first attempts to smelt those ores for copper or nickel failed , yielding simply powder ( cobalt ( II ) oxide ) instead . Because the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic , smelting the ore oxidized the arsenic into the highly toxic and volatile arsenic oxide , adding to the notoriety of the ore . Swedish chemist Georg Brandt ( 1694 -- 1768 ) is credited with discovering cobalt circa 1735 , showing it to be a previously unknown element , different from bismuth and other traditional metals . Brandt called it a new `` semi-metal . '' He showed that compounds of cobalt metal were the source of the blue color in glass , which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt . Cobalt became the first metal to be discovered since the pre-historical period , during which all the known metals ( iron , copper , silver , gold , zinc , mercury , tin , lead and bismuth ) had no recorded discoverers . During the 19th century , a significant part of the world 's production of cobalt blue ( a dye made with cobalt compounds and alumina ) and smalt ( cobalt glass powdered for use for pigment purposes in ceramics and painting ) was carried out at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket . The first mines for the production of smalt in the 16th century were located in Norway , Sweden , Saxony and Hungary . With the discovery of cobalt ore in New Caledonia in 1864 , the mining of cobalt in Europe declined . With the discovery of ore deposits in Ontario , Canada in 1904 and the discovery of even larger deposits in the Katanga Province in the Congo in 1914 , the mining operations shifted again . When the Shaba conflict started in 1978 , the copper mines of Katanga Province nearly stopped production . The impact on the world cobalt economy from this conflict was smaller than expected : cobalt is a rare metal , the pigment is highly toxic , and the industry had already established effective ways for recycling cobalt materials . In some cases , industry was able to change to cobalt - free alternatives . In 1938 , John Livingood and Glenn T. Seaborg discovered the radioisotope cobalt - 60 . This isotope was famously used at Columbia University in the 1950s to establish parity violation in radioactive beta decay . After World War II , the US wanted to guarantee the supply of cobalt ore for military uses ( as the Germans had been doing ) and prospected for cobalt within the U.S. border . An adequate supply of the ore was found in Idaho near Blackbird canyon in the side of a mountain . The firm Calera Mining Company started production at the site . Occurrence The stable form of cobalt is produced in supernovas through the r - process . It comprises 0.0029 % of the Earth 's crust . Free cobalt ( the native metal ) is not found on Earth because of the oxygen in the atmosphere and the chlorine in the ocean . Both are abundant enough in the upper layers of the Earth 's crust to prevent native metal cobalt from forming . Except as recently delivered in meteoric iron , pure cobalt in native metal form is unknown on Earth . The element has a medium abundance but natural compounds of cobalt are numerous and all amounts of cobalt compounds are found in most rocks , soil , plants , and animals . In nature , cobalt is frequently associated with nickel . Both are characteristic components of meteoric iron , though cobalt is much less abundant in iron meteorites than nickel . As with nickel , cobalt in meteoric iron alloys may have been well enough protected from oxygen and moisture to remain as the free ( but alloyed ) metal , though neither element is seen in that form in the ancient terrestrial crust . Cobalt in compound form occurs in copper and nickel minerals . It is the major metallic component that combines with sulfur and arsenic in the sulfidic cobaltite ( CoAsS ) , safflorite ( CoAs ) , glaucodot ( ( Co , Fe ) AsS ) , and skutterudite ( CoAs ) minerals . The mineral cattierite is similar to pyrite and occurs together with vaesite in the copper deposits of Katanga Province . When it reaches the atmosphere , weathering occurs ; the sulfide minerals oxidize and form pink erythrite ( `` cobalt glance '' : Co ( AsO ) 8H O ) and spherocobaltite ( CoCO ) . Cobalt is also a constituent of tobacco smoke . The tobacco plant readily absorbs and accumulates heavy metals like cobalt from the surrounding soil in its leaves . These are subsequently inhaled during tobacco smoking . Production Cobalt ore World production trend See also : Cobalt extraction techniques The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite , erythrite , glaucodot and skutterudite ( see above ) , but most cobalt is obtained by reducing the cobalt by - products of nickel and copper mining and smelting . Several methods exist to separate cobalt from copper and nickel , depending on the concentration of cobalt and the exact composition of the used ore . One method is froth flotation , in which surfactants bind to different ore components , leading to an enrichment of cobalt ores . Subsequent roasting converts the ores to cobalt sulfate , and the copper and the iron are oxidized to the oxide . Leaching with water extracts the sulfate together with the arsenates . The residues are further leached with sulfuric acid , yielding a solution of copper sulfate . Cobalt can also be leached from the slag of copper smelting . The products of the above - mentioned processes are transformed into the cobalt oxide ( Co O ) . This oxide is reduced to metal by the aluminothermic reaction or reduction with carbon in a blast furnace . Cobalt extraction The United States Geological Survey estimates world reserves of cobalt at 7,100,000 metric tons . The Democratic Republic of the Congo currently produces 63 % of the world 's cobalt . This market share may reach 73 % by 2025 if planned mine expansions by Congolese mining producers like Glencore Plc take place as schedule . By 2030 , global demand could be 47 times more than it was in 2017 , Bloomberg New Energy Finance has estimated . Democratic Republic of the Congo In 2005 , the top producer of cobalt was the copper deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 's Katanga Province . Formerly Shaba province , the area had almost 40 % of global reserves , reported the British Geological Survey in 2009 . By 2015 , DRC supplied 60 % of world production , 32,000 tons at $20,000 to $26,000 per ton . Artisanal mining supplied 10 % to 25 % of the DRC production . Some 100,000 cobalt miners in Congo DRC use hand tools to dig hundreds of feet , with little planning and fewer safety measures , say workers and government and NGO officials , as well as Washington Post reporters ' observations on visits to isolated mines . The lack of safety precautions frequently causes injuries or death . Mining pollutes the vicinity and exposes local wildlife and indigenous communities to toxic metals thought to cause birth defects and breathing difficulties , according to health officials . Human rights activists have alleged , and investigative journalism reported confirmation , that child labor is used in part of the worldwide supply of cobalt sourced from African artisanal mines . This revelation prompted cell phone maker Apple Inc. , on March 3 , 2017 , to stop buying ore from suppliers such as Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt who source from artisanal mines in the DRC , and begin using only suppliers that are verified to meet its workplace standards . The political and ethnic dynamics of the region have in the past caused horrific outbreaks of violence and years of armed conflict and displaced populations . This instability affected the price of cobalt and also created perverse incentives for the combattants in the First and Second Congo Wars to prolong the fighting , since access to diamond mines and other valuable resources helped to finance their military goals -- which frequently amounteed to genocide -- and also enriched the fighters themselves . While DR Congo has in the 2010s not recently been invaded by neighboring military forces , some of the richest mineral deposits adjoin areas where Tutsis and Hutus still frequently clash , unrest continues although on a smaller scale and refugees still flee outbreaks of violence . Cobalt extracted from small Congolese artisanal mining endeavors in 2007 supplied a single Chinese company , Congo DongFang International Mining . A subsidiary of Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt , one of the world 's largest cobalt producers , Congo DongFang supplied cobalt to some of the world 's largest battery manufacturers , who produced batteries for ubiquitous products like the Apple iPhones . Corporate pieties about an ethical supply chain were thus met with some incredulity . A number of observers called for tech corporations and other manufacturers to avoid sourcing conflict metals in Central Africa at all rather than risk enabling the financial exploitation , human rights abuses like kidnappings for unfree labor , environmental devastation and the human toll of violence , poverty and toxic conditions . The Mukondo Mountain project , operated by the Central African Mining and Exploration Company ( CAMEC ) in Katanga , may be the richest cobalt reserve in the world . It produced an estimated one third of the total global coval production in 2008 . In July 2009 , CAMEC announced a long - term agreement to deliver its entire annual production of cobalt concentrate from Mukondo Mountain to Zhejiang Galico Cobalt & Nickel Materials of China . Canada In 2017 , some exploration companies were planning to survey old silver and cobalt mines in the area of Cobalt , Ontario where significant deposits are believed to lie . The mayor of Cobalt stated that the people of Cobalt welcomed new mining endeavours and pointed out that the local work force is peaceful and English - speaking , and good infrastructure would allow much easier sourcing of spare parts for the equipment or other supplies than were to be found in conflict - zones . Applications Cobalt has been used in production of high performance alloys . It can also be used to make rechargeable batteries , and the advent of electric vehicles and their success with consumers probably has a great deal to do with the DRC 's soaring production . Other important factors were the 2002 Mining Code , which encouraged investment by foreign and transnational corporations such as Glencore , and the end of the First and Second Congo Wars , although outbr Alloys Cobalt - based superalloys have historically consume most of the cobalt produced . The temperature stability of these alloys makes them suitable for turbine blades for gas turbines and jet aircraft engines , although nickel - based single crystal alloys surpass them in performance . Cobalt - based alloys are also corrosion and wear - resistant , making them , like titanium , useful for making orthopedic implants that do n't wear down over time . The development of wear - resistant cobalt alloys started in the first decade of the 20th century with the stellite alloys , containing chromium with varying quantities of tungsten and carbon . Alloys with chromium and tungsten carbides are very hard and wear - resistant . Special cobalt - chromium - molybdenum alloys like Vitallium are used for prosthetic parts ( hip and knee replacements ) . Cobalt alloys are also used for dental prosthetics as a useful substitute for nickel , which may be allergenic . Some high speed steels also contain cobalt for increased heat and wear - resistance . The special alloys of aluminium , nickel , cobalt and iron , known as Alnico , and of samarium and cobalt ( samarium - cobalt magnet ) are used in permanent magnets . It is also alloyed with 95 % platinum for jewelry , yielding an alloy suitable for fine casting which is also slightly magnetic . Batteries Lithium cobalt oxide ( LiCoO ) is widely used in lithium ion battery cathodes . The material is composed of cobalt oxide layers with the lithium intercalated . During discharge , the lithium is released as lithium ions . Nickel - cadmium ( NiCd ) and nickel metal hydride ( NiMH ) batteries also include cobalt to improve the oxidation of nickel in the battery . Transparency Market Research estimated the global lithium - ion battery market at $30 billion in 2015 , and predicted an increase to over US $75 billion by 2024 . Although in 2018 most cobalt in batteries was used in a mobile device , a more recent application for cobalt is rechargeable batteries for electric cars . This industry has increased five-fold in its demand for cobalt , which makes it urgent to find new raw materials in more stable areas of the world . Demand is expected to continue or increase as the prevalence of electric vehicles increases . Exploration in 2016 -- 2017 included the area around Cobalt , Ontario , an area where many silver mines ceased operation decades ago . Since child and slave labor have been repeatedly reported in coltan mining , primarily in the artisanal mines of DR Congo , tech companies seeking an ethical supply chain have faced shortages of this raw material and the price of cobalt metal reached a nine - year high in October 2017 , more than US $30 a pound , versus US $10 in late 2015 . Catalysts Several cobalt compounds are oxidation catalysts . Cobalt acetate is used to convert xylene to terephthalic acid , the precursor of the bulk polymer polyethylene terephthalate . Typical catalysts are the cobalt carboxylates ( known as cobalt soaps ) . They are also used in paints , varnishes , and inks as `` drying agents '' through the oxidation of drying oils . The same carboxylates are used to improve the adhesion between steel and rubber in steel - belted radial tires . Cobalt - based catalysts are used in reactions involving carbon monoxide . Steam reforming , useful in hydrogen production , uses cobalt oxide - based catalysts . Cobalt is also a catalyst in the Fischer -- Tropsch process for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide into liquid fuels . Hydroformylation of alkenes often uses cobalt octacarbonyl as a catalyst , although it is often replaced by more efficient iridium - and rhodium - based catalysts , e.g. the Cativa process . The hydrodesulfurization of petroleum uses a catalyst derived from cobalt and molybdenum . This process helps to clean petroleum of sulfur impurities that interfere with the refining of liquid fuels . Pigments and coloring Cobalt blue glass Cobalt - colored glass Before the 19th century , cobalt was predominantly used as a pigment . It has been used since the Middle Ages to make smalt , a blue - colored glass . Smalt is produced by melting a mixture of roasted mineral smaltite , quartz and potassium carbonate , which yields a dark blue silicate glass , which is finely ground after the production . Smalt was widely used to colorn of glass and as pigment for paintings . In 1780 , Sven Rinman discovered cobalt green , and in 1802 Louis Jacques Thénard discovered cobalt blue . Cobalt pigments such as cobalt blue ( cobalt aluminate ) , cerulean blue ( cobalt ( II ) stannate ) , various hues of cobalt green ( a mixture of cobalt ( II ) oxide and zinc oxide ) , and cobalt violet ( cobalt phosphate ) are used as artist 's pigments because of their superior chromatic stability . Aureolin ( cobalt yellow ) is now largely replaced by more lightfast yellow pigments . Radioisotopes Cobalt - 60 ( Co-60 or Co ) is useful as a gamma ray source because they can be produced in predictable quantity and high activity by bombarding cobalt with neutrons . It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV . Cobalt is used in external beam radiotherapy , sterilization of medical supplies and medical waste , radiation treatment of foods for sterilization ( cold pasteurization ) , industrial radiography ( e.g. weld integrity radiographs ) , density measurements ( e.g. concrete density measurements ) , and tank fill height switches . The metal has the unfortunate property of producing a fine dust , causing problems with radiation protection . Cobalt from radiotherapy machines has been a serious hazard when not discarded properly , and one of the worst radiation contamination accidents in North America occurred in 1984 , when a discarded radiotherapy unit containing cobalt - 60 was mistakenly disassembled in a junkyard in Juarez , Mexico . Cobalt - 60 has a radioactive half - life of 5.27 years . Loss of potency requires periodic replacement of the source in radiotherapy and is one reason why cobalt machines have been largely replaced by linear accelerators in modern radiation therapy . Cobalt - 57 ( Co-57 or Co ) is a cobalt radioisotope most often used in medical tests , as a radiolabel for vitamin B uptake , and for the Schilling test . Cobalt - 57 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy and is one of several possible sources in X-ray fluorescence devices . Nuclear weapon designs could intentionally incorporate Co , some of which would be activated in a nuclear explosion to produce Co . The Co , dispersed as nuclear fallout , is sometimes called a cobalt bomb . Other uses Cobalt is used in electroplating for its attractive appearance , hardness , and resistance to oxidation ; It is also used as a base primer coat for porcelain enamels . Biological Role Cobalamin Cobalt deficient sheep Cobalt is essential to the metabolism of all animals . It is a key constituent of cobalamin , also known as vitamin B , the primary biological reservoir of cobalt as an ultratrace element . Bacteria in the stomachs of ruminant animals convert cobalt salts into vitamin B , a compound which can only be produced by bacteria or archaea . A minimal presence of cobalt in soils therefore markedly improves the health of grazing animals , and an uptake of 0.20 mg / kg a day is recommended because they have no other source of vitamin B . In the early 20th century during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau of New Zealand , cattle suffered from what was termed `` bush sickness '' . It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain . The `` coast disease '' of sheep in the Ninety Mile Desert of the Southeast of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of trace elements cobalt and copper . The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of `` cobalt bullets '' , dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal 's rumen . Proteins based on cobalamin use corrin to hold the cobalt . Coenzyme B features a reactive C - Co bond that participates in the reactions . In humans , B has two types of alkyl ligand : methyl and adenosyl . MeB promotes methyl ( - CH ) group transfers . The adenosyl version of B catalyzes rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly transferred between two adjacent atoms with concomitant exchange of the second substituent , X , which may be a carbon atom with substituents , an oxygen atom of an alcohol , or an amine . Methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase ( MUT ) converts MMl - CoA to Su - CoA , an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats . Although far less common than other metalloproteins ( e.g. those of zinc and iron ) , cobaltoproteins are known aside from B. These proteins include methionine aminopeptidase 2 , an enzyme that occurs in humans and other mammals that does not use the corrin ring of B , but binds cobalt directly . Another non-corrin cobalt enzyme is nitrile hydratase , an enzyme in bacteria that metabolize nitriles . Precautions Main article : Cobalt poisoning Cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts . The LD value for soluble cobalt salts has been estimated to be between 150 and 500 mg / kg . In the US , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has designated a permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) in the workplace as a time - weighted average ( TWA ) of 0.1 mg / m . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 0.05 mg / m , time - weighted average . The IDLH ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value is 20 mg / m . However , chronic cobalt ingestion has caused serious health problems at doses far less than the lethal dose . In 1966 , the addition of cobalt compounds to stabilize beer foam in Canada led to a peculiar form of toxin - induced cardiomyopathy , which came to be known as beer drinker 's cardiomyopathy . After nickel and chromium , cobalt is a major cause of contact dermatitis . Cobalt can be effectively absorbed by charred pigs ' bones ; however , this process is inhibited by copper and zinc , which have greater affinities to bone char . References Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 2nd Edition 1989 . Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . 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Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement ; National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board ( January 2008 ) . Radiation source use and replacement : abbreviated version . National Academies Press . pp. 35 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 11014 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Theresa ( 2001 - 11 - 30 ) . Physical Therapist Examination Review . p. 368 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55642 - 588 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kalnicky , D. ; Singhvi , R. ( 2001 ) . `` Field portable XRF analysis of environmental samples '' . Journal of Hazardous Materials. 83 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 93 -- 122 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3894 ( 00 ) 00330 - 7 . PMID 11267748 . Jump up ^ Payne , L.R. ( 1977 ) . `` The Hazards of Cobalt '' . Occupational Medicine . 27 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 25 . doi : 10.1093 / occmed / 27.1. 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R ; Handbook Committee , ASM International ( 2000 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Cobalt '' . Nickel , cobalt , and their alloys . p. 354 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 685 - 0 . Jump up ^ Committee On Technological Alternatives For Cobalt Conservation , National Research Council ( U.S. ) ; National Materials Advisory Board , National Research Council ( U.S. ) ( 1983 ) . `` Ground -- Coat Frit '' . Cobalt conservation through technological alternatives . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Yamada , Kazuhiro ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 9 . Cobalt : Its Role in Health and Disease '' . In Astrid Sigel ; Helmut Sigel ; Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 295 -- 320 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_9 . Jump up ^ Cracan , Valentin ; Banerjee , Ruma ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 10 Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry '' . In Banci , Lucia . Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 12 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 10_10 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5560 - 4 . electronic - book ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 5561 - 1 ISSN 1559 - 0836 electronic - ISSN 1868 - 0402 Jump up ^ Schwarz , F.J. ; Kirchgessner , M. ; Stangl , G.I. ( 2000 ) . `` Cobalt requirement of beef cattle -- feed intake and growth at different levels of cobalt supply '' . Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 83 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 131 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0396.2000. 00258. x . Jump up ^ `` Soils '' . Waikato University . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Lee Russell ( 2008 ) . Vitamins in Animal and Human Nutrition ( 2nd ed . ) . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons . p. 525 . ISBN 9780470376683 . Jump up ^ Australian Academy of Science > Deceased Fellows > Hedley Ralph Marston 1900 -- 1965 Accessed 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Voet , Judith G. ; Voet , Donald ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . p. 675 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 58651 - X . OCLC 31819701 . Jump up ^ Smith , David M. ; Golding , Bernard T. ; Radom , Leo ( 1999 ) . `` Understanding the Mechanism of B12 - Dependent Methylmalonyl - CoA Mutase : Partial Proton Transfer in Action '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 121 ( 40 ) : 9388 -- 9399 . doi : 10.1021 / ja991649a . Jump up ^ Kobayashi , Michihiko ; Shimizu , Sakayu ( 1999 ) . `` Cobalt proteins '' . European Journal of Biochemistry . 261 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1432 - 1327.1999. 00186. x . PMID 10103026 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , John D. and Beyersmann , Detmar ( 2005 ) `` Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a07_281. pub2 Jump up ^ `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0146 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Morin Y ; Tětu A ; Mercier G ( 1969 ) . `` Quebec beer - drinkers ' cardiomyopathy : Clinical and hemodynamic aspects '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 156 ( 1 ) : 566 -- 576 . Bibcode : 1969NYASA. 156 ... 566M . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1969. tb16751. x . PMID 5291148 . Jump up ^ Barceloux , Donald G. & Barceloux , Donald ( 1999 ) . `` Cobalt '' . Clinical Toxicology. 37 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 216 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 100102420 . Jump up ^ Basketter , David A. ; Angelini , Gianni ; Ingber , Arieh ; Kern , Petra S. ; Menné , Torkil ( 2003 ) . `` Nickel , chromium and cobalt in consumer products : revisiting safe levels in the new millennium '' . Contact Dermatitis. 49 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0105 - 1873.2003. 00149. x . PMID 14641113 . Jump up ^ Xiangliang , Pan ; Jianlong , Wang ; Daoyong , Zhang ( January 2009 ) . `` Sorption of cobalt to bone char : Kinetics , competitive sorption and mechanism '' . Salination. 249 ( 2 ) : 609 -- 614 . doi : 10.1016 / j. desal. 2009.01. 027 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cobalt . Look up cobalt in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Cobalt at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Centers for Disease and Prevention -- Cobalt The Cobalt Institute ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Cobalt compounds CoBr Co ( CN ) CoCO CoC O CoCl CoCl Co ( ClO ) CoF CoF CoI Co ( NO ) Co ( NO ) CoO Co ( OH ) CoS CoSO CoSe Co O Co P Co O Co ( PO ) LCCN : sh85027513 GND : 4070047 - 1 BNF : cb119794179 ( data ) NDL : 00566072 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt&oldid=828340074 '' Categories : Cobalt Chemical elements Transition metals Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Ferromagnetic materials IARC Group 2B carcinogens Child labour Cobalt mining Informal economy in Africa Resource economics Mining communities in Africa Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Mbugu - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . 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About Wikipedia | what is the atomic mass of the element cobalt (co) | [
"\nCobalt, 27Co\n\n\n\n\nGeneral properties\n\n\nPronunciation\n/ˈkoʊbɒlt/ ( listen)[1]\n\n\nAppearance\nhard lustrous bluish gray metal\n\n\nStandard atomic weight (Ar, standard)\n7001589331940000000♠58.933194(4)[2]\n\n\nCobalt in the periodic table\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHydrogen\n\nHelium\n\n\nLithium\nBeryllium\n\nBoron\nCarbon\nNitrogen\nOxygen\nFluorine\nNeon\n\n\nSodium\nMagnesium\n\nAluminium\nSilicon\nPhosphorus\nSulfur\nChlorine\nArgon\n\n\nPotassium\nCalcium\nScandium\n\nTitanium\nVanadium\nChromium\nManganese\nIron\nCobalt\nNickel\nCopper\nZinc\nGallium\nGermanium\nArsenic\nSelenium\nBromine\nKrypton\n\n\nRubidium\nStrontium\nYttrium\n\n\nZirconium\nNiobium\nMolybdenum\nTechnetium\nRuthenium\nRhodium\nPalladium\nSilver\nCadmium\nIndium\nTin\nAntimony\nTellurium\nIodine\nXenon\n\n\nCaesium\nBarium\nLanthanum\nCerium\nPraseodymium\nNeodymium\nPromethium\nSamarium\nEuropium\nGadolinium\nTerbium\nDysprosium\nHolmium\nErbium\nThulium\nYtterbium\nLutetium\nHafnium\nTantalum\nTungsten\nRhenium\nOsmium\nIridium\nPlatinum\nGold\nMercury (element)\nThallium\nLead\nBismuth\nPolonium\nAstatine\nRadon\n\n\nFrancium\nRadium\nActinium\nThorium\nProtactinium\nUranium\nNeptunium\nPlutonium\nAmericium\nCurium\nBerkelium\nCalifornium\nEinsteinium\nFermium\nMendelevium\nNobelium\nLawrencium\nRutherfordium\nDubnium\nSeaborgium\nBohrium\nHassium\nMeitnerium\nDarmstadtium\nRoentgenium\nCopernicium\nNihonium\nFlerovium\nMoscovium\nLivermorium\nTennessine\nOganesson\n\n\n\n\n–\n↑\nCo\n↓\nRh\n\n\niron ← cobalt → nickel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAtomic number (Z)\n27\n\n\nGroup\ngroup 9\n\n\nPeriod\nperiod 4\n\n\nElement category\n transition metal\n\n\nBlock\nd-block\n\n\nElectron configuration\n[Ar] 3d7 4s2\n\n\n\nElectrons per shell\n\n2, 8, 15, 2\n\n\nPhysical properties\n\n\nColor\nmetallic gray\n\n\nPhase at STP\nsolid\n\n\nMelting point\n1768 K (1495 °C, 2723 °F)\n\n\nBoiling point\n3200 K (2927 °C, 5301 °F)\n\n\nDensity (near r.t.)\n8.90 g/cm3\n\n\nwhen liquid (at m.p.)\n8.86 g/cm3\n\n\nHeat of fusion\n16.06 kJ/mol\n\n\nHeat of vaporization\n377 kJ/mol\n\n\nMolar heat capacity\n24.81 J/(mol·K)\n\n\nVapor pressure\n\n\n\nP (Pa)\n1\n10\n100\n1 k\n10 k\n100 k\n\n\nat T (K)\n1790\n1960\n2165\n2423\n2755\n3198\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAtomic properties\n\n\nOxidation states\n−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[3] (an amphoteric oxide)\n\n\nElectronegativity\nPauling scale: 1.88\n\n\nIonization energies\n\n\n\n1st: 760.4 kJ/mol\n2nd: 1648 kJ/mol\n3rd: 3232 kJ/mol\n(more)\n\n\n\n\n\nAtomic radius\nempirical: 125 pm\n\n\nCovalent radius\nLow spin: 126±3 pm\nHigh spin: 150±7 pm\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpectral lines\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellanea\n\n\nCrystal structure\nhexagonal close-packed (hcp)\n\n\n\n\nSpeed of sound thin rod\n4720 m/s (at 20 °C)\n\n\nThermal expansion\n13.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)\n\n\nThermal conductivity\n100 W/(m·K)\n\n\nElectrical resistivity\n62.4 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)\n\n\nMagnetic ordering\nferromagnetic\n\n\nYoung's modulus\n209 GPa\n\n\nShear modulus\n75 GPa\n\n\nBulk modulus\n180 GPa\n\n\nPoisson ratio\n0.31\n\n\nMohs hardness\n5.0\n\n\nVickers hardness\n1043 MPa\n\n\nBrinell hardness\n470–3000 MPa\n\n\nCAS Number\n7440-48-4\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nDiscovery and first isolation\nGeorg Brandt (1735)\n\n\nMain isotopes of cobalt\n\n\n\n\n\nIsotope\nAbundance\nHalf-life (t1/2)\nDecay mode\nProduct\n\n\n56Co\nsyn\n77.27 d\nε\n56Fe\n\n\n57Co\nsyn\n271.79 d\nε\n57Fe\n\n\n58Co\nsyn\n70.86 d\nε\n58Fe\n\n\n59Co\n100%\nstable\n\n\n60Co\nsyn\n5.2714 y\nβ−, γ\n60Ni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nview\ntalk\nedit\n\n\n| references | in Wikidata\n\n"
] | [
"58.933194"
] |
-9145808001592333793 | List of Power episodes | List of Power episodes - wikipedia List of Power episodes Power is an American television drama broadcast on Starz created by Courtney A. Kemp . The series follows James St. Patrick ( played by Omari Hardwick ) , nicknamed `` Ghost '' , owner of a popular New York City nightclub , and a major player in one of the city 's biggest illegal drug networks . He struggles to balance these two lives , and the balance topples when he realizes he wants to leave the drug ring in order to support his legitimate business , and commit to his mistress . The series premiered on June 7 , 2014 . As of September 9 , 2018 , 49 episodes of Power have aired . The fifth season of Power premiered on July 1 , 2018 . Power has also been renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 June 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 07 ) August 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 10 June 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) August 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 15 ) 10 July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 10 June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 5 10 July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Not Exactly How We Planned '' Anthony Hemingway Courtney A. Kemp June 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 07 ) 0.462 `` Whoever He Is '' Anthony Hemingway Courtney A. Kemp June 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 14 ) 0.614 `` This Is Real '' John David Coles Lauren Schmidt Hissrich June 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 21 ) 0.472 `` Who Are You ? '' John David Coles Sascha Penn June 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 28 ) 0.557 5 5 `` I Gotta Go '' George Tillman Jr . Randy Huggins July 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 12 ) 0.528 6 6 `` Who You With ? '' George Tillman Jr . Salvatore Stabile July 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) 0.745 7 7 `` Loyalty '' Kari Skogland Raphael Jackson Jr . & Damione Macedon July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) 0.754 8 8 `` Best Laid Plans '' Kari Skogland Courtney A. Kemp & Vladimir Cvetko August 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 1.08 Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Consequences '' Simon Cellan Jones Courtney A. Kemp June 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) 1.43 10 `` No Friends on the Street '' Stefan Schwartz Gary Lennon June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) 1.12 11 `` Like We 're Any Other Couple '' David Knoller Randy Huggins June 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 20 ) 1.11 12 `` You 're the Only Person I Can Trust '' Bill Johnson Lauren Schmidt June 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 27 ) 1.30 13 5 `` Who You Are and Who You Want to Be '' David Knoller Raphael Jackson Jr . & Damione Macedon July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) 1.25 14 6 `` Why Her ? '' Sanford Bookstaver Gary Lennon July 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 18 ) 1.25 15 7 `` You 're Not the Man '' Dennie Gordon Vladimir Cvetko July 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 25 ) 1.26 16 8 `` Three Moves Ahead '' Rob Hardy Randy Huggins August 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 01 ) 1.04 17 9 `` Time 's Up '' Jim McKay Raphael Jackson Jr . & Damione Macedon August 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 08 ) 1.37 18 10 `` Ghost Is Dead '' Michael J. Bassett Courtney A. Kemp & Safia Dirie August 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 15 ) 1.54 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Call Me James '' George Tillman Jr . Courtney A. Kemp July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 2.26 20 `` It 's Never Over '' Sanford Bookstaver Gary Lennon July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 1.74 21 `` I Got This on Lock '' Lukas Ettlin Randy Huggins July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.88 22 `` Do n't Worry , Baby '' Larysa Kondracki Heather Zuhlke August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.72 23 5 `` Help Me '' Sanford Bookstaver Damione Macedon & Raphael Jackson Jr . August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 1.80 24 6 `` The Right Decision '' Michael J. Bassett Vladimir Cvetko August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 2.11 25 7 `` Do n't Go '' Rob Hardy Safia M. Dirie August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 1.84 26 8 `` Trust Me '' Jim McKay Gary Lennon September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 1.99 27 9 `` I Call the Shots '' Magnus Martens Damione Macedon & Raphael Jackson Jr . September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 2.04 28 10 `` In My Best Interest '' Michael J. Bassett Courtney A. Kemp & Jeff Dix September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 2.01 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 29 `` When I Get Out '' Stefan Schwartz Courtney A. Kemp June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 1.68 30 `` Things Are Going to Get Worse '' Sanford Bookstaver Heather Zuhlke July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 1.44 31 `` The Kind of Man You Are '' Larysa Kondracki Jeff Dix July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 1.72 32 `` We 're in This Together '' J. Michael Muro Warren Hsu Leonard July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 1.72 33 5 `` Do n't Thank Me '' Sanford Bookstaver Raphael Jackson , Jr . & Damione Macedon July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 1.79 34 6 `` New Man '' Dennie Gordon Gary Lennon July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 1.83 35 7 `` You Lied to My Face '' Sanford Bookstaver Vladimir Cvetko August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.69 36 8 `` It 's Done '' Hernán Otoño Raphael Jackson , Jr . & Damione Macedon August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 1.81 37 9 `` That Ai n't Me '' Victoria Mahoney Raphael Jackson , Jr . & Damione Macedon August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 1.90 38 10 `` You Ca n't Fix This '' Rob Hardy Courtney A. Kemp & Monica Mitchell September 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) 2.00 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 39 `` Everyone Is Implicated '' Stefan Schwartz Courtney A. Kemp July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 1.55 40 `` Damage Control '' Solvan Naim and Naturi Naughton Heather Zuhlke July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 0.70 41 `` Are We On the Same Team ? '' Tina Mabry Vladimir Cvetko July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 1.50 42 `` Second Chances '' Bart Wenrich Jeff Dix July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 1.36 43 5 `` Happy Birthday '' Sanford Bookstaver Safia M. Dirie July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 1.35 44 6 `` A Changed Man ? '' Ami Canaan Mann Monica Mitchell August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 1.33 45 7 `` The Devil Inside '' Rob Hardy Heather Zuhlke August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 1.41 46 8 `` A Friend of the Family '' Hernán Otoño Vladimir Cvetko & Safia M. Dirie August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.46 47 9 `` There 's a Snitch Among Us '' Gary Lennon Gary Lennon September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) 1.42 48 10 `` When This Is Over '' MJ Bassett Courtney A. Kemp & Gabriela Uribe September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 1.53 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Starz Greenlights Drama ' Power ' From Executive Producer Curtis ' 50 Cent ' Jackson '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Power ' Renewed For Season 6 On Starz ; Gets Season 5 Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Starz Drama ' Power ' Attracts Younger , More Female Audience Than Recent Originals on Cabler '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : ESPN Tops Demos with World Cup Soccer - TheFutonCritic.com '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Crisis '' Swan Song Tops Originals - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Dateline , '' NASCAR Top the Charts - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Dateline NBC '' Keeps Win Streak Alive - TheFutonCritic.com `` . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' & ' Sanjay and Craig ' Win Day , ' Sex Sent Me to the ER ' , ' Power ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ' Leads Night + ' Attack on Titan ' , NASCAR Coverage & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Sharktopus Vs. Pteracuda ' Wins Night , ' Power ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Fairly Odd Summer ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : Boxing Wins Night , ' Power ' , Soccer , & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Tops Night + ' Kill La Kill ' , ' Power ' , ' Jeff Ross Roasts Criminals ' , ' Sword Art Online ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . June 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' A Deadly Adoption ' Wins Night , ' Kill la Kill ' , ' Power ' , Women 's World Cup & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Perfect High ' & ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Top Night + ' Power ' , FIFA Women 's World Cup & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : NASCAR & ' Power ' Win Night , ' Kill La Kill ' , ' Cops ' , Wimbledon & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Power ' , ' Kill La Kill ' & Golf Win Night , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Mythbusters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z : Kai ' Tops Night + ' Kill la Kill ' , ' Power ' , ' Sword Art Online ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : UFC & ' Kill La Kill ' Win Night , ' Power ' , ' Sword Art Online ' , Boxing , ' Cops ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Dragon Ball Z ; Kai ' Tops Night + ' Akame ga Kill ' , ' Mitchiko & Hatchin ' , ' Power ' , ' Sword Art Online ' & Mroe ( sic ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Power ' , ' Akame ga Kill ' & Preseason Football Win Night , ' Sword Art Online ' , ' Cops ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power ' Season 3 premiere sets a record for Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : NASCAR races to No. 1 , ' Power ' stays strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official series website List of Power episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Power episodes at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Power_episodes&oldid=863398695 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when is season 5 episode 6 of power coming out | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date U.S. viewers(millions)391\"Everyone Is Implicated\"Stefan SchwartzCourtney A. KempJuly 1, 2018 (2018-07-01)1.55[41]\n402\"Damage Control\"Solvan Naim and Naturi NaughtonHeather ZuhlkeJuly 8, 2018 (2018-07-08)0.70[42]\n413\"Are We On the Same Team?\"Tina MabryVladimir CvetkoJuly 15, 2018 (2018-07-15)1.50[43]\n424\"Second Chances\"Bart WenrichJeff DixJuly 22, 2018 (2018-07-22)1.36[44]\n435\"Happy Birthday\"Sanford BookstaverSafia M. DirieJuly 29, 2018 (2018-07-29)1.35[45]\n446\"A Changed Man?\"Ami Canaan MannMonica MitchellAugust 5, 2018 (2018-08-05)1.33[46]\n457\"The Devil Inside\"Rob HardyHeather ZuhlkeAugust 12, 2018 (2018-08-12)1.41[47]\n468\"A Friend of the Family\"Hernán OtoñoVladimir Cvetko & Safia M. DirieAugust 26, 2018 (2018-08-26)1.46[48]\n479\"There's a Snitch Among Us\"Gary LennonGary LennonSeptember 2, 2018 (2018-09-02)1.42[49]\n4810\"When This Is Over\"MJ BassettCourtney A. Kemp & Gabriela UribeSeptember 9, 2018 (2018-09-09)1.53[50]"
] | [
"August 5, 2018"
] |
1627833661878315551 | List of One-Punch Man characters | List of one - Punch Man characters - wikipedia List of one - Punch Man characters Jump to : navigation , search The Japanese manga series One - Punch Man contains a number of fictional characters created by One and illustrated by Yusuke Murata . The series follows a superhero named Saitama and his disciple Genos who join the Hero Association so they can be recognized as such when they fight various monsters and villains . The Hero Association ranks all of its members by a Class and a ranking within that class . Characters listed are ones noted by the author in the manga profiles , ones that were highlighted in the anime character list , and ones that recur over several story arcs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Saitama 1.2 Genos 2 Hero Association 2.1 S - Class Superheroes 2.1. 1 Blast 2.1. 2 Tornado 2.1. 3 Bang 2.1. 4 Atomic Samurai 2.1. 5 Child Emperor 2.1. 6 Metal Knight 2.1. 7 King 2.1. 8 Zombieman 2.1. 9 Drive Knight 2.1. 10 Pig God 2.1. 11 Superalloy Blackluster 2.1. 12 Watchdog Man 2.1. 13 Flashy Flash 2.1. 14 Tank - Top Master 2.1. 15 Metal Bat 2.1. 16 Puri - Puri Prisoner 2.2 A-Class Superheroes 2.2. 1 Snakebite Snek 2.2. 2 Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio 2.2. 3 Lightning Max 2.2. 4 Stinger 2.2. 5 Amai Mask 2.2. 6 Atomic Samurai 's disciples 2.2. 7 Heavy Tank Loincloth 2.2. 8 Blue Fire 2.2. 9 Magicman 2.2. 10 Other A-Class superheroes 2.3 B - Class Superheroes 2.3. 1 Tank - Top Blackhole 2.3. 2 Blizzard 2.3. 3 Other B - Class superheroes 2.4 C - Class Superheroes 2.4. 1 Mumen Rider 2.4. 2 Tank - Top Tiger 2.4. 3 Other C - Class superheroes 2.5 Other Hero Association characters 2.5. 1 Agoni 2.5. 2 Sitch 2.5. 3 Narinki 3 Villains and monsters 3.1 Vaccine Man 3.2 Crablante 3.3 Fukegao and Marugori 3.4 Subterraneans 3.5 Mosquito Girl 3.6 House of Evolution 3.7 Doctor Genus 3.8 Hammerhead 3.9 Sonic 3.10 Kombu Infinity 3.11 Deep Sea King 3.12 Ancient King 3.13 Sky King 3.14 Dark Matter Thieves 3.15 Garo 3.16 Monster Association 4 Other characters 4.1 Kuseno 4.2 Zeniru 4.3 Shibabawa 4.4 Charanko 4.5 Bomb 4.6 Sourface 4.7 Suiryu 5 Works cited 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Main characters ( edit ) Saitama ( edit ) The title character is a bald - headed 25 - year - old man who is bored of fighting because he is effortlessly able to defeat enemies with a single punch . He lives in an apartment in City Z . Three years prior to the start of the series ( back when he had hair ) , Saitama was applying for jobs as a salaryman , where he defeats a crab - like monster that attempted to kill a child . Saitima says he became a hero `` for the fun of it '' . His abilities consist of superhuman speed , strength , stamina , and durability , which he attributes to a daily training regimen of 100 push - ups , 100 sit - ups , 100 squats , a 10 km run , eating right , and not using the air conditioner or heater to reinforce his mental fortitude . He enters the Hero Association at the lowest C - class tier and rank due to his miserable performance on the written exam and essay , but had broken all the records on the physical portion of the test . He soon advances from doing superheroic deeds , although many of his efforts are not fully recognized because of collateral damage or because he was working with other higher - tiered superheroes . He does not mind letting others have the credit though , as demonstrated in his actions following the fight against the Deep Sea King . In the Dark Matter Thieves story arc , he is not bothered by the telekinesis user that throws rocks against him , and has one of the times where he has used his `` serious punch '' . He becomes friends with S - Class members Bang and King . He knows that King is physically not a superhero , but encourages King to continue projecting his public image of being one ; he also visits King 's place and plays video games with him . His superhero name in the association is Bald Cape ( ハゲマント , Hagemanto ) In the anime , Saitama is voiced by Makoto Furukawa in Japanese , and by Max Mittelman in English . Genos ( edit ) Genos ( ジェノス , Jenosu ) is a 19 - year - old cyborg who becomes Saitama 's disciple after bearing witness to Saitama 's easy victory over Mosquito Girl . Four years prior to the start of the story line , his family was killed by a rampaging cyborg . Genos was nearly killed in the attack and his body was destroyed so , to keep him alive to stop the rampaging cyborg for justice , a scientist named Dr. Kuseno took Genos in and modified his body to make him a cyborg with destructive capabilities . However , Genos remains steadfastly convinced that justice demanded vengeance against and destruction of the cyborg . His perfect score on the entrance exam for the Hero Association places him in S - Class , but he still considers Saitama to be his master and goes with him whenever he is not summoned to other missions . He lives with Saitama after offering a sizable down payment for his share of the rent . His superhero name in the Hero Association is Demon Cyborg ( 鬼 サイボーグ , Oni Saibōgu ) In the anime , Genos is voiced by Kaito Ishikawa in Japanese , and by Zach Aguilar in English . Hero Association ( edit ) The Hero Association is a superhero organization founded by the multi-millionaire Agoni in order to fight monsters , criminals , and various threats . It uses a Hero Registry to indicate which characters are recognized as professional heroes , with anyone who is not registered to be considered `` a pervy freak who spouts irresponsible nonsense . '' Agoni created the association after his grandson was saved from the monster Crablante by an unknown bystander ( who turns out to be Saitama ) . It is also financed by donations from citizens . The association is made up of four tiers from the lowest C - Class to the highest S - Class . The heroes within each class are ranked numerically , with the highest rank 1 of each class being eligible to advance to the next tier if they so desire . New heroes must take an exam in which 50 % is a physical test , and the other 50 % is a written exam and an essay . A passing grade would be 70 % or higher and directly placed in a class from 70 % being barely C - class to 100 % being eligible for S - class . They are then placed at the lowest ranking for that tier . Heroes can ascend or descend in their rankings depending on their deeds ; C - Class heroes who are inactive for a week are dropped from the Registry . S - Class superheroes ( edit ) S - Class ( S 級 , S - kyū ) is the highest class in the Hero Association . Those who have gotten a perfect score on the entrance exam as well as the top candidate from A-Class are eligible to enter this class . Besides Genos , the S - Class Superheroes in the series are : Blast ( edit ) Blast ( ブラスト , Burasuto ) is the top superhero in the Hero Association . His whereabouts are currently unknown . Terrible Tornado seems to be the only person who knows what he looks like . Tornado ( edit ) Terrible Tornado ( 戦慄 の タツマキ , Senritsu no Tatsumaki ) , at rank 2 , is the top female superhero , a petite 28 - year - old woman with curly green hair , whose youthful appearance leads others to confuse her for a lost little girl . As an esper she can perform psychic maneuvers such as telekinesis and levitation . She has a younger sister named Blizzard . In the battle with the Dark Matter Thieves , she easily turns around a bunch of shells from the alien ship back into itself , doing tremendous damage . She has a short temper and is often scolding people for their incompetence . Blast is the only individual who Tornado sees in high regards and she awaits for his return . In a battle against an octopus monster , she uses her power to crush it into a ball . In the anime , Tornado is voiced by Aoi Yūki in Japanese , and by Marieve Herington in English . Bang ( edit ) Bang ( バング , Bangu ) , who goes by the hero name Silverfang ( シルバー ファング , Shirubā Fangu , anime : Silver Fang ) , at rank 3 , is an expert martial artist who runs a dojo in City Z . His specialty move is the `` Fist of Flowing Water Crushing Rock '' ( 流水 岩 砕拳 , Ryūsui Gaisai - ken ) . His sole student is Charanko , as he had a former disciple named Garo , who had attacked the dojo and defeated every single student to the point of near death . That incident was a painful memory for Bang and he is in look out for more disciples to pass on his martial arts , as Charanko is fairly incompetent . As a hero , Bang is wise and displays a great deal of patience when compared to others in S - class , and often scolds other heroes for being too prideful and selfish . He is one of the few heroes to recognize Saitama 's true power which he witnessed when Saitama destroyed a meteor that was going to wipe out Z - City . He has an older brother named Bomb . In the anime he is voiced by Kazuhiro Yamaji in Japanese and by Will Barret in English . Atomic Samurai ( edit ) Atomic Samurai ( アトミック 侍 , Atomikku Samurai ) , rank 4 , is a samurai - themed hero who sports a kimono with an atom symbol on the back of it . He initially refuses to shake Saitama 's hand as he is n't S - class , and when Saitama called him `` middle - aged '' , he replied that he was only 37 . He has several followers which fill up A-Class ranks 2 , 3 , and 4 . He is part of a council of sword masters . In the anime he is voiced by Kenjiro Tsuda in Japanese , and by Kyle Hebert in English . Child Emperor ( edit ) Child Emperor ( 童 帝 , Dōtei ) , rank 5 , is a ten - year - old boy who wears a Japanese - styled elementary school backpack. . He is a genius inventor who uses robots to fight as well as using his backpack to sprout spider - like legs that enable him to walk around . In the bonus chapter `` Numbers '' , he devises a mask that acts like a scanner for the heroes and monsters ' power levels . In the anime , he is voiced by Minami Takayama in the Japanese dub , and by Sara Cravens in the English dub . Metal Knight ( edit ) Dr. Bofoi ( ボフォイ 博士 , Bofoi Hakase ) , who goes by the hero name Metal Knight ( メタル ナイト , Metaru Naito ) is a scientist who uses various remote - controlled robots to fight with high destructive capability . His robot first appears at Z City where he tries out a new weapon against an incoming meteor , but it fails . He is introduced as S - Class , Rank 7 , but after being credited for stopping the meteor , advances to rank 6 . He is absent at the S - Class meeting , but his robot appears afterwards to salvage parts from the alien ship to make weapons . He also orchestrates the reconstruction of the Hero Association building into a fortress . His robot later appears to fight Elder Centipede , but mainly to test more weapons . In the anime , he is voiced by Tesshō Genda in Japanese , and by Taylor Henry in English . King ( edit ) King ( キング , Kingu ) , ranked 7 at the time of the S - class meeting , is a hero who has large claw - scars down the left side of his face . Genos believes that he is the strongest man on the planet and that the other S - class members show him respect . In actuality , he is an ordinary 29 - year - old otaku who loves playing dating sims and fighting video games . Several years ago , he was attacked by a Tiger - level monster which clawed his face . But when a younger Saitama came and defeated it , King was given credit , and with other similar victories mostly because of Saitama and other circumstances , he was automatically placed in S - Class . King did not protest due to the S Class perks and wealth and he soon became one of the most popular heroes . King is often targeted by monsters and assassins , however , due to his luck , his enemies overestimate him and end up running away because of his presence . Although Saitama is aware of his actual situation and lack of ability , he does not mind giving King the credit and he tells King to keep inspiring people as an S - Class member . Saitama also becomes friends with King and they often play video games together . In the anime , King is voiced by Hiroki Yasumoto in Japanese , and by Rich Brown in English . Zombieman ( edit ) Zombieman ( ゾンビマン , Zonbiman ) , at rank 8 , has short black hair and wears a jacket . He is a practically immortal hero who can regenerate from any wound and is later revealed to be a former test subject of the House of Evolution . During a mission to investigate the House of Evolution current activity , he found out it became a mere takoyaki restaurant and after asking to Doctor Genus the reason , he has become aware of Saitama 's true power , though he still has his doubts , and begs the Doctor in hopes to remove the limiter to obtain an unlimited super strength like Saitama . His fighting abilities are not keen as those of the other S - Class heroes , so he uses various kinds of weapons . In the anime , Zombieman is voiced by Takahiro Sakurai in Japanese , and by Vernon Dew in English . Drive Knight ( edit ) Drive Knight ( 駆動 騎士 , Kudō Kishi ) , at rank 9 , is a black - uniformed cyborg with a white mask face and a single eye . He is shrouded in mystery , since Genos asserted that nobody knows his true origins nor goals . In the battle with the Dark Matter Thieves , he leaves for some errands but returns afterwards , where he warns Genos to watch out for Metal Knight as a possible enemy . Drive Knight is voiced by Yōji Ueda in the Japanese dub , and by Todd Haberkorn in the English dub . Pig God ( edit ) Pig God ( 豚 神 , Buta Gami ) , ranked 10 , is an extremely obese hero who is typically seen munching on something . dressed with a dark sweater and light pants . He supports Child Emperor in a fight against a Medusa - like monster and swallows it whole . He is voiced by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese , and by Marc Diraison in English . Superalloy Blackluster ( edit ) Superalloy Blackluster ( 超 合金 クロビカリ , Chōgōkin Kuro - bikari ) , ranked 11 , is a dark - skinned bodybuilder superhero . Blackluster is voiced by Satoshi Hino in Japanese , and by Zeno Robinson in English . Watchdog Man ( edit ) Watchdog Man ( 番犬 マン , Banken Man ) , at Rank 12 , is a highly efficient and stoic hero responsible for dealing with mysterious beings activities in Q - City . He has a reputation of eliminating every last monster . When he makes his appearance at the S - Class meeting , he is wearing a dog costume . He has shown to be incredibly strong and an expert in dealing with monsters , despite his size and look . He often waits around like the Hachiko statue and would sit on top of a pile of monsters he has defeated . Garo finds Watchdog Man difficult to assess as he is more of an animal than a human in his fighting style . He is voiced by Yūji Ueda in Japanese , and by Arnie Pantoja in English . Flashy Flash ( edit ) Flashy Flash ( 閃光 の フラッシュ , Senkō no Furasshu ) , ranked 13 , is a feminine - looking hero who excels at speed . In a battle against a giant octopus monster , he was able to poke out all the monster 's suckers which had eyes . He is voiced by Kōsuke Toriumi in the Japanese dub , and by Lex Lang in the English dub . Tank - top Master ( edit ) Tank - Top Master ( タンク トップ マスター , Tankutoppu Masutā ) , ranked 14 at the time of the S - Class meeting , , is an athletic superhero who wears a tank top and leads an army of his brothers who also wear tank tops . Unlike his brothers who are prone to pride and recklessness , He has a strong sense of justice ; when he was fighting Garo , he let Mumen Rider talk him into sparing Garo from further injury . However , that gave Garo a chance to fight again and beat him down as well as the entire tank top gang . He is later seen in the hospital where he advises Saitama of Garo 's tactics . In the anime , he is voiced by Katsuyuki Konishi in Japanese , and by Patrick Seitz in English . Metal Bat ( edit ) Metal Bat ( 金属 バット , Kinzoku Batto ) , ranked 15 at the time of the S - Class meeting , is a superhero who uses a metal bat and street fighting skills . He is assigned to be the bodyguard of a Hero Association patron Narinki and his son when they are attacked by Centipedes . Although he defeats Giant Centipede and Senior Centipede , the Elder Centipede knocks him away and then he has to face Garo in a fight . Metal Bat is beaten down by Garo , but his `` fighting spirit '' lets him continue despite his injuries . He would have killed Garo were it not for his little sister Zenko ( ゼンコ ) arriving and thus stopping the fight . He is voiced by Wataru Hatano in Japanese , and by Sam Riegel in English . Puri - Puri Prisoner ( edit ) Puri - Puri Prisoner ( ぷりぷり プリズナー , Puripuri Purizunā ) is an openly homosexual superhero who prides himself in having a 10,000 - year sentence for `` getting grabby with men '' . He is always dressed up in a prisoner 's uniform , and occasionally breaks out to capture criminals that he fancies or if there are some men that he likes that are in trouble . He was at rank 16 , but fell to 17 after Genos advanced . He powers up in a transformation called `` Angel Style '' which shows off his musculature , but tears his clothes apart , leaving him completely nude . He is voiced by Masaya Onosaka in Japanese. , and by Ray Chase in English . A-Class superheroes ( edit ) A-Class ( A 級 , A-kyū ) is the second strongest class of the Hero Association . Among the known A-Class superheroes are : Snakebite Snek ( edit ) Snakebite Snek ( 蛇 咬 拳 の スネック , Jakōken no Sunekku ) , introduced as at the bottom of A-Class , Rank 38 , wears a smoking jacket whose texture resembles the python 's skin , and uses a hand - to - hand snake - styled fighting style . He facilitates the seminar welcoming Saitama and Genos to the Hero Association , but is irritated that they do n't pay attention , so he tries to fight Saitama afterwards and is easily defeated . He also appears in the J - City shelter where he and some minor heroes face the Deep Sea King , but was quickly defeated , but had stalled Deep Sea King enough so that Genos arrived . He has participated in multiple martial arts tournaments , including the one that Saitama had entered . In the anime , he is voiced by Shin - ichiro Miki in Japanese , and by Kirk Thornton in English . Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio ( edit ) A pair of A-Class heroes . Golden Ball ( 黄金 ボール , Ōgon Bōru ) , introduced as rank 29 , wears a skullcap and a letter jacket with his name on the front and the back . He often has a lollipop in his mouth . His weapon of choice is a slingshot , which he uses to fire golden balls made by a special metal that morph into bullets of various caliber and design . Spring Mustachio ( バネヒゲ , Bane Hige ) , introduced at rank 33 , wears a tuxedo and has a black mustache that he likes to stroke . He uses a rapier called Tomboy that can coil like a spring and that can extend several street blocks . He and Golden Ball work together on missions . They later face Garo , but are defeated . In the anime , Golden Ball 's slingshot has a laser sight . Golden Ball is voiced by Sota Arai in Japanese , and by Kaiji Tang in English . Spring Mustachio is voiced by Makoto Yasumura in Japanese , and by David W. Collins in English . Lightning Max ( edit ) Lightning Max ( イナズ マックス , Inazumakkusu ) is a young prodigious karateka who wears a sports outfit , has his hair slicked back to a point , and has a lightning symbol on his left cheek . He is ranked 20 in A-Class . He was called to City Z to look for the rumored monster in City Z after the creature had defeated Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio , but he came to the scene after it was already beaten by Saitama . He is among the superheroes that were defeated by the Sea King , and is also seen in the Dark Matter Invasion storyline where he and Stinger help Mumen Rider in a rescue operation . In the anime , he and Smile Man were sent to A-City at the start of the series to stop Vaccine Man , but are defeated . He later participates in the martial arts tournament where he is eliminated by Suiryu . Voiced by Ben Pronsky in English . Stinger ( edit ) Stinger ( スティンガー , Sutingā ) is a popular fighter introduced as A-Class , Rank 11 . He wears a tight black suit made of bandages He wields a spear called Bamboo Shoot . In the battle against the Clan of the Seafolk , he takes down many Clan members until the Sea King shows up and defeats him . In the Dark Matter invasion storyline he and Lightning Max assist Mumen Rider in rescue operations . He was also involved in the `` Lost Cat '' side story where he fights Grizz - Meow . In the side story `` Numbers '' , he is listed as rank 10 . In the anime , Stinger is voiced by Tomokazu Seki in Japanese , and by Chris Hackney in English . Amai Mask ( edit ) Handsome Kamen Amai Mask ( イケメン 仮面 アマイマスク , Ikemen Kamen Amai Masuku ) is a beautiful model , singer , and actor , and the top superhero by popularity for over 28 weeks . He is very narcissistic , having a philosophy that heroes should be `` tough , strong , and beautiful as well as be able to promptly and splendidly eradicate evil . '' He is also part of the promotion process for any rank 1 heroes who want to advance to the next class , although he mostly cares about those entering A-class or above . Despite his charisamatic exterior , he has a strong hatred for anything evil , and is rather merciless , executing Boros 's captured subordinates on the crash - landed alien ship . He purposely stays at A-Class , rank 1 , so as to prevent other A-Class members from applying to be S - Class without his blessing . In the anime , he is voiced by Mamoru Miyano in Japanese , and by Ben Lepley in English Atomic Samurai 's disciples ( edit ) Atomic Samurai has three A-Class disciples : Iaian ( イアイアン , anime : Iairon ) ( Rank 2 ) who wears an iron helmet and wields a long sword so that he resembles that of a medieval knight . He accompanied Atomic Samurai to the S - Class meeting in City A , and was caught by the destruction of the city during the Dark Matter Thieves invasion . During the fight , he loses his helmet and then his left forearm to Melzargard . Iaian is voiced by Yoshimasa Hosoya in Japanese , and by Xander Mobus in English . Okama Itachi ( オ カマイタチ , Okamaitachi ) , at rank 3 , is the second of the Atomic Samurai 's three disciples . He cross-dresses as a woman and uses a technique with his katana to create huge blades of wind by slashing the air . During the attack at the Monster Association , he was one of the selected hero sent to attack the enemy headquarter . He fought together with Iaian and Bushi Drill against Devil Long Hair , killing him after a harsh battle . Bushi Drill ( ブシドリル , Bushidoriru ) , at rank 4 , dresses like a Japanese samurai from the Edo Period and is the third of Atomic Samurai 's disciples . His main weapon seems to be some sort of a great drill . During the attack at the Monster Association he was one of the selected hero sent to attack the enemy headquarter ; he fought together with Okama Itachi and Iaian against Devil Long Hair , killing him after a harsh battle . Heavy Tank loincloth ( edit ) Heavy Tank Loincloth ( 重 戦車 フンドシ , Jūsensha Fundoshi ) , rank 5 , is a massive hero in a light - colored loincloth who was called to protect Sitch in a meeting with the criminals . Blue fire ( edit ) Blue Fire ( ブルー ファイア , Burū Faia ) , rank 6 , wears a kung fu gi and wields small flame throwers underneath the sleeves of his coat that he uses to burn his foes . He serves as a bodyguard to Sitch during the meeting with the criminals , but loses his hand to Garo . Magicman ( edit ) Magicman ( テジナーマン , Tejinā Man ) , rank 7 , is dressed like a magician with top hat with a question mark on it . He serves as a bodyguard to Sitch during the meeting with the criminals . Other A-Class superheroes ( edit ) Smile Man ( スマイル マン , Sumairu Man ) , rank 27 , wears a costume with a smile face on it . He wields a large kendama as his main weapon . In the anime , he and Lightning Max were sent to A-City at the start of the series to stop Vaccine Man , but they get battered and beaten by the monster with ease . He makes other occasional support appearances . Lightning Genji ( 電光 ゲンジ , Raikō Genji ) , rank 17 , is a superhero who wears roller skates and fights using two stun batons . He was sent alone to D - City to investigate the monsters there . He was also involved in the `` Lost Cat '' side story where he fights Grizz - Meow . Heavy Kong ( ヘビィコング , Hebī Kongu ) , rank 34 , is a tall , bald - headed , bearded , and muscular man resembling a caveman and wearing a belt buckle with the word Kong on it . He watches over W City . He fought with other A-Class heroes against Grizz - Meow , but was defeated . He is also attacked by Marshall Gorilla . Peach Terry ( 桃 テリー , Momo Terī ) , rank 30 , wears a samurai vest and headband with a peach on it . He and Heavy Kong fought Grizz - Meow , but was defeated . He also appears against the Monster Association . Chain'n'toad ( 鎖 ガマ , Kusarigama ) , rank 36 , is a skilled martial artist who wears a judo suit with a frog mask on the head because he was unremarkable otherwise . The mask has made him more popular with kids . He uses a kusarigama to fight . He is seen in the battles against the Monster Association , and appears in several side stories including `` Pork Cutlet Bowl '' where he tries to help a police station defend itself from monsters , and `` Taste '' where he enters a hero costume contest . B - Class superheroes ( edit ) B - Class ( B 級 , B - kyū ) is the next tier of superheroes in the association . The B - Class superheroes have recur in the series are : Tank - Top Blackhole ( edit ) Tank - Top Blackhole ( タンク トップ ブラック ホール , Tankutoppu Burakku Hōru ) , listed as rank 81 , wears a black tank top and is one of the many brothers related to Tank - Top Master . He persuades the crowd to go against Saitama for being a poor hero who had damaged the town by shattering the meteor . He and Tank - Top Tiger then try to fight Saitama but are defeated . He appears in the `` Lost Cat '' side story , where he and Tank - Top Tiger were appointed to keep everyone out of a danger zone . He also joined the tank top fighters against Garo , but is defeated . Blizzard ( edit ) Hellish Blizzard ( 地獄 の フブキ , Jigoku no Fubuki ) , is a woman with short dark green hair and the top - ranking member of the B - Class heroes . She is in charge of a large faction ( over 30 people ) within the Hero Association called the Blizzard Bunch ( フブキ 組 , Fubuki - gumi ) . As an esper , she uses an `` inborn psychic ability to defeat monsters '' . Her older sister is Tornado . She is notorious for recruiting members for her group , but while she appears confident and calm on the surface , she is actually very insecure and frustrated from living in the shadow of her older sister . When she was offered a chance to enter A-Class , she refused as she would have a much harder chance to advance there , and instead recruited others in B - Class believing their collective strength would help her . When the Monster Association launches an initial attack , she finds herself having to defend against her own Blizzard Bunch who were enslaved by a dominatrix - like monster . She overcomes being mind controlled and is able to fend them off with help from Tornado , causing the monster to retreat . In the anime , Blizzard is voiced by Saori Hayami in Japanese , and by Laura Post in English . Some of Blizzard 's notable subordinates are : Eyelashes ( マツゲ , Matsuge ) , rank 2 , a hero with long eyelashes wearing a black suit , is the second - in - command of the Blizzard Bunch . Wild Monkey ( 山猿 , Yama Zaru ) , rank 3 , is a very tall man wearing a black suit , and is paired with Eyelashes as Blizzard 's subordinates in the Blizzard Bunch . Triple - Staff Lilly ( 三節 棍 の リリー , Sansetsukon no Rirī ) , rank 74 in the anime , is a young woman with an hasp on the hair similar to a flower . She fights with a three - section staff . Other B - Class superheroes ( edit ) Mushroom ( マッシュルーム , Masshurūmu ) , rank 93 in the anime , is a girl with a mushroom - styled haircut . She wears a bandit mask and mushroom - styled shoulder pads . She and fellow hero Horsebone investigated activities in City H . Jet Niceguy ( ジェット ナイスガイ , Jetto Naisu Gai ) , rank 50 in the anime , is a cyborg who resembles Mumen Rider , wearing boxing gloves . He and the other minor heroes fight Deep Sea King at the shelter , but are defeated . Pineapple is a superhero that 's dressed like a pineapple with slice - shaped shoulder pads . He and Mohican help escort Narinki and his son away from the monsters , but run into trouble with Rhino Wrestler . Darkness Blade ( ダークネス ブレイド , Dākunesu Bureido ) , rank 50 , is a young swordsman with a cross-shaped scar on his right cheek , wearing a black armor with fantasy decorations and fighting with a long sword . During the side story `` Sense '' , Darkness Blade participated in the Hero Costume Contest and fought a monster that crashed the contest . He also appeared in the other side story `` Numbers '' where he was one of the heroes that Child Emperor assessed power levels . C - Class superheroes ( edit ) C - Class ( C 級 , C - kyū ) is the lowest tier of the Hero Association . Members must regularly perform heroic acts , usually those of helping civilians or petty criminals . Those who are inactive for one week are removed from the Hero Registry . Among the C - Class superheroes are : Mumen Rider ( edit ) Mumen Rider ( 無 免 ライダー , Mumen Raidā ) , initially listed as Class - C , Rank 1 is a hero who rides around on a bicycle . He first appears against Hammerhead and the Paradisers , and although he is defeated , he is given credit for defeating them. he is given credit for defeating the Paradisers . He is a parody of Kamen Rider . Despite not being physically strong , Mumen Rider is compassionate and brave , often throwing himself into dangerous situations without hesitation in order to save others , even if it means his death . He befriends Saitama during and after the battle with the Deep Sea King , and is one of the first few heroes to acknowledge the latter 's true strength . In a battle against Garo , he stops Tank - Top Master from injuring Garo further , although that enables Garo to counterattack and defeat Tank - Top Master as well as the entire tank top gang and Rider himself . He is visited by Saitama in the hospital . In the anime , Mumen Rider is voiced by Yuichi Nakamura in Japanese , and by Robbie Daymond in English . Tank - top Tiger ( edit ) Tank - Top Tiger ( タンク トップ タイガー , Tankutoppu Taigā ) , introduced as C - Class , Rank 6 , wears a tank top and hair colored in a tiger animal print . He accuses Saitama of being a villain because he was rushing around town searching for bad guys for the purpose of maintaining his C - Class position . However , he is defeated by Sonic . He has several older tank - top wearing brothers who are in the association . After a giant meteor was destroyed by Saitama , Tank - Top Tiger and Tank - Top Blackhole confronted Saitama in front of a crowd of people . They tried to attack Saitama only to be easily defeated by him . He appears in the `` Lost Cat '' side story , where he and Tank - Top Blackhole were appointed to keep everyone out of a danger zone . He also joined the tank top fighters against Garo , but is defeated . Tank - top Tiger is voiced by Hiromu Miyazaki in Japanese , and by Chris Tergliafera in English . Other C - Class superheroes ( edit ) Some of the minor superheroes that recur in the series include : Armored Assistant Manager ( アーマード 係長 , Āmādo Kakarichō , also Armored Section Head ) , rank 111 , is a middle - aged bespectacled businessman whose arms and legs are covered with some sort of mechanical armor . He appears in several side stories including `` Pork Cutlet Bowl '' where a police station is attacked , as well as `` Tornado 's Day Off '' where he fights a hot dog monster . Mohican , a hero with a mohawk hairstyle and a star makeup over his left eye . He and Pineapple , try to help protect Hero Association patron Nirinki and his son when they are attacked by the Centipedes . Horsebone ( ウマボーン , Uma - Bōn ) , rank 283 in the anime , wears a horse head and a business suit . His hands are hooves . He and fellow hero Mushroom are sent to watch over City H . Bunbun Man ( ブンブン マン , Bunbun Man ) , rank 331 in the anime , is a man with an afro haircut and wearing a long sleeve shirt that has the kanji for `` Fist '' written on . He helps Allback Man against the Deep Sea King in the shelter , but is defeated . Allback - Man ( オール バック マン , Ōrubakku Man ) wears a uniform that resembles that of race car drivers with a bunch of different badges and patches . He is first seen when Deep Sea King breaks open a shelter , and tries to defend the civilians until help can come , knowing he does n't stand a chance against Demon or higher level monsters . D - Pad ( 十字 キー , Jūji - Kī ) , rank 25 in the anime , wears a mask and a costume that is styled like video game controller pads . He and Funeral Suspenders were looking after a monster corpse left by Saitama . He is popular with the kids . He and Funeral Suspenders later try to thwart a bank robbery by A-Class criminal Bull - Bull . Funeral Suspenders ( 喪服 サスペンダー , Mofuku Sasupendā ) , rank 44 in the anime , is a man with glasses , a black suit and tie , and a pair of white suspenders that he wears outside the suit . He fights along with D - Pad and first appeared in a bonus manga chapter where they were dealing with one of Saitama 's monster kills , and then tried to thwart a bank robbery by A-Class criminal Bull - Bull . When D - Pad grabs his suspenders , he is able to spin around and attack multiple enemies at once in a whirlwind . Battery Man ( 電池 マン , Denchi Man ) , rank 85 in the anime , is a young hero suited with a strange mechanical armor which covers most of his body . He decided to intervene to the case of the rumored monster in Z - City after the creature defeated Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio , but he came to the scene after it was already beaten by Saitama . Gasmask Cowboy ( ガス マスク カウボーイ , Gasumasuku Kaubōi ) , rank 141 in the anime , is a strange hero which appears like a cowboy with a gas mask on the face , carrying a lariat with him , probably his primary arm . He was seen most of the time with other C - Class heroes , presumably because he prefers to combine strength against emergencies , rather than fight them alone . During the Surprise - Attack Plum side story , he was one of the many heroes which tried to attack the monster that was devastating a police station in order to get a lot of credits , since it was an important emergency . However , he arrives at the scene when Saitama has already killed the monster . During a side story , Gasmask Cowboy participated in the first Hero Costume Contest . He is voiced by Ryōta Yano . Hyottoko ( ひょっとこ , Hyottoko ) , rank 347 in the anime , is one of many C - Classes dressed with a funny costume ; his outfit looks like that of the typical Japanese thief and he also wears a mask resembling a strange face with only his eyes uncovered . He was seen most of the time with other C - Class heroes , presumably because he prefers to combine strength against emergencies , rather than fight them alone . During Garo 's `` hero hunt '' , Red Nose claimed to Studless and Hyottoko that they could defeat Garo if they attack him together just because he 's still simply a human . When Red Nose was about to show off his own martial arts skills to them , Garo himself appeared behind him and mercilessly beat up all of them . Other hero Association characters ( edit ) Agōni ( edit ) Agoni ( アゴーニ , Agōni ) is an old man dresses in a formal business suit , characterized by his enormous cleft chin . He lives in A-City and founded the Hero Association three years before the show began . Agoni came up with this idea when his big cleft - chinned grandson was attacked by Crablante and his life was saved by a bypassing stranger ( which was Saitama ) . Agoni was so moved by this he created the Hero Association and the Superhero Registry to create and manage superheroes who would protect humanity against supervillains , monsters , and other threats to the world . Sitch ( edit ) Sitch ( シッチ , Shicchi ) is the Disaster Prophecies Measures Committee Chairman for the Hero Association . He is a short , middle - aged man dressed with a dark smoking hair and a big nose . He is first seen in the Rumored Monster arc , discussing with other Hero Association members about the investigations being perpetrated by heroes in the various cities , in order to prevent eventual monsters activity . During the S - Class meeting , Sitch informs the S - Class members about the final prophecy of Madame Shibabawa , which predicted a disaster level `` God '' threat that will cause the destruction of whole humanity in the next six months . He later attempts to recruit potential superheroes from a group of criminals , but runs in trouble when Garo appears and declares himself to be the top villain . Sitch is voiced by Nobuo Tobita in Japanese and by Kirk Thornton in English . Narinki ( edit ) Narinki ( ナリンキ , Narikin ) is a short man with a big nose and large lips who is a prominent sponsor of the Hero Association . He has a son named Waganma ( ワガンマ ) who also has his traits . The son is abducted by the Monster Association . Villains and monsters ( edit ) The villains are classified by their bounties from C - class to A-class . The monsters in the series are categorized by five threat levels : God ( can cause human extinction ) , Dragon ( can destroy multiple towns ) , Demon ( can destroy a town ) , Tiger ( can cause massive loss of life ) , and Wolf ( generally dangerous ) . Vaccine Man ( edit ) Vaccine Man ( ワクチン マン , Wakuchin Man ) appears in the first chapter and episode of the series . He was born out of the massive pollution of the earth and his mission is to eradicate the virus known as humanity . In the anime , Vaccine Man is voiced by Ryusei Nakao in Japanese , and by Christopher R. Sabat in English . Crablante ( edit ) Crablante ( カニランテ , Kanirante ) is a mutant monster resembling a humanoid crab from the waist up and a human from the waist down . Originally a human , he transformed into Crablante because he ate too many crabs , and then went on a murderous rampage to get revenge on a child who drew nipples on his chest while he was asleep . Fukegao and Marugori ( edit ) Fukegao ( フケガオ ) and Marugori ( マルゴリ ) are brothers who planned on conquering the world . Fukegao is a scientist who created a drink that transformed Marugori to an extremely big giant . Together they are known in the anime as the Brain and Brawn Brothers ( 天才 と 筋肉 兄弟 , Tensai to Kinniku Kyōdai ) . Fukegao is voiced by Takuma Suzuki in Japanese and by Kirk Thornton in English . Marugori is voiced by Shinya Hamazoe in Japanese and by Bryce Papenbrook in English Subterraneans ( edit ) In the early chapters , Saitama had a dream about the Subterranean people ( 地底 人 , Chitei - jin ) , a race of underground creatures that rose to wreak havoc on the city , destroying 70 % of the population . The Subterranean King ( 地底 王 , Chiteiō ) was an especially powerful opponent . But after Saitama woke up , he found the Subterraneans to be very weak , that after he killed the king , the others retreated . Mosquito girl ( edit ) Mosquito Girl ( モスキート 娘 , Mosukīto Musume ) is a female insectoid girl . She telepathically communicates with mosquitoes with a range of 50 km , getting them to drain every living being in sight . She can also have the mosquitos bring her the blood , regenerate her limbs and become even stronger . In the anime , she is voiced by Miyuki Sawashiro in Japanese , and by Cristina Vee in English . House of Evolution ( edit ) The House of Evolution ( 進化 の 家 , Shinka no Ie ) is a group created to further human evolution and take over the world . It includes animal - like creatures such as mantis creature Kamakyuri ( カマキュリー ) ; slug creature Slugrus ( ナメクジャラス , Namekujarasu ) ; frog creature Frog - Man ( カエル 男 , Kaeru Otoko ) , gorilla cyborg Armored Gorilla ( アーマード ゴリラ , Āmādo Gorira ) ; mole creature Ground Dragon ( グランド ドラゴン , Gurando Doragon ) ; lion - beast creature Beast King ( 獣 王 , Jūō ) ; and the doctor 's ultimate creature Carnage Kabuto ( 阿修羅 カブト , Ashura Kabuto ) Doctor Genus ( edit ) Doctor Genus ( ジーナス 博士 , Jīnasu - hakase ) is a genius scientist who wanted to make humans evolve , but his ideas were shunned by society . When he was 70 years old , he made himself young and then created a number of clones of himself . He performed genetic experiments on animals and then humans to fashion new species in a lab known as the House of Evolution . After all of his creations were completely defeated by Saitama , he resolves to change and he opens a takoyaki restaurant with Armored Gorilla . Genus is voiced by Daisuke Namikawa in Japanese , and by Ray Chase in English . Hammerhead ( edit ) Hammerhead ( ハンマー ヘッド , Hanmāheddo ) is a leader of the Paradisers ( 桃源 団 , Tōgen - dan ) , known in the original webcomic as New Metropolis Group ( 新 都 団 , Shinto - dan ) , a terrorist group proclaiming that the society is corrupt because rich people grow fat while poor people die and have to work . He is seven feet tall and weighs 462 pounds , and was known to have beaten 20 men at once . Although he is stabbed in the back of his head by one of Sonic 's knives , he survives because of his thick skull . He has a hardened battle suit that he stole from an unspecified organization , but it is destroyed by Saitama . After being defeated by Saitama and surviving an assassination attempt from the unknown organization representatives , he resolves to look for a job , and is seen in later chapters preparing for a job interview or filling out a job application . Hammerhead is voiced by Edward Bosco in the English version of the anime . Sonic ( edit ) Speed - o ' - Sound Sonic ( 音速 の ソニック , Onsoku no Sonikku ) is introduced as a ninja bodyguard for rich man Zeniru . He is deployed to fight the Paradisers . He warns them that when he fights , he kills his opponent . He is incredibly fast although Saitama and Genos thinks his full name is redundant , uses ninja weapons such as kunai throwing knives and a sword that can behead people and slice things . Although his first fight with Saitama results in his groin accidentally landing on Saitama 's fist , he vows to come back and defeat Saitama . He declares himself Saitama 's official rival and challenges him many times throughout the series , but he almost always suffers some sort of embarrassing defeat . He was imprisoned as Prisoner 4188 but escapes with Puri - Puri Prisoner . When Sitch gathers villains to recruit for superheroes , he is one of the first to publicly decline and leave . He later tries to ingest the monster cells in order to become one , but it was made ineffective when he had cooked the cells first . In the anime , Sonic is voiced by Yūki Kaji in Japanese , and by Erik Scott Kimerer in English . Kombu Infinity ( edit ) Kombu Infinity ( 昆布 インフィニティ , Kombu Infiniti ) is a kombu ( a type of Japanese seaweed ) monster who manipulates its tentacles like whips . Kombu Infinity travels to Z City , hoping to be a notorious monster and have a title like Ghost Town Monster . It easily defeats A-Class heroes Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio , but is defeated by Saitama who had randomly encountered him after a grocery shopping trip , and is stripped of all its tentacles to make kombu soup . Kombu is voiced by Ami Naitō in Japanese , and by Tara Sands in English . Deep Sea King ( edit ) The Deep Sea King ( 深海 王 , Shinkaiō ) is the self - proclaimed leader of the Clan of the Seafolk ( 海 人族 , Kaijin - zoku ) . He is a large , muscular piscine humanoid adorned with a crown and a royal cape . He easily defeats Stinger and Lightning Max , and is hardly bothered by Puri - Puri Prisoner . He grows in power when hydrated , such as when he is in the rain . He can project corrosive spit and unleash a moray tongue that has a little mouth at its end . In the anime , he is voiced by Rikiya Koyama in Japanese , and by Keith Silverstein in English . Ancient King ( edit ) Exclusive to the anime , the Ancient King ( 古代 王 , Kodaiō ) is a colossal , nearly - humanoid reptilian leader of the Terror Lizard Clan . Awakening from his 300 million year slumber , the Ancient King decides to take advantage of the deaths of the Subterranean King and the Deep Sea King . He does a number on the military before being slain by Tornado . Sky King ( edit ) The Sky King ( 天空 王 , Tenkūō ) was a flying villain who briefly appeared atop City A where the S - class headquarters was , hoping to take advantage of ruling the world now that Deep Sea King and others are gone . However , he got in the way of Melzargard , who easily smashed him into pieces with his mallet . Dark Matter Thieves ( edit ) The Dark Matter Thieves ( 暗黒 盗賊 団 ダーク マター , Ankoku Tōzoku - dan Dāku Matā ) are a group of aliens that attack City A during a summit of the S - Class superheroes . They came to the planet because they were bored and got a prophecy from Madame Shibabawa saying that they would be challenged there . They are led by Boros ( ボロス , Borosu ) . , a large one - eyed humanoid with spiky hair who can power up and regenerate , and required Saitama to resort to a `` serious punch '' to defeat . Supporting Boros are Melzargard ( メルザルガルド , Meruzarugarudo ) , a giant , grotesque , five - headed shape - shifting alien ; Groribas ( グロ リバース , Guroribāu ) , a humanoid with a Venus flytrap for a head and hands . ; and Geryuganshoop ( ゲリュガンシュプ , Geryuganshupu ) , a shadowy squid - like creature that can use telekenesis . Garo ( edit ) Garo ( ガロウ , Garō ) is a former disciple of Bang , but he was expelled by his master for mercilessly beating up the other disciples . He first appears in the assembly of criminals in which Sitch tries to recruit superheroes . However , he declares he will become the top villain , and starts beating down any challengers as well as the A-Class superheroes who were guarding Sitch . As a kid , he sympathized with the villains on television shows because they had always lost to the heroes . After leaving the villain meeting , he goes on a `` hero hunt '' , beating down random heroes including the Tank - Top Master and his gang . Although he knows Bang 's Fist of Flowing Water Crushing Rock technique , he does n't like to use it unless he has no other choice . He takes an interest in Hero Association profiles , and is able to plan for their strengths and weaknesses . Garo continues his rampage against the heroes , defeating Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio . However , when he is casually knocked down by Saitama , he feels like he needs to up his game , and goes after Metal Bat . He was a former champion of a martial arts tournament where he had donned a Wolfman mask . Monster Association ( edit ) The Monster Association ( 怪人 協会 , Kaijin Kyōkai ) is a group of monsters who have assembled against the Hero Association . They use monster balls that when ingested , can transform humans into monsters . It is led by `` Monster King '' Orochi ( `` 怪人 王 '' オロチ , Kaijin - ō Orochi ) Some of its notable members include : Centipede : Centikohai ( ムカデ 後輩 , Mukade Kōhai ) is a great human - faced centipede monster who surfaces from underground to go after the Hero Association 's sponsor Narinki and his son at a restaurant . He is defeated by Metal Bat , however , Centisenpai ( ムカデ 先輩 , Mukade Senpai ) , with multiple human faces , takes his place as a stronger opponent . He too is defeated , but then Centichoro ( ムカデ 長老 , Mukade Chōrō ) arrives and fights off Metal Bat , hurling him out of range where he has to fight Garo , and then fights Metal Knight . When Rhino is able to capture Narinki 's son , Elder digs a tunnel for them to escape . Marshall Gorilla ( マーシャル ゴリラ , Māsharu Gorira ) is a gorilla monster dressed in a military outfit . He fights using a military knife . When many of the members of the Monster Association showed off and attacked various cities simultaneously , Marshall Gorilla attacked W - City , and defeated A-Class hero Heavy Kong . Rhino Wrestler ( サイ レスラー , Sai Resurā ) is an anthropomorphic rhinoceros dressed like a professional wrestler , and is part of the Monster As He asserted that he trained his body as hard as he could , holding back his blood lust , to reach the objective of eradicate every hero existing . He was able to stop Pineapple and Mohican , and abduct Hero Association sponsor Narinki 's son . Monster Princess Super S ( 怪人 姫 弩 S , Kaijin Hime Do S ) is a female dominatrix monster of the Monster Association who uses her whip to turn her opponents into love slaves . She is able to enslave the Blizzard Bunch , but Blizzard herself is able to fight off the whipping . Gouketsu ( ゴウケツ ) is a fierce four - eyed monster of the Monster Association . A former champion , he was defeated by the monsters and then captured , and was offered monster powers to make himself stronger . He defeats Genos , and then offers the monster cells to the tournament fighters . Other characters ( edit ) Kuseno ( edit ) Dr. Kuseno ( クセーノ 博士 , Kusēno - hakase ) is a scientist of justice who transformed Genos into a cyborg . In the anime he appears as a strange old man in a lab coat , with a grey hair styled in the shape of a mushroom cap . Though he supports Genos in the latter 's quest to avenge his family and hometown , he also implies that he wishes for Genos to give up on revenge and just focus on protecting people . In the anime , Kuseno is voiced by Kenichi Ogata in Japanese , and by Doug Stone in English . Zenīru ( edit ) Zeniru ( ゼニール , Zenīru ) is a slightly rotund middle - aged multi-millionaire established in F - City , with a strange short curly type of hair . He wears an open bath robe , which reveals a hairy chest and a chain necklace . He hires Sonic as his bodyguard to take out the Paradisers , and allows Sonic to kill them . Shibabawa ( edit ) Shibabawa ( シババワ ) is an old decrepit lady that was renowned for being a great fortune teller that resided in G - City , which appeared on television on a few occasions . Even though she only predicted a fraction of disasters and there were many that she could not foresee , her predictions were 100 % accurate . Because of that , she received special treatment from the Hero Association itself , such as personal escorts . Shibabawa later died from a coughing fit that led to her choking on her cough drops after making a prediction about a God - level threat that would come in the next six months . Voiced by Barbara Goodson in English . Charanko ( edit ) Charanko ( チャランコ ) is the sole martial artist at Bang 's dojo . He joined and trained in martial arts in order to become popular but did not amount to much and was given most of the menial tasks such as wiping the floors . He worked for a year until Bang 's other disciples quit , making him the `` number - one disciple '' . He tries to fight Garo but is defeated and hospitalized . He then gives his contestant ticket for the martial arts tournament to Saitama . Bomb ( edit ) Bomb ( ボンブ , Bonbu ) is Bang 's older brother and a powerful martial arts master . His specialty is the `` Fist of Whirling Wind , Slashing Steel '' ( 旋風 鉄 斬 拳 , Senpū Tetsuzan - ken ) . Bomb is first introduced during Garo 's `` hero hunt '' , when Bang came to his dojo in order to ask the brother to help him stop his former disciple and Bomb accepted , finding Garo as a possible future threat for his dojo as well . Sourface ( edit ) Sourface ( ニガムシ , Nigamushi ) is a rather large muscular man with a huge and hostile face which is a professional martial artist always dressed with a white gi . Sourface was once a disciple of Bang , but left after Garo rampaged through the dojo ; sometime afterwards , he created the Sourface - style Kempo martial arts and started his own dojo . He meets Saitama at the martial arts tournament thinking that he is talking to Charanko . Suiryū ( edit ) Suiryu ( スイリュー , Suiryū ) is a young man with tan skin and a low ponytail , he wears a traditional black uniform used in Chinese martial arts with star - like buttons . He was a runner - up in the previous tournament , losing to Garo in a wolfman mask . He had won four consecutive tournaments before . He is very popular and has lot of female admirers , but does not want to be a hero , preferring to be a free spirit . He advances to the finals in the tournament that Saitama entered , but is unable to beat Saitama . However , he wins when Saitama is disqualified . Shortly afterwards , when the Monster Association converts many of his opponents into monsters , he cries for help and Saitama rescues him , after which he vows to become a hero . Works cited ( edit ) ^ ^ `` Ch . '' and Vol. is shortened form for chapter and volume in the One - Punch Man manga ^ `` Ep . '' is shortened form for episode and refers to an episode number of the One - Punch Man anime Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A list of Tank - Top members is provided in Vol. 9 Jump up ^ The Mumen in Mumen Rider 's name translates to `` no driver 's license '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yuuki Kaji , Aoi Yūki Join One - Punch Man TV Anime 's Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Max Mittelman Stars in One - Punch Man English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ヒーロー 協会 本部 . `` TV アニメ 「 ワン パンマン 」 公式 サイト '' . TV アニメ 「 ワン パンマン 」 公式 サイト . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Select `` Class S '' . ^ Jump up to : `` One - Punch Man Is Coming to Toonami ! '' . Viz Media . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://onepunchman-anime.net/staff/ ^ Jump up to : `` Yūichi Nakamura , Takahiro Sakurai , 3 More Join One - Punch Man Anime Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viz Media Reveals One - Punch Man Dub Cast For Episodes 7 - 12 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ヒーロー 協会 本部 . `` TV アニメ 「 ワン パンマン 」 公式 サイト '' . TV アニメ 「 ワン パンマン 」 公式 サイト . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` One - Punch Man TV Anime Casts Saori Hayami , Mamoru Miyano '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One - Punch Man Anime Cast Adds Rikiya Koyama , Toshiyuki Morikawa '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Anime official website characters list ( in Japanese ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One-Punch_Man_characters&oldid=815743614 '' Categories : Lists of anime and manga characters One - Punch Man Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-6815803644751203408 | Christmas in July | Christmas in July - wikipedia Christmas in July For the 1940 film , see Christmas in July ( film ) . For the 1979 film , see Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July . Christmas in July Promotional material for 2007 Christmas in Winter festival in Tulbagh , South Africa Also known as Midwinter Christmas , Christmas in Winter , Christmas in Summer Christmas in July is a Christmas celebration held in the month of July , the nature of which differs by hemisphere . Contents 1 Origins 2 Celebrations 2.1 Southern Hemisphere 2.2 Northern Hemisphere 2.2. 1 Christmas in August ( Yellowstone , USA ) 3 References 4 External links Origins ( edit ) Werther , an 1892 French opera with libretto by Édouard Blau , Paul Milliet , and Georges Hartmann , had an English translation published in 1894 by Elizabeth Beall Ginty . In the story , a group of children rehearses a Christmas song in July , to which a character responds : `` When you sing Christmas in July , you rush the season . '' It is a translation of the French : `` vous chantez Noël en juillet ... c'est s'y prendre à l'avance . '' This opera is based on Goethe 's The Sorrows of Young Werther . Christmas features in the book , but July does not . In 1935 , the National Recreation Association 's journal Recreation described what a Christmas in July was like at a girl 's camp , writing that `` all mystery and wonder surround this annual event . '' The term , if not the exact concept , was given national attention with the release of the Hollywood movie comedy Christmas in July in 1940 , written and directed by Preston Sturges . In the story , a man is fooled into believing he has won $25,000 in an advertising slogan contest . He buys presents for family , friends , and neighbors , and proposes marriage to his girlfriend . In 1942 , the Calvary Baptist Church in Washington , D.C. celebrated Christmas in July with carols and the sermon `` Christmas Presents in July '' . They repeated it in 1943 , with a Christmas tree covered with donations . The pastor explained that the special service was patterned after a program held each summer at his former church in Philadelphia , when the congregation would present Christmas gifts early to give ample time for their distribution to missions worldwide . It became an annual event , and in 1945 , the service began to be broadcast over local radio . The U.S. Post Office and U.S. Army and Navy officials , in conjunction with the American advertising and greeting card industries , threw a Christmas in July luncheon in New York in 1944 to promote an early Christmas mailing campaign for service men overseas during World War II . The luncheon was repeated in 1945 . American advertisers began using Christmas in July themes in print for summertime sales as early as 1950 . In the United States , it is more often used as a marketing tool than an actual holiday . Television stations may choose to re-run Christmas specials , and many stores have Christmas in July sales . Some individuals choose to celebrate Christmas in July themselves , typically as an intentionally transparent excuse to have a party . This is in part because most bargainers tend to sell Christmas goods around July to make room for next year 's inventory . Celebrations ( edit ) Southern hemisphere ( edit ) Christmas in July promotional banner in Melbourne , Australia . In the Southern Hemisphere , seasons are in reverse to the Northern Hemisphere , with summer falling in December , January , and February , and with winter falling in June , July , and August . Therefore , in some southern hemisphere countries , such as Comoros , Madagascar , Bolivia , Angola , French Polynesia , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Samoa and South Africa , Christmas in July or Midwinter Christmas events are undertaken in order to have Christmas with a winter feel in common with the northern hemisphere . These countries still celebrate Christmas on December 25 , in their summer , like the northern hemisphere . Northern hemisphere ( edit ) In the Northern Hemisphere , a Christmas in July celebration is deliberately ironic ; the July climate is typically hot and either sunny or rainy , as opposed to the cold and snowy conditions traditionally associated with Christmas celebrations in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere . Some people throw parties during July that mimic Christmas celebrations , bringing the atmosphere of Christmas but with warmer temperatures . Parties may include Santa Claus , ice cream and other cold foods , and gifts . Nightclubs often host parties open to the public . Christmas in July is usually recognized as July 12 but also sometimes celebrated on July 25 . The Hallmark Channel and its companion outlets ( Hallmark Drama and Hallmark Movies & Mysteries ) run blocks of their original Christmas television films in July to coincide with the release of the Keepsake Ornaments in stores , thus literally making the event a Hallmark holiday ( an accusation that Hallmark Cards officially denies ) . Every July , the television home shopping channel QVC has Christmas in July sales , mostly decor and early gift ideas for children . What was once a 24 - hour block of holiday shopping every July 25 ( or the closest weekend day to it ) has become a month - long event : generally , the sales begin on July 1 and are showcased throughout the day , with various blocks of holiday sale programming sales throughout the month . Generally during the last week of July , QVC will dedicate entire days to holiday sales . There is also Christmas in June . In some western countries , July has a limited number of marketing opportunities . In the United States and Canada , for example , there are no national holidays between the first week of July ( Canada Day on July 1 in Canada and American Independence Day on July 4 in the United States ) and Labor / Labour Day ( the first Monday in September for both the US and Canada ) , leaving a stretch of about two months with no holidays ( some Canadian provinces hold a Civic Holiday , but neither Canada nor the United States has ever recognized a national holiday during that month ) . The late July period provides relatively few opportunities for merchandising , since it is typically after the peak of summer product sales in June and early July , but before the `` back to school '' shopping period begins in August . Therefore , to justify sales promotions , shops ( such as Leon 's in Canada ) will sometimes announce a `` Christmas in July '' sale . In parts of Denmark people may have small Christmas celebrations and put up decorations for what is known as ' Jul i Juli ' ( translated as ' Christmas in July ' ) . It is a simple play on words that has come to be celebrated by some , although it is not an official holiday . Christmas in August ( Yellowstone , usa ) ( edit ) In the 1950s , the Christmas in July celebration became a Christmas in August celebration at Yellowstone National Park , to accommodate ACMNP 's annual performance of Handel 's Messiah . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is christmas in July '' . karenlangston.com. 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Act I , Scene II . Jump up ^ `` opera - Later opera in France music '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in July '' , Recreation , 1935 , vol. 29 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Christmas in July , Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ Sturges , Preston ( 1940 - 10 - 18 ) , Christmas in July , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ `` Christmas in July Theme of Calvary Church Service '' , The Washington Post , July 11 , 1942 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Calvary Baptist Church Holds ' Christmas - in - July ' Service '' , The Washington Post , July 12 , 1943 , p . B1 . Jump up ^ Jones , Russ . `` Christmas in July ? Bah Humbug ! '' . www.christianpress.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Christmas in July ' Luncheon Opens Drive To Speed Gift Mailing to Armed Forces '' , The New York Times , July 28 , 1944 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ever wonder where Christmas in July came from ? '' . ClausNet . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Christmas in July at Browning King '' ( advertisement ) , The New York Times , July 20 , 1950 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas In July ? For Marketers Looking To Gain An Edge , Absolutely '' . Fast Company . 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Mountains Yulefest : Christmas in July '' . goaustralia.about.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mid Winter Christmas '' . guidetoauckland.co.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ho ho how to celebrate Christmas in July '' . capetownmagazine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ SkepticStream ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Bill Maher - Atheists and Rick Perry 's Christmas Law '' . Retrieved 30 October 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Christmas in July Sales Flourish , SMBs Should Take Notice '' . The BigCommerce Blog. 2015 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Yellowstone National Park : Yellowstone 's Christmas in August ! - TripAdvisor '' . www.tripadvisor.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Christmas Blue Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Secular Christmas stories Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_in_July&oldid=854543687 '' Categories : Christmas events and celebrations July observances Unofficial observances Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 03 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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3719307523572816633 | Ethos | Ethos - wikipedia Ethos Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ethos ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Ethnos . A sculpture representing Ethos outside the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly in Canberra , Australia Ethos ( / ˈiːθɒs / or US : / ˈiːθoʊs / ) is a Greek word meaning `` character '' that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community , nation , or ideology . The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions , behaviours , and even morals . Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way . The word 's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and origin 2 Current usage 3 Rhetoric 3.1 Modern interpretations 4 Character in Greek tragedy 5 Character , or ethos , in pictorial narrative 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology and origin ( edit ) Ethos ( ἦθος , ἔθος , plurals : ethe ( ἤθη ) , ethea ( ἤθεα ) ) is a Greek word originally meaning `` accustomed place '' ( as in ἤθεα ἵππων `` the habitats of horses '' , Iliad 6.511 , 15.268 ) , `` custom , habit '' , equivalent to Latin mores . Ethos forms the root of ethikos ( ἠθικός ) , meaning `` moral , showing moral character '' . As an adjective in the neuter plural form ta ethika ( τὰ ἠθικά ) , used for the study of morals , it is the origin of the modern English word ethics . Current usage ( edit ) In modern usage , ethos denotes the disposition , character , or fundamental values particular to a specific person , people , corporation , culture , or movement . For example , the poet and critic T.S. Eliot wrote in 1940 that `` the general ethos of the people they have to govern determines the behaviour of politicians . '' Similarly the historian Orlando Figes wrote in 1996 that in Soviet Russia of the 1920s `` the ethos of the Communist party dominated every aspect of public life . '' Ethos may change in response to new ideas or forces . For example , according to the Jewish historian Afrie Krampf , ideas of economic modernization which were imported into Palestine in the 1930s brought about `` the abandonment of the agrarian ethos and the reception of ... the ethos of rapid development '' . Rhetoric ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In rhetoric , ethos is one of the three artistic proofs ( pistis , πίστις ) or modes of persuasion ( other principles being logos and pathos ) discussed by Aristotle in ' Rhetoric ' as a component of argument . Speakers must establish ethos from the start . This can involve `` moral competence '' only ; Aristotle however broadens the concept to include expertise and knowledge . Ethos is limited , in his view , by what the speaker says . Others however contend that a speaker 's ethos extends to and is shaped by the overall moral character and history of the speaker -- that is , what people think of his or her character before the speech is even begun ( cf Isocrates ) . According to Aristotle , there are three categories of ethos . phronesis -- practical skills & wisdom arete -- virtue , goodness eunoia -- goodwill towards the audience In a sense , ethos does not belong to the speaker but to the audience . Thus , it is the audience that determines whether a speaker is a high - or a low - ethos speaker . Violations of ethos include : The speaker has a direct interest in the outcome of the debate ( e.g. a person pleading innocence of a crime ) ; The speaker has a vested interest or ulterior motive in the outcome of the debate ; The speaker has no expertise ( e.g. a lawyer giving a speech on space flight is less convincing than an astronaut giving the same speech ) . Completely dismissing an argument based on any of the above violations of ethos is an informal fallacy ( Appeal to motive ) . The argument may indeed be suspect ; but is not , in itself , invalid . Modern interpretations ( edit ) For Aristotle , a speaker 's ethos was a rhetorical strategy employed by an orator whose purpose was to `` inspire trust in his audience '' ( Rhetorica 1380 ) . Ethos was therefore achieved through the orator 's `` good sense , good moral character , and goodwill '' , and central to Aristotelian virtue ethics was the notion that this `` good moral character '' was increased in virtuous degree by habit ( Rhetorica 1380 ) . Aristotle links virtue , habituation , and ethos most succinctly in Book II of Nichomachean Ethics : `` Virtue , then , being of two kinds , intellectual and moral , intellectual virtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching ... while moral virtue comes about as a result of habit , whence also its name ethike is one that is formed by a slight variation from the word ethos ( habit ) '' ( 952 ) . Discussing women and rhetoric , scholar Karlyn Kohrs Campbell notes that entering the public sphere was considered an act of moral transgression for females of the nineteenth century : `` Women who formed moral reform and abolitionist societies , and who made speeches , held conventions , and published newspapers , entered the public sphere and thereby lost their claims to purity and piety '' ( 13 ) . Crafting an ethos within such restrictive moral codes , therefore , meant adhering to membership of what Nancy Fraser and Michael Warner have theorized as counterpublics . While Warner contends that members of counterpublics are afforded little opportunity to join the dominant public and therefore exert true agency , Nancy Fraser has problematized Habermas 's conception of the public sphere as a dominant `` social totality '' by theorizing `` subaltern counterpublics '' , which function as alternative publics that represent `` parallel discursive arenas where members of subordinated social groups invent and circulate counterdiscourses , which in turn permit them to formulate oppositional interpretations of their identities , interests , and needs '' ( 67 ) . Although feminist rhetorical theorists have begun to offer more nuanced ways to conceive of ethos , they remain cognizant of how these classical associations have shaped and still do shape women 's use of the rhetorical tool . Johanna Schmertz draws on Aristotelian ethos to reinterpret the term alongside feminist theories of subjectivity , writing that , `` Instead of following a tradition that , it seems to me , reads ethos somewhat in the manner of an Aristotelian quality proper to the speaker 's identity , a quality capable of being deployed as needed to fit a rhetorical situation , I will ask how ethos may be dislodged from identity and read in such a way as to multiply the positions from which women may speak '' ( 83 ) . Rhetorical scholar and professor Kate Ronald 's claim that `` ethos is the appeal residing in the tension between the speaker 's private and public self '' , ( 39 ) also presents a more postmodern view of ethos that links credibility and identity . Similarly , Nedra Reynolds and Susan Jarratt echo this view of ethos as a fluid and dynamic set of identifications , arguing that `` these split selves are guises , but they are not distortions or lies in the philosopher 's sense . Rather they are ' deceptions ' in the sophistic sense : recognitions of the ways one is positioned multiply differently '' ( 56 ) . Rhetorical scholar Michael Halloran has argued that the classical understanding of ethos `` emphasizes the conventional rather than the idiosyncratic , the public rather than the private '' ( 60 ) . Commenting further on the classical etymology and understanding of ethos , Halloran illuminates the interdependence between ethos and cultural context by arguing that `` To have ethos is to manifest the virtues most valued by the culture to and for which one speaks '' ( 60 ) . While scholars do not all agree on the dominant sphere in which ethos may be crafted , some agree that ethos is formed through the negotiation between private experience and the public , rhetorical act of self - expression . Karen Burke LeFevre 's argument in Invention as Social Act situates this negotiation between the private and the public , writing that ethos `` appears in that socially created space , in the ' between ' , the point of intersection between speaker or writer and listener or reader '' ( 45 - 46 ) . According to Nedra Reynolds , `` ethos , like postmodern subjectivity , shifts and changes over time , across texts , and around competing spaces '' ( 336 ) . However , Reynolds additionally discusses how one might clarify the meaning of ethos within rhetoric as expressing inherently communal roots . This stands in direct opposition to what she describes as the claim `` that ethos can be faked or ' manipulated ' '' because individuals would be formed by the values of their culture and not the other way around ( 336 ) . Rhetorical scholar John Oddo also suggests that ethos is negotiated across a community , and not simply a manifestation of the self ( 47 ) . In the era of mass - mediated communication , Oddo contends , one 's ethos is often created by journalists and dispersed over multiple news texts . With this in mind , Oddo coins the term intertextual ethos , the notion that a public figure 's `` ethos is constituted within and across a range of mass media voices '' ( 48 ) . In `` Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos '' , scholar Coretta Pittman notes that race has been generally absent from theories of ethos construction , and that this concept is troubling for black women . Pittman writes , `` Unfortunately , in the history of race relations in America , black Americans ' ethos ranks low among other racial and ethnic groups in the United States . More often than not , their moral characters have been associated with a criminalized and sexualized ethos in visual and print culture '' ( 43 ) . Character in Greek tragedy ( edit ) The ways in which characters in Greek tragedies were constructed is important when considering ethos , or character , in Greek tragedy . Augustus Taber Murray explains that the depiction of a character was limited by the circumstances under which Greek tragedies were presented . These include the single unchanging scene , necessary use of the chorus , small number of characters limiting interaction , large outdoor theatres , and the use of masks , which all influenced characters to be more formal and simple . Murray also declares that the inherent characteristics of Greek tragedies are important in the makeup of the characters . One of these is the fact that tragedy characters were nearly always mythical characters . This limited the character , as well as the plot , to the already well - known myth from which the material of the play was taken . The other characteristic is the relatively short length of most Greek plays . This limited the scope of the play and characterization , so that the characters were defined by one overriding motivation toward a certain objective from the beginning of the play . However , in regard to this trait , Murray clarifies that strict constancy is not always the rule in Greek tragedy characters . To support this , he points out the example of Antigone who , even though she strongly defies Creon in the beginning of the play , begins to doubt her cause and plead for mercy as she is led to her execution . Several other aspects of the character element in ancient Greek tragedy are worth noting . One of these , which C. Garet discusses , is the fact that either because of contradictory action or incomplete description , the character can not be viewed as an individual , or the reader is left confused about the character . One method of reconciling this would be to consider these characters to be flat , or type - caste , instead of round . This would mean that most of the information about the character centers around one main quality or viewpoint . Comparable to the flat character option , the reader could also view the character as a symbol . Examples of this might be the Eumenides as vengeance , or Clytemnestra as symbolizing ancestral curse . Yet another means of looking at character , according to Tycho von Wilamowitz and Howald , is the idea that characterisation is not important . This idea is maintained by the theory that the play is meant to affect the viewer or reader scene by scene , with attention being only focused on the section at hand . This point of view also holds that the different figures in a play are only characterised by the situation surrounding them , and only enough so that their actions can be understood . Garet makes three more observations about character in Greek tragedy . The first is an abundant variety of types of characters in Greek tragedy . His second observation is that the reader or viewer 's need for characters to display a unified identity that is similar to human nature is usually fulfilled . Thirdly , characters in tragedies include incongruities and idiosyncrasies . Another aspect stated by Garet is that tragedy plays are composed of language , character , and action , and the interactions of these three components ; these are fused together throughout the play . He explains that action normally determines the major means of characterisation . Another principle he states is the importance of these three components ' effect on each other ; the important repercussion of this being character 's impact on action . Augustus Taber Murray also examines the importance and degree of interaction between plot and character . He does this by discussing Aristotle 's statements about plot and character in his Poetics : that plot can exist without character , but character can not exist without plot , and so character is secondary to plot . Murray maintains that Aristotle did not mean that complicated plot should hold the highest place in a tragedy play . This is because the plot was , more often than not , simple and therefore not a major point of tragic interest . Murray conjectures that people today do not accept Aristotle 's statement about character and plot because to modern people , the most memorable things about tragedy plays are often the characters . Murray does , however , concede that Aristotle is correct in that `` There can be no portrayal of character ... without at least a skeleton outline of plot . '' Character , or ethos , in pictorial narrative ( edit ) Ethos , or character , also appears in the visual art of famous or mythological ancient Greek events in murals , on pottery , and sculpture , referred to generally as pictorial narrative . Aristotle even praised the ancient Greek painter Polygnotos because his paintings included characterization . The way in which the subject and his actions are portrayed in visual art can convey the subject 's ethical character and through this the work 's overall theme , just as effectively as poetry or drama can . This characterisation portrayed men as they ought to be , which is the same as Aristotle 's idea of what ethos or character should be in tragedy . ( Stansbury - O'Donnell , p. 178 ) Professor Mark D. Stansbury - O'Donnell states that pictorial narratives often had ethos as its focus , and was therefore concerned with showing the character 's moral choices . ( Stansbury - O'Donnell , p. 175 ) David Castriota , agreeing with Stansbury - O'Donnell's statement , says that the main way Aristotle considered poetry and visual arts to be on equal levels was in character representation and its effect on action . However , Castriota also maintains about Aristotle 's opinion that `` his interest has to do with the influence that such ethical representation may exert upon the public . '' Castriota also explains that according to Aristotle , `` The activity of these artists is to be judged worthy and useful above all because exposure of their work is beneficial to the polis . '' Accordingly , this was the reason for the representation of character , or ethos , in public paintings and sculptures . In order to portray the character 's choice , the pictorial narrative often shows an earlier scene than when the action was committed . Stansbury - O'Donnell gives an example of this in the form of a picture by the ancient Greek artist Exekia which shows the Greek hero Ajax planting his sword in the ground in preparation to commit suicide , instead of the actual suicide scene . ( Stansbury - O'Donnell , p. 177 . ) Additionally , Castriota explains that ancient Greek art expresses the idea that character was the major factor influencing the outcome of the Greeks ' conflicts against their enemies . Because of this , `` ethos was the essential variable in the equation or analogy between myth and actuality . '' See also ( edit ) Nicomachean Ethics Ethopoiein Rhetoric ( Aristotle ) Poetics ( Aristotle ) Logos Pathos References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiss , Piero and Taruskin , Richard , `` Music in the Western World : A History in Documents '' ( 1984 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ Proscurcin Jr. , Der Begriff Ethos bei Homer. ( 2014 ) pp. 162 -- 63 Jump up ^ Aristotle , Nicomachean Ethics , Book 2 ( 1103a17 ) Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot , The idea of a Christian society ( 1940 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , A people 's tragedy : the Russian Revolution , 1891 -- 1924 ( 1996 ) p. 682 Jump up ^ Afrie Krampf , `` Reception of the Developmental Approach in the Jewish Economic Discourse of Mandatory Palestine , 1934 -- 1938 , '' Israel Studies , Summer 2010 , Vol. 15 # 2 , pp. 80 -- 103 Jump up ^ Smith , Ethos Dwells Pervasively In : The Ethos of Rhetoric. ( 2004 ) pp. 2 -- 5 Jump up ^ Woerther , L'èthos aristotélicien. ( 2007 ) p. 21 Jump up ^ Campbell , Karlyn Kohrs ( 1989 ) . Man Cannot Speak for Her : Volume I ; A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric . Praeger . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Warner , Michael ( 2002 ) . `` Publics and Counterpublics '' . Public Culture . Jump up ^ Fraser , Nancy ( 1990 ) . `` Rethinking the Public Sphere : A Contribution to the Critique of the Actually Existing Democracy '' . Social Text . Jump up ^ Schmertz , Johanna ( 1999 ) . `` Constructing Essences : Ethos and the Postmodern Subject of Feminism '' . Rhetoric Review . Jump up ^ Ronald , Kate ( 1990 ) . `` A Reexamination of Personal and Public Discourse in Classical Rhetoric '' . Rhetoric Review . Jump up ^ Susan , Jarratt ; Reynolds , Nedra ( 1994 ) . Ethos : New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory . Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press . pp. 37 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Halloran , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` Aristotle 's Concept of Ethos , or if not His , Someone Else 's '' . Rhetoric Review . Jump up ^ LeFevre , K.B. ( 1987 ) . Invention as a Social Act . Southern Illinois University Press . Jump up ^ Pittman , Corretta ( 2007 ) . `` Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos : Harriet Jacobs , Billie Holiday , and Sister Souljah '' . Rhetoric Society Quarterly . Jump up ^ Halliwell , Aristotle 's Poetics. ( 1998 ) pp. 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ancient Theater and Performance Culture In : The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theater . ( 2007 ) pp. 36 ff . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Aristoteles über das Wesen und die Wirkung der Tragödie ( Kap. 6 ) In : Aristoteles . Poetik. ( 2009 ) pp. 87 ff . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , pp. 247 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , pp. 248 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Garton ( 1957 ) , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Murray ( 1916 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Castriota ( 1992 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Castriota ( 1992 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Castriota ( 1992 ) , p. 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Aristotle . Nicomachean Ethics ( transl . W.D. Ross ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0199213615 Aristotle . On Rhetoric ( Transl . G.A. Kennedy ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 9780195305098 Barthes , Roland . L'ancienne rhétorique . Communications , Vol. 16 , Nr. 1 ( 1970 ) , Seuil : pp. 172 - 223 ( 1 ) Campbell , Karlyn Kohrs Man Cannot Speak for Her : A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric . Praeger , 1989 . Castriota , David . Myth , Ethos , and Actuality : Official Art in Fifth - Century B.C. Athens . London : University of Wisconsin Press , 1992 . Chiron , Pierre . Aristote : Rhétorique . Paris : Flammarion , 2007 . ISBN 2080711350 Fraser , Nancy . `` Rethinking the Public Sphere : A Contribution to the Critique of the Actually Existing Democracy . '' Social Text 25.26 ( 1990 ) : 56 - 80 . Gandler , Stefan `` The quadruple modern Ethos : Critical Theory in the Americas . '' APA Newsletter on Hispanic / Lantino Issues in Philosophy , Newark , DE : American Philosophical Association / University of Delaware , vol. 14 , núm. 1 , fall 2014 , pp. 2 - 4 . ISSN 2155 - 9708 . Garton , C. `` Characteristics in Greek Tragedy . '' The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Vol. 77 , Part 2 . ( 1957 ) , pp. 247 -- 254 . JSTOR. ( 2 ) Garver , Eugene . Aristotle 's Rhetoric : On Art of Character . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0226284255 Givone , Sergio . Eros / Ethos . Turin : Einaudi , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 8806155490 Grazia , Margreta . Hamlet without Hamlet . New York , NY : Cambridge , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0521690362 Habermas , Jurgen . The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere . Cambridge : The MIT Press , 1991 . Halliwell , Stephen . Aristotle 's Poetics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0226313948 Halloran , S. Michael . `` Aristotle 's Concept of Ethos , or if not His , Someone Else 's . '' Rhetoric Review , Vol. 1 , No. 1 . ( Sep. , 1982 ) , pp. 58 -- 63 . JSTOR. ( 3 ) . Jarratt , Susan and Nedra Reynolds . `` The Splitting Image : Contemporary Feminisms and the Ethics of ethos . '' Ethos : New Essays in Rhetorical and Critical Theory . Eds . James S. Baumlin and Tita French Baumlin . Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press , 1994 . 37 - 63 . Kennedy , George A. Aristotle , On Rhetoric . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1991 . LeFevre , K.B. Invention as a Social Act . Southern Illinois University Press , 1987 . McDonald , Marianne ; Walton , J. Michael ( eds . ) . The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theater . Cambridge ( UK ) : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0521542340 Meyer , Michel . La rhétorique . Paris : Presses universitaires de France , coll . `` Que sais - je ? n ° 2133 '' , 2004 . ISBN 2 - 13 - 053368 - X Müller , Jörn . Physis und Ethos : Der Naturbegriff bei Aristoteles und seine Relevanz für die Ethik . Würzburg : Königshausen & Neumann , 2006 . Höffe , Otfried ( ed . ) . Aristoteles . Poetik . Berlin : Akademie Verlag , 2009 . Hyde , Michael J. ; Schrag , Calvin O. ( eds . ) . The Ethos of Rhetoric . Columbia ( SC ) : University of South Carolina , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1570035388 Miller , Arthur B. ( 1974 ) . `` Aristotle on Habit and Character : Implications for the Rhetoric '' . Communication Monographs. 41 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637757409375855 . Murray , Augustus Taber ( 1916 ) . `` Plot and Character in Greek Tragedy '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 47 : 51 -- 64 . JSTOR 282827 . doi : 10.2307 / 282827 . Oddo , John . ( 2014 ) `` The Chief Prosecutor and the Iraqi Regime : Intertextual Ethos and Transitive Chains of Authority . '' In Intertextuality and the 24 - Hour News Cycle : A Day in the Rhetorical Life of Colin Powell 's U.N. Address , pp. 45 -- 76 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Paris , Bernard . Character as a Subversive Force in Shakespeare : the history and Roman plays . London : Associated University Presses Inc , 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0838634295 Pittman , Corretta . `` Black Women Writers and the Trouble with Ethos : Harriet Jacobs , Billie Holiday , and Sister Souljah . '' Rhetoric Society Quarterly . 37 ( 2007 ) : 43 - 70 . Proscurcin Jr. , Pedro . Der Begriff Ethos bei Homer . Beitrag zu einer philosophischen Interpretation . Heidelberg : Universitätsverlag Winter , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8253 - 6339 - 0 Rapp , Christof . Aristoteles : Rhetorik . Berlin : De Gruyter , 2002 . Reynolds , Nedra ( 1993 ) . `` Ethos as Location : New Sites for Discursive Authority '' . Rhetoric Review . 11 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 338 . JSTOR 465805 . doi : 10.1080 / 07350199309389009 . Ronald , Kate . `` A Reexamination of Personal and Public Discourse in Classical Rhetoric . '' Rhetoric Review 9.1 ( 1990 ) : 36 - 48 . Rorty , Amélie Oksenberg ( ed . ) . Essays on Aristotle 's Rhetoric . Berkeley ( CA ) : University of California Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0520202283 Schmertz , Johanna . `` Constructing Essences : Ethos and the Postmodern Subject of Feminism . '' Rhetoric Review 18.1 ( 1999 ) : 82 - 91 . Vergnières , Solange . Éthique et Politique chez Aristote : Physis , Êthos , Nomos . Paris : PUF , 1995 . Warner , Michael . `` Publics and Counterpublics . '' Public Culture 14.1 : 49 - 90 . Woerther , Frédérique . L'èthos aristotélicien . Paris : Librairie Philosophique Vrin , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 2711619177 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of ethos at Wiktionary Media related to Ethos at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Ancient Greek philosophical concepts Adiaphora ( nonmoral ) Anamnesis ( recollection ) Apatheia ( equanimity ) Apeiron ( the unlimited ) Aponia ( pleasure ) Aporia ( impasse ) Arche ( first principle ) Arete ( excellence ) Ataraxia ( tranquility ) Becoming Being Cosmos ( order ) Demiurge ( creator ) Diairesis ( division ) Differentia / Genus Doxa ( common opinion ) Dunamis / Energeia ( potentiality / actuality ) Episteme ( knowledge ) Epoché ( suspension ) Ethos ( character ) Eudaimonia ( flourishing ) Henosis ( oneness ) Hexis ( active condition ) Hyle ( matter ) Hylomorphism ( matter and form ) Hylozoism ( matter and life ) Hypokeimenon ( substratum ) Hypostasis ( underpinning ) Idee ( Idea ) Katalepsis ( comprehension ) Kathēkon ( proper function ) Logos ( reasoned discourse ) Metempsychosis ( reincarnation ) Mimesis ( imitation ) Monad ( unit ) Nous ( intellect ) Oikeiôsis ( affinity ) Ousia ( substance ) Pathos ( emotional ) Phronesis ( practical wisdom ) Physis ( natural law ) Sophia ( wisdom ) Telos ( purpose ) Tetractys ( fourth triangular number ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethos&oldid=800256714 '' Categories : Ancient Greek theatre Literary concepts Narratology Plot ( narrative ) Poetics Rhetoric Virtue Social agreement Concepts in ancient Greek ethics Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text NPOV disputes from January 2016 All NPOV disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 11 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ethics comes from the greek word 'ethos' which means | [
"Ethos (/ˈiːθɒs/ or US: /ˈiːθoʊs/) is a Greek word meaning \"character\" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviours, and even morals.[1] Early Greek stories of Orpheus exhibit this idea in a compelling way. The word's use in rhetoric is closely based on the Greek terminology used by Aristotle in his concept of the three artistic proofs."
] | [
"\"character\""
] |
-2663969546296448705 | The Punisher (TV series) | The Punisher ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Punisher ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Punisher Genre Action Conspiracy thriller Crime drama Created by Steve Lightfoot Based on Punisher by Gerry Conway John Romita , Sr . Starring Jon Bernthal Ben Barnes Ebon Moss - Bachrach Amber Rose Revah Deborah Ann Woll Daniel Webber Jason R. Moore Paul Schulze Jaime Ray Newman Michael Nathanson Composer ( s ) Tyler Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Steve Lightfoot Location ( s ) New York City Production company ( s ) Marvel Television ABC Studios Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Chronology Related shows Marvel 's Daredevil Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel 's The Punisher , or simply The Punisher , is an upcoming American web television series created for Netflix by Steve Lightfoot , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise , and is a spin - off of Marvel 's Daredevil . The series is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Lightfoot serving as showrunner . The series revolves around Frank Castle , who uses lethal methods to fight crime as the vigilante `` the Punisher '' , with Jon Bernthal reprising the role from Daredevil . Ben Barnes , Ebon Moss - Bachrach , Amber Rose Revah , Deborah Ann Woll , Daniel Webber , Jason R. Moore , Paul Schulze , Jaime Ray Newman , and Michael Nathanson also star . A television series centered on the Punisher received a put - pilot commitment at Fox in 2011 , but that project fell through . In June 2015 , Bernthal was cast as the character to appear in the second season of Daredevil . Development on a spin - off titled The Punisher began by January 2016 , before the second season of Daredevil was released . In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered the series , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and announced Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Filming began in New York City in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 References 7 External links Premise Frank Castle , known throughout New York City as `` the Punisher '' after exacting revenge on those responsible for the death of his family , uncovers a larger conspiracy beyond what was done to him and his family . Cast and characters Main Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher : A vigilante who aims to fight the criminal underworld by any means necessary , no matter how lethal the results . Daredevil season one showrunner Steven S. DeKnight said this version of Punisher would be `` completely the Marvel version , '' as previous portrayals did not appear under the Marvel Studios / Marvel Television banner . However , Bernthal did study all the previous portrayals , saying , `` once you devour and eat up as much as you can , my way is to make it as personal as possible '' . Bernthal was particularly inspired by the 2012 short film Dirty Laundry starring Thomas Jane . On how Castle resonates with him , Bernthal said , `` He ai n't got a fucking cape . He ai n't got any superpowers . He 's a fucking tortured , angry father and husband who 's living in this unbelievable world of darkness and loss and torment . '' Bernthal added that there would be `` a military component '' in the series since Castle is `` a soldier ... ( The series ) will be somewhat centered on that '' . He also stated that `` the character that was portrayed on Daredevil season two was sort of the origin tale of how this guy became the Punisher , why he put on the vest . '' Bernthal noted he `` always want ( ed ) to preserve the essence of '' Castle , who Bernthal described as `` brutal '' , `` damaged '' and `` tortured '' , by exploring `` the pain and what 's behind the violence and the reason why he 's committing the violence '' that is `` utterly satisfying and addictive for him '' . Ben Barnes as Billy Russo : Castle 's best friend from when he served in the United States Special Forces . Russo runs Anvil , a private military corporation . Ebon Moss - Bachrach as David Lieberman / Micro : A former NSA analyst who assists Castle . Regarding Micro 's relationship with Castle , Moss - Bachrach said , `` We have found ourselves with common enemies and it 's a marriage of convenience . '' Moss - Bachrach also felt the comics version of the character was `` a one - trick pony '' , supplying equipment to Castle , but that the character gets `` interesting when their relationship gets bad '' and hoped to explore that in the series . Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani : An Iranian - American Department of Homeland Security agent stationed in Afghanistan , who returns to New York City for an investigation that leads her to cross paths with Castle . Revah noted that Madani `` sees herself as American -- that 's what her being is , that 's what she wants to protect , that 's why she does what she does . '' As Madani is not based on a character from the comics , Revah 's `` research was based more on Homeland and what it 's like for those people , and the logical processes the character would be going through . I think , for a lot of actors , if you 're playing someone from comics , you probably feel you have some sort of responsibility to represent this character in a light that reflects how they were represented in the comic books . Because I did n't have that , it probably let me be more open in my representation . '' Revah spoke with actual Homeland officers as well as Iranian people `` to make that ( part of the character ) authentic . '' A special shotgun was made for Revah to use , designed for her height and stature . Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page : A reporter at the New York Bulletin and Matt Murdock 's former assistant , who befriended Castle after working on his case . Woll reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series . Regarding Page 's continuing relationship with Castle , Woll said , `` Frank has a soft spot in Karen 's heart , and certainly with the dark history that Karen has , there are very few people she can share her authentic self with . Frank is someone who she could potentially fully open up to . '' She added , `` there 's something about Frank where ( Karen ) does n't have to be ashamed of her darkest , deepest side of herself . She gets to be more honest with him '' . Daniel Webber as Lewis Walcott : A young veteran struggling with his new life as a civilian . Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle : A friend of Castle , one of the few people who knows he is alive . Paul Schulze as Rawlins : A high - ranking member of the CIA who crosses paths with Castle due to their time in Afghanistan . Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman : Micro 's wife . Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein : A Department of Homeland Security agent , Madani 's partner . Recurring Shohreh Aghdashloo as Farah Madani : Dinah 's mother , who runs a successful psychiatric practice . Guest Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett : A low - level criminal who operates in Hell 's Kitchen and Harlem . Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix shows . Episodes No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` 3 AM '' TBA Steve Lightfoot 2017 ( 2017 ) `` Two Dead Men '' TBA Steve Lightfoot 2017 ( 2017 ) `` Kandahar '' Andy Goddard Steve Lightfoot 2017 ( 2017 ) `` Resupply '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 5 `` Gunner '' Dearbhla Walsh TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 6 `` The Judas Goat '' Andy Goddard TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 7 `` Crosshairs '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 8 `` Cold Steel '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 9 `` Front Toward Enemy '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 10 `` Virtue of the Vicious '' Kevin Hooks TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 11 `` Danger Close '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 12 `` Home '' TBA TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) 13 `` Memento Mori '' Stephen Surjik TBA 2017 ( 2017 ) Production Development In October 2011 , ABC Studios sold a script based on the Punisher to Fox , who gave the project a put - pilot commitment . The series would be an hour - long procedural following NYPD detective Frank Castle , `` whose alter ego is that of a vigilante seeking justice for those failed by the court system . '' Ed Bernero was attached as executive producer , but by May 2012 , the project had not moved forward . A year later , the character 's film rights reverted to Marvel from Lionsgate . In June 2015 , Jon Bernthal was announced as cast as Frank Castle in the second season of Marvel 's Daredevil on Netflix . The series was the first of several live action series provided to Netflix by Marvel Television and ABC Studios , with subsequent series featuring Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist all leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . By January 2016 , ahead of the Daredevil season two release , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to Marvel 's The Defenders . Head of Marvel Television and executive producer Jeph Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' Loeb stated a month later that the reports about the potential spin - off were `` something that people are speculating on , as opposed to something that 's actually happening . '' In April 2016 , Netflix officially ordered a full 13 episode season of The Punisher , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement , and named Steve Lightfoot as executive producer and showrunner . Loeb , Cindy Holland , and Jim Chory also serve as executive producers . Writing Lightfoot noted that `` anti-heroes with dark pasts , that are morally grey , are always interesting to write . '' On deciding to work on The Punisher , Lightfoot stated , `` I was drawn to a guy who is dealing with grief - how does he do that ? ... We talked a lot as we developed the show that once you take hold of the hand of violence it 's impossible to let it go . That relationship to violence really interested me , not just the fact he has the ability to use it but also the cost of it . '' Bernthal stated the series would be `` loose with chronology '' for the character , depicting events before and after the events of Daredevil season two . Casting Bernthal promoting The Punisher at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Bernthal had been cast as Castle in June 2015 to appear in the second season of Daredevil , and was confirmed to be reprising the role for the spin - off in April 2016 . That September , Ben Barnes was cast in the series in an unspecified series regular role . The next month , set photos revealed that Deborah Ann Woll would reprise her Daredevil role as Karen Page , Barnes was announced as playing Billy Russo , while Ebon Moss - Bachrach and Amber Rose Revah also joined the series , as David Lieberman / Micro and Dinah Madani , respectively . At New York Comic Con , Bernthal confirmed Woll as a co-star . At the end of October , Marvel announced the additional casting of Daniel Webber as Lewis Walcott , Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle , Paul Schulze as Rawlins , Jaime Ray Newman as Sarah Lieberman , and Michael Nathanson as Sam Stein . In August 2017 , Shohreh Aghdashloo was revealed to be portraying Farah Madani , Dinah 's mother , in a recurring role for the series . Rob Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix series as Turk Barrett . Filming Filming began on October 3 , 2016 in Brooklyn , New York , under the working title Crime . Additional filming took place in Astoria , Queens in December 2016 . Filming wrapped on April 9 , 2017 . Music In April 2017 , Tyler Bates was announced as the composer for The Punisher , after previously composing for Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . In order to `` get into the dark corners of the Punisher 's mind , '' Bates played `` more of a broken blues '' guitar , which was augmented with talkbox effects and other `` guitar noises '' , along with guitar - vol and melodica . On this style , Bates said , `` The rough edges and broken nature of ( music like this ) leaves a great deal of space for emotion and interesting color -- and a bit of an attitude . Otherwise it 's not going to be an authentic expression of the idea . There 's a darkness in there that I 'm happy to tap into . '' Release The Punisher is scheduled to be released in 2017 on the streaming service Netflix , worldwide . The 13 hour - long episodes will be released simultaneously , as opposed to a serialized format , to encourage binge - watching , a format which has been successful for other Netflix series . In July 2016 , Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that The Punisher would not debut until 2018 at the earliest , after The Defenders released on August 18 , 2017 , but that October , Marvel confirmed a 2017 release instead . In early September 2017 , Dominic Patten and Denise Petski of Deadline.com commented on the lack of specific release date for the series at the time , calling it `` an unusual '' , `` rare move for Marvel and Netflix , who usually give a lot of lead - up to the launch of the high profile and much anticipated series . '' The pair felt with the increased marketing of the series , it would release `` sooner rather than later '' . Allison Keene of Collider felt Marvel and Netflix holding back the release date was `` really weird and unnecessary ... If you 're excited for this show , you 'll watch it whenever it appears . For TV editors who have to plan reviews and other content , it 's just irritating . '' Polygon 's Susana Polo felt Marvel and Netflix were waiting for their panel at New York Comic Con 2017 during the first weekend of October to reveal the series ' release date , as the convention had been used in previous years to reveal `` breaking fall Marvel / Netflix news '' . Marketing Bernthal and Woll appeared at New York Comic Con in October 2016 to officially announce the start of production on the series and the latter 's involvement . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2017 , Bernthal presented exclusive footage . A teaser was revealed on Netflix in August 2017 , appearing after the credits of the final episode of The Defenders . Also in the month , the series ' Twitter account revealed the episode titles as Morse code messages . In September 2017 , the series ' Instagram account released viral videos made to look like security footage , while episodic photos and a poster for the series with a redacted release date were also released . On September 20 , the official trailer for the series was released . Andrew Liptak of The Verge noted the trailer `` sets up The Punisher with its own distinct tone that 's different from the other Marvel Netflix shows . It wades into government conspiracies and hacking , which is reminiscent of shows like CBS 's Person of Interest or USA 's Mr. Robot , but with more gunfire . '' Nerdist 's Kendall Ashley called the trailer `` intense , super bloody , and has ( me ) INCREDIBLY pumped for the show 's premiere . '' She added , `` The hype is huge for this show . If this trailer is any indication , The Punisher is definitely going to live up to fan expectations , and is going to be an intense and awesome addition to the Marvel Netflix universe . '' Ashley felt the inclusion of `` One '' by Metallica in the trailer `` helps paint Frank as a badass unlike any we 've seen on the Marvel Netflix shows so far . '' Cooper Hood , writing for Screen Rant felt that , even though the series was still without a release date , the trailer would `` undoubtedly only increase the fever for The Punisher . '' He continued that `` unlike some of the more cryptic and quiet ( marketing ) videos that have come before , '' the trailer `` especially fits the mold of Punisher . While it looked like at the beginning of the trailer that this one would again be a quieter piece of marketing , it turned out to be anything but . The trailer is stylish and well - cut to the beat of the song , with the choice of `` One '' only further amplifying the intensity . '' Bernthal and other members of the cast will appear at New York Comic Con 2017 to promote the series . References ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Petski , Denise ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Coming Soon & Suddenly , Teases Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toel , Frank ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Steven DeKnight Says ' Daredevil ' Finally Features `` The Marvel Version '' of the Punisher `` . / Film . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC 2016 : The Punisher 's Jon Bernthal Says Thomas Jane 's Fan Film Helped Inspire Him for Frank Castle Role '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Amy ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Bernthal Is the Tough Guy Troublemaker Actor 's Actor Punisher '' . GQ . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher : Jon Bernthal teases ' military component ' of spin - off series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Talk '' . SFX . United Kingdom : Future plc . November 2017 . Article scan via Tumblr Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jon Bernthal Is Ready to Make The Punisher a Protagonist , Not a Hero '' . Moviefone . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher : Ben Barnes Joins Netflix 's Latest Marvel Spinoff as Series Regular '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Announces Three New Cast Members '' . Marvel.com . October 6 , 2016 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Punisher : New Viral Videos And Photos For Netflix Series '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the bloody first trailer for Netflix 's The Punisher '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Kendall ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` The First Trailer For The Punisher Is Bloody Intense And Deeply Vengeful '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher Trailer : The Truth Must Be Taken '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV Brings Agents of SHIELD , Punisher and Runaways to NYCC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . External links Marvel 's The Punisher on Netflix Marvel 's The Punisher on IMDb The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. 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5991187886722293005 | The Fighter (Keith Urban song) | The Fighter ( Keith Urban song ) - wikipedia The Fighter ( Keith Urban song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Fighter '' Single by Keith Urban featuring Carrie Underwood from the album Ripcord Released 6 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Country pop Length 3 : 04 Label Hit Red Capitol Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Keith Urban busbee Producer ( s ) Keith Urban busbee Keith Urban singles chronology `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' ( 2016 ) `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' ( 2016 ) `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) Carrie Underwood singles chronology `` Dirty Laundry '' ( 2016 ) Dirty Laundry 2016 `` The Fighter '' ( 2017 ) The Fighter2017 `` The Fighter '' is a duet between New Zealand - born Australian country music singer Keith Urban and American country music singer Carrie Underwood . It was released on 6 February 2017 as the fifth single from Urban 's ninth studio album , Ripcord , through Hit Red and Capitol Nashville . Urban co-wrote and co-produced the song with busbee . The song has entered the record charts of Australia , Canada , United States , Belgium and Scotland , where it became Urban 's first song to enter the Scottish Singles Chart and Belgium charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Commercial performance 2.1 Before single release 2.2 After single release 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 7 Certifications 8 Awards and nominations 8.1 CMT Music Awards 8.2 Teen Choice Awards 9 References Content ( edit ) The song is in the key of B minor with a main chord pattern of G 7 -- A 4 -- F ♯ 7 -- Bm and an approximate tempo of 132 beats per minute . It is about a man promising that he will defend and support a woman . Urban said of the song 's evolution as `` I was working with busbee that day ; we were in London . I was actually driving to the studio to work on this other song we started , and I had most of it the chorus in my head , and it felt like I had most of the song in my head -- the verses just had to flesh out . I walked into the studio and played the chord progression , and he built this track really quickly , and then I could sing over the top of it '' . He continued and said `` it was just a very quick , quick song to write , because I literally thought about Nic and I and our relationship in the beginning , and some of the things we had said all went into that song . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Before single release ( edit ) Following the release of the album , `` The Fighter '' sold 25,000 copies in the first week and debuted at number 25 on the Hot Country Songs chart and also at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . In the next week , the song jumped to number 11 on the Hot Country Songs chart and also debuted at number 69 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , selling 50,000 copies . It debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 75 . In Australia , the song debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Charts , becoming Urban 's seventh top 50 entry and also his third highest - charting song on the chart . For the week of 10 July 2016 , the song climbed from number 27 to number 19 , becoming its new peak . The song has been certified Platinum , denoting sales of over 70,000 copies in Australia . It is Urban 's third top twenty hit and Underwood 's second entry on the ARIA Charts and also became her highest - charting song on that chart . After single release ( edit ) The song was released as the fifth official single from Ripcord on 6 February 2017 . It debuted at number 44 on the US Country Airplay chart and reached number 2 , becoming Urban 's 38th consecutive top ten hit which is the longest running streak in that chart 's history . It became Underwood 's 26th consecutive top ten hit , which is the second longest active streak of country airplay top tens . It re-entered the Hot Country Songs chart at number five , selling 45,000 copies in its week of release and peaked at number two . It also re-entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 53 and has reached number 38 , becoming Urban 's twentieth top 40 hit and Underwood 's twenty first , and her first since `` Something in the Water '' peaked at number 24 in October 2014 . On the Canada Country chart , the song has reached number 2 and peaked at number 65 on the Canadian Hot 100 . The song has been certified Gold in Canada for shipments of 40,000 copies . It entered the Scottish Singles Chart at number 52 , becoming Urban 's first and Underwood 's fifth entry on that chart following `` Blown Away '' , `` I Know You Wo n't '' , `` Something in the Water '' and `` Heartbeat '' . As of September 2017 , it has sold a total of 783,000 copies in the US . Music video ( edit ) Urban shared an exclusive 24 - hour first look video for the song through his Vevo account . The video features the two singing the song in a boxing ring . The video was later taken down from YouTube after the initial 24 hours . The video was again uploaded to YouTube on 16 February 2017 . On 2 April 2017 , another version of the video was uploaded to Urban 's YouTube account . Live performances ( edit ) Urban and Underwood performed the song live at the 59th Grammy Awards on February 12 , 2017 . The duo later performed the song at the 52nd Academy of Country Music Awards on April 2 , 2017 . On June 7 , 2017 , the singers once more paired up and performed the song at the 2017 CMT Music Awards . Personnel ( edit ) From Ripcord liner notes . busbee -- bass guitar , keyboards , electric guitar , programming , production , engineering , editing Dave Clauss -- engineering , editing Serban Ghenea -- mixing Carrie Underwood -- vocals Keith Urban -- acoustic guitar , electric guitar , mandolin , ganjo , vocals , production Brian David Willis -- editing Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 65 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 28 Canada Country ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 38 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 40 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 783,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Awards and nominations ( edit ) CMT Music Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 `` The Fighter '' Collaborative Video of the Year Won Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 `` The Fighter '' Choice Country Song Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Fighter ' sheet music '' . musicnotes.com . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gayle ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : Keith Urban ( Feat . Carrie Underwood ) , ' The Fighter ' '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 23 , 2016 '' . RoughStock . Jump up ^ http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart Jump up ^ http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/australian-artist-singles-chart Jump up ^ `` ARIA Singles : Drake ' One Dance ' Stays At No 1 - Noise11.com '' . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Georgia Line and Backstreet Boys Crown Country Airplay ; Sam Hunt Makes History '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys Push Adele & Beyonce Back to Top 10 on Billboard 200 , Plus More Grammys Chart Impact '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Keith Urban -- The Fighter '' . Music Canada . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : September 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Keith Urban and Carrie Underwood Debut ' The Fighter ' Video '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Keith Urban & Carrie Underwood Strip Down , Speed Back Up ' The Fighter ' for 2017 CMT Music Awards '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Ripcord ( CD booklet ) . Keith Urban . Capitol Records Nashville / Hit Red Records . 2016 . B0023591 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Keith Urban feat . Carrie Underwood -- The Fighter '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Keith Urban feat . Carrie Underwood -- The Fighter '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Keith Urban . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Keith Urban . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Keith Urban . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Keith Urban . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Keith Urban . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Keith Urban . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Keith Urban . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Urban -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Keith Urban . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Keith Urban -- The Fighter '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` CMT Music Awards 2017 : Complete Winners List ( Updating Live ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Keith Urban singles Keith Urban ( 1991 ) `` Only You '' `` I Never Work on a Sunday '' `` Arms of Mary '' `` The River '' Keith Urban ( 1999 ) `` It 's a Love Thing '' `` Your Everything '' `` But for the Grace of God '' `` Where the Blacktop Ends '' Golden Road `` Somebody Like You '' `` Raining on Sunday '' `` Who Would n't Wanna Be Me '' `` You 'll Think of Me '' Be Here `` Days Go By '' `` You 're My Better Half '' `` Making Memories of Us '' `` Better Life '' `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' Love , Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing `` Once in a Lifetime '' `` Stupid Boy '' `` I Told You So '' `` Everybody '' Greatest Hits : 19 Kids `` You Look Good in My Shirt '' Defying Gravity `` Sweet Thing '' `` Kiss a Girl '' `` Only You Can Love Me This Way '' `` ' Til Summer Comes Around '' `` I 'm In '' Get Closer `` Put You in a Song '' `` Without You '' `` Long Hot Summer '' `` You Gonna Fly '' Act of Valor : The Album `` For You '' Fuse `` Little Bit of Everything '' `` Shame '' `` We Were Us '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` Cop Car '' `` Somewhere in My Car '' `` Raise ' Em Up '' ( with Eric Church ) Ripcord `` John Cougar , John Deere , John 3 : 16 '' `` Break on Me '' `` Wasted Time '' `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' `` The Fighter '' ( with Carrie Underwood ) Guest singles `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Twelfth of Never '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Funky Tonight '' ( with The John Butler Trio ) `` In God 's Hands '' ( with Nelly Furtado ) `` Start a Band '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Blue Sky '' ( with Emily West ) `` Lean on Me '' ( with Sheryl Crow and Kid Rock ) Related articles `` Highway Do n't Care '' ( with Tim McGraw and Taylor Swift ) Carrie Underwood songs Discography Awards and nominations Songs Some Hearts `` Jesus , Take the Wheel '' `` Some Hearts '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember Me '' `` Before He Cheats '' `` Wasted '' Carnival Ride `` So Small '' `` All - American Girl '' `` Last Name '' `` Just a Dream '' `` I Told You So '' Play On `` Cowboy Casanova '' `` Temporary Home '' `` Undo It '' `` Mama 's Song '' Blown Away `` Good Girl '' `` Blown Away '' `` Two Black Cadillacs '' `` See You Again '' Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 `` Something in the Water '' `` Little Toy Guns '' Storyteller `` Smoke Break '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Church Bells '' `` Dirty Laundry '' Featured singles `` Just Stand Up ! '' ( with Artists Stand Up To Cancer ) `` Remind Me '' ( with Brad Paisley ) `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' ( with Aerosmith ) `` Somethin ' Bad '' ( with Miranda Lambert ) `` The Fighter '' ( with Keith Urban ) Other singles `` Inside Your Heaven '' Promotional singles `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Praying for Time '' `` Home Sweet Home '' `` There 's a Place for Us '' `` Chaser '' Other songs `` Eighteen Inches '' `` Ever Ever After '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fighter_(Keith_Urban_song)&oldid=803623195 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2017 singles Keith Urban songs Carrie Underwood songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Vocal duets Songs written by Keith Urban Songs written by busbee Song recordings produced by busbee Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 17 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the song the fighter come out | [
"\"The Fighter\" is a duet between New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban and American country music singer Carrie Underwood. It was released on 6 February 2017 as the fifth single from Urban's ninth studio album, Ripcord, through Hit Red and Capitol Nashville. Urban co-wrote and co-produced the song with busbee."
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"6 February 2017"
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5662558753393059719 | Whoville | Whoville - wikipedia Whoville Jump to : navigation , search Whoville is a fictional town created by author Theodor Seuss Geisel , under the name Dr. Seuss . Whoville appeared in the books Horton Hears a Who ! and How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! However , there were significant differences between the two renditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Inhabitants 3 Adaptations 3.1 Books 3.2 Broadway 3.3 Theme parks 3.4 Movies and television 4 References Location ( edit ) The exact location of Whoville seems to vary depending on which book or media is being referenced . According to the book Horton Hears a Who ! , the city of Whoville is located within a floating speck of dust which is then placed onto a clover flower by Horton the Elephant . In the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , the location of Whoville is never mentioned . Further , in the 1977 television special Halloween Is Grinch Night , additional geographic features are added to Whoville such as Punkers Pond . Again , however , its greater location is not mentioned , but in both works it can be assumed Whoville is still located within its speck on the clover . In the 1970s television special Horton Hears a Who ! as well as the 2008 CGI - animated film of the same name , Whoville retains its literary location being within a speck on a clover flower . The 1966 television special How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! also stays true to the literature . In the 2000 live - action film adaptation How the Grinch Stole Christmas , from Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment , Whoville is located inside a snowflake , south of Mt . Crumpit within the mountainous Highrange of Pontoos , described in the movie 's introduction . All of which is located inside the frozen crystal structure of a snowflake , rather than on a clover flower . Because the city of Whoville resides on a speck , it is possible Whoville is prone to unexpected movement , weather , and activity , and may from time to time change location altogether . In fact , this unexpected movement was used as a major plot device in the 2008 film . Inhabitants ( edit ) Many different characters , known as Whos , live within the speck of dust . The Whos are whimsical , animal - like creatures who live in pumpkin - shaped houses , known for their warm hearts and welcoming spirits . They are furry humanoids with canine snouts and twelve toes . In the live - action film , the fur was missing from the Whos . Just north of Whoville , atop a high mountain , Mount Crumpit , a bitter , cave - dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog Max . Cindy Lou Who is a generous young girl who was introduced in the book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! In the 2000 live action film , `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! '' she is played by actress Taylor Momsen . The Grinch is a fictional , green colored man with a cat - like face and cynical personality . He lives in isolation upon Mt . Crumpet with his dog Max . The Grinch overlooks the city of Whoville with a lack of empathy for all Whos . He is known to be of a different species than the Whos , being stated as a What . The Grinch is played by actor Jim Carrey in the 2000 production of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! In the book Horton Hears a Who ! , there is a mayor in Whoville . In the live - action film How the Grinch Stole Christmas , there is a mayor named Augustus Maywho , played by Jeffrey Tambor . Actor Steve Carell plays the Mayor of Whoville in the 2008 animated film Horton Hears a Who ! . In this version , he is named Ned McDodd , and he lives with his wife , 96 daughters and 1 son named Jo - Jo . There are differences between Maywho and McDodd that are instantly noticeable : Maywho is a pompous , arrogant man who views himself as the only person worth listening to , whereas McDodd is `` devoted , and fair , and a little bit odd '' . Adaptations ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Dr. Seuss created two children 's books introducing readers to the magical world of Whoville . His first story , Horton Hears a Who ! was published in 1954 . His second use of Whoville was in the story How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! published in 1957 . Both books went on to be among Dr. Seuss 's most popular works . Broadway ( edit ) Seussical , is a Broadway musical produced by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty in 2000 . The musical is a collection of Dr. Seuss 's most famous stories that were combined to represent a synthesis of his work . The majority of the musical centers around the life in Whoville , especially the Whos ' Christmas pageant and Horton the elephant . Both themes were based on the plots of How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! and Horton Hears a Who ! Theme parks ( edit ) Universal Orlando Resort endorses Dr. Seuss 's work by attributing a section of the amusement park to him . Within the Islands of Adventure , there is a component designated to the city of Whoville . In the town , visitors of Universal Orlando Resort are able to interact with the characters and explore the theme park . Movies and television ( edit ) The television program How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was a 26 - minute segment originally telecasted on CBS in 1966 . In 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! was developed into a motion picture , which became the first Dr. Seuss story ever made into a featured film . Also , Horton Hears a Who ! was adapted into a 26 - minute television segment in 1970 . In 2008 `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' was made into a full - length movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Dir . Ron Howard . 2000 . Universal Studios Jump up ^ `` Seussville Books . '' Random House , Inc. , 2011 . Web . 25 Apr. 2011 . Jump up ^ Horton Hears a Who ! Dir . Jimmy Hayward. 2008 . 20th Century Fox . DVD . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whoville&oldid=828172820 '' Categories : Dr. Seuss Fictional populated places Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is whoville in how the grinch stole christmas | [
"In the 2000 live-action film adaptation How the Grinch Stole Christmas, from Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment, Whoville is located inside a snowflake, south of Mt. Crumpit within the mountainous Highrange of Pontoos, described in the movie's introduction. All of which is located inside the frozen crystal structure of a snowflake, rather than on a clover flower."
] | [
"inside a snowflake, south of Mt. Crumpit within the mountainous Highrange of Pontoos"
] |
5537039966313023769 | New York City mayoral election, 2017 | New York City mayoral election , 2017 - wikipedia New York City mayoral election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search New York City mayoral election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 → Nominee Bill de Blasio Nicole Malliotakis Sal Albanese Party Democratic Republican Reform Alliance Working Families Conservative ( N.Y. ) - Nominee Bo Dietl Party Independent Alliance - Incumbent Mayor Bill de Blasio Democratic Elections in New York State Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 United States Senate elections 1789 1791 1795 1797 1801 1803 1807 1809 1813 1815 1819 - 20 1821 1825 - 26 1827 1831 1833 1837 1839 - 40 1843 1845 1849 1851 1855 1857 1861 1863 1867 1869 1873 1875 1879 1881 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1909 1911 1964 1980 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 House of Representatives elections 1789 1790 1793 1794 1796 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1821 1822 1824 1826 1854 2002 2006 13th 20th 29th 2008 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 20th district , 2009 23rd district , 2009 Senate , 2010 29th district , 2010 26th district , 2011 9th district , 2011 11th district , 2015 List of House special elections State government ( show ) New York gubernatorial elections 1777 1780 1783 1786 1789 1792 1795 1798 1801 1804 1807 1810 1813 1816 1817 1820 1822 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1838 1840 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1879 1882 1885 1888 1891 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Attorney General elections 1998 2002 2006 2014 State Comptroller elections 1998 2002 2006 2014 State Assembly elections 99th district , 2006 State elections by year 1811 1844 1846 1847 - J 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1870 -- J 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1900 1902 1903 1904 1906 1907 1908 1910 1912 1913 1914 1916 1917 1918 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1926 1927 1928 1930 1932 1933 1934 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1942 1943 1944 1946 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1956 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 2002 2006 2008 2009 2012 2016 New York City ( show ) Characteristics of NYC mayoral elections Mayoral elections 1917 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 City Council elections 2013 Public Advocate elections 2009 2013 Comptroller elections 2009 2013 Borough president elections 2013 The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Buffalo ( show ) Mayoral elections 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 Rochester ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 2013 2017 Syracuse ( show ) Mayoral elections 2009 An election for Mayor of New York City will be held on November 7 , 2017 . Bill de Blasio , the incumbent mayor , is eligible to run for a second term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Nominated 2.1. 2 Declared 2.1. 3 Withdrew 2.1. 4 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Primary Results 3 Republican primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominated 3.1. 2 Withdrew 3.1. 3 Declined 3.2 Endorsements 4 Major third parties 4.1 Conservative 4.1. 1 Nominee 4.2 Green 4.2. 1 Nominee 4.3 Libertarian 4.3. 1 Nominee 4.4 Reform 4.4. 1 Nominee 4.5 Working Families 4.5. 1 Nominee 4.6 Endorsements 5 Independent candidates 5.1 Withdrew 5.2 Endorsements 6 General election 6.1 Polling 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Bill de Blasio was elected Mayor of New York City in 2013 , with his term beginning January 1 , 2014 . Mayor De Blasio is eligible for re-election and has declared his intent to seek the Democratic nomination again . As per Jerry Skurnik 's blog , the following Democrats and Republicans have filed their petitions to have their names on the ballot during the primary elections . They are as follows : Democrats - Bill De Blasio , Sal Albanese , Robert Gangi , Richard Bashner and Michael Tolkin ; Republicans - Nicole Malliotakis , Rocky De La Fuente and Walter Iwachiw . On May 9 , 2017 , the Libertarian Party nominated Aaron Commey as its mayoral candidate . This is Commey 's first run for political office . On August 1 , 2017 , the City Board of Elections determined in a hearing that Rocky De La Fuente did not receive enough petition signatures to qualify for the primary Republican ballot in September . With the disqualification of Rocky De La Fuente on the primary ballot and the remaining Republican candidate , Walter Iwachiw , not reporting any fundraising for this election , , Nicole Malliotakis is the remaining candidate that will secure the Republican nominee for NYC Mayor . There were two mayoral primary debates on August 16th and August 23rd before the primary election on September 12 , 2017 . Also scheduled will be two general election debates on October 10th and November 1st . Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Bill de Blasio , incumbent mayor Declared ( edit ) Sal Albanese , former City Councilman and candidate for mayor in 1997 and 2013 Richard Bashner , real estate attorney Robert Gangi , activist Mike Tolkin , entrepreneur Withdrew ( edit ) Tony Avella , State Senator , former city councilman and candidate for mayor in 2009 Michael Basch , chief business officer of The Future Project Kevin P. Coenen , Jr. , Firefighter ( Ran in 2009 and 2013 nyc mayor elections as well ) Bo Dietl , former Fox News contributor and former New York City Police Department detective ( now running on Independent line ) Scott Joyner , Community Advocate & Service Sector Worker ( Did Not File for the Primary Ballot ) Joel Roderiguez , Police Officer Eric Roman ( Did not File for the Primary Ballot ) Collin Slattery , entrepreneur ( Did not File for the Primary Ballot ) Josh Thompson , education activist ( dropped out to join Republican Paul Massey 's campaign ) Declined ( edit ) Preet Bharara , former United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York Hillary Clinton , former U.S. Secretary of State , former U.S. Senator , former First Lady and nominee for President in 2016 Rubén Díaz , Jr. , Bronx Borough President ( running for re-election ) Shaun Donovan , former Director of the Office of Management and Budget and former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Harold Ford , Jr. , former U.S. Representative from Tennessee 's 9th congressional district Letitia James , New York City Public Advocate ( running for re-election ) Hakeem Jeffries , U.S. Representative from New York 's 8th congressional district Melissa Mark - Viverito , Speaker of the New York City Council Eva Moskowitz , founder and CEO of Success Academy Charter Schools Don Peebles , businessman ( did not file to be a candidate for Mayor by the July 1 , 2017 deadline . ) Christine Quinn , former Speaker of the New York City Council and candidate for Mayor in 2013 Scott Stringer , New York City Comptroller ( running for re-election ) Anthony Weiner , former U.S. Representative for New York 's 9th congressional district and candidate for Mayor in 2013 and 2005 Keith L.T. Wright , former State Assemblyman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Sal Albanese Newspapers The Villager Individuals Curtis Sliwa , Founder of the Guardian Angels Vigilante Group ( show ) Bill De Blasio Politicians Carl Heastie , Speaker of the New York State Assembly Tish James , New York City Public Advocate Eric Adams , Borough President of Brooklyn Ruben Diaz Jr , Borough President of the Bronx Scott Stringer , New York City Comptroller ( Running for Re-Election ) Gregory Meeks , Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 5th District Nydia Velazquez , Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 7th District Yvette Clarke , Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 9th District Carolyn Maloney , Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York 's 12th District Individuals David Dinkins , Former Mayor of New York City ( 1990 - 1993 ) Christine Quinn , Former Speaker of the New York City Council ( 2006 - 2013 ) Organizations The New York Times The Retail , Wholesale and Department Store Union The Uniformed Sanitationmen 's Association SEIU 32BJ New York League of Conservation Voters Primary Results ( edit ) Democratic primary results 99 % IN Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bill de Blasio ( Incumbent ) 326,361 74.6 % Democratic Sal Albanese 66,636 15.2 % Democratic Mike Tolkin 20,445 4.7 % Democratic Robert Gangi 13,537 3.1 % Democratic Richard Bashner 10,538 2.4 % Total votes 437,517 100 % Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominated ( edit ) Nicole Malliotakis , State Assemblywoman Withdrew ( edit ) Darren Dione Aquino , actor and disabled rights activist ( Did not File for the Primary Ballot ) Bo Dietl , former Fox News contributor and former New York City Police Department detective ( now running on Independent line ) Michel Faulkner , pastor and former New York Jets player ( running for Comptroller ) Rocky De La Fuente , businessman , Reform Party and American Delta Party nominee for President in 2016 , Democratic candidate for President in 2016 and Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate from Florida in 2016 ( Got disqualified from the Republican ballot by not having enough signatures ) Anniello ( Neil ) V. Grimaldi , attorney ( Did Not File for the Primary Ballot ) Walter Iwachiw , Businessman Paul Massey , businessman Declined ( edit ) John Catsimatidis , businessman and candidate for Mayor in 2013 Raymond Kelly , former New York City Police Commissioner Donald Trump Jr. , businessman and son of President of the United States Donald Trump Eric Ulrich , City Councilman ( running for re-election ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Nicole Malliotakis Politicians Ronald Castorina , New York State Assemblyman ( initially endorsed Massey , in February 2017 ; in May 2017 rescinded endorsement and endorsed Malliotakis ) Dan Donovan , U.S. Congressman from New York 's 11th district Steven Matteo , Minority Leader of the New York City Council James Oddo , Borough President of Staten Island Individuals John Catsimatidis , businessman and candidate for mayor in 2013 Ray Denaro , Republican Candidate for NYC Council ( District 47 ) Joe Lhota , Metropolitan Transportation Authority Chairperson and nominee for mayor in 2013 Frank Padavan , former New York State Senator from the 11th district Avery Pereira , Entrepreneur Organizations Brooklyn Republican Party Conservative Party of New York State , statewide political party Manhattan Republican Party Staten Island Republican Party ( show ) Paul Massey ( Withdrawn ) Individuals Jeb Bush , 43rd Governor of Florida ( 1999 - 2007 ) , 2016 presidential candidate Michel Faulkner , former New York Jets football player and pastor Organizations Bronx Republican Party Independence Party of New York Queens Republican Party Major third parties ( edit ) Besides the Democratic and Republican parties , the Conservative , Green , Working Families , Independence , Reform , and Women 's Equality parties are qualified New York parties . These parties have automatic ballot access . For this election , once Paul Massey dropped out of NYC Mayoral race , the Independence Party failed to submit another entry for the election day ballot . There will be no independence party line in this year 's general election . Any candidate not among the eight qualified New York parties must petition their way onto the ballot ; they do not face primary elections . Albanese was nominated by the Reform Party Committee . On September 12 , 2017 , an Opportunity to Ballot was held to see if Albanese would retain the party 's nomination . Bo Dietl , running as an independent , and Nicole Malliotakis , the Republican nominee , each attempted to the secure the party line . Albanese won the race by receiving approximately 57 percent of the vote , defeating the write in campaigns . Conservative ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Nicole Malliotakis , State Assemblywoman Green ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Akeem Browder , Activist Libertarian ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Aaron Commey , Director of Events at Manhattan Libertarian Party Reform ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Sal Albanese , former City Councilman and candidate for Mayor in 1997 and 2013 Working Families ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Bill de Blasio , incumbent Mayor of New York City Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Sal Albanese Newspapers The Villager Individuals Curtis Sliwa , Founder of the Guardian Angels Vigilante Group Independent candidates ( edit ) Garrett M. Bowser , Self Employed ( Running as an Independent ) Bo Dietl , former Fox News contributor and former New York City Police Department detective Abbey Laurel - Smith , Founder of The Pilgrims Alliance Party of America Karmen M. Smith , Volunteer Team Leader with New York Cares Withdrew ( edit ) Eric Armstead , Security Manager Scott Berry , Musician , Author Ese O'Diah , CEO of Liquorbox Dr. Robb Gosine , Engineer , Naval Officer , Research Scientist , Educator Ahsan A. Syed , ( Running as an Independent on the Theocratic Party ) Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Bo Dietl Politicians Eric Ulrich , New York City Councilman General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill de Blasio ( D ) Nicole Malliotakis ( R ) Bo Dietl ( I ) Other Undecided WNBC / Marist September 13 -- 17 , 2017 451 LV ± 4.6 % 65 % 18 % 8 % 2 % 7 % 898 RV ± 3.3 % 62 % 18 % 9 % 2 % 9 % Quinnipiac University July 20 -- 26 , 2017 877 ± 4.1 % 52 % 15 % 11 % 2 % 16 % 57 % 22 % -- 4 % 13 % Quinnipiac University May 10 -- 16 , 2017 1,019 ± 3.1 % 64 % 21 % -- 1 % 10 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill de Blasio ( D ) Paul Massey ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University May 10 -- 16 , 2017 1,019 ± 3.1 % 63 % 21 % 1 % 12 % Quinnipiac University February 23 -- 27 , 2017 1,001 ± 3.1 % 59 % 25 % 2 % 12 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fermino , Jennifer ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` De Blasio will seek second term in 2017 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Andrew J. `` Gotham Gigs : Jerry Skurnik , a consultant in his prime '' . Jump up ^ http://shakingnews.com/blog/2017/07/18/whos-running-2017-nyc-primary elections / ^ Jump up to : `` Aaron Commey nominated as Libertarian Candidate for Mayor of New York City '' . VoteCommey.com . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOP mayoral hopeful Malliotakis unopposed after rival gets cut '' . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Brad . `` Who 's who in the 2017 New York City mayoral race '' . cityandstateny.com . Jump up ^ https://www.nyccfb.info/VSApps/CandidateSummary.aspx?as_cand_id=494&as_election_cycle=2017&cand_name=Iwachiw,%20Walter%20N&office=Mayor&report=summ Jump up ^ `` Debates set for New York City mayoral race '' . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/new-york-primary-elections?mcubz=3 Jump up ^ Fermino , Jennifer ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-City Councilman Sal Albanese announces 2017 challenge to Mayor de Blasio '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Kindra ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mayoral Candidates Meet for Debate in E. Flatbush '' . Jump up ^ Goodman , J. David ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Robert Gangi Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramnarain , Annalisa ; Murphy , Jarrett . `` Election 2017 : Who 's Who in the Race for Mayor ? '' . City Limits . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Tolkin For Mayor '' . Mike Tolkin For Mayor . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fermino , Jennifer ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` State Sen. Tony Avella to take on de Blasio in mayoral race '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campanile , Carl ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Would - be de Blasio foe drops out of mayor 's race '' . The New York Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trangle , Sarina ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` DE BLASIO 'S RIVALS : THE SECOND TIER WEIGHS IN ON THE MAYOR '' . City and State New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidates List - New York City Campaign Finance Board '' . www.nyccfb.info . Jump up ^ http://www.nyccfb.info/VSApps/CandidateSummary.aspx?as_cand_id=1286&as_election_cycle=2017&cand_name=Coenen,%20Jr.,%20Kevin%20P&office=Mayor&report=summ ^ Jump up to : `` Candidates List New York City Campaign Finance Board '' . www.nyccfb.info . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barkan , Ross ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Bo Dietl Says He Will Run Against Bill de Blasio '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Suebsaeng , Asawin ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bo Dietl , Roger Ailes 's Top Detective , Files Papers to Run for NYC Mayor '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trump Ally Poised to Bring Populist Note to New York Mayoral Race '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Mike ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Bo Dietl to Run for New York City Mayor as Independent '' . The Wall Street Journal . Mr. Dietl said in an interview Wednesday that he is ' energized ' to run independently and that it fits what he described as his brand as a businessman with liberal social values and conservative fiscal instincts . ^ Jump up to : `` City Limits '' Election 2017 : Who 's Who in the Race for Mayor ? `` . City Limits . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayoral Forum B - List Candidates Score Points '' . www.kingscountypolitics.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Running in The 2017 NYC Primary Elections ? - ShakingNews '' . July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Max , Ben . `` Candidates for 2017 City Elections '' . Jump up ^ `` Candidates List New York City Campaign Finance Board '' . www.nyccfb.info . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nahmias , Laura ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Booker disciple mounts longshot , education - themed challenge to de Blasio '' . Politico . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Mara ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Josh Thompson Drops Challenge to Mayor de Blasio '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rumors Swirl That Preet Bharara Is Positioning Himself For A Political Run '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Short , Aaron ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Consultants say Bharara is well - positioned for elected office bid '' . Jump up ^ Churchill , Chris ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Churchill : Hillary for governor ? Let the fun begin '' . Times Union . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton says she will never run for public office again '' . The Los Angeles Times . April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Alexander ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Hakeem Jeffries for New York Mayor ? Some Democrats Say Yes , but He Hesitates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Max , Ben . `` Candidates for 2017 City Elections '' . Jump up ^ Dovere , Edward - Isaac ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Shaun Donovan eyes NYC mayoral run '' . Politico . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Budget Director Eyes Run for NYC Mayor '' . www.governing.com . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Harold Ford Jr. for mayor ? '' . pagesix.com . Jump up ^ https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2015/mar/27/ford-talks-then-and-now-of-politics/ Jump up ^ McManus , Bob ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` De Blasio in panic mode over potential 2017 opponent '' . nypost.com . Jump up ^ `` Jeffries rules out mayoral run , Garodnick explores bid '' . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Mark - Viverito Says She ' Strongly ' Supports Bill de Blasio for Re-Election '' . February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Fermino & Adam Edelman , Charter school boss Eva Moskowitz will NOT run for New York City mayor in 2017 , New York Daily News ( October 9 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Our Campaigns - NYC Mayor - D Primary Race - Sep 12 , 2017 '' . www.ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Borges , Eddie ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Second time could be the charm for Christine Quinn '' . Crains . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldensohn , Rosa . `` Preet Bharara 's successor clears de Blasio 's re-election path '' . Jump up ^ `` Scott Stringer Signals He Wo n't Run Against Bill de Blasio -- Then Rips Into Him '' . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Son Retorts to Weiner : ' Should n't Be Talking About Beating Anything Ever Again ' '' . NBC New York . July 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic assemblyman Keith Wright weighing mayoral run '' . New York Post . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Assemblyman Keith L.T. Wright Joins Government Relations Practice of Davidoff Hutcher & Citron LLP - Davidoff Hutcher & Citron , LLP '' . January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sal Albanese for mayor on Sept. 12 '' . The Villager . September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sal Endorsed by NY Reform Party ! Sal 2017 '' . Sal 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.gothamgazette.com/city/6953-de-blasio-receives-reelection-support-from-three-democratic-county-committees , Jump up ^ http://cityandstateny.com/articles/opinion/letitia-james-support-bill-de-blasio-for-re-election.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mayor de Blasio Picks Up Reelection Endorsements from Former Mayor Dinkins , Eric Adams '' . Jump up ^ http://www.amny.com/news/elections/de-blasio-endorsements-come-from-two-borough-presidents-as-mayor-gears-up-for-democratic-primary-1.14093733 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` De Blasio , Stringer endorse each other for their re-election bids '' . Jump up ^ http://queenspress.com/exclusive-meeks-endorses-de-blasio/ , Jump up ^ http://www.kingscountypolitics.com/de-blasio-endorsements-roll-malliotakis-questions-patronage/ , Jump up ^ http://www.kingscountypolitics.com/de-blasio-endorsements-roll-malliotakis-questions-patronage/ , Jump up ^ http://thevillager.com/2017/08/15/de-blasio-racks-up-manhattan-pols-support-for-re-election/ , Jump up ^ http://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2016/11/20/mayor-de-blasio-picks-up-reelection-endorsements-from-former-mayor-dinkins--eric-adams.html , Jump up ^ http://observer.com/2017/08/christine-quinn-bill-de-blasio-reelection-mayor/ , Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/09/05/opinion/editorials/mayoral-endorsement-bill-deblasio.html , ^ Jump up to : Goodman , J. David . `` Mayor de Blasio , Seeking Re-election , Secures Backing of 2 Unions '' . Jump up ^ http://www.seiu32bj.org/press-releases/32bj-members-endorse-mayor-bill-de-blasio-re-election/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2017/07/27/new-york-league-of-conservation-voters-endorses-de-blasios-re-election-bid-113645 , Jump up ^ Jasmine Lee and Matthew Bloch ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` New York City Primary Election Results : Bill de Blasio Advances in Mayoral Race '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York City 2017 Primary Election Results '' . New York Daily News . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Rachel ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Malliotakis : I 'll Run for Mayor if Catsimatidis Does n't '' . Staten Island Live . Staten Island Live . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Jillian ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Staten Island pol Nicole Malliotakis files candidacy for mayor '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Michael ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Law and Order ' actor will run for NYC mayor in 2017 '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , David ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Field for New York Mayor Race Grows , Just Before Winnowing Begins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , J. David ; Neuman , William . `` Bo Dietl Wo n't Be Running as a Republican on Mayoral Ballot '' . Jump up ^ `` Republicans Search for Candidate to Challenge de Blasio in 2017 Race for New York City Mayor - WSJ '' . wsj.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Fermino ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` Former New York Jet Michel Faulkner to run for mayor '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-Jet Republican Michel Faulkner drops out of NYC mayor race to challenge Controller Scott Stringer '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campanile , Carl ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Millionaire from California throwing hat into NYC mayoral race '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://ballotpedia.org/Walter_Iwachiw Jump up ^ `` Republican mayoral contender quits race , citing money concerns '' . Crain 's New York Business . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` John Catsimatidis wo n't run for mayor , says de Blasio will be tough to beat '' . Daily News . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grove , Lloyd ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-NYC Top Cop Ray Kelly : Mayor Bill de Blasio Is Too PC on Terrorism '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump Jr : I 'd ' love ' to run for New York mayor against De Blasio '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump Jr . Has No Plans To Run For Office ... For Now ... '' . April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Queens Councilman Eric Ulrich wo n't run for mayor '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Castorina rescinds Massey endorsement , backs Malliotakis for mayor '' . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan endorses Malliotakis for mayor - Brooklyn Daily Eagle '' . www.brooklyneagle.com . Jump up ^ `` Matteo endorses Malliotakis for NYC mayor '' . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malliotakis gets Staten Island GOP backing in mayor 's race '' . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Catsimatidis Endorses Nicole Malliotakis for NYC Mayor - The National Herald '' . www.thenationalherald.com . Jump up ^ http://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/8/14/nicole-malliotakis-and-ray-denaro-announce-cross-endorsement Jump up ^ `` De Blasio foe Joe Lhota backs Nicole Malliotakis in mayoral race '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Rachel Shapiro , Joe Lhota endorses Nicole Malliotakis for mayor , Staten Island Advance ( May 31 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Guest . `` Malliotakis Endorsed by Senator Frank Padavan '' . Jump up ^ `` averypereira '' . averypereira . Jump up ^ `` Big Wins for Nicole Malliotakis in GOP Committee Votes - The National Herald '' . www.thenationalherald.com . ^ Jump up to : Campanile , Carl ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Conservative Party endorses Nicole Malliotakis for mayor '' . The New York Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campanile , Carl ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Nicole Malliotakis set to become GOP 's top pick in mayoral race '' . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island GOP Backs Nicole Malliotakis - The National Herald '' . www.thenationalherald.com . Jump up ^ `` Jeb Bush endorses NYC Republican mayoral candidate Paul Massey '' . Jump up ^ `` Massey , Faulkner trade endorsements for city mayor , controller '' . Jump up ^ `` Bronx chairman decided to back Massey after terror attack in England '' . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Republican mayoral candidate Paul Massey lands endorsement from New York 's Independence Party '' . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queens GOP backs Massey for mayor '' . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , J. David ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Paul Massey Unexpectedly Drops Out of New York City Mayor 's Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Mr. Massey 's decision to drop out also opened up the ballot line for the Independence Party , which had endorsed Mr. Massey . Jump up ^ http://nypost.com/2017/07/14/independence-party-fails-to-submit-candidate-for-nyc-mayoral-ballot/ Jump up ^ https://enrweb.boenyc.us/OF11CY0PY8.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Calder , Rich ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Brother of innocent Rikers inmate who killed himself is running for mayor '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Rachel ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Will support of GOP leaders affect mayoral primary ? '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` De Blasio Gets WFP Nod '' . Nystateofpolitics.com . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sal Albanese for mayor on Sept. 12 '' . The Villager . September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bowser For Mayor '' . Jump up ^ `` Bo Dietl Vows To Run As Independent After City Republicans Deny His Bid For Mayor '' . CBS New York . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trangle , Sarina . `` De Blasio 's rivals : The second tier weighs in on the mayor '' . cityandstateny.com . Jump up ^ `` City Limits '' Election 2017 : Who 's Who in the Race for Mayor ? `` . City Limits . Jump up ^ https://www.nyccfb.info/follow-the-money/candidates/2017 Jump up ^ `` www.scottberryformayor.com '' . www.scottberryformayor.com . Jump up ^ https://www.nyccfb.info/follow-the-money/candidates/2017 Jump up ^ `` Log In or Sign Up to View '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` NYC Campaign Finance Board : Campaign Finance Summary '' . www.nyccfb.info . Jump up ^ `` gosine110 '' . gosine110 . Jump up ^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/gosine110 Jump up ^ https://www.nyccfb.info/follow-the-money/candidates/2017 Jump up ^ `` Security Check Required '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin . `` Bo Dietl gets endorsement from GOP Councilman Eric Ulrich '' . NY Daily News . External links ( edit ) Sal Albanese ( RP ) for Mayor Bill de Blasio ( D ) for Mayor Nicole Malliotakis ( R ) for Mayor Akeem Browder ( G ) for Mayor Bo Dietl ( I ) for Mayor Aaron Commey ( L ) for Mayor Mayoral elections in New York City 1897 1901 1903 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1932 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Paul , MN San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA St. Louis , MO St. Petersburg , FL City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State California New Jersey Virginia Washington Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_mayoral_election,_2017&oldid=802232729 '' Categories : Mayoral elections in New York City United States mayoral elections , 2017 New York ( state ) elections , 2017 2017 in New York City November 2017 events in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from June 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 20 : 59 . 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8723309921460572746 | List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2 | List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2 - wikipedia List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2 The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The PlayStation 2 was designed to be backward compatible with PlayStation games . However , not all PlayStation games work on the PlayStation 2 . In addition , later models of the PlayStation 2 console could not play all of the games that were released for prior version of the PlayStation 2 . This article provides a list of some of the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games that are not compatible with all models of the PlayStation 2 . Contents 1 All models 2 SCPH - 3000X 3 SCPH - 75001 3.1 PlayStation games 3.2 PlayStation 2 games 4 References All models ( edit ) These PlayStation games have compatibility issues with all models of PlayStation 2 : Arcade Party Pak Arcade 's Greatest Hits / Atari 2 Fighter Maker Final Fantasy Anthology ( Occasional graphic glitches on save / load screen in Final Fantasy V , no issues in Final Fantasy VI ; this glitch was fixed in the green label Greatest Hits version released in 2004 ) Monkey Hero Tomba ! ( You must allow the intro sequence to play for the game to start up properly . ) X2 ( Glitches in menus ) Mortal Kombat Trilogy ( The game will only freeze on a PlayStation 2 if the `` BUY IN SCREEN '' option is set to `` OFF '' , and if the continue timer runs out . The game also only supports original PlayStation controllers . ) Namco Museum Encore ( While not incompatible , two of the games included lag when played on a PlayStation 2 console . ) The X-Files Game ( Graphical glitches with cursor . ) SCPH - 3000x ( edit ) This model has problems running these games : Destruction Derby ( Game does not recognize memory card . ) Destruction Derby 2 ( Game does not recognize memory card . ) Destruction Derby Raw ( Game does not recognize memory card . Occasional audio stutters and system hang ups . ) Krazy Ivan ( Game does not recognize memory card . ) The Legend of Dragoon Final Fantasy Tactics Metal Gear Solid : Special Missions ( Game does not recognize the original Metal Gear Solid game discs ) SCPH - 75001 ( edit ) The following games are incompatible with the SCPH - 75001 , `` slim '' , model PlayStation 2 : PlayStation games ( edit ) 102 Dalmatians : Puppies to the Rescue Akuji the Heartless Barbie Race and Ride Broken Helix Gundam Battle Assault The Hive Hooters Road Trip In Cold Blood Jampack Vol. 2 Land Before Time : Great Valley Racing Adventure Looney Tunes : Sheep Raider ( Major graphical glitches ) NFL Xtreme NHL 2000 NHL 2001 NHL Blades of Steel 2000 NHL Rock the Rink Nuclear Strike One PO'ed Powerboat Racing ( VR Sports ) Poy Poy 2 Rascal Rayman 2 : The Great Escape ( Minor sound glitches ) Rushdown Sentient Speed Punks Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo Soviet Strike Tomorrow Never Dies Ultimate Fighting Championship Worms PlayStation 2 games ( edit ) ATV Offroad Fury 3 ( Compatible with bugs ) Beyond Good & Evil ( sound glitches ) Big Mutha Truckers Big Mutha Truckers 2 ESPN NBA 2K5 Everquest Online Adventures : Frontiers Formula One 2001 ( video game ) Fight Night Round 2 Final Fantasy XI ( Requires the PlayStation 2 Hard Disk Drive ) Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Jungle Storm Jak X : Combat Racing ( Compatible with bugs ) Major League Baseball 2K5 Street Racing Syndicate Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005 Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 3 : Night of the Quinkan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 2 Backward Compatibility Alert '' . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 2 ( MODEL SCPH - 75001 ) Software Compatibility Alert '' . PlayStation Sony Interactive Entertainment SIE Worldwide Studios Consoles Home consoles PlayStation Models Main hardware PlayStation 2 Models Main hardware PlayStation 3 Models Main hardware System software PlayStation 4 Main hardware System software Handhelds PlayStation Portable System software PlayStation Vita System software Miscellaneous PocketStation PSX PlayStation TV Games PS1 games A -- L M -- Z Best - selling PS one Classics NA PAL JP PS2 games Best - selling Online games HD games PS2 Classics for PS3 PS2 games for PS4 PS3 games Best - selling Physical Digital only 3D games PS Move games PS4 games Best - selling PSVR PSP games Physical and digital System software compatibilities PS Minis Other PS Now games PS Vita games A -- L M -- Z PS Mobile games TurboGrafx - 16 Classics NEOGEO Station Classics HD Instant Game Collection NA PAL Asia Japan China Reprints Greatest Hits Essentials The Best BigHit Series Network PlayStation Network 2011 outage Central Station FirstPlay PlayStation App PlayStation Blog PlayStation Home PlayStation Mobile PlayStation Music PlayStation Now PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Vue PS2 online Room for PSP VidZone Accessories Controllers PlayStation Controller PlayStation Mouse Analog Joystick Dual Analog DualShock Sixaxis PlayStation Move Cameras EyeToy Go ! Cam PlayStation Eye PlayStation Camera Miscellaneous Multitap Link Cable PS2 accessories PS2 Headset PS3 accessories PlayTV Wonderbook PlayStation VR Kits Net Yaroze PS2 Linux GScube OtherOS Zego Media Magazines Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine PlayStation : The Official Magazine PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK PlayStation Official Magazine -- Australia PlayStation Underground Advertisements Double Life Mountain PlayStation marketing Characters Toro Polygon Man Kevin Butler Marcus Rivers Arcade boards Namco System 11 System 12 System 10 System 246 System 357 Related Super NES CD - ROM Sony Ericsson Xperia Play Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_PlayStation_games_incompatible_with_PlayStation_2&oldid=849852391 '' Categories : PlayStation 2 games PlayStation ( console ) games PlayStation ( brand ) - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 20 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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-6322659449638038616 | Indian independence movement | Indian Independence movement - Wikipedia Indian Independence movement Jump to : navigation , search For independence movements of American Indians , see Native American self - determination . Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Communism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Ancient ( show ) Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bronze Age , c. 3300 -- c. 1200 BCE Iron Age , c. 1200 -- c. 200 BCE Janapada , c. 1200 - c. 600 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware , c. 700 - c. 200 BCE Pundra Kingdom , c. 700 - c. 200 BCE Bengal in Mahabharata , c. 400 - c. 325 BCE Gangaridai Kingdom , c. 350 - c. 325 BCE Mauryan Empire , c. 325 -- c. 185 BCE Samatata Kingdom , c. 232 BCE - c. 800 CE Shunga - Kushan Period , c. 185 BCE -- c. 75 CE Southwestern Silk Road , c. 114 BCE - c. 1450 CE Indo - Roman trade relations , c. 30 - BCE - c. 600 CE Classical ( show ) Gupta Empire , c. 240 - c. 550 CE Sylhet - Assam Varmans , c. 350 - c. 650 CE Gauda Kingdom , c. 590 - c. 626 CE Khadga dynasty , c. 650 - c. 750 CE Pala Empire , c. 750 - c. 1100 CE Arrival of Islam , c. 800 - c. 1050 CE Harikela Kingdom , c. 900 - c. 1050 CE Candra dynasty , c. 900 - c. 1050 CE Sena dynasty , c. 1070 - c. 1320 CE Deva dynasty , c. 1100 - c. 1250 CE Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1204 - c. 1338 CE Mamluk Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sonargaon Sultanate , c. 1338 - c. 1352 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1352 - c. 1576 CE Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 - c. 1556 CE Twelve Bhuyans , c. 1550 - c. 1620 CE Porto Grande de Bengala , c. 1528 - c. 1666 CE Chittagong - Arakan Kingdom , c. 1530 - c. 1666 CE Mughal Empire , c. 1576 - c. 1717 CE Bengal Subah Modern ( show ) Nawabs of Bengal , c. 1717 - c. 1757 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 - c. 1858 CE Faraizi Movement , c. 1818 - c. 1884 CE The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 - c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE Bengal Renaissance Eastern Bengal and Assam Prime Minister of Bengal East Bengal , c. 1947 - c. 1955 CE Bengali Language Movement East Pakistan , c. 1955 - c. 1971 CE Six Point Movement 1969 uprising in East Pakistan Pakistani general election , 1970 Bangladesh Liberation War , c. 1971 CE Declaration of Independence Provisional Government of Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Bangladesh Forces Bangladeshi Republic , c. 1972 CE - present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Bangladeshi history Bangladeshi art History of Bengali literature Bangladesh portal Part of a series on the History of Pakistan Timeline Ancient ( show ) Palaeolithic Riwatian Culture , c . 1,900,000 BCE Soanian Culture , c . 500,000 -- 250,000 BCE Neolithic Mehrgarh , c. 7000 -- c. 3000 BCE Indus Valley Civilisation , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Early Harappan Period , c. 3300 -- c. 2600 BCE Mature Harappan Period , c. 2600 -- c. 1900 BCE Late Harappan Period , c. 1900 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Bahlika Kingdom Kamboja Kingdom Kasmira Kingdom Madra Kingdom Sindhu Kingdom Swat culture Sudra Kingdom Achaemenid Empire , c. 550 -- c. 330 BCE Gedrosia , c. 542 -- c. 330 BCE Gandhara , c. 518 -- c. 330 BCE Arachosia , c. 518 -- c. 330 BCE Hindush , c. 517 -- c. 330 BCE Sattagydia , c. 516 -- c. 330 BCE Ror Dynasty , c. 489 -- c. 450 BCE Macedonian Empire , c. 329 -- c. 323 BCE Arachosia , c. 323 -- c. 312 BCE Gedrosia , c. 323 -- c. 312 BCE Paropamisadae , c. 323 -- c. 312 BCE Porus , c. 323 -- c. 312 BCE Taxiles , c. 323 -- c. 312 BCE Mauryan Empire , c. 322 -- c. 200 BCE Greco - Bactrian Kingdom , c. 190 -- c. 140 BCE Indo - Greek Kingdom , c. 170 -- c. 50 BCE Indo - Scythian Kingdom , c. 110 BCE -- c. 95 CE Apracharajas , c. 25 BCE -- c. 50 CE Paratarajas , c. 120 -- c. 300 CE Classical ( show ) Parthian Empire , c. 90 BCE -- c. 25 CE Indo - Parthian Kingdom , c. 25 -- c. 80 CE Kushan Empire , c. 60 -- 345 CE Sasanian Empire , c. 250 -- 655 CE Kushano - Sasanian Kingdom , c. 240 -- 410 CE Kushanshahr Makuran Paradan Turgistan Gupta Empire , c. 345 -- c. 455 CE Rai Dynasty , c. 415 -- 644 CE Hephthalite Empire , c. 450 -- 560 CE Brahman Dynasty , c. 641 -- 725 CE Medieval ( show ) Caliphate , c. 643 -- 860 CE Rashidun Caliphate , c. 643 -- 661 CE Umayyad Caliphate , c. 670 -- 860 CE Habbari Dynasty , c. 841 -- 1024 CE Kabul Shahi , c. 870 -- 1010 CE Samanid Empire , c. 905 -- 999 CE Ghaznavids , c. 999 -- 1186 CE Soomra Dynasty , c. 1024 -- 1351 CE Ghurid Dynasty , c. 1170 -- 1215 CE Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Mamluk Dynasty , c. 1206 -- c. 1290 CE Khalji Dynasty , c. 1290 -- c. 1320 CE Tugluq Dynasty , c. 1320 -- c. 1413 CE Sayyid Dynasty , c. 1414 -- c. 1451 CE Lodhi Dynasty , c. 1451 -- c. 1526 CE Mongol Empire , c. 1221 -- c. 1327 CE Chagatai Khanate , c. 1225 -- c. 1485 CE Ilkhanate , c. 1256 -- c. 1353 CE Chitral State , c. 1320 -- 1947 CE Raees Dynasty , c. 1320 -- 1620 CE Katoor Dynasty , c. 1570 -- c. 1947 CE Samma Dynasty , c. 1351 -- 1524 CE Arghun Dynasty , c. 1520 -- 1554 CE Mughal Empire , c. 1526 -- c. 1707 CE Kabul Subah , c. 1574 -- c. 1707 CE Lahore Subah , c. 1574 -- c. 1707 CE Multan Subah , c. 1574 -- c. 1707 CE Kashmir Subah , c. 1627 -- c. 1707 CE Thatta Subah , c. 1627 -- c. 1707 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Tarkhan Dynasty , c. 1554 -- 1591 CE Dir State , c. 1626 -- c. 1947 Modern ( show ) Kalhora Dynasty , c. 1701 -- c. 1783 CE Durrani Empire , c. 1747 -- c. 1826 CE Talpur Dynasty , c. 1783 -- c. 1843 CE Khanate of Kalat , c. 1794 -- c. 1947 CE Kharan , c. 1801 -- c. 1947 CE Las Bela , c. 1802 -- c. 1947 CE Misl , c. 1716 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE State of Bahawalpur , c. 1802 -- c. 1849 CE Yusufzai State of Swat , c. 1802 -- c. 1947 CE Phulra , c. 1828 -- c. 1947 CE Makran , c. 1828 -- c. 1947 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Pakistan , c. 1947 CE -- present Dominion of Pakistan , c. 1947 -- 1956 CE Islamic Republic , c. 1956 CE -- present History of provinces ( show ) Azad Jammu & Kashmir Balochistan East Pakistan Gilgit - Baltistan Islamabad Capital Territory Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Portal The Indian independence movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule ( 1757 -- 1857 ) and the British Indian Empire ( 1857 -- 1947 ) in the Indian subcontinent . The movement spanned a total of 90 years ( 1857 -- 1947 ) . The very first organised militant movements were in Bengal , but they later took movement in the newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service ( British India ) examinations , as well as more rights , economic in nature , for the people of the soil . The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self - rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal , Bal , Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai . The last stages of the self - rule struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance , and several other campaigns . Nationalists like Subhash Chandra Bose , Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve self - rule . Poets and writers such as Rabindranath Tagore , Subramania Bharati , Muhammad Iqbal , Josh Malihabadi , Mohammad Ali Jouhar , Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature , poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness . Feminists such as Sarojini Naidu and Begum Rokeya promoted the emancipation of Indian women and their participation in national politics . B.R. Ambedkar championed the cause of the disadvantaged sections of Indian society within the larger self - rule movement . The period of the Second World War saw the peak of the campaigns by the Quit India Movement led by Congress , and the Indian National Army movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose . The Indian self - rule movement was a mass - based movement that encompassed various sections of society . It also underwent a process of constant ideological evolution . Although the basic ideology of the movement was anti-colonial , it was supported by a vision of independent capitalist economic development coupled with a secular , democratic , republican , and civil - libertarian political structure . After the 1930s , the movement took on a strong socialist orientation , owing to the influence of Bhagat Singh 's demand of Purn Swaraj ( Complete Self - Rule ) . The work of these various movements led ultimately to the Indian Independence Act 1947 , which ended the suzerainty in India and the creation of Pakistan . India remained a Dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950 , when the Constitution of India came into force , establishing the Republic of India ; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956 , when it adopted its first republican constitution . In 1971 , East Pakistan declared independence as the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background ( 1757 -- 1883 ) 1.1 Early British colonialism in India 1.2 Early rebellion 1.3 The rebellion of 1857 1.4 Rise of organised movements 2 Rise of Indian nationalism ( 1885 -- 1905 ) 3 Partition of Bengal , 1905 4 All India Muslim League 5 First World War 5.1 Nationalist response to war 5.2 British reforms 6 Gandhi arrives in India 6.1 First non-co - operation movement 7 Purna Swaraj 8 Elections and the Lahore resolution 9 Revolutionary movement 10 Final process of Indian self - rule movement 10.1 Azad Hind Fauj ( Indian National Army ) 10.2 Quit India Movement 10.3 Christmas Island Mutiny and Royal Indian Navy Revolt 11 Sovereignty and partition of India 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography Background ( 1757 -- 1883 ) ( edit ) Early British colonialism in India ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial India , East India Company , Company rule in India , and British Raj Robert Clive with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey After the defeat of Tipu Sultan , most of South India was now either under the company 's direct rule , or under its indirect political control European traders first reached Indian shores with the arrival of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 at the port of Calicut , in search of the lucrative spice trade . Just over a century later , the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the subcontinent , with the first English trading post set up at Surat in 1613 . Over the course of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries , the British defeated the Portuguese and Dutch militarily , but remained in conflict with the French , who had by then sought to establish themselves in the subcontinent . The decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the eighteenth century provided the British with the opportunity to establish a firm foothold in Indian politics . After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , during which the East India Company 's Indian army under Robert Clive defeated Siraj ud - Daulah , the Nawab of Bengal , the Company established itself as a major player in Indian affairs , and soon afterwards gained administrative rights over the regions of Bengal , Bihar and Midnapur part of Orissa , following the Battle of Buxar in 1764 . After the defeat of Tipu Sultan , most of South India came either under the Company 's direct rule , or under its indirect political control as part a princely state in a subsidiary alliance . The Company subsequently gained control of regions ruled by the Maratha Empire , after defeating them in a series of wars . The Punjab was annexed in 1849 , after the defeat of the Sikh armies in the First ( 1845 -- 1846 ) and Second ( 1848 -- 49 ) Anglo - Sikh Wars . English was made the medium of instruction in India 's schools in 1835 , and many Indians increasingly disliked British rule . Early Rebellion ( edit ) Puli Thevar was one of the opponents of the British rule in India . He was in conflict with the Nawab of Arcot who was supported by the British . His prominent exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam , who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s . Nelkatumseval the present Tirunelveli Dist of Tamil Nadu state of India was the headquarters of Puli Thevan . Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja was one of the earliest freedom fighters in India . He was the prince regent of the princely state of Kottiyur or Cotiote in North Malabar , near Kannur , India between 1774 and 1805 . He fought a guerrilla war with tribal people from Wynad supporting him . He was caught by the British and his fort was razed to the ground . Rani Velu Nachiyar ( 1730 -- 1796 ) , was a queen of Indian Sivaganga from 1760 to 1790 . She was the first queen to fight against the British in India . Rani Nachiyar was trained in war match weapons usage , martial arts like Valari , Silambam ( fighting using stick ) , horse riding and archery . She was a scholar in many languages and she had proficiency with languages like French , English and Urdu . When her husband , Muthuvaduganathaperiya Udaiyathevar , was killed by British soldiers and the son of the Nawab of Arcot , she was drawn into battle . She formed an army and sought an alliance with Gopala Nayaker and Hyder Ali with the aim of attacking the British , whom she did successfully fight in 1780 . When Rani Velu Nachiyar found the place where the British stored their ammunition , she arranged a suicide attack : a faithful follower , Kuyili , doused herself in oil , set herself alight and walked into the storehouse . Rani Velu Nachiyar formed a woman 's army named `` udaiyaal '' in honour of her adopted daughter , Udaiyaal , who died detonating a British arsenal . Rani Nachiyar was one of the few rulers who regained her kingdom , and ruled it for ten more years . Veerapandiya Kattabomman was an eighteenth - century Polygar and chieftain from Panchalankurichi in Tamil Nadu , India who waged a war against the East India Company . He was captured by the British and hanged in 1799 CE . Kattabomman refused to accept the sovereignty of East India Company , and fought against them . Dheeran Chinnamalai was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who fought against the East India Company . After Kattabomman and Tipu Sultan 's deaths , Chinnamalai sought the help of Marathas and Maruthu Pandiyar to attack the British at Coimbatore in 1800 . British forces managed to stop the armies of the allies and hence Chinnamalai was forced to attack Coimbatore on his own . His army was defeated and he escaped from the British forces . Chinnamalai engaged in guerrilla warfare and defeated the British in battles at Cauvery in 1801 , Odanilai in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804 . In September 1804 , the King of Khordha , Kalinga was deprived of the traditional rights of Jagannath Temple which was a serious shock to the King and the people of Odisha . Consequently , in October 1804 a group of armed Paiks attacked the British at Pipili . This event alarmed the British force . Jayee Rajguru , the chief of Army of Kalinga requested all the kings of the state to join hands for a common cause against the British . Rajguru was killed on 6 December 1806 . After Rajguru 's death , Bakshi Jagabandhu commanded an armed rebellion against the East India Company 's rule in Odisha which is known as Paik Rebellion . The Rebellion of 1857 ( edit ) States during the rebellion Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large - scale rebellion in the northern and central India against the British East India Company 's rule . It was suppressed and the British government took control of the company . The conditions of service in the company 's army and cantonments increasingly came into conflict with the religious beliefs and prejudices of the sepoys . The predominance of members from the upper castes in the army , perceived loss of caste due to overseas travel , and rumours of secret designs of the government to convert them to Christianity led to deep discontent among the sepoys . The sepoys were also disillusioned by their low salaries and the racial discrimination practised by British officers in matters of promotion and privileges . The indifference of the British towards leading native Indian rulers such as the Mughals and ex-Peshwas and the annexation of Oudh were political factors triggering dissent amongst Indians . The Marquess of Dalhousie 's policy of annexation , the doctrine of lapse ( or escheat ) applied by the British , and the projected removal of the descendants of the Great Mughal from their ancestral palace at Red Fort to the Qutb Minaar ( near Delhi ) also angered some people . The final spark was provided by the rumoured use of tallow ( from cows ) and lard ( pig fat ) in the newly introduced Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle cartridges . Soldiers had to bite the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their rifles , and the reported presence of cow and pig fat was religiously offensive to both Hindu and Muslim soldiers . Mangal Pandey , a 29 - year - old sepoy , was believed to be responsible for inspiring the Indian sepoys to rise against the British . Pandey revolted against his army regiment for protection of the cow , considered sacred by Hindus . In the first week of May 1857 , he killed a higher officer in his regiment at Barrackpore for the introduction of the rule . He was captured and was sentenced to death when the British took back control of the regiment . On 10 May 1857 , the sepoys at Meerut broke rank and turned on their commanding officers , killing some of them . They reached Delhi on 11 May , set the company 's toll house on fire , and marched into the Red Fort , where they asked the Mughal emperor , Bahadur Shah II , to become their leader and reclaim his throne . The emperor was reluctant at first , but eventually agreed and was proclaimed Shehenshah - e-Hindustan by the rebels . The rebels also murdered much of the European , Eurasian , and Christian population of the city . Revolts broke out in other parts of Oudh and the North - Western Provinces as well , where civil rebellion followed the mutinies , leading to popular uprisings . The British were initially caught off - guard and were thus slow to react , but eventually responded with force . The lack of effective organisation among the rebels , coupled with the military superiority of the British , brought a rapid end to the rebellion . The British fought the main army of the rebels near Delhi , and after prolonged fighting and a siege , defeated them and retook the city on 20 September 1857 . Subsequently , revolts in other centres were also crushed . The last significant battle was fought in Gwalior on 17 June 1858 , during which Rani Lakshmibai was killed . Sporadic fighting and guerrilla warfare , led by Tatya Tope , continued until spring 1859 , but most of the rebels were eventually subdued . The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major turning point in the history of modern India . While affirming the military and political power of the British , it led to significant change in how India was to be controlled by them . Under the Government of India Act 1858 , the Company was deprived of its involvement in ruling India , with its territory being transferred to the direct authority of the British government . At the apex of the new system was a Cabinet minister , the Secretary of State for India , who was to be formally advised by a statutory council ; the Governor - General of India ( Viceroy ) was made responsible to him , while he in turn was responsible to the government . In a royal proclamation made to the people of India , Queen Victoria promised equal opportunity of public service under British law , and also pledged to respect the rights of the native princes . The British stopped the policy of seizing land from the princes , decreed religious tolerance and began to admit Indians into the civil service ( albeit mainly as subordinates ) . However , they also increased the number of British soldiers in relation to native Indian ones , and only allowed British soldiers to handle artillery . Bahadur Shah was exiled to Rangoon , Burma , where he died in 1862 . In 1876 , in a controversial move Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli acceded to the Queen 's request and passed legislation to give Queen Victoria the additional title of Empress of India . Liberals in Britain objected that the title was foreign to British traditions . Rise of organised movements ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Image of the delegates to the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay , 1885 Main article : Nationalist Movements in India See also : Indian National Congress The decades following the Rebellion were a period of growing political awareness , manifestation of Indian public opinion and emergence of Indian leadership at both national and provincial levels . Dadabhai Naoroji formed the East India Association in 1867 and Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Association in 1876 . Inspired by a suggestion made by A.O. Hume , a retired British civil servant , seventy - two Indian delegates met in Bombay in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress . They were mostly members of the upwardly mobile and successful western - educated provincial elites , engaged in professions such as law , teaching and journalism . At its inception , the Congress had no well - defined ideology and commanded few of the resources essential to a political organisation . Instead , it functioned more as a debating society that met annually to express its loyalty to the British Raj and passed numerous resolutions on less controversial issues such as civil rights or opportunities in government ( especially in the civil service ) . These resolutions were submitted to the Viceroy 's government and occasionally to the British Parliament , but the Congress 's early gains were slight . Despite its claim to represent all India , the Congress voiced the interests of urban elites ; the number of participants from other social and economic backgrounds remained negligible . The influence of socio - religious groups such as Arya Samaj ( started by Swami Dayanand Saraswati ) and Brahmo Samaj ( founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and others ) became evident in pioneering reforms of Indian society . The work of men like Swami Vivekananda , Ramakrishna , Sri Aurobindo , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai , Subramanya Bharathy , Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , Rabindranath Tagore and Dadabhai Naoroji , as well as women such as the Scots -- Irish Sister Nivedita , spread the passion for rejuvenation and freedom . The rediscovery of India 's indigenous history by several European and Indian scholars also fed into the rise of nationalism among Indians . Rise of Indian nationalism ( 1885 -- 1905 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Nationalist Movements in India Bal Gangadhar Tilak . By 1900 , although the Congress had emerged as an all - India political organisation , its achievement was undermined by its singular failure to attract Muslims , who felt that their representation in government service was inadequate . Attacks by Hindu reformers against religious conversion , cow slaughter , and the preservation of Urdu in Arabic script deepened their concerns of minority status and denial of rights if the Congress alone were to represent the people of India . Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched a movement for Muslim regeneration that culminated in the founding in 1875 of the Muhammadan Anglo - Oriental College at Aligarh , Uttar Pradesh ( renamed Aligarh Muslim University in 1920 ) . Its objective was to educate wealthy students by emphasising the compatibility of Islam with modern western knowledge . The diversity among India 's Muslims , however , made it impossible to bring about uniform cultural and intellectual regeneration . The nationalistic sentiments among Congress members led to the movement to be represented in the bodies of government , to have a say in the legislation and administration of India . Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists , but wanted an active role in governing their own country , albeit as part of the Empire . This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji , who went as far as contesting , successfully , an election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom , becoming its first Indian member . Bal Gangadhar Tilak was the first Indian nationalist to embrace Swaraj as the destiny of the nation . Tilak deeply opposed the then British education system that ignored and defamed India 's culture , history and values . He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists , and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation . For these reasons , he considered Swaraj as the natural and only solution . His popular sentence `` Swaraj is my birthright , and I shall have it '' became the source of inspiration for Indians . In 1907 , the Congress was split into two factions : The radicals , led by Tilak , advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British . The moderates , led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale , on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule . Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai , who held the same point of view . Under them , India 's three great states -- Maharashtra , Bengal and Punjab shaped the demand of the people and India 's nationalism . Gokhale criticised Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder . But the Congress of 1906 did not have public membership , and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party . But with Tilak 's arrest , all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled . The Congress lost credibility with the people . A Muslim deputation met with the Viceroy , Minto ( 1905 -- 10 ) , seeking concessions from the impending constitutional reforms , including special considerations in government service and electorates . The British recognised some of the Muslim League 's petitions by increasing the number of elective offices reserved for Muslims in the Indian Councils Act 1909 . The Muslim League insisted on its separateness from the Hindu - dominated Congress , as the voice of a `` nation within a nation '' . Partition of Bengal , 1905 ( edit ) Main article : Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) In July 1901 , Lord Curzon , the Viceroy and Governor - General ( 1899 -- 1905 ) , ordered the partition of the province of Bengal supposedly This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( November 2016 ) for improvements in administrative efficiency in the huge and populous region . It also had justifications due to increasing conflicts between Muslims and dominant Hindu regimes in Bengal . However , the Indians viewed the partition as an attempt by the British to disrupt the growing national movement in Bengal and divide the Hindus and Muslims of the region . The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics . The partition outraged Bengalis . Not only had the government failed to consult Indian public opinion , but the action appeared to reflect the British resolve to divide and rule . Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press , and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of swadeshi , or indigenous industries . A growing movement emerged , focussing on indigenous Indian industries , finance and education , which saw the founding of National Council of Education , birth of Indian financial institutions and banks , as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature . Hindus showed unity by tying Rakhi on each other 's wrists and observing Arandhan ( not cooking any food ) . During this time , Bengali Hindu nationalists like Sri Aurobindo , Bhupendranath Datta , and Bipin Chandra Pal began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as Jugantar and Sandhya , and were charged with sedition . Brahmabhandav Upadhyay , a Hindu newspaper editor who helped Tagore establish his school at Shantiniketan , was imprisoned and the first to die in British custody in the twentieth century struggle for self - rule . All India Muslim League ( edit ) The All - India Muslim League was founded by the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka ( now Bangladesh ) , in 1906 , in the context of the circumstances that were generated over the partition of Bengal in 1905 . Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim diaspora in British India , the Muslim League played a decisive role behind the creation of Pakistan in the Indian subcontinent . In 1916 , Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress , which was the largest Indian political organisation . Like most of the Congress at the time , Jinnah did not favour outright self - rule , considering British influences on education , law , culture and industry as beneficial to India . Jinnah became a member of the sixty - member Imperial Legislative Council . The council had no real power or authority , and included a large number of un-elected pro-Raj loyalists and Europeans . Nevertheless , Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the Child Marriages Restraint Act , the legitimisation of the Muslim waqf ( religious endowments ) and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee , which helped establish the Indian Military Academy at Dehradun . During the First World War , Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort . First World war ( edit ) See also : Hindu -- German Conspiracy , Ghadar Mutiny , Christmas Day Plot , Niedermayer -- Hentig Expedition , Silk Letter Movement , and Defence of India Act 1915 This photograph shows an emaciated Indian Army soldier who survived the Siege of Kut , part of the campaign in Mesopotamia The First World War began with an unprecedented outpouring of support towards Britain from within the mainstream political leadership , contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt . India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources . About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and laborers served in Europe , Africa and the Middle East , while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food , money and ammunition . However , Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti colonial activities . Nationalism in Bengal , increasingly closely linked with the unrests in Punjab , was significant enough to nearly paralyze the regional administration , whilst failed conspiracies were made by revolutionaries to trigger nationalist revolt in India . None of the revolutionary conspiracies had significant impact inside India . The prospect of subversive violence and its effect on the popular war effort drew support amongst Indian population for special measures against anti-colonial activities in the form of Defence of India act 1915 , and no major mutinies occurred . However , the war - time conspiracies did lead to profound fears of insurrection among British officials , preparing them to use extreme force to frighten the Indians into submission . Nationalist response to war ( edit ) In the aftermath of the First World War , high casualty rates , soaring inflation compounded by heavy taxation , a widespread influenza epidemic and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India . The pre-war nationalist movement revived as moderate and extremist groups within the Congress submerged their differences in order to stand as a unified front . They argued their enormous services to the British Empire during the war demanded a reward , and demonstrated the Indian capacity for self - rule . In 1916 , the Congress succeeded in forging the Lucknow Pact , a temporary alliance with the Muslim League over the issues of devolution of political power and the future of Islam in the region . British reforms ( edit ) The British themselves adopted a `` carrot and stick '' approach in recognition of India 's support during the war and in response to renewed nationalist demands . In August 1917 , Edwin Montagu , the secretary of state for India , made the historic announcement in Parliament that the British policy for India was `` increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration and the gradual development of self - governing institutions with a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire . '' The means of achieving the proposed measure were later enshrined in the Government of India Act , 1919 , which introduced the principle of a dual mode of administration , or diarchy , in which both elected Indian legislators and appointed British officials shared power . The act also expanded the central and provincial legislatures and widened the franchise considerably . Diarchy set in motion certain real changes at the provincial level : a number of non-controversial or `` transferred '' portfolios , such as agriculture , local government , health , education , and public works , were handed over to Indians , while more sensitive matters such as finance , taxation , and maintaining law and order were retained by the provincial British administrators . Gandhi arrives in India ( edit ) See also : Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh massacre Gandhi in 1918 , at the time of the Kheda and Champaran satyagrahas ( Sitting L to R ) Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi 's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha Gandhi had been a leader of the Indian nationalist movement in South Africa , and had been a vocal opponent of basic discrimination and abusive labour treatment as well as suppressive police control such as the Rowlatt Acts . During these protests , Gandhi had perfected the concept of satyagraha , which had been inspired by the philosophy of Baba Ram Singh ( famous for leading the Kuka Movement in the Punjab in 1872 ) . In January 1914 ( well before the First World War began ) Gandhi was successful . The legislation against Indians was repealed and all Indian political prisoners were released by General Jan Smuts . Gandhi accomplished this through extensive use of non-violent protest , such as boycotting , protest marching , and fasting by him and his followers . Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915 , and initially entered the political fray not with calls for a nation - state , but in support of the unified commerce - oriented territory that the Congress Party had been asking for . Gandhi believed that the industrial development and educational development that the Europeans had brought with them were required to alleviate many of India 's problems . Gopal Krishna Gokhale , a veteran Congressman and Indian leader , became Gandhi 's mentor . Gandhi 's ideas and strategies of non-violent civil disobedience initially appeared impractical to some Indians and Congressmen . In Gandhi 's own words , `` civil disobedience is civil breach of unmoral statutory enactments . '' It had to be carried out non-violently by withdrawing co-operation with the corrupt state . Gandhi had great respect for Lokmanya Tilak . His programmes were all inspired by Tilak 's `` Chatusutri '' programme . It was at this point he met the prophet Ryan Chart , where he founded some of his most spiritual messages with his British colleague . The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the Rowlatt Act , named after the recommendations made the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Committee . The commission was set up to look into the war - time conspiracies by the nationalist organisations and recommend measures to deal with the problem in the post-war period . Rowlatt recommended the extension of the war - time powers of the Defence of India act into the post-war period . The war - time act had vested the Viceroy 's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press , detaining political activists without trial , and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant . It was increasingly reviled within India due to widespread and indiscriminate use . Many popular leaders , including Annie Beasant and Ali brothers had been detained . Rowlatt act was , therefore , passed in the face of universal opposition among the ( non-official ) Indian members in the Viceroy 's council . The extension of the act drew widespread opposition and criticism . In protest , a nationwide cessation of work ( hartal ) was called , marking the beginning of widespread , although not nationwide , popular discontent . The agitation unleashed by the acts led to British attacks on demonstrators , culminating on 13 April 1919 , in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre ( also known as the Amritsar Massacre ) in Amritsar , Punjab . The British military commander , Brigadier - General Reginald Dyer , blocked the main , and only entrance , and ordered his soldiers to fire into an unarmed and unsuspecting crowd of some 15,000 men , women and children . They had assembled peacefully at Jallianwala Bagh , a walled courtyard , but Dyer had wanted to execute the imposed ban on all meetings and proposed to teach all Indians a lesson the harsher way . A total of 1,651 rounds were fired , killing 379 people ( as according to an official British commission ; Indian officials ' estimates ranged as high as 1,499 and wounding 1,137 in the massacre . ) Dyer was forced to retire but was hailed as a hero in Britain , demonstrating to Indian nationalists that the Empire was beholden to public opinion in Britain , but not in India . The episode dissolved wartime hopes of home rule and goodwill and opened a rift that could not be bridged short of complete self - rule . First non-co - operation movement ( edit ) From 1920 to 1922 , Gandhi started the Non-Cooperation Movement . At the Kolkata session of the Congress in September 1920 , Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-co - operation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for dominion status . The first satyagraha movement urged the use of khadi and Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain . It also urged people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts ; resign from government employment ; refuse to pay taxes ; and forsake British titles and honours . Although this came too late to influence the framing of the new Government of India Act 1919 , the movement enjoyed widespread popular support , and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder presented a serious challenge to foreign rule . However , Gandhi called off the movement because he was scared after Chauri Chaura incident , which saw the death of twenty - two policemen at the hands of an angry mob . Membership in the party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee , and a hierarchy of committees was established and made responsible for discipline and control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement . The party was transformed from an elite organisation to one of mass national appeal and participation . Gandhi was sentenced in 1922 to six years of prison , but was released after serving two . On his release from prison , he set up the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad , on the banks of river Sabarmati , established the newspaper Young India , and inaugurated a series of reforms aimed at the socially disadvantaged within Hindu society -- the rural poor , and the untouchables . This era saw the emergence of new generation of Indians from within the Congress Party , including C. Rajagopalachari , Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel , Subhas Chandra Bose and others - who would later on come to form the prominent voices of the Indian self - rule movement , whether keeping with Gandhian Values , or , as in the case of Bose 's Indian National Army , diverging from it . The Indian political spectrum was further broadened in the mid-1920s by the emergence of both moderate and militant parties , such as the Swaraj Party , Hindu Mahasabha , Communist Party of India and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh . Regional political organisations also continued to represent the interests of non-Brahmins in Madras , Mahars in Maharashtra , and Sikhs in Punjab . However , people like Mahakavi Subramanya Bharathi , Vanchinathan and Neelakanda Brahmachari played a major role from Tamil Nadu in both self - rule struggle and fighting for equality for all castes and communities . Many women participated in the movement , including Kasturba Gandhi ( Gandhi 's wife ) , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , Muthulaxmi Reddy , Aruna Asaf Ali , and many others . Purna Swaraj ( edit ) Following the rejection of the recommendations of the Simon Commission by Indians , an all - party conference was held at Mumbai in May 1928 . This was meant to instill a sense of Liberation among people . The conference appointed a drafting committee under Motilal Nehru to draw up a constitution for India . The Kolkata session of the Indian National Congress asked the British government to accord dominion status to India by December 1929 , or a countrywide civil disobedience movement would be launched . By 1929 , however , in the midst of rising political discontent and increasingly violent regional movements , the call for complete sovereignty and end of British rule began to find increasing grounds within the Public . Under the presidency of Jawaharlal at his historic Lahore session in December 1929 , the Indian National Congress adopted the idea of complete self - rule and end of British rule . It authorised the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement throughout the country . It was decided that 26 January 1930 should be observed all over India as the Purna Swaraj ( complete self - rule ) Day . Many Indian political parties and Indian revolutionaries of a wide spectrum united to observe the day with honour and pride . In March 1931 , the Gandhi - Irwin Pact was signed , and the government agreed to set all political prisoners free ( Although , some of the great revolutionaries were not set free and the death sentence for Bhagat Singh and his two comrades was not taken back which further intensified the agitation against Congress not only outside it but within the Congress itself ) . For the next few years , the Congress and the government were locked in conflict and negotiations until what became the Government of India Act 1935 could be hammered out . By then , the rift between the Congress and the Muslim League had become unbridgeable as each pointed the finger at the other acrimoniously . The Muslim League disputed the claim of the Congress to represent all people of India , while the Congress disputed the Muslim League 's claim to voice the aspirations of all Muslims . The Civil Disobedience Movement indicated a new part in the process of the Indian self - rule struggle . As a whole , it became a failure by itself , but it brought the Indian population together , under the Indian National Congress 's leadership . The movement made the Indian people strive even more towards self - rule . The movement allowed the Indian community to revive their inner confidence and strength against the British Government . In addition , the movement weakened the authority of the British and aided in the end of the British Empire in India . Overall , the civil disobedience Movement was an essential achievement in the history of Indian self - rule . Elections and the Lahore resolution ( edit ) Main article : Indian provincial elections , 1937 Jinnah with Gandhi , 1944 . The Government of India Act 1935 , the voluminous and final constitutional effort at governing British India , articulated three major goals : establishing a loose federal structure , achieving provincial autonomy , and safeguarding minority interests through separate electorates . The federal provisions , intended to unite princely states and British India at the centre , were not implemented because of ambiguities in safeguarding the existing privileges of princes . In February 1937 , however , provincial autonomy became a reality when elections were held ; the Congress emerged as the dominant party with a clear majority in five provinces and held an upper hand in two , while the Muslim League performed poorly . In 1939 , the Viceroy Linlithgow declared India 's entrance into the Second World War without consulting provincial governments . In protest , the Congress asked all of its elected representatives to resign from the government . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the president of the Muslim League , persuaded participants at the annual Muslim League session at Lahore in 1940 to adopt what later came to be known as the Lahore Resolution , demanding the division of India into two separate sovereign states , one Muslim , the other Hindu ; sometimes referred to as Two Nation Theory . Although the idea of Pakistan had been introduced as early as 1930 , very few had responded to it . However , the volatile political climate and hostilities between the Hindus and Muslims transformed the idea of Pakistan into a stronger demand . Revolutionary movement ( edit ) Main article : Revolutionary movement for Indian independence See also : Anushilan Samiti , India House , Ghadar Party , and Hindustan Socialist Republican Army Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev Thapar , and Shivaram Rajguru Apart from a few stray incidents , armed rebellions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century . The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century , with groups arising in Bengal , Maharashtra , Odisha , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , and the Madras Presidency including what is now called South India . More groups were scattered around India . Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal , especially around the Partition of Bengal in 1905 , and in Punjab after 1907 . In the former case , it was the educated , intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class Bhadralok community that came to form the `` Classic '' Indian revolutionary , while the latter had an immense support base in the rural and Military society of the Punjab . In Bengal , the Anushilan Samiti emerged from conglomerations of local youth groups and gyms ( Akhra ) in Bengal in 1902 , forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in East and West Bengal identified as Dhaka Anushilan Samiti in Dhaka ( modern day Bangladesh ) , and the Jugantar group ( centred at Calcutta ) respectively . Led by nationalists of the likes of Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Ghosh , the Samiti was influenced by philosophies as diverse as Hindu Shakta philosophy propounded by Bengali literaetuer Bankim and Vivekananda , Italian Nationalism , and Pan-Asianism of Kakuzo Okakura . The Samiti was involved in a number of noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India within the decade of its founding , including early attempts to assassinate Raj officials whilst led by Ghosh brothers . In the meantime , in Maharashtra and Punjab arose similarly militant nationalist feelings . The District Magistrate of Nasik , A.M.T. Jackson was shot dead by Anant Kanhere in December 1909 , followed by the death of Robert D'Escourt Ashe at the hands of Vanchi Iyer . Indian nationalism made headway through Indian societies as far as Paris and London . In London India House under the patronage of Shyamji Krishna Verma came under increasing scrutiny for championing and justifying violence in the cause of Indian nationalism , which found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in Paris Indian Society avid followers . By 1907 , through Indian nationalist Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama 's links to Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski , Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as India House under V.D. Savarkar were able to obtain manuals for manufacturing bombs . India House was also a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India . In addition to The Indian Sociologist , pamphlets like Bande Mataram and Oh Martyrs ! by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence . Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence , including assassinations , in India at the time . One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the District Magistrate of Nasik , A.M.T. Jackson , by Anant Kanhere in December 1909 . The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House . Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the Rowlatt report to have aided and influenced political assassinations , including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe . The Paris - Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in a 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant - Governor Sir Andrew Fraser . The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of native regiments of the British Indian Army . The assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in the hands of Madanlal Dhingra was highly publcised and saw increasing surveillance and suppression of Indian nationalism . These were followed by the 1912 attempt on the life of Viceroy of India . Following this , the nucleus of networks formed in India House , the Anushilan Samiti , nationlalists in Punjab , and the nationalism that arose among Indian expatriates and labourers in North America , a different movement began to emerge in the North American Ghadar Party , culminating in the Sedetious conspiracy of World War I led by Rash Behari Bose and Lala Hardayal . However , the emergence of the Gandhian movement slowly began to absorb the different revolutionary groups . The Bengal Samiti moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s , when a number of its members identified closely with the Congress and Gandhian non-violent movement . Revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of Gandhian Noncooperation movement in 1922 . In Bengal , this saw reorganisation of groups linked to the Samiti under the leadership of Surya Sen and Hem Chandra Kanungo . A spate of violence led up to enactment of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment in the early 1920s , which recalled the powers of incarceration and detention of the Defence of India Act . In north India , remnants of Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organisations reorganised , notably under Sachindranath Sanyal , founding the Hindustan Republican Association with Chandrashekhar Azad in north India . The HSRA had strong influences from leftist ideologies . Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ( HSRA ) was formed under the leadership of Chandrasekhar Azad . Kakori train robbery was done largely by the members of HSRA . A number of Congress leaders from Bengal , especially Subhash Chandra Bose , were accused by the British Government of having links with and allowing patronage to the revolutionary organisations during this time . The violence and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s , when revolutionaries of the Samiti and the HSRA were involved in was involved in the Chittagong armoury raid and the Kakori conspiracy and other attempts against the administration in British India and Raj officials . Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of `` Inquilab Zindabad '' , though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident . Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing incident and a trial was conducted . Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during search operations after the bombing incident . Following the trial ( Central Assembly Bomb Case ) , Bhagat Singh , Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in 1931 . Allama Mashriqi founded Khaksar Tehreek in order to direct particularly the Muslims towards the self - rule movement . Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose , while others identified more closely with Communism . The Jugantar branch formally dissolved in 1938 . On 13 March 1940 , Udham Singh shot Michael O'Dwyer ( the last political murder outside India ) , generally held responsible for the Amritsar Massacre , in London . However , the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement . As the political scenario changed in the late 1930s -- with the mainstream leaders considering several options offered by the British and with religious politics coming into play -- revolutionary activities gradually declined . Many past revolutionaries joined mainstream politics by joining Congress and other parties , especially communist ones , while many of the activists were kept under hold in different jails across the country . Within a short time of its inception , these organisations became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operations . Operations against Anushilan Samiti saw founding of the Special branch of Calcutta Police . The intelligence operations against India House saw the founding of the Indian Political Intelligence Office which later grew to be the Intelligence bureau in independent India . Heading the intelligence and missions against Ghadarite movement and India revolutionaries was the MI5 ( g ) section , and at one point invokved the Pinkerton 's detective agency . Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against Indian revolutionaries , or were involved in it , at various time included John Arnold Wallinger , Sir Robert Nathan , Sir Harold Stuart , Vernon Kell , Sir Charles Stevenson - Moore and Sir Charles Tegart , as well as W. Somerset Maugham . The threat posed by the activities of the Samiti in Bengal during World War I , along with the threat of a Ghadarite uprising in Punjab , saw the passage of Defence of India Act 1915 . These measures saw the arrest , internment , transportations and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation , and was successful in crushing the East Bengal Branch . In the aftermath of the war , the Rowlatt committee recommended extending the Defence of India Act ( as the Rowlatt act ) to thwart any possible revival of the Samiti in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab . In the 1920s , Alluri Sitarama Raju led the ill - fated Rampa Rebellion of 1922 -- 24 , during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought against the British Raj . He was referred to as `` Manyam Veerudu '' ( `` Hero of the Jungles '' ) by the local people . After the passing of the 1882 Madras Forest Act , its restrictions on the free movement of tribal peoples in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional podu ( Slash - and - burn ) agricultural system , which involved shifting cultivation . Raju led a protest movement in the border areas of the Godavari Agency in Madras Presidency ( present - day Andhra Pradesh ) . Inspired by the patriotic zeal of revolutionaries in Bengal , Raju raided police stations in and around Chintapalle , Rampachodavaram , Dammanapalli , Krishna - devi - peta , Rajavommangi , Addateegala , Narsipatnam and Annavaram . Raju and his followers stole guns and ammunition and killed several British army officers , including Scott Coward near Dammanapalli . The British campaign lasted for nearly a year from December 1922 . Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalli then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle . Government of India through the Ministry of Home Affairs has later notified 38 movements / struggles across Indian territories as the ones that led to the country gaining self - rule and ending the British Raj . The Kallara - Pangode Struggle is one of these 39 agitations . Final process of Indian self - rule movement ( edit ) In 1937 , provincial elections were held and the Congress came to power in seven of the eleven provinces . This was a strong indicator of the Indian people 's support for complete self - rule . When the Second World War started , Viceroy Linlithgow unilaterally declared India a belligerent on the side of Britain , without consulting the elected Indian representatives . In opposition to Linlithgow 's action , the entire Congress leadership resigned from the provincial and local governments . The Muslims and Sikhs , by contrast , strongly supported the war effort and gained enormous stature in London . Defying Congress , millions of Indians supported the war effort , and indeed the British Indian Army became the largest volunteer force , numbering 2,500,000 men during the war . Especially during the Battle of Britain in 1940 , Gandhi resisted calls for massive civil disobedience movements that came from within as well as outside his party , stating he did not seek India 's self - rule out of the ashes of a destroyed Britain . In 1942 , the Congress launched the Quit India movement . There was some violence but the Raj cracked down and arrested tens of thousands of Congress leaders , including all the main national and provincial figures . They were not released until the end of the war was in sight in 1945 . The self - rule movement saw the rise of three movements : The first of these , the Kakori conspiracy ( 9 August 1925 ) was led by Indian youth under the leadership of Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil ; second was the Azad Hind movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose which saw its inception early in the war and joined Germany and Japan to fight Britain ; the third one saw its inception in August 1942 , was led by Lal Bahadur Shastri and reflected the common man resulting the failure of the Cripps ' mission to reach a consensus with the Indian political leadership over the transfer of power after the war . Azad Hind fauj ( Indian National army ) ( edit ) Main articles : Indian National Army , Arzi Hukumat - e-Azad Hind , Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose , and World War II See also : Legion Freies Indien , Battaglione Azad Hindoustan , Capt . Mohan Singh , Indian Independence League , Death of Subhas Chandra Bose , and INA trials The entry of India into the war was strongly opposed by Subhas Chandra Bose , who had been elected President of the Congress in 1938 and 1939 , but later resigned due to differences in opinion with Gandhi . After resignation he formed his own wing separated from the mainstream congress leadership known as Forward bloc which was the centre of ex-congressmen with socialist views ; however he remained emotionally attached with him for the remainder of his life . Bose then founded the All India Forward Bloc . In 1940 , a year after war broke out , the British had put Bose under house arrest in Calcutta . However , he escaped and made his way through Afghanistan to Nazi Germany to seek Hitler and Mussolini 's help for raising an army to fight the British . The Free India Legion comprising Erwin Rommel 's Indian POWs was formed . However , in light of Germany 's changing fortunes , a German land invasion of India became untenable and Hitler advised Bose to go to Japan and arranged for a submarine . Bose was ferried to Japanese Southeast Asia , where he formed the Azad Hind Government , a Provisional Free Indian Government in exile , and reorganised the Indian National Army composed of Indian POWs and volunteering Indian expatriates in South - East Asia , with the help of the Japanese . Its aim was to reach India as a fighting force that would build on public resentment to inspire revolts among Indian soldiers to defeat the British raj . Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose . The INA was to see action against the allies , including the British Indian Army , in the forests of Arakan , Burma and in Assam , laying siege on Imphal and Kohima with the Japanese 15th Army . During the war , the Andaman and Nicobar islands were captured by the Japanese and handed over by them to the INA . The INA failed owing to disrupted logistics , poor supplies from the Japanese , and lack of training . It surrendered unconditionally to the British in Singapore in 1945 . Bose , however , attempted to escape to Japanese - held Manchuria in an attempt to escape to the Soviet Union , marking the end of the entire Azad Hind movement . Quit India movement ( edit ) Main article : Quit India Movement The Quit India Movement ( Bharat Chhodo Andolan ) or the August Movement was a civil disobedience movement in India which commenced on 8 August 1942 in response to Gandhi 's call for immediate self - rule by Indians and against sending Indians to World War II . He asked all teachers to leave their schools , and other Indians to leave their respective jobs and take part in this movement . Due to Gandhi 's political influence , his request was followed by a massive proportion of the population . In addition , the INC led the Quit India Movement to demand the British to leave India and to transfer the political power to INC . During the movement , Gandhi and his followers continued to use non-violence against British rule . This movement was where Gandhi gave his famous message , `` Do or Die ! '' , and this message spread towards the Indian community . In addition , this movement was addressed directly to women as `` disciplined soldiers of Indian freedom '' and they had to keep the war for independence to go on ( against British rule ) . At the outbreak of war , the Congress Party had during the Wardha meeting of the working - committee in September 1939 , passed a resolution conditionally supporting the fight against fascism , but were rebuffed when they asked for self - rule in return . In March 1942 , faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war , and deteriorations in the war situation in Europe and South East Asia , and with growing dissatisfactions among Indian troops - especially in Europe - and among the civilian population in the sub-continent , the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps , in what came to be known as the Cripps ' Mission . The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war , in return of progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to elected Indian legislature . However , the talks failed , having failed to address the key demand of a timeframe towards self - government , and of definition of the powers to be relinquished , essentially portraying an offer of limited dominion - status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement . To force the British Raj to meet its demands and to obtain definitive word on total self - rule , the Congress took the decision to launch the Quit India Movement . The aim of the movement was to force the British Government to the negotiating table by holding the Allied war effort hostage . The call for determined but passive resistance that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement is best described by his call to Do or Die , issued on 8 August at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay , since renamed August Kranti Maidan ( August Revolution Ground ) . However , almost the entire Congress leadership , and not merely at the national level , was put into confinement less than 24 hours after Gandhi 's speech , and the greater number of the Congress khiland were to spend the rest of the war in jail . On 8 August 1942 , the Quit India resolution was passed at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee ( AICC ) . The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands , a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched . However , it was an extremely controversial decision . At Gowalia Tank , Mumbai , Gandhi urged Indians to follow a non-violent civil disobedience . Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow the orders of the British . The British , already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India -- Burma border , responded the next day by imprisoning Gandhi at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune . The Congress Party 's Working Committee , or national leadership was arrested all together and imprisoned at the Ahmednagar Fort . They also banned the party altogether . All the major leaders of the INC were arrested and detained . As the masses were leaderless the protest took a violent turn . Large - scale protests and demonstrations were held all over the country . Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called . The movement also saw widespread acts of sabotage , Indian under - ground organisation carried out bomb attacks on allied supply convoys , government buildings were set on fire , electricity lines were disconnected and transport and communication lines were severed . The disruptions were under control in a few weeks and had little impact on the war effort . The movement soon became a leaderless act of defiance , with a number of acts that deviated from Gandhi 's principle of non-violence . In large parts of the country , the local underground organisations took over the movement . However , by 1943 , Quit India had petered out . All the other major parties rejected the Quit India plan , and most cooperated closely with the British , as did the princely states , the civil service and the police . The Muslim League supported the Raj and grew rapidly in membership , and in influence with the British . There was opposition to the Quit India Movement from several political quarters who were fighting for Indian self - rule . Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call and boycotted the Quit India Movement . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time , even went to the extent of writing a letter titled `` Stick to your Posts '' , in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be `` members of municipalities , local bodies , legislatures or those serving in the army ... to stick to their posts '' across the country , and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost . The other Hindu nationalist organisation , and Mahasabha affiliate Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) had a tradition of keeping aloof from the anti-British Indian self - rule movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925 . In 1942 , the RSS , under M.S. Golwalkar completely abstained from joining in the Quit India Movement as well . The Bombay government ( British ) appreciated the RSS as such , by noting that , `` the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law , and in particular , has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942 '' . The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them , and as such their other political activities ( even if objectionable ) can be overlooked . Further , the British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organised during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress , `` speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed '' . As such , the British government did not crack down on the RSS and Hindu Mahasabha at all . The RSS head ( sarsanghchalak ) during that time , M.S. Golwalkar later openly admitted to the fact that the RSS did not participate in the Quit India Movement . However , such an attitude during the Indian independence movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger , both by the general Indian public , as well as certain members of the organisation itself . In Golwalkar 's own words , `` In 1942 also , there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many . At that time too , the routine work of the Sangh continued . Sangh decided not to do anything directly . ' Sangh is the organisation of inactive people , their talks have no substance ' was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks '' Overall , the Quit India Movement turned out to be not very successful and only lasted until 1943 . It drew away from Gandhi 's tactic of non-violence ; it eventually became a rebellious act without any real leader . Christmas Island mutiny and Royal Indian Navy revolt ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Christmas Island and Royal Indian Navy Mutiny After two Japanese attacks on Christmas Island in late February and early March 1942 , relations between the British officers and their Indian troops broke down . On the night of 10 March , the Indian troops assisted by Sikh policemen mutinied , killing five British soldiers and imprisoning the remaining 21 Europeans on the island . Later on 31 March , a Japanese fleet arrived at the island and the Indians surrendered . The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny encompasses a total strike and subsequent mutiny by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian revolt on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay ( Mumbai ) harbour on 18 February 1946 . From the initial flashpoint in Bombay , the mutiny spread and found support throughout British India , from Karachi to Calcutta and ultimately came to involve 78 ships , 20 shore establishments and 20,000 sailors . The agitations , mass strikes , demonstrations and consequently support for the mutineers , therefore continued several days even after the mutiny had been called off . Along with this , the assessment may be made that it described in crystal clear terms to the government that the British Indian Armed forces could no longer be universally relied upon for support in crisis , and even more it was more likely itself to be the source of the sparks that would ignite trouble in a country fast slipping out of the scenario of political settlement . Sovereignty and partition of India ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Republic of India , Partition of India , and Pakistan movement On 3 June 1947 , Viscount Louis Mountbatten , the last British Governor - General of India , announced the partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan . With the speedy passage through the British Parliament of the Indian Independence Act 1947 , at 11 : 57 on 14 August 1947 Pakistan was declared a separate nation , and at 12 : 02 , just after midnight , on 15 August 1947 , India also became a sovereign and democratic nation . Eventually , 15 August became the Independence Day for India , due to the ending of British rule over India . On that 15 August , both Pakistan and India had the right to remain in or remove themselves from the British Commonwealth . In 1949 , India decided to remain in the commonwealth . Violent clashes between Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims followed . Prime Minister Nehru and deputy prime minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel invited Mountbatten to continue as Governor General of India . He was replaced in June 1948 by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari . Patel took on the responsibility of bringing into the Indian Union 565 princely states , steering efforts by his `` iron fist in a velvet glove '' policies , exemplified by the use of military force to integrate Junagadh and Hyderabad State into India ( Operation Polo ) . On the other hand , Nehru kept the issue of Kashmir in his hands . The Constituent Assembly completed the work of drafting the constitution on 26 November 1949 ; on 26 January 1950 , the Republic of India was officially proclaimed . The Constituent Assembly elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the first President of India , taking over from Governor General Rajgopalachari . Subsequently , the French ceded Chandernagore in 1951 , and Pondichéry and its remaining Indian colonies in 1954 . India invaded and annexed Goa and Portugal 's other Indian enclaves in 1961 , and Sikkim voted to join the Indian Union in 1975 . Following self - rule in 1947 , India remained in the Commonwealth of Nations , and relations between the UK and India have been friendly . There are many areas in which the two countries seek stronger ties for mutual benefit , and there are also strong cultural and social ties between the two nations . The UK has an ethnic Indian population of over 1.6 million . In 2010 , Prime Minister David Cameron described Indian -- British relations as a `` New Special Relationship '' . See also ( edit ) Indian independence movement portal Partition of India Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Independence Day ( India ) Independence Day ( Pakistan ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chandra 1989 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Chandra 1989 , p. 521 Jump up ^ Heehs 1998 , p. 9 Jump up ^ The English colonial empire , including the territories and trading post in Asia , came under British control following the union of England and Scotland in 1707 . Jump up ^ Heehs 1998 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Heehs 1998 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ `` Remembering Queen Velu Nachiyar of Sivagangai , the first queen to fight the british '' . Jump up ^ `` Velu Nachiyar , Jhansi Rani of Tamil Nadu '' . Jump up ^ `` Legends from South '' . Jump up ^ Yang , Anand A. `` Bandits and Kings : Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ K. Guru Rajesh . Sarfarosh : A Naadi Exposition of the Lives of Indian Revolutionaries . Notion Press . Jump up ^ `` Chinnamalai , a lesser - known freedom fighter of Kongu soil '' . The Hindu . 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Ram Govardhan ( 2001 ) . Rough with the Smooth . Leadstart publishing . p. 212 . ISBN 9789381115619 . Jump up ^ Rout , Hemant Kumar ( 2012 ) . `` Villages fight over martyr 's death place - The New Indian Express '' . newindianexpress.com . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . historians claim he is actually the first martyr in the country 's freedom movement because none was killed by the Britishers before 1806 Jump up ^ `` 15 August Images '' . 15august2017speech.in/. 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . was assassinated by the British government in a brutal manner on December 6 , 1806 Jump up ^ Mohanty , N.R. ( August 2008 ) . `` The Oriya Paika Rebellion of 1817 '' ( PDF ) . Orissa Review : 1 -- 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paikaray , Braja ( February -- March 2008 ) . `` Khurda Paik Rebellion - The First Independence War of India '' ( PDF ) . Orissa Review : 45 -- 50 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paik Rebellion '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chandra 1989 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Chandra 1989 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` The Uprising of 1857 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Chandra 1989 , p. 31 Jump up ^ David , S ( 202 ) The Indian Mutiny , Penguin ; p. 122 Jump up ^ Chandra 1989 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Chandra 1989 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Chandra 1989 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Heehs 1998 , p. 32 Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Heehs 1998 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Heehs 1998 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Robert P. O'Kell ( 2014 ) . Disraeli : The Romance of Politics . U of Toronto Press . pp. 443 -- 44 . Jump up ^ John R. McLane , `` The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1901 '' Indian Economic and Social History Review , July 1965 , 2 # 3 , pp 221 -- 237 Jump up ^ Jalal 1994 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Official website , Government of Pakistan . `` The Statesman : Jinnah 's differences with the Congress '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Gupta 1997 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Popplewell 1995 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Lawrence James , Raj : The Making and Unmaking of British India ( 2000 ) pp 439 -- 518 Jump up ^ James , Raj : The Making and Unmaking of British India ( 2000 ) pp 459 -- 60 , 519 -- 20 Jump up ^ Denis Judd , Empire : The British Imperial Experience From 1765 To The Present ( pp 226 - 411998 ) Jump up ^ `` The Indian Independence Movement '' . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigel Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Nick Lloyd , The Amritsar Massacre : The Untold Story of One Fateful Day ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Derek Sayer , `` British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919 -- 1920 , '' Past & Present , May 1991 , Issue 131 , pp 130 -- 164 Jump up ^ Dennis Judd , `` The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 : Gandhi , the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism , 1915 -- 39 , '' in Judd , Empire : The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present ( 1996 ) pp 258 - 72 Jump up ^ Sankar Ghose , Gandhi ( 1991 ) p. 107 Jump up ^ Sanjay Paswan and Pramanshi Jaideva , Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India ( 2003 ) p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 1977 , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Yadav 1992 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Hopkirk 2001 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Majumdar 1966 , p. 121,147 Jump up ^ Popplewell 1995 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Lahiri 2000 , p. 129 Jump up ^ `` Dhingra , Madan Lal . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Volume 1 . Author Khaksar Sher Zaman ^ Jump up to : Balakrishna , V.G. `` Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh '' . Government of India Press Information Bureau . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Roy , Kaushik ( 2009 ) . `` Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context : A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II '' . Journal of Military History . 73 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 172 . Jump up ^ Dr . ' Krant'M.L. Verma Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas ( Vol - 2 ) p. 559 Jump up ^ Bose , Nirmal . ( October -- December 1985 ) `` SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE AND THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS '' . The Indian Journal of Political Science . Vol. 46 , No. 4 , Special Issue on The Indian National Congress : A Century in Perspective , pp. 438 - 450 http://www.jstor.org/stable/41855198 Jump up ^ `` Forgotten armies of the East -- Le Monde diplomatique -- English edition '' . Mondediplo.com. 10 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Congress and The Freedom Movement '' . Indian National Congress . Archived from the original on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Culture and Combat in the Colonies . The Indian Army in the Second World War . Tarak Barkawi . J Contemp History . 41 ( 2 ) , 325 -- 355. pp : 332 ^ Jump up to : Prabhu Bapu ( 2013 ) . Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India , 1915 -- 1930 : Constructing Nation and History . Routledge . pp. 103 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 67165 - 1 . Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa ( 1 January 2004 ) . From Plassey to Partition : A History of Modern India . Orient Blackswan . pp. 422 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2596 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bipan Chandra ( 2008 ) . Communalism in Modern India . Har - Anand . pp. 140 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 241 - 1416 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani ( 21 July 2005 ) . Religion , Power and Violence : Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times . SAGE Publications . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3338 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam ( 2006 ) . Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism : A Study of RSS . Media House . pp. 187 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7495 - 236 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Island History '' . Christmas Island Tourism Association . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Notes on India By Robert Bohm. pp213 Jump up ^ James L. Raj ; Making and unmaking of British India . Abacus. 1997 . p571 , p598 and ; Unpublished , Public Relations Office , London . War Office . 208 / 819A 25C Jump up ^ Subrata K. Mitra , `` Nehru 's policy towards Kashmir : Bringing politics back in again '' Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 35.2 ( 1997 ) : 55 - 74 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dean ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` Ministers to build a new ' special relationship ' with India '' . The Daily Telegraph . Bibliography ( edit ) Brown , Judith M. Gandhi 's Rise to Power : Indian Politics 1915 -- 1922 ( Cambridge South Asian Studies ) ( 1974 ) MK Gandhi . My Experiments with Truth Editor 's note by Mahadev Desai ( Beacon Press ) ( 1993 ) Brown , Judith M. , ' Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India , 1917 -- 47 ' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 . Jalal , Ayesha ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45850 - 4 . Majumdar , R.C. History of the Freedom movement in India . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 2376 - 3 . Gandhi , Mohandas ( 1993 ) . An Autobiography : The Story of My Experiments With Truth . Boston : Beacon Press . ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5909 - 9 . Sofri , Gianni ( 1995 -- 1999 ) . Gandhi and India : A Century in Focus . Janet Sethre Paxia ( translator ) ( English edition translated from the Italian ed . ) . Gloucestershire : The Windrush Press . ISBN 1 - 900624 - 12 - 5 . Gonsalves , Peter . Khadi : Gandhi 's Mega Symbol of Subversion , ( Sage Publications ) , ( 2012 ) Gopal , Sarvepalli . Jawaharlal Nehru -- Volume One : 1889 -- 1947 -- A Biography ( 1975 ) , standard scholarly biography Seal , Anil ( 1968 ) . Emergence of Indian Nationalism : Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century . London : Cambridge U.P. ISBN 0 - 521 - 06274 - 8 . Singh , Jaswant . Jinnah : India , Partition , Independence ( 2010 ) Chandra , Bipan ; Mukherjee , Mridula ; Mukherjee , Aditya ; Mahajan , Sucheta ; Panikkar , K.N. ( 1989 ) . India 's Struggle for Independence . New Delhi : Penguin Books . p. 600 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 010781 - 4 . Heehs , Peter ( 1998 ) . India 's Freedom Struggle : A Short History . Delhi : Oxford University Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 562798 - 5 . Sarkar , Sumit ( 1983 ) . Modern India : 1885 -- 1947 . Madras : Macmillan . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 90425 - 7 . Wolpert , Stanley A. Jinnah of Pakistan ( 2005 ) Wolpert , Stanley A. Gandhi 's Passion : The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi ( 2002 ) M.L. Verma Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas ( 3 Volumes ) 2006 New Delhi Praveen Prakashan ISBN 81 - 7783 - 122 - 4 . Sharma Vidyarnav Yug Ke Devta : Bismil Aur Ashfaq 2004 Delhi Praveen Prakashan ISBN 81 - 7783 - 078 - 3 . M.L. Verma Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna ( 4 Volumes ) 1997 Delhi Praveen Prakashan . Mahaur Bhagwandas Kakori Shaheed Smriti 1977 Lucknow Kakori Shaheed Ardhshatabdi Samaroh Samiti . South Asian History And Culture Vol. - 2 pp. 16 -- 36 , Taylor And Francis group `` 2 . Milestones in India 's Freedom Struggle '' . Online Educational Resource Collection . 2006 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Brown , Theodore ( January 2008 ) . `` Spinning for India 's Independence '' . Am J Public Health . 98 : 39 . PMC 2156064 . PMID 18048775 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2007.120139 . `` Indian Independence movement '' . cs.mcgill.ca . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Agatucci , Cora . `` Independence of India & Pakistan ( 20th c . ) '' . Cultures & Literatures of Asia . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Kurtz , Lester ( 2009 ) . `` The Indian Independence Struggle ( 1930 -- 1931 ) '' . Nonviolent Conflict . International Center on Nonviolent Conflict . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian independence movement . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. 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-5213624548407334266 | Jersey Shore: Family Vacation | Jersey Shore : Family Vacation - wikipedia Jersey Shore : Family Vacation Jersey Shore : Family Vacation Genre Reality Developed by SallyAnn Salsano Starring Paul DelVecchio Nicole Polizzi Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Ortiz - Magro Jennifer Farley Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Opening theme `` Get Crazy '' by LMFAO Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 14 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) SallyAnn Salsano Scott Jeffress Jacquelyn French Running time 60 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 495 Productions Release Original network MTV Picture format 1080p ( HDTV ) Original release April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Jersey Shore Related shows Snooki & Jwoww The Pauly D Project The Show with Vinny Floribama Shore Geordie Shore Warsaw Shore Gandía Shore Acapulco Shore Super Shore External links Website Jersey Shore : Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5 , 2018 . The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami , Florida . On February 28 , 2018 , a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere , which will be filmed in Las Vegas , Seaside Heights and Atlantic City , and is set to premiere August 19 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) 2.2 Specials 3 Production 3.1 Development and filming 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Pauly D Snooki Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Ortiz - Magro JWoww Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Recurring ( edit ) Angelina Pivarnick Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` What 's in the Bag ? '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2.41 `` The Ring '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 2.55 `` Sunday Vinday '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.68 `` Ron Ron Juice '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.73 5 `` About Last Night '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.44 6 `` Meatball Down '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.51 7 `` Baby Mama Drama '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.75 8 `` The Temptation of the Keto Guido '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.70 9 `` Umm , Hello '' May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) 1.64 10 `` Meatball Training Day '' May 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 31 ) 2.02 11 `` Angelina Leaves Her Mark ! '' June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) 1.65 12 `` JWoww vs. The Proposal '' June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 1.65 13 `` Future Mrs. Situation ? '' June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.66 14 `` The Final Supper '' June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 1.64 Specials ( edit ) Special Original air date Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Hottest Hookups March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) The cast looks back at all of the hook ups they have had in past seasons . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Biggest Blowups March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) The cast looks back at all of the fights and arguments they have had during the past six seasons . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Snookiest Moments March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) Jenni , Ronnie , Snooki , Deena and Pauly count down Snooki 's 15 most hilarious , outrageous , and unforgettable meatball moments . Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Craziest Couplings March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) As it turns out , everyone fell in love at the Jersey Shore . Pauly , Deena , Jenni , Ronnie and Snooki break it all down in Jersey Shore 's 8 Craziest Couplings . Jersey Shore 's Most Jersiest Moments July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) Mike , Pauly , Ronnie and Vinny look back at the Jersiest moments of their Miami family vacation ; a review of the best spirals and roasts ; funniest pranks , grossest toilets and five never - before - released scenes . Production ( edit ) Development and filming ( edit ) On November 27 , 2017 , MTV announced that the cast ( with the exception of Sammi ) would be reuniting in Miami , Florida for a new reunion season titled Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . The series premiered globally on April 5 , 2018 . According to MTV , it is considered a new series and not the seventh season of the original show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Snooki , JWoww and the Crew Return to MTV in Jersey Shore Family Vacation '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Jersey Shore Family Vacation Already Renewed for Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Las Vegas ! Secrets Of The New Jersey Shore Season Revealed '' . Radar Online . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' dominates , ' Swamp People ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' stays on top , ' Atlanta ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Southern Charm ' rises , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NFL Draft leads , ' Swamp People ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Atlanta ' ticks back up , ' Swamp People ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' ticks up , ' Atlanta ' finale dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Ex on the Beach ' and ' Siren ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' ticks up , ' Southern Charm ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Swamp People ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' premieres , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' falls , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Shooter ' premieres down , NBA Draft leads the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Alone ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Original Jersey Shore Cast Reuniting for Family Vacation Series in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Back by Popular Demand , MTV Greenlights `` Jersey Shore Family Vacation '' - Original Housemates Set to Return for New Series in 2018 - TheFutonCritic.com `` . thefutoncritic.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Jersey Shore Family Vacation on IMDb Jersey Shore Cast Angelina Pivarnick Jennifer Farley ( JWoww ) Michael Sorrentino ( The Situation ) Nicole Polizzi ( Snooki ) Paul DelVecchio ( Pauly D ) Ronnie Ortiz - Magro Sammi Giancola Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese Related Episodes Controversies and criticism Jersey Shore Jersey Shore Shark Attack The Three Stooges Spin - offs , Successors , and International versions Geordie Shore The Pauly D Project Snooki & Jwoww Gandía Shore The Show with Vinny Acapulco Shore Warsaw Shore Floribama Shore Jersey Shore : Family Vacation MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( since 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One ? 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9031680030962129220 | O Brother, Where Art Thou? | O Brother , Where Art Thou ? - Wikipedia O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Jump to : navigation , search For the film soundtrack , see O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) . For the unrelated Simpsons episodes , see Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? and O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Theatrical release poster Directed by Joel Coen Produced by Ethan Coen Written by Ethan Coen Joel Coen Based on The Odyssey by Homer Starring George Clooney John Turturro Tim Blake Nelson Charles Durning Michael Badalucco John Goodman Holly Hunter Music by T Bone Burnett Cinematography Roger Deakins Edited by Roderick Jaynes Tricia Cooke Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date October 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 19 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Language English Budget $26 million Box office $72 million O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is a 2000 crime comedy film written , produced , and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen , and starring George Clooney , John Turturro , and Tim Blake Nelson , with John Goodman , Holly Hunter , and Charles Durning in supporting roles . Set in 1937 rural Mississippi during the Great Depression , the film 's story is a modern satire loosely based on Homer 's epic poem , Odyssey . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist ( a director ) wants to film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , a fictional book about the Great Depression . Much of the music used in the film is period folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The movie was one of the first to extensively use digital color correction , to give the film an autumnal , sepia - tinted look . The film received positive reviews , and the soundtrack , O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , using American folk music , won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2001 . The original band soon became popular after the film release and the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film , such as John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others , joined together to perform the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 6 Soggy Bottom Boys 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Three convicts , Ulysses Everett McGill , Pete Hogwallop , and Delmar O'Donnell , escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake . The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway . He tells them , among other prophecies , that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek . The trio make their way to the house of Wash , Pete 's cousin . They sleep in the barn , but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley , who , along with his men , torches the barn . Wash 's son helps them escape . They pick up Tommy Johnson , a young black man , who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar . In need of money , the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys . That night , the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police . Unbeknownst to them , the recording becomes a major hit . Near a river , the group hears singing . They see three women washing clothes and singing . The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness . Upon waking , Delmar finds Pete 's clothes lying next to him , empty except for a toad . Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad . Later , one - eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch , then mugs them and kills the toad . Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett 's home town . Everett confronts his wife Penny , who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead . He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip , her new `` suitor . '' They later see Pete working on a chain gang . Later that night , they sneak into Pete 's holding cell and free him . As it turns out , the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities . Under torture , Pete gave away the treasure 's location to the police . Everett then confesses that there is no treasure . He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married . Pete is enraged at Everett , because he had two weeks left on his original sentence , and must serve fifty more years for the escape . The trio stumble upon a Ku Klux Klan rally , who are planning to hang Tommy . The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy . However , Big Dan , a Klan member , reveals their identities . Chaos ensues , and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes , a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election . The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross , leaving it to fall on Big Dan . Everett convinces Pete , Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back . They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending , disguised as musicians . The group begins a performance of their radio hit . The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild . Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob . When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views , the crowd runs him out of town on a rail . Pappy O'Daniel , the incumbent candidate , seizes the opportunity , endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons . Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring . The next morning , the group sets out to retrieve the ring , which is at a cabin in the valley , which Everett earlier claimed was the location of his treasure . The police , having learned of the place from Pete , arrest the group . Dismissing their claims of receiving pardons , Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged . Just as Everett prays to God , the valley is flooded and they are saved . Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by , and they return to town . However , when Everett presents the ring to Penny , it turns out it was n't her ring , and she does n't even remember where she put it . Cast ( edit ) George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill , a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license . He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden , though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries . He corresponds to Odysseus ( Ulysses ) in the Odyssey . John Turturro , as Pete Hogwallop , a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past . He believes in being true to one 's kin , even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him . He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant , where he will be the maître d ' . He agreed to go along with the breakout , though he only had two weeks left on his sentence . Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell , a small - time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City ; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty . Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett 's nonexistent money buying back his family farm , believing , `` You ai n't no kind of man if you ai n't got land . '' Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson , a skilled blues musician . He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys . He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar . He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson , a blues musician with a mysterious past , who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads ( a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson ) . Frank Collison as Washington B. `` Wash '' Hogwallop , Pete 's paternal cousin . He removes the escapees ' chains but later betrays the men to the police . John Goodman as Daniel `` Big Dan '' Teague , a one - eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar . He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally , but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross , which falls on him and the Klansmen . He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey . Holly Hunter as Penny , Everett 's ex-wife , who is fed up with Everett 's wheeling and dealing . She divorces him while he is in prison , telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train . She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back . She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey . ( Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife , as she rejected her many suitors , stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus ' return . ) Charles Durning as Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the incumbent Governor of Mississippi . He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers , who are depicted as simpletons . The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . ( Flensted - Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel . ) He corresponds to Menelaus in the Odyssey . Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley , a ruthless rural sheriff who , with his bloodhound , pursues the trio for the duration of the film . It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate , and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson 's description of Satan : Cooley 's sunglasses evoke Satan 's `` big empty eyes . '' He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor . He intends to hang them nonetheless , but when the valley is flooded , he , his men , and his dog all drown . He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey . He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke . Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes , the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor . He travels the countryside with a dwarf , who depicts the `` little man '' , and a broom , with which he promises to `` sweep this state clean '' . He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan . He falsely identifies Everett , Pete , and Delmar as people of color because they are dirty . Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip , Penny 's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes 's election campaign . It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop , whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film . He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey . Michael Badalucco as George Nelson , a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called `` Baby Face '' . The real George Nelson died in 1934 , three years before the story is set . Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair , as suggested in the film . Stephen Root as Mr. Lund , the blind radio station manager who records Everett 's story in the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' and makes him known throughout the state . He corresponds to Homer . Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer , a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio 's adventure as well as several other incidents . He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey . Production ( edit ) The idea of O Brother , Where Art Thou ? arose spontaneously . Work on the script began long before the start of production in December 1997 and was at least half - written by May 1998 . Despite the fact that Ethan described the Odyssey as `` one of my favorite storyline schemes '' , neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture . According to the brothers , Nelson ( who has a degree in classics from Brown University ) was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey . The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan 's Travels , in which the protagonist ( a director ) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother , Where Art Thou ? that will be a `` commentary on modern conditions , stark realism , and the problems that confront the average man '' . Lacking any experience in this area , the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio . The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges 's film , including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir . The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges 's film . Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix , Arizona , to offer the lead role to Clooney . Clooney agreed to do the role immediately , without reading the script . He stated that he liked even the Coens ' least successful films . Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder . Unknown to Clooney , in his recording , Jack , a devout Baptist , omitted all instances of the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' from the Coens ' script , which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting . This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred . Other actors in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman ( three films ) , Holly Hunter ( two ) , Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning ( one film each ) . The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia - tinted look . Joel stated this was because the actual set was `` greener than Ireland . '' Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated , `` Ethan and Joel favored a dry , dusty Delta look with golden sunsets . They wanted it to look like an old hand - tinted picture , with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow . '' Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process , however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory , it became necessary to perform the process digitally . This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins , and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage , grass , trees , and bushes would be a lush green . It was filmed near locations in Canton , Mississippi and Florence , South Carolina in the summer of 1999 . After shooting tests , including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques , Deakins suggested digital mastering be used . Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine - tuning the look , mainly targeting the greens , making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files . This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means , narrowly beating Nick Park 's Chicken Run . O Brother , Where Art Thou ? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first - run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects . The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution , a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color , and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film . A major theme of the film is the connection between old - time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions , institutions , and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century . The Ku Klux Klan , at the time a political force of white populism , is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance . The character Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour , is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel , one - time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state . W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business , and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show . In one campaign , W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom , an oft - used campaign device in the reform era , promising to sweep away patronage and corruption . His theme song had the hook , `` Please pass the biscuits , Pappy '' , emphasizing his connection with flour . While the film borrows from real - life politics , differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures . The O'Daniel of the movie used `` You Are My Sunshine '' as his theme song ( which was originally recorded by real - life Governor of Louisiana James Houston `` Jimmie '' Davis ) and Homer Stokes , as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel , portrays himself as the `` reform candidate '' , using a broom as a prop . Music ( edit ) See also : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) and Down from the Mountain Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film , not merely as a background or a support . Producer and musician T - Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases , and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced . Much of the music used in the film is period - specific folk music , including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley . The musical selection also includes religious music , including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel , most notably the Fairfield Four , an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film 's end . Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South : gospel , delta blues , country , swing and bluegrass . The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music ( `` O Death '' , `` Lonesome Valley '' , `` Angel Band '' , `` I Am Weary '' ) in contrast to bright , cheerful songs ( `` Keep On the Sunny Side '' , `` In the Highways '' ) in other parts of the film . The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski ( lead vocal on `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' ) , Nashville songwriter Harley Allen , and the Nashville Bluegrass Band 's Pat Enright . The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , both for the song `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' . Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on `` In the Jailhouse Now '' . `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' has five variations : two are used in the film , one in the music video , and two in the soundtrack album . Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back - to - back , and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse . Though the song received little significant radio airplay , it reached # 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002 . The version of `` I 'll Fly Away '' heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch ( as it is on the CD and concert tour ) , but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long - neck five - string banjo , recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19 , 2000 . It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide off its $26 million budget . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77 % based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` Though not as good as Coen brothers ' classics such as Blood Simple , the delightfully loopy O Brother , Where Art Thou ? is still a lot of fun . '' The film holds an average score of 69 / 100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews . Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film , saying all the scenes in the film were `` wonderful in their different ways , and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied '' . Accolades ( edit ) The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival . The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards : Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography . Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film . For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill , George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . Soggy Bottom Boys ( edit ) The Soggy Bottom Boys , the musical group that the main characters form , serve as accompaniment for the film . The name is an homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys , a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs . In the film , the songs credited to the band are lip - synched by the actors , except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on `` In the Jailhouse Now . '' The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski ( guitar and lead vocals ) , Harley Allen , and Pat Enright . The band 's hit single is Dick Burnett 's `` Man of Constant Sorrow , '' a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life . After the film 's release , the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film , such as Ralph Stanley , John Hartford , Alison Krauss , Emmylou Harris , Gillian Welch , Chris Sharp , and others , all got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Data :O Brother Where Art Thou '' . The Numbers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard J. Gray , Owen Robinson . A companion to the literature and culture of the American south . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22404 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lafrance , J.D. ( April 5 , 2004 ) . `` The Coen Brothers FAQ '' ( PDF ) . pp. 33 -- 35 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Menaker , Daniel ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` A Film Score Odyssey Down a Quirky Country Road '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPR : Pioneering Bluegrass Musician Ralph Stanley '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` CGSociety -- The Colorists '' . The Colorists . The CGSociety . p. 3 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Filmed near locations in Canton , MS ; Florence , SC ; and Wardville , LA . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Grammy Awards -- Infoplease.com '' . 2001 Grammy Award Winners . Infoplease.com . February 27 , 2000 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Flensted - Jensen , Pernille ( 2002 ) , `` Something old , something new , something borrowed : the Odyssey and O Brother , Where Art Thou '' , Classica Et Mediaevalia : Revue Danoise De Philologie , 53 : 13 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` The real king of delta blues - Tommy Johnson '' . Erinharpe.com . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blues Singers '' . University of Virginia . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorin , Hillary ( August 4 , 2010 ) , `` Today in Texas History : Gov. Pappy O'Daniel resigns '' , The Houston Chronicle , retrieved August 2 , 2011 , Many cultural and political historians think the character Gov. Menelaus `` Pappy '' O'Daniel of Mississippi is based on the notorious Texas politician , Wilbert Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . Jump up ^ Conard , Mark T . The Philosophy of the Coen Brothers ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Datlow , Ellen ; Howard Waldrop ( 2003 ) . `` Howard Waldrop Interviewed '' . Readercon 15 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michel Ciment , Hubert Niogret. ( 1998 ) . The Logic of Soft Drugs . Positive . Jump up ^ Tim Blake Nelson Biography Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kari Molvar , `` '' Q&A : Tim Blake Nelson `` '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2001 . Retrieved December 26 , 2001 . , Brown Alumni Magazine ( March / April 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardin . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan 's Travels ( 1941 ) '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve . `` George Clooney : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf , Zach . `` The Coen Brothers and George Clooney Uncover the Magic of ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' at 15th Anniversary Reunion '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert . `` Digital Domain '' . The Digital Domain : A brief history of digital film mastering -- a glance at the future . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou : Box office / business '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Bob ( October 2000 ) . `` Escaping from chains '' . American Cinematographer . Jump up ^ Crawford , Bill ( 2004 ) . Please Pass the Biscuits , Pappy : Pictures of Governor W. Lee `` Pappy '' O'Daniel . University of Texas Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70575 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Pappy O'Daniel '' . Texas Treasures . Texas State Library . March 11 , 2003 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Jesse ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Pass the Biscuits -- We 're living in Pappy O'Daniel's world '' . Reason . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Boulard , Garry ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Following the Leaders '' . Gambit Weekly . Gambit Weekly . p. 1 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` River of Song : The Artists '' . Louisiana : Where Music is King . The Filmmakers Collaborative & The Smithsonian Institution . 1998 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular ? '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romney , Jonathan ( May 18 , 2000 ) . `` Double Vision '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Jim ( May 22 , 2000 ) . `` Talking with Joel and Ethan Coen about ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClatchy , Debbie ( June 27 , 2000 ) . `` A Short History of Appalachian Traditional Music '' . Appalachian Traditional Music -- A Short History . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soggy Bottom Boys Hit the Top at 35th CMA Awards '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Long , Roger J. ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` '' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' entry page `` . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , why art thou so popular '' . BBC News . February 28 , 2002 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top Music Charts -- Hot 100 -- Billboard 200 -- Music Genre Sales '' . p. 1 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O Kossoy Sisters , Where Art Thou Been ? '' . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 29 , 2000 ) . `` O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Review '' . The Chicago Sun Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Temple Kirby , Jack ( 2006 ) . Mockingbird Song : Ecological Landscapes of the South . UNC Press . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3057 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rowell , Erica ( 2007 ) . The Brothers Grim : The Films of Ethan and Joel Coen . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 276 n. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0810858503 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zac . `` The Soggy Bottom Boys '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Man of Constant Sorrow ( trad. / The Stanley Brothers / Bob Dylan ) '' . Man of Constant Sorrow . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Mississippi portal Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? O Brother , Where Art Thou ? on IMDb O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at AllMovie O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Box Office Mojo O Brother , Where Art Thou ? at Rotten Tomatoes `` Coenesque : The Films of the Coen Brothers '' . `` American Myth Today : O Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . American Studies at the University of Virginia Works by the Coen brothers Filmography Awards and nominations Frequent collaborators Films directed Blood Simple ( 1984 ) Raising Arizona ( 1987 ) Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) Barton Fink ( 1991 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Ladykillers ( 2004 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Burn After Reading ( 2008 ) A Serious Man ( 2009 ) True Grit ( 2010 ) Inside Llewyn Davis ( 2013 ) Hail , Caesar ! ( 2016 ) Written only Crimewave ( 1985 ) The Naked Man ( 1998 ) Gambit ( 2012 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) Suburbicon ( 2017 ) Television The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) Homer 's Odyssey ( 8th century BC ) Characters Characters House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eumaeus Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Philoetius Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Melanthius Odyssean gods Athena Poseidon Calypso Circe Ino Hermes Zeus Heracles Films L'Odissea ( 1911 Italian ) Ulysses ( 1954 Italian ) Ulysses ' Gaze ( 1995 Greek ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) Keyhole ( 2012 ) TV L'Odissea ( 1968 ) Ulysses 31 ( 1981 Japanese anime ) The Odyssey ( 1997 ) Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists ( 2007 ) Star Trek : Odyssey ( 2007 ) Literature True History ( 2nd century AD ) Les Aventures de Télémaque ( 1699 ) The World 's Desire ( 1890 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Human Comedy ( 1943 ) Big Fish : A Novel of Mythic Proportions ( 1998 ) Trojan Odyssey ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Lost Books of the Odyssey ( 2010 ) Poems Ulysses ( 1842 ) The Odyssey : A Modern Sequel ( 1938 ) The Cantos ( 1962 ) Pagan Operetta ( 1998 ) Stage Current Nobody ( play ) Cyclops ( play ) Ithaka ( play ) Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( opera ) The Golden Apple ( musical ) Glam Slam Ulysses ( musical ) Home Sweet Homer ( musical ) Song `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' ( song ) `` The Odyssey '' ( song ) The Odyssey ( symphony ) Study Homeric scholarship Homeric Question Chorizontes Geography of the Odyssey Historicity of the Homer epics Odysseus Unbound Homer 's Ithaca Rediscovering Homer The Baltic Origins of Homer 's Epic Tales `` Odysseus ' scar '' Hermoniakos ' Iliad Hysteron proteron Epithets in Homer Dactylic hexameter Translations `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' On Translating Homer Video games Odyssey : The Search for Ulysses Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey Phrases In medias res Between Scylla and Charybdis Related Telemachy Nekyia Trojan Horse Suitors of Penelope The Odyssey Old Man of the Sea The Apotheosis of Homer Contempt Cold Mountain ( novel ) Cold Mountain ( film ) Homer 's Daughter Faust Characters Inspiration Johann Georg Faust Johann Fust Simon Magus Theophilus of Adana Legend Erdgeist Faust Mephistopheles Pan Twardowski Comics Doctor Faustus Felix Faust Mephisto Mys - Tech Sebastian Faust Seminal works Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Related Deal with the Devil in popular culture Works based on Faust G vs E Vi veri universum vivus vici Stingy Jack Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Ballet Faust Art Faust Gods ' Man Poems Manfred Video games Knights Contract Comics Ghost Rider Faust Soul Cartel Anime & manga Faust VIAF : 208718696 LCCN : no2001087856 GND : 4703030 - 6 SUDOC : 179445588 BNE : XX4034610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F&oldid=801900650 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s criminal comedy films 2000s musical comedy films 2000s road movies American films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American criminal comedy films American musical comedy films American road movies Americana Country music films Films about music and musicians Films based on the Odyssey Films set in the 1930s Films set in 1937 Films set in Mississippi Films shot in Mississippi Great Depression films Slapstick films Treasure hunt films Working Title Films films Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films directed by the Coen brothers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 17 : 05 . 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-608585441970809531 | List of Family Guy cast members | List of Family Guy cast members - wikipedia List of Family Guy cast members Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane also provides the voices of Peter Griffin , Stewie Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors , and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane , Alex Borstein , Mila Kunis ( who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season ) , Seth Green , and Mike Henry . Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton , Adam West , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly , and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller , Charles Durning , Rush Limbaugh , and Phil LaMarr . Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters . The voice actors , in portraying the various character personalities on the show , draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture . Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor , after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations . Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode `` Barely Legal '' and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production , though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current cast 1.1 Seth MacFarlane 1.2 Alex Borstein 1.3 Mila Kunis 1.4 Seth Green 1.5 Mike Henry 2 Recurring cast 3 Recurring guest voices 4 Casting changes 5 Awards and nominations 6 References Current cast ( edit ) Seth Green provides the voice of Chris Griffin . Mike Henry voices various characters in the series . Mila Kunis provides the voice of Meg Griffin . Alex Borstein provides the voice of Lois Griffin . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Joe Swanson . The real Adam West provided the voice of Mayor Adam West . From seasons 1 to 4 , Family Guy had four main cast members . Since season 5 , there have been five main cast members . The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 . Seth MacFarlane ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane voices four of the show 's main characters : Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , Stewie Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself , believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it . MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design . Stewie 's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian . MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one - time only characters , most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker , Lois ' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman . He is the only voice to be in every episode . Alex Borstein ( edit ) Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin , Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown and Lois ' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt . Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv . She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was `` really sight unseen '' . At the time , Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles , in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins . The voice was originally slower ( and deeper for the original series ) , but when MacFarlane heard it , he replied `` Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up , or every episode will last four hours . '' Mila Kunis ( edit ) Mila Kunis is the voice of the character named Meg Griffin . Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak slower , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . Kunis described her character as `` the scapegoat '' . She further explained , `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation . And it 's fun . '' Seth Green ( edit ) Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman . Green stated that he did an impression of the `` Buffalo Bill '' character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition . His main inspiration for Chris ' voice came from envisioning how `` Buffalo Bill '' would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald 's . Mike Henry ( edit ) Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown , John Herbert The Pervert and other various characters . A Family Guy writer and producer , he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory ( see below ) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005 . Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show , he also voices Cleveland 's step - son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy . Recurring cast ( edit ) In addition to both its main cast and guest stars , Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors . Some appear in nearly every episode each season , while others appear less frequently . Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters , while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags . The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes ( Out of 245 produced ) Notes Benjamin , H. Jon H. Jon Benjamin Carl 14 Since 2005 Breckenridge , Alexandra Alexandra Breckenridge Various 57 Since 2005 . Currently voices most female `` extras '' not voiced by Alex Borstein . Brennan , Johnny Johnny Brennan Goldman , Mort Mort Goldman , Horace the bartender 77 Callaghan , Steve Steve Callaghan Various 37 Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner / EP of American Dad ! . Garman , Ralph Ralph Garman Various 138 Lakin , Christine Christine Lakin Kinney , Joyce Joyce Kinney 23 Since 2010 . LaMarr , Phil Phil LaMarr Williams , Ollie Ollie Williams and the Quahog judge 56 MacFarlane , Rachael Rachael MacFarlane Olivia and various women 54 Formerly one of the most frequent female voices . She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad ! in 2005 but still appears several times per season . Seth MacFarlane 's sister . Osment , Emily Emily Osment Various 14 Since 2012 . Richardson , Kevin Michael Kevin Michael Richardson Jerome and Cleveland Jr . 30 Since 2009 . Sheridan , Chris Chris Sheridan Various 33 Also a Family Guy writer . Smith , Danny Danny Smith Various , including Evil Monkey , Al Harrington and Ernie , the Giant Chicken 189 Also a Family Guy writer . Sulkin , Alec Alec Sulkin Christ , Jesus Jesus Christ and various others 147 Also a Family Guy writer . Tatasciore , Fred Fred Tatasciore Various 36 Tilly , Jennifer Jennifer Tilly Swanson , Bonnie Bonnie Swanson 42 Has recurred as the Griffin 's neighbor since the first season . Viener , John John Viener Various 182 Since 2005 , he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane . Also a Family Guy writer . Warburton , Patrick Patrick Warburton Swanson , Joe Joe Swanson 163 Has appeared as the Griffins ' neighbor since the first season , and usually appears in most episodes each season . Warburton is the most frequently appearing one - character actor in the supporting repertory . Wingert , Wally Wally Wingert Various 41 In addition to the above , the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series : Actor Character ( s ) No. of Episodes Notes Alan , Lori Lori Alan Simmons , Diane Diane Simmons 63 Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off . Was replaced in the series ' context by Christine Lakin 's Joyce Kinney Alazraqui , Carlos Carlos Alazraqui Weed , Mr.Mr . Weed 10 Peter 's first boss , Mr. Weed , was killed off early in the series ' run . Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore Russell , Jillian Jillian Russell 12 Played Jillian , Brian 's former girlfriend . The character still appears in background roles Cole , Gary Gary Cole Various 38 Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons , but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris ' principal , Mr. Shepherd . Hartman , Butch Butch Hartman Various 8 Henry , Mike Mike Henry Cleveland Brown , Herbert , Bruce , and various others Was promoted to main cast in 2005 . Also a Family Guy writer . Hentemann , Mark Mark Hentemann Opie and various others 45 Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project . Also a Family Guy writer . Fisher , Carrie Carrie Fisher Angela 19 Has recurred as Peter 's boss several times per season since 2005 . Died in 2016 . Strong , Tara Tara Strong Various , as well as Meg 's singing voice 21 Appeared frequently in the first four seasons . Returned briefly in 2010 - 2011 and again for one episode in 2014 . Sullivan , Nicole Nicole Sullivan Goldman , Muriel Muriel Goldman 27 Muriel was killed off in season nine . Whitman , Mae Mae Whitman Various 10 Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2007 - 2010 . Wild , Wellesley Wellesley Wild Various 14 No longer a recurring voice ( since 2013 ) . He was a producer , but left the show . Wilhoit , Lisa Lisa Wilhoit D'Amico , Connie Connie D'Amico 15 Meg 's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013 . West , Adam Adam West Mayor West , Adam Adam West 93 Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog . Died in 2017 . Recurring guest voices ( edit ) Main article : List of Family Guy guest stars The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death , Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson , Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown . Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter 's Mother , Thelma , and Charles Durning as Peter 's father , Francis . Both characters have since died , but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost . Early in the show 's run , Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists . James Woods as James Woods . Casting changes ( edit ) Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season ( 14 episodes ) , but , because of a contractual agreement , was never credited . Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five , as well as schoolwork . Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy . He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances . Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance , before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane . The character was written out of the series for several years , with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned . Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Result Ref . 2000 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Stewie Griffin Won 2009 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Peter Griffin Won 2006 Seth MacFarlane Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Stewie Griffin Won 2007 Mila Kunis Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Meg Griffin Won References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( January 29 , 1999 ) . `` Cartoonist MacFarlane funny guy of Fox 's ' Family ' Subversive voice of series is his '' . USA Today . p . E7 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Family Guy 's Seth MacFarlane '' . Time . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andy ( April 30 , 2005 ) . `` A Real Family Reunion '' . Providence Journal TV . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dean , John ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire '' . Fox Business . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Nancy ( January 16 , 2006 ) . `` American Idiots '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy Cast and Details '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Kirk ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Q&A : Alex Borstein '' . Metromix . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Borstein ( Lois ) Laughs at the Once - Dead Family Guy 's Longevity '' . TV Guide . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( April 9 , 1999 ) . `` Seth Green fits right in with new Family '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Fans help ' Family Guy ' return to Fox '' . Observer - Reporter. April 29 , 2005 . p . E5 . Jump up ^ Green , Seth ( September 27 , 2005 ) . Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story : Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` Steve Callaghan Named ' American Dad ' Showrunner '' . Jump up ^ Epstein , Daniel Robert . `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane , creator of The Family Guy '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sonic the Horndog '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brian Lowry ( 2000 - 08 - 28 ) . `` NBC Leads Tally of Early Emmys , Boosted by ' West Wing ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Winners '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2006 ) '' . Annie Awards . 2009 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Mayor West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards `` The 100th Episode Special '' Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! Family Guy Online Back to the Multiverse Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Family_Guy_cast_members&oldid=796000075 '' Categories : Family Guy Hidden categories : Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-1245386654106256338 | Motor neuron | Motor neuron - wikipedia Motor neuron Motor Neuron Micrograph of the hypoglossal nucleus showing motor neurons with their characteristic coarse Nissl substance ( `` tigroid '' cytoplasm ) . H&E - LFB stain . Details Location Ventral horn of the spinal cord , some cranial nerve nuclei Shape Projection neuron Function Excitatory projection ( to NMJ ) Neurotransmitter UMN to LMN : glutamate ; LMN to NMJ : ACh Presynaptic connections Primary motor cortex via the Corticospinal tract Postsynaptic connections Muscle fibers and other neurons Identifiers MeSH D009046 NeuroLex ID nifext_103 TA A14. 2.00. 021 FMA 5867 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) A motor neuron ( or motoneuron ) is a neuron whose cell body is located in the motor cortex , brainstem or the spinal cord , and whose axon ( fiber ) projects to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control effector organs , mainly muscles and glands . There are two types of motor neuron -- upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons . Axons from upper motor neurons synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord and occasionally directly onto lower motor neurons . The axons from the lower motor neurons are efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the spinal cord to the effectors . Types of lower motor neurons are alpha motor neurons , beta motor neurons , and gamma motor neurons . A single motor neuron may innervate many muscle fibres and a muscle fibre can undergo many action potentials in the time taken for a single muscle twitch . As a result , if an action potential arrives before a twitch has completed , the twitches can superimpose on one another , either through summation or a tetanic contraction . In summation , the muscle is stimulated repetitively such that additional action potentials coming from the somatic nervous system arrive before the end of the twitch . The twitches thus superimpose on one another , leading to a force greater than that of a single twitch . A tetanic contraction is caused by constant , very high frequency stimulation - the action potentials come at such a rapid rate that individual twitches are indistinguishable , and tension rises smoothly eventually reaching a plateau . Contents 1 Development 2 Anatomy and physiology 2.1 Upper motor neurons 2.2 Nerve tracts 2.3 Lower Motor Neurons 2.4 Somatic motor neurons 2.4. 1 Neuromuscular Junction 2.5 Special visceral motor neurons 2.6 General visceral motor neurons 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Development ( edit ) Motor neurons begin to develop early in embryonic development , and motor function continues to develop well into childhood . In the neural tube cells are specified to either the rostral - caudal axis or ventral - dorsal axis . The axons of motor neurons begin to appear in the fourth week of development from the ventral region of the ventral - dorsal axis ( the basal plate ) . This homeodomain is known as the motor neural progenitor domain ( pMN ) . Transcription factors here include Pax6 , OLIG2 , Nkx - 6.1 , and Nkx - 6.2 , which are regulated by sonic hedgehog ( Shh ) . The OLIG2 gene being the most important due to its role in promoting Ngn2 expression , a gene that causes cell cycle exiting as well as promoting further transcription factors associated with motor neuron development . Further specification of motor neurons occurs when retinoic acid , fibroblast growth factor , Wnts , and TGFb , are integrated into the various Hox transcription factors . There are 13 Hox transcription factors and along with the signals , determine whether a motor neuron will be more rostral or caudal in character . In the spinal column , Hox 4 - 11 sort motor neurons to one of the five motor columns . Motor columns of spinal cord Motor column Location in spinal cord Target Median motor column Present entire length Axial muscles Hypaxial motor column Thoracic region Body wall muscles Preganglionic motor column Thoracic region Sympathetic ganglion Lateral motor column Brachial and lumbar region ( both regions are further divided into medial and lateral domains ) Muscles of the limbs Phrenic motor column Cervical region Diaphragm Anatomy and Physiology ( edit ) Spinal cord tracts Location of lower motor neurons in spinal cord Upper motor neurons ( edit ) Upper motor neurons originate in the motor cortex located in the precentral gyrus . The cells that make up the primary motor cortex are Betz cells , which are a type of pyramidal cell . The axons of these cells descend from the cortex to form the corticospinal tract . Nerve tracts ( edit ) Nerve tracts are bundles of axons as white matter , that carry action potentials to their effectors . In the spinal cord these descending tracts carry impulses from different regions . These tracts also serve as the place of origin for lower motor neurons . There are seven major descending motor tracts to be found in the spinal cord : Lateral corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Lower motor neurons ( edit ) Lower motor neurons are those that originate in the spinal cord and directly or indirectly innervate effector targets . The target of these neurons varies , but in the somatic nervous system the target will be some sort of muscle fiber . There are three primary categories lower motor neurons , which can be further divided in sub-categories . According to their targets , motor neurons are classified into three broad categories : Somatic motor neurons Special visceral motor neurons General visceral motor neurons Somatic motor neurons ( edit ) Somatic motor neurons originate in the central nervous system , project their axons to skeletal muscles ( such as the muscles of the limbs , abdominal , and intercostal muscles ) , which are involved in locomotion . The three types of these neurons are the alpha efferent neurons , beta efferent neurons , and gamma efferent neurons . They are called efferent to indicate the flow of information from the central nervous system ( CNS ) to the periphery . Alpha motor neurons innervate extrafusal muscle fibers , which are the main force - generating component of a muscle . Their cell bodies are in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and they are sometimes called ventral horn cells . A single motor neuron may synapse with 150 muscle fibers on average . The motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects is a motor unit . Motor units are split up into 3 categories : Main Article : Motor Unit Slow ( S ) motor units stimulate small muscle fibers , which contract very slowly and provide small amounts of energy but are very resistant to fatigue , so they are used to sustain muscular contraction , such as keeping the body upright . They gain their energy via oxidative means and hence require oxygen . They are also called red fibers . Fast fatiguing ( FF ) motor units stimulate larger muscle groups , which apply large amounts of force but fatigue very quickly . They are used for tasks that require large brief bursts on energy , such as jumping or running . They gain their energy via glycolytic means and hence do n't require oxygen . They are called white fibers . Fast fatigue - resistant motor units stimulate moderate - sized muscles groups that do n't react as fast as the FF motor units , but can be sustained much longer ( as implied by the name ) and provide more force than S motor units . These use both oxidative and glycolytic means to gain energy . In addition to voluntary skeletal muscle contraction , alpha motor neurons also contribute to muscle tone , the continuous force generated by noncontracting muscle to oppose stretching . When a muscle is stretched , sensory neurons within the muscle spindle detect the degree of stretch and send a signal to the CNS . The CNS activates alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord , which cause extrafusal muscle fibers to contract and thereby resist further stretching . This process is also called the stretch reflex . Beta motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles , with collaterals to extrafusal fibres . There are two types of beta motor neurons : Slow Contracting - These innervate extrafusal fibers . Fast Contracting - These innervate intrafusal fibers . Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers found within the muscle spindle . They regulate the sensitivity of the spindle to muscle stretching . With activation of gamma neurons , intrafusal muscle fibers contract so that only a small stretch is required to activate spindle sensory neurons and the stretch reflex . There are two types of gamma motor neurons : Dynamic - These focus on Bag1 fibers and enhance dynamic sensitivity . Static - These focus on Bag2 fibers and enhance stretch sensitivity . Regulatory factors of lower motor Neurons Size Principle -- this relates to the soma of the motor neuron . This restricts larger neurons to receive a larger excitatory signal in order to stimulate the muscle fibers it innervates . By reducing unnecessary muscle fiber recruitment , the body is able to optimize energy consumption . Persistent Inward Current ( PIC ) -- recent animal study research has shown that constant flow of ions such as calcium and sodium through channels in the soma and dendrites influence the synaptic input . An alternate way to think of this is that the post-synaptic neuron is being primed before receiving an impulse . After Hyper - polarization ( AHP ) -- we are all familiar with the idea of hyperpolarization after an action potential . A trend has been identified that shows slow motor neurons to have more intense AHPs for a longer duration . One way to remember this is that slow muscle fibers can contract for loner , so it makes since that their corresponding motor neurons fire at a slower rate . Neuromuscular junction ( edit ) The interface between a motor neuron and muscle fiber is a specialized synapse called the neuromuscular junction . Upon adequate stimulation , the motor neuron releases a flood of acetylcholine ( Ach ) neurotransmitters from the axon terminals from synaptic vesicles bind with the plasma membrane . The acetylcholine molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors found within the motor end plate . Once two acetylcholine receptors have been bound , an ion channel is opened and sodium ions are allowed to flow into the cell . The influx of sodium into the cell causes depolarization and triggers a muscle action potential . T tubules of the sarcolemma are then stimulated to elicit calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . It is this chemical release that causes the target muscle fiber to contract . In invertebrates , depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds , the response in the muscle fiber could be either excitatory or inhibitory . For vertebrates , however , the response of a muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter can only be excitatory , in other words , contractile . Muscle relaxation and inhibition of muscle contraction in vertebrates is obtained only by inhibition of the motor neuron itself . Muscle innervation may eventually play a role in the maturation of motor activity . This is how muscle relaxants work by acting on the motor neurons that innervate muscles ( by decreasing their electrophysiological activity ) or on cholinergic neuromuscular junctions , rather than on the muscles themselves . Special visceral motor neurons ( edit ) These are also known as branchial motor neurons , which are involved in facial expression , mastication , phonation , and swallowing . Associated cranial nerves are the oculomotor , abducens , trochlear , and hypoglossal nerves . Branch of NS Position Neurotransmitter Somatic n / a Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Preganglionic Acetylcholine Parasympathetic Ganglionic Acetylcholine Sympathetic Preganglionic Acetylcholine Sympathetic Ganglionic Norepinephrine * * Except fibers to sweat glands and certain blood vessels Motor neuron neurotransmitters General visceral motor neurons ( edit ) These motor neurons indirectly innervate cardiac muscle and smooth muscles of the viscera ( the muscles of the arteries ) : they synapse onto neurons located in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic and parasympathetic ) , located in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , which themselves directly innervate visceral muscles ( and also some gland cells ) . In consequence : the motor command of skeletal and branchial muscles is monosynaptic ( involving only one motor neuron , respectively , somatic and branchial , which synapses onto the muscle ) . the command of visceral muscles is disynaptic ( involving two neurons : the general visceral motor neuron located in the CNS , which synapses onto a ganglionic neuron , located in the PNS , which synapses onto the muscle ) . All vertebrate motor neurons are cholinergic , that is , they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Parasympathetic ganglionic neurons are also cholinergic , whereas most sympathetic ganglionic neurons are noradrenergic , that is , they release the neurotransmitter noradrenaline . ( see Table ) See also ( edit ) Betz cell Central chromatolysis Motor dysfunction Nerve References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology ( 14th ed . ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 406 , 502 , 541 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pocock , Gillian ; Richards , Christopher D. ( 2006 ) . Human physiology : the basis of medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 151 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856878 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schacter D.L. , Gilbert D.T. , and Wegner D.M. ( 2011 ) Psychology second edition . New York , NY : Worth Jump up ^ Russell , Peter ( 2013 ) . Biology - Exploring the Diversity of Life . Toronto : Nelson Education . p. 946 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 665133 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ; Derrickson , Bryan ( 2011 ) . Principles of Anatomy Physiology ( 14th ed . ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 1090 -- 1099 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sadler , T. ( 2010 ) . Langman 's medical embryology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott William & Wilkins . pp. 299 -- 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 9069 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Davis - Dusenbery , BN ; Williams , LA ; Klim , JR ; Eggan , K ( February 2014 ) . `` How to make spinal motor neurons '' . Development . 141 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 501 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 097410 . PMID 24449832 . Jump up ^ Edgar R , Mazor Y , Rinon A , Blumenthal J , Golan Y , Buzhor E , Livnat I , Ben - Ari S , Lieder I , Shitrit A , Gilboa Y , Ben - Yehudah A , Edri O , Shraga N , Bogoch Y , Leshansky L , Aharoni S , West MD , Warshawsky D , Shtrichman R ( 2013 ) . `` LifeMap Discovery TM : The Embryonic Development , Stem Cells , and Regenerative Medicine Research Portal '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 7 ) : e66629 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066629 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . Jump up ^ Philippidou , Polyxeni ; Walsh , Carolyn ; Aubin , Josée ; Jeannotte , Lucie ; Dasen , Jeremy S. `` Sustained Hox5 Gene Activity is Required for Respiratory Motor Neuron Development '' . Nature Neuroscience. 15 ( 12 ) : 1636 -- 1644 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 3242 . ISSN 1097 - 6256 . PMC 3676175 . PMID 23103965 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , D. ( 2001 ) The Primary Motor Cortex : Upper Motor Neurons That Initiate Complex Voluntary Movements . In D. Purves , G.J. Augustine , D. Fitzpatrick , et al. ( Ed . ) , Neuroscience . Retrieved from ( ( cite web url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10962/ title = Archived copy accessdate = 2017 - 11 - 30 deadurl = no archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180605025217/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10962/ archivedate = 2018 - 06 - 05 df = ) ) Jump up ^ Tortora , G.J. , Derrickson , B. ( 2011 ) . The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves . In B. Roesch , L. Elfers , K. Trost , et al. ( Ed . ) , Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( pp. 443 - 468 ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , D. ( 2001 ) Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control : Overview . In D. Purves , G.J. Augustine , D. Fitzpatrick , et al. ( Ed . ) , Neuroscience . Retrieved from ( ( cite web url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10979/ title = Archived copy accessdate = 2017 - 11 - 30 deadurl = no archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180605025217/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10979/ archivedate = 2018 - 06 - 05 df = ) ) ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER NINE '' . www.unc.edu . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub ( 2010 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach . Pearson . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 55980 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tortora , G.J. , Derrickson , B. ( 2011 ) . Muscular Tissue . In B. Roesch , L. Elfers , K. Trost , et al. ( Ed . ) , Principles of Anatomy and Physiology ( pp. 305 - 307 , 311 ) . New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Purves D , Augustine GJ , Fitzpatrick D , et al. , editors : Neuroscience . 2nd edition , 2001 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Manuel , Marin ; Zytnicki , Daniel ( 2011 ) . `` Alpha , Beta , and Gamma Motoneurons : Functional Diversity in the Motor System 's Final Pathway '' . Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 10 ( 03 ) : 243 -- 276 . doi : 10.1142 / S0219635211002786 . ISSN 0219 - 6352 . Sources ( edit ) Sherwood , L. ( 2001 ) . Human Physiology : From Cells to Systems ( 4th ed . ) . Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks - Cole . ISBN 0 - 534 - 37254 - 6 . Marieb , E.N. ; Mallatt , J. ( 1997 ) . Human Anatomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Menlo Park , CA : Benjamin / Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4068 - 8 . Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Nerve fascicle Funiculus Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motor_neuron&oldid=852944836 '' Categories : Efferent neurons Motor system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 11 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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-516703919321700325 | Mineral (nutrient) | Mineral ( nutrient ) - wikipedia Mineral ( nutrient ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the context of nutrition , a mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life . Minerals originate in the earth and can not be made by living organisms . Plants get minerals from soil . Most of the minerals in a human diet come from eating plants and animals or from drinking water . As a group , minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients , the others of which are vitamins , essential fatty acids , and essential amino acids . The five major minerals in the human body are calcium , phosphorus , potassium , sodium , and magnesium . All of the remaining elements in a human body are called `` trace elements '' . The trace elements that have a specific biochemical function in the human body are sulfur , iron , chlorine , cobalt , copper , zinc , manganese , molybdenum , iodine and selenium . Most chemical elements that are ingested by organisms are in the form of simple compounds . Plants absorb dissolved elements in soils , which are subsequently ingested by the herbivores and omnivores that eat them , and the elements move up the food chain . Larger organisms may also consume soil ( geophagia ) or use mineral resources , such as salt licks , to obtain limited minerals unavailable through other dietary sources . Bacteria and fungi play an essential role in the weathering of primary elements that results in the release of nutrients for their own nutrition and for the nutrition of other species in the ecological food chain . One element , cobalt , is available for use by animals only after having been processed into complex molecules ( e.g. , vitamin B12 ) by bacteria . Minerals are used by animals and microorganisms for the process of mineralizing structures , called `` biomineralization '' , used to construct bones , seashells , eggshells , exoskeletons and mollusc shells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Essential chemical elements for humans 2 Blood concentrations of minerals 3 Dietary nutrition 4 Elements considered possibly essential but not confirmed 5 Mineral ecology 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Essential chemical elements for humans Main article : Composition of the human body At least twenty chemical elements are known to be required to support human biochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles as well as electrolytes . However , as many as twenty - nine elements in total ( including hydrogen , carbon , nitrogen and oxygen ) are suggested to be used by mammals , as inferred by biochemical and uptake studies . Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 mg of adult body weight , with 99 % of it contained in bones and teeth . Phosphorus makes up about 1 % of a person 's body weight . The other major minerals ( potassium , sodium , chlorine , sulfur and magnesium ) make up only about 0.85 % of the weight of the body . Together these eleven chemical elements ( H , C , N , O , Ca , P , K , Na , Cl , S , Mg ) make up 99.85 % of the body . There is not scientific consensus on whether all of the elements in light green in periodic table are essential or not . Most of the known and suggested mineral nutrients are of relatively low atomic weight , and are reasonably common on land , or , at least , common in the ocean ( iodine , sodium ) : Nutritional elements in the periodic table He Li Be Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu * * Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr The four basic organic elements Quantity elements Essential trace elements Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling , but no clearly - identified biochemical function in humans Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals No evidence for biological action in mammals , but essential in some lower organisms . ( In the case of lanthanum , the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides . Thus Ce , Pr , and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La , and the smaller Sm , Eu , and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth . ) The following play important roles in biological processes : RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance ; UL = Tolerable Upper Intake Level ; Figures shown are for adults age 31 - 50 , male or female neither pregnant nor lactating Dietary element RDA ( U.S. ) ( mg ) UL ( U.S. and EU ) ( mg ) Amount High nutrient density dietary sources Insufficiency Excess Potassium 04700.000 4700 NE ; NE Quantity A systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating ATP with sodium Sweet potato , tomato , potato , beans , lentils , dairy products , seafood , banana , prune , carrot , orange hypokalemia hyperkalemia Chlorine 02300.000 2300 3600 ; NE Quantity Needed for production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions Table salt ( sodium chloride ) is the main dietary source . hypochloremia hyperchloremia Sodium 01500.000 1500 2300 ; NE Quantity A systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating ATP with potassium Table salt ( sodium chloride , the main source ) , sea vegetables , milk , and spinach . hyponatremia hypernatremia Calcium 01200.000 1200 2500 ; 2500 Quantity Needed for muscle , heart and digestive system health , builds bone , supports synthesis and function of blood cells Dairy products , eggs , canned fish with bones ( salmon , sardines ) , green leafy vegetables , nuts , seeds , tofu , thyme , oregano , dill , cinnamon . hypocalcaemia hypercalcaemia Phosphorus 00700.000 700 4000 ; 4000 Quantity A component of bones ( see apatite ) , cells , in energy processing , in DNA and ATP ( as phosphate ) and many other functions Red meat , dairy foods , fish , poultry , bread , rice , oats . In biological contexts , usually seen as phosphate hypophosphatemia hyperphosphatemia Magnesium 00420.000 420 350 ; 250 Quantity Required for processing ATP and for bones Spinach , legumes , nuts , seeds , whole grains , peanut butter , avocado hypomagnesemia , magnesium deficiency hypermagnesemia Iron 00018.000 18 45 ; NE Trace Required for many proteins and enzymes , notably hemoglobin to prevent anemia Meat , seafood , nuts , beans , dark chocolate iron deficiency iron overload disorder Zinc 00011.000 11 40 ; 25 Trace Pervasive and required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase , liver alcohol dehydrogenase , and carbonic anhydrase Oysters * , red meat , poultry , nuts , whole grains , dairy products zinc deficiency zinc toxicity Manganese 00002.300 2.3 11 ; NE Trace A cofactor in enzyme functions Grains , legumes , seeds , nuts , leafy vegetables , tea , coffee manganese deficiency manganism Copper 00000.90 0.9 10 ; 5 Trace Required component of many redox enzymes , including cytochrome c oxidase Liver , seafood , oysters , nuts , seeds ; some : whole grains , legumes copper deficiency copper toxicity Iodine 00000.150 0.150 1.1 ; 0.6 Trace Required for synthesis of thyroid hormones , thyroxine and triiodothyronine and to prevent goiter : Iodine in biology Seaweed ( kelp or kombu ) * , grains , eggs , iodized salt iodine deficiency iodism Hyperthyroidism Chromium 00000.035 0.035 NE ; NE Trace Involved in glucose and lipid metabolism , although its mechanisms of action in the body and the amounts needed for optimal health are not well - defined Broccoli , grape juice ( especially red ) , meat , whole grain products Chromium deficiency Chromium toxicity Molybdenum 00000.045 0.045 2 ; 0.6 Trace The oxidases xanthine oxidase , aldehyde oxidase , and sulfite oxidase Legumes , whole grains , nuts molybdenum deficiency molybdenum toxicity Selenium 00000.055 0.055 0.4 ; 0.3 Trace Essential to activity of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase Brazil nuts , seafoods , organ meats , meats , grains , dairy products , eggs selenium deficiency selenosis Cobalt none NE ; NE Trace Required in the synthesis of vitamin B , but because bacteria are required to synthesize the vitamin , it is usually considered part of vitamin B which comes from eating animals and animal - sourced foods ( eggs ... ) Cobalt poisoning * One serving of seaweed exceeds the U.S. Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( UL ) of 1100 μg but not the 3000 μg UL set by Japan . Blood concentrations of minerals Minerals are present in a healthy human being 's blood at certain mass and molar concentrations . The figure below presents the concentrations of each of the chemical elements discussed in this article , from center - right to the right . Depending on the concentrations , some are in upper part of the picture , while others are in the lower part . The figure includes the relative values of other constituents of blood such as hormones . In the figure , minerals are color highlighted in purple . Reference ranges for blood tests , sorted logarithmically by mass above the scale and by molarity below . Dietary Nutrition Dietitians may recommend that minerals are best supplied by ingesting specific foods rich with the chemical element ( s ) of interest . The elements may be naturally present in the food ( e.g. , calcium in dairy milk ) or added to the food ( e.g. , orange juice fortified with calcium ; iodized salt fortified with iodine ) . Dietary supplements can be formulated to contain several different chemical elements ( as compounds ) , a combination of vitamins and / or other chemical compounds , or a single element ( as a compound or mixture of compounds ) , such as calcium ( as calcium carbonate , calcium citrate , etc . ) or magnesium ( as magnesium oxide , etc . ) , or iron ( as ferrous sulfate , iron bis - glycinate , etc . ) . The dietary focus on chemical elements derives from an interest in supporting the biochemical reactions of metabolism with the required elemental components . Appropriate intake levels of certain chemical elements have been demonstrated to be required to maintain optimal health . Diet can meet all the body 's chemical element requirements , although supplements can be used when some requirements ( e.g. , calcium , which is found mainly in dairy products ) are not adequately met by the diet , or when chronic or acute deficiencies arise from pathology , injury , etc . Research has supported that altering inorganic mineral compounds ( carbonates , oxides , etc . ) by reacting them with organic ligands ( amino acids , organic acids , etc . ) improves the bioavailability of the supplemented mineral . Elements considered possibly essential but not confirmed Many ultratrace elements have been suggested as essential , but such claims have usually not been confirmed . Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomolecule containing the element with an identifiable and testable function . One problem with identifying efficacy is that some elements are innocuous at low concentrations and are pervasive ( examples : silicon and nickel in solid and dust ) , so proof of efficacy is lacking because deficiencies are difficult to reproduce . Ultratrace elements of some minerals such as silicon and boron are known to have a role but the exact biochemical nature is unknown , and others such as arsenic and chromium are suspected to have a role in health , but with weaker evidence . Chromium is considered and essential mineral by the U.S. Institute of Medicine but not for the European Food Safety Authority , which makes the decisions for the European Union . Roles for trace minerals include enzyme catalysis , attracting substrate molecules , redox reactions , and structural or regulatory effects on protein binding . Element Description Excess Bromine Possibly important to basement membrane architecture and tissue development , as a needed catalyst to make collagen IV . bromism Arsenic Essential in rat , hamster , goat and chicken models , but no biochemical mechanism known in humans . arsenic poisoning Nickel Nickel is an essential component of several enzymes , including urease and hydrogenase . Although not required by humans , some are thought to be required by gut bacteria , such as urease required by some varieties of Bifidobacterium . In humans , nickel may be a cofactor or structural component of certain metalloenzymes involved in hydrolysis , redox rections , and gene expression . Nickel deficiency depressed growth in goats , pigs , and sheep , and diminished circulating thyroid hormone concentration in rats . Nickel toxicity Fluorine Fluorine ( as fluoride ) is not considered an essential element because humans do not require it for growth or to sustain life . Research indicates that the primary dental benefit from fluoride occurs at the surface from topical exposure . Of the minerals in this table , fluoride is the only one for which the U.S. Institute of Medicine has established an Adequate Intake Fluoride poisoning Boron Boron is an essential plant nutrient , required primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls . Boron has been shown to be essential to complete the life cycle in representatives of all phylogenetic kingdoms , including the model species danio rerio ( zebrafish ) and Xenopus laevis ( African clawed frog ) . In animals , supplemental boron has been shown to reduce calcium excretion and activate vitamin D . Nontoxic Lithium It is not known whether lithium has a physiological role in any species , but nutritional studies in mammals have indicated its importance to health , leading to a suggestion that it be classed as an essential trace element . Lithium toxicity Strontium Strontium has been found to be involved in the utilization of calcium in the body . It has promoting action on calcium uptake into bone at moderate dietary strontium levels , but a rachitogenic ( rickets - producing ) action at higher dietary levels . Rachitogenic ( causing Rickets ) Other Silicon and vanadium have established , albeit specialized , biochemical roles as structural or functional cofactors in other organisms , and are possibly , even probably , used by mammals ( including humans ) . By contrast , tungsten , lanthanum , and cadmium have specialized biochemical uses in certain lower organisms , but these elements appear not to be utilized by humans . Other elements considered to be possibly essential include aluminium , germanium , lead , rubidium , and tin . Multiple Mineral ecology Recent studies have shown a tight linkage between living organisms and chemical elements on this planet . This led to the redefinition of minerals as `` an element or compound , amorphous or crystalline , formed through ' biogeochemical ' processes . The addition of ' bio ' reflects a greater appreciation , although an incomplete understanding , of the processes of mineral formation by living forms . '' Biologists and geologists have only recently started to appreciate the magnitude of mineral biogeoengineering . Bacteria have contributed to the formation of minerals for billions of years and critically define the biogeochemical mineral cycles on this planet . Microorganisms can precipitate metals from solution contributing to the formation of ore deposits in addition to their ability to catalyze mineral dissolution , to respire , precipitate , and form minerals . Most minerals are inorganic in nature . Mineral nutrients refers to the smaller class of minerals that are metabolized for growth , development , and vitality of living organisms . Mineral nutrients are recycled by bacteria that are freely suspended in the vast water columns of the worlds oceans . They absorb dissolved organic matter containing mineral nutrients as they scavenge through the dying individuals that fall out of large phytoplankton blooms . Flagellates are effective bacteriovores and are also commonly found in the marine water column . The flagellates are preyed upon by zooplankton while the phytoplankton concentrates on the larger particulate matter that is suspended in the water column as they are consumed by larger zooplankton , with fish as the top predator . Mineral nutrients cycle through this marine food chain , from bacteria and phytoplankton to flagellates and zooplankton which are then eaten by fish . The bacteria are important in this chain because only they have the physiological ability to absorb the dissolved mineral nutrients from the sea . These recycling principals from marine environments apply to many soil and freshwater ecosystems as well . In terrestrial ecosystems , fungi play similar roles as bacteria : they mobilize nutritional elements composing matter that is inaccessible for other organisms and transport acquired nutrients to nutritionally scarce patches of ecosystem . See also Food portal Food composition Health food Macronutrient Micronutrient deficiency References ^ Jump up to : Berdanier , Carolyn D. ; Dwyer , Johanna T. ; Heber , David ( 2013 ) . Handbook of Nutrition and Food ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 0572 - 8 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minerals '' . MedlinePlus , National Library of Medicine , US National Institutes of Health . 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minerals '' . Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University , Corvallis. 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Minerals are elements that originate in the Earth and can not be made by living organisms . Plants obtain minerals from the soil , and most of the minerals in our diets come directly from plants or indirectly from animal sources . Minerals may also be present in the water we drink , but this varies with geographic locale . Minerals from plant sources may also vary from place to place , because soil mineral content varies geographically . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin and mineral supplement fact sheets '' . Office of Dietary Supplements , US National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD. 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Berdanier , Carolyn D. ; Dwyer , Johanna T. ; Heber , David ( 19 April 2016 ) . Handbook of Nutrition and Food , Third Edition . CRC Press . pp. 211 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4665 - 0572 - 8 . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Ph. D. , Edward D. ( 1 January 2014 ) . Minerals in Food Nutrition , Metabolism , Bioactivity ( chapter 3.4 ) ( 1st ed . ) . Lancaster , PA : DEStech Publications , Inc. p. 378 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932078 - 97 - 8 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. ; Michael M. Cox ( 2000 - 02 - 15 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , Third Edition ( 3 Har / Com ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . p. 1200 . ISBN 1 - 57259 - 931 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ultratrace minerals . Authors : Nielsen , Forrest H. USDA , ARS Source : Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors , Maurice E. Shils ... et al ... Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins , c1999. , p. 283 - 303 . Issue Date : 1999 URI : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Phosphorus in diet '' . MedlinePlus , National Library of Medicine , US National Institutes of Health . 2 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration 14 . Appendix F ( mg ) Jump up ^ Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) : Elements Food and Nutrition Board , Institute of Medicine , National Academies ( 2011 ) ( mg ) Jump up ^ Dietary Reference Intakes : Electrolytes and Water The National Academies ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals ( PDF ) , European Food Safety Authority , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 : Appendix B - 1 . Food Sources of Potassium '' . 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Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 72 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ashmead , H. DeWayne ( 1993 ) . The Roles of Amino Acid Chelates in Animal Nutrition . Westwood : Noyes Publications . Jump up ^ A. Scott McCall ; Christopher F. Cummings ; Gautam Bhave ; Roberto Vanacore ; Andrea Page - McCaw ; Billy G. Hudson ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Bromine Is an Essential Trace Element for Assembly of Collagen IV Scaffolds in Tissue Development and Architecture '' . Cell. 157 ( 6 ) : 1380 -- 1392 . PMC 4144415 . PMID 24906154 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2014.05. 009 . Jump up ^ Anke M. Arsenic . In : Mertz W. ed. , Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition , 5th ed . Orlando , FL : Academic Press , 1986 , 347 -- 372 ; Uthus E.O. , Evidency for arsenical essentiality , Environ . Geochem . Health , 1992 , 14 : 54 -- 56 ; Uthus E.O. , Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance . 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Jump up ^ González - Muñoz , M.T. ; Rodriguez - Navarro , C. ; Martinez - Ruiz , F. ; Arias , J.M. ; Merroun , M.L. ; Rodriguez - Gallego , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Bacterial biomineralization : new insights from Myxococcus - induced mineral precipitation '' . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . 336 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2010GSLSP. 336 ... 31G . doi : 10.1144 / SP336. 3 . Jump up ^ Kirkby , H. ; Kirkby , E.A. ; Cakmak , I. ( 1996 ) . `` Effect of mineral nutritional status on shoot - root partitioning of photoassimilates and cycling of mineral nutrients '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 47 ( S1255 ) : 1255 . PMID 21245257 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / 47. Special_Issue. 1255 . Jump up ^ Adame , L. ( 2002 ) . `` Leaf absorption of mineral nutrients in carnivorous plants stimulates root nutrient uptake '' ( PDF ) . New Phytologist. 155 : 89 -- 100 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 8137.2002. 00441. x . Jump up ^ Azam , F. ; Fenchel , T. ; Field , J.G. ; Gray , J.S. ; Meyer - Reil , L.A. ; Thingstad , F. ( 1983 ) . `` The ecological role of water - column microbes in the sea '' ( PDF ) . Mar . Ecol . Prog . Ser. 10 : 257 -- 263 . doi : 10.3354 / meps010257 . Jump up ^ Uroz , S. ; Calvaruso , C. ; Turpault , M. ; Frey - Klett , Pascale ( 2009 ) . `` Mineral weathering by bacteria : ecology , actors and mechanisms '' ( PDF ) . Trends in Microbiology. 17 ( 8 ) : 378 -- 87 . PMID 19660952 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2009.05. 004 . Jump up ^ J. Dighton ( 2007 ) . `` Nutrient Cycling by Saprotrophic Fungi in Terrestrial Habitats '' . In Kubicek , Christian P. ; Druzhinina , Irina S. Environmental and microbial relationships ( 2nd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . pp. 287 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 71840 - 6 . Further reading Humphry Bowen ( 1966 ) Trace Elements in Biochemistry . Academic Press . Humphrey Bowen ( 1979 ) Environmental Chemistry of the Elements . 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External links Metals in Nutrition Concept of a nutritious food : toward a nutrient density score Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements ( `` minerals '' ) Retinol ( Vitamin A ) B vitamins : Thiamine ( B ) Riboflavin ( B ) Niacin ( B ) Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pyridoxine ( B ) Biotin ( B ) Folic acid ( B ) Cyanocobalamin ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin C ) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D ) Tocopherol ( Vitamin E ) Naphthoquinone ( Vitamin K ) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β - hydroxy β - methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine / Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John 's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Mineral supplements ( A12 ) Major Calcium β - hydroxy - β - methylbutyrate carbonate chloride + cholecalciferol citrate glubionate glucoheptonate gluconate glycerylphosphate hydroxyapatite lactate gluconate lactate pangamate phosphate Magnesium aspartate chloride citrate gluconate glycinate lactate levulinate malate orotate oxide pidolate sulfate taurate Phosphorus adenosine triphosphate disodium hydroxyapatite monosodium phosphate Potassium bicarbonate bitartrate chloride citrate gluconate Sodium chloride sulfate Sulfur L - cysteine L - cystine L - glutathione L - methionine methylsulfonylmethane N - acetyl - L - cysteine R - α - lipoic acid S - adenosyl methionine taurine Trace Copper gluconate Iodine potassium iodide Iron ( II ) fumarate ( II ) sulfate Selenium selenate selenite Zinc acetate L - aspartate L - carnosine gluconate oxide proteinate sulfate Ultratrace Chromium ( III ) picolinate ( III ) chloride Fluorine fluoride monofluorophosphate Lithium aspartate carbonate orotate Vanadium ( IV ) sulfate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mineral_(nutrient)&oldid=802938713 '' Categories : Dietary minerals Nutrition Food science Essential nutrients Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тыва дыл Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 12 : 43 . 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-5244083845081629327 | To Kill a Mockingbird (film) | To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) - wikipedia To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search To Kill a Mockingbird film poster Directed by Robert Mulligan Produced by Alan J. Pakula Screenplay by Horton Foote Based on To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Starring Gregory Peck Mary Badham Phillip Alford John Megna Ruth White Paul Fix Brock Peters Frank Overton Narrated by Kim Stanley Music by Elmer Bernstein Cinematography Russell Harlan , A.S.C. Edited by Aaron Stell , A.C.E. Production companies Brentwood Productions Pakula - Mulligan Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 25 , 1962 ( 1962 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $13.1 million To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan . The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee 's 1960 Pulitzer Prize - winning novel of the same name . It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box - office success , earning more than 10 times its budget . The film won three Academy Awards , including Best Actor for Peck , and was nominated for eight , including Best Picture . In 1995 , the film was listed in the National Film Registry . In 2003 , the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century . In 2007 the film ranked twenty - fifth on the AFI 's 10th anniversary list of the greatest American movies of all time . In 2005 , the British Film Institute included it in their list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . To Kill a Mockingbird marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall , William Windom , and Alice Ghostley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Critical response 4.1 Gregory Peck 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Academy Awards 5.2 Golden Globe Awards 5.3 Cannes Film Festival 6 Restoration 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film 's young protagonists , Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch ( Mary Badham ) and her brother Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch ( Phillip Alford ) , live in the fictional town of Maycomb , Alabama , during the early 1930s . The story covers three years , during which Scout and Jem undergo changes in their lives . They are innocent children , spending their days happily playing games with each other and spying on Arthur `` Boo '' Radley ( Robert Duvall ) who has not left his home for many years and about whom many rumors circulate . Their widowed father , Atticus ( Gregory Peck ) , is a town lawyer and has strong beliefs that all people are to be treated fairly , to turn the other cheek , and to stand for what you believe . He also allows his children to call him by his first name . Early in the film , the children see their father accept hickory nuts , and other produce , from Mr. Cunningham ( Crahan Denton ) for legal work because the client has no money . Through their father 's work as a lawyer , Scout and Jem begin to learn of the racism and evil in their town , aggravated by poverty ; they mature quickly as they are exposed to it . The local judge ( Paul Fix ) appoints Atticus to defend a black man , Tom Robinson ( Brock Peters ) , against an accusation of rape of a white girl , Mayella Ewell ( Collin Wilcox ) . Atticus accepts the case . Jem and Scout experience schoolyard taunts for their father 's decision . Later , as Atticus is sitting in front of the local jail to safeguard Robinson , a lynch mob arrives , which includes Mr. Cunningham . Scout , Jem and their friend , Dill ( John Megna ) , interrupt the confrontation . Scout , unaware of the mob 's purpose , recognizes Cunningham as the man who paid her father in hickory nuts and tells him to say hello to his son , who is her schoolmate . Cunningham becomes embarrassed and the mob disperses . At the trial , it is undisputed that Tom came to Mayella 's home at her request to help with the chopping up of a chifforobe , and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time . Among Atticus ' chief arguments is that Tom has a crippled left arm , yet the supposed rapist would have had to make extensive use of his left hand in assaulting Mayella before raping her . Atticus then points out that Mayella 's father , Bob Ewell ( James Anderson ) , is left handed , implying that he -- rather than Tom -- was the one who beat Mayella . Atticus also states that the girl had not been examined by a doctor to check for signs of rape after the supposed assault . In his closing argument Atticus asks the all - white male jury to cast aside their prejudices and instead focus on Tom 's obvious innocence . In taking the stand in his own defense , Tom denies he attacked Mayella , but states she kissed him . He testifies he voluntarily assisted Mayella because `` I felt sorry for her because ... '' . Although Tom does not finish his sentence , the prosecutor ( William Windom ) hammers home the point that he was a black man feeling sorry for a white woman . In a town where whites are viewed as superior to blacks , Tom 's sympathy for Mayella dooms his case , and he is found guilty . As Atticus leaves the courtroom , the black spectators in the balcony rise to their feet as a sign of respect and appreciation . Reverend Sykes says to Scout , `` Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passing . '' When Atticus arrives home , Sheriff Heck Tate ( Frank Overton ) tells him that Tom has been killed by a deputy during his transfer to prison . According to this deputy , Tom was trying to escape , `` running like a crazy man '' before he was shot . Atticus and Jem go to the Robinson family home to inform them of Tom 's death . Bob Ewell , Mayella 's father , appears and spits in Atticus ' face while Jem waits in the car . Atticus wipes his face and leaves . Autumn arrives , and Scout and Jem attend a nighttime Halloween pageant at their school . Scout wears a large hard - shelled ham costume , portraying one of Maycomb county 's products . At some point during the pageant , Scout 's dress and shoes are misplaced . She is forced to walk home without shoes , wearing her ham costume . While cutting through the woods , Scout and Jem are attacked by an unidentified man who has been following them . Scout 's costume , like an awkward suit of armor , protects her from the attack but restricts her movement and severely restricts her vision . Jem is knocked unconscious and Scout escapes unharmed in a brief but violent struggle . Their attacker is thwarted and overcome by another unidentified man . Scout escapes her costume in time to see the second man carrying Jem to their home . Scout follows the stranger inside and runs into the arms of a concerned Atticus . Doc Reynolds comes over and treats the broken arm of an unconscious Jem . When Sheriff Tate asks Scout what happened , she sees a man standing quietly in the corner behind the door of Jem 's room . Atticus formally introduces Scout to Arthur Radley , whom she has known as Boo , the man who came to the aid of Jem and Scout in the woods . It is revealed that Boo had overpowered Bob Ewell before carrying Jem home . The sheriff reports that Ewell was discovered dead at the scene of the attack with a knife in his ribs . Atticus assumes that Jem killed Ewell in self - defense . Sheriff Tate , however , believes that Boo killed Ewell in defense of the children , and he tells Atticus that to drag the shy and reserved Boo into the spotlight for his heroism would be `` a sin '' . To protect Boo , Sheriff Tate suggests that Ewell `` fell on his knife '' . Scout draws a startlingly precocious analogy , likening unwelcome public attention to Boo to the killing of a mockingbird . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters In the order of the film 's opening credits : Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch John Megna as Charles Baker `` Dill '' Harris Frank Overton as Sheriff Heck Tate Rosemary Murphy as Miss Maudie Atkinson Ruth White as Mrs Dubose Brock Peters as Tom Robinson Estelle Evans as Calpurnia Paul Fix as Judge John Taylor Collin Wilcox as Mayella Violet Ewell James Anderson as Robert E. Lee `` Bob '' Ewell Alice Ghostley as Miss Stephanie Crawford Robert Duvall as Arthur `` Boo '' Radley William Windom as Horace Gilmer , District Attorney Crahan Denton as Walter Cunningham Richard Hale as Nathan Radley Mary Badham as Scout Phillip Alford as Jem Uncredited roles ( in order of appearance ) Kim Stanley ... Unseen narrator -- the voice of adult Scout -- `` Maycomb was a tired old town -- even in 1932 when I first knew it -- that summer I was six years old . '' Paulene Myers ... Mrs. Dubose 's servant , sitting close to her on the Dubose porch ( she has no speaking lines ) . Jamie Forster ... Mr. Townsend , sitting on a bench , with three men , near the courthouse : `` If you 're lookin ' for your daddy , he 's inside the courthouse . '' Steve Condit ... Mr. Cunningham 's son Walter , at dinner with the Finch family : `` Yes , sir . I do n't know when I had roast . We been havin ' squirrels and rabbits lately . '' David Crawford ... David , Tom Robinson 's son , sitting on the steps to the Robinsons ' shack : `` Good evening . '' Kim Hamilton ... Helen , Tom Robinson 's wife , inside the Robinsons ' shack : `` Good evening , Mr. Finch . '' Dan White ... Mob leader approaching as Atticus Finch sits in front of the jailhouse : `` He in there , Mr. Finch ? '' Kelly Thordsen ... Heavyset member of the mob who grabs and picks up Jem : `` Well , I 'll send you home . '' William `` Bill '' Walker ... Reverend Sykes , at the courthouse for Tom Robinson 's trial : `` Miss Jean Louise ? Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passin ' . '' Charles Fredericks ... Court clerk at Tom Robinson 's trial : `` Place your hand on the bible , please . Do you solemnly swear to tell the truth ... ? '' Guy Wilkerson ... Jury foreman at Tom Robinson 's trial : We find the defendant guilty as charged . '' Jay Sullivan ... Court reporter at Tom Robinson 's trial : `` Yes . '' Jester Hairston ... Tom Robinson 's father in front of the Robinsons ' shack : `` Hello Mr. Finch . I 'm Spence , Tom 's father . '' Hugh Sanders ... Doctor who examines Jem : `` He 's got a bad break , so far as I can tell . Somebody tried to wring his arm off . '' Music ( edit ) To Kill a Mockingbird Soundtrack album by Elmer Bernstein Released Early April 1963 Recorded August 1 -- 2 , 1996 , City Halls , Glasgow Label Varèse Sarabande Elmer Bernstein 's score for To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as one of the greatest film scores and has been recorded three times . It was first released in April 1963 on Ava ; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series ; and finally , he recorded the complete score ( below ) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese Sarabande Film Classics series . `` Main Title '' -- 3 : 21 `` Remember Mama '' -- 1 : 08 `` Atticus Accepts The Case -- Roll in the Tire '' -- 2 : 06 `` Creepy Caper -- Peek - A-Boo '' -- 4 : 10 `` Ewell 's Hatred '' -- 3 : 33 `` Jem 's Discovery '' -- 3 : 47 `` Tree Treasure '' -- 4 : 23 `` Lynch Mob '' -- 3 : 04 `` Guilty Verdict '' -- 3 : 10 `` Ewell Regret It '' -- 2 : 11 `` Footsteps in the Dark '' -- 2 : 07 `` Assault in the Shadows '' -- 2 : 28 `` Boo Who '' -- 3 : 00 `` End Title '' -- 3 : 25 Critical response ( edit ) The film received widespread critical acclaim . As of March 2017 , it maintains a 91 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 56 reviews . According to Bosley Crowther : `` Horton Foote 's script and the direction of Mr. Mulligan may not penetrate that deeply , but they do allow Mr. Peck and little Miss Badham and Master Alford to portray delightful characters . Their charming enactments of a father and his children in that close relationship , which can occur at only one brief period , are worth all the footage of the film . Rosemary Murphy as a neighbor , Brock Peters as the Negro on trial , and Frank Overton as a troubled sheriff are good as locality characters , too . James Anderson and Collin Wilcox as Southern bigots are almost caricatures . But those are minor shortcomings in a rewarding film . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times criticized the film for focusing less on the blacks , denouncing the cliché of the honest , white man standing for a helpless black : `` It expresses the liberal pieties of a more innocent time , the early 1960s , and it goes very easy on the realities of small - town Alabama in the 1930s . One of the most dramatic scenes shows a lynch mob facing Atticus , who is all by himself on the jailhouse steps the night before Tom Robinson 's trial . The mob is armed and prepared to break in and hang Robinson , but Scout bursts onto the scene , recognizes a poor farmer who has been befriended by her father , and shames him ( and all the other men ) into leaving . Her speech is a calculated strategic exercise , masked as the innocent words of a child ; one shot of her eyes shows she realizes exactly what she 's doing . Could a child turn away a lynch mob at that time , in that place ? Is n't it nice to think so . '' Gregory Peck 's performance became synonymous with the role and character of Atticus Finch . Producer Alan J. Pakula remembered hearing from Peck when he was first approached with the role : `` He called back immediately . No maybes . ( ... ) I must say the man and the character he played were not unalike '' . Peck later said in an interview that he was drawn to the role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla , California . `` Hardly a day passes that I do n't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film '' , Peck said in a 1997 interview . `` I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14 years old , and she said it changed her life . I hear things like that all the time '' . Gregory Peck ( edit ) The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens with the following : The Southern town of Maycomb , Alabama , reminds me of the California town I grew up in . The characters of the novel are like people I knew as a boy . I think perhaps the great appeal of the novel is that it reminds readers everywhere of a person or a town they have known . It is to me a universal story -- moving , passionate and told with great humor and tenderness . Gregory Peck . Harper Lee , in liner notes written for the film 's DVD re-release by Universal , wrote : `` When I learned that Gregory Peck would play Atticus Finch in the film production of To Kill a Mockingbird , I was of course delighted : here was a fine actor who had made great films -- what more could a writer ask for ? ... The years told me his secret . When he played Atticus Finch , he had played himself , and time has told all of us something more : when he played himself , he touched the world '' . Upon Peck 's death in 2003 , Brock Peters , who played Tom Robinson in the film version , quoted Harper Lee at Peck 's eulogy , saying , `` Atticus Finch gave him an opportunity to play himself '' . Peters concluded his eulogy stating , `` To my friend Gregory Peck , to my friend Atticus Finch , vaya con Dios '' . Peters remembered the role of Tom Robinson when he recalled , `` It certainly is one of my proudest achievements in life , one of the happiest participations in film or theater I have experienced '' . Peters remained friends not only with Peck but with Mary Badham throughout his life . Peck himself admitted that many people have reminded him of this film more than any other film he has ever done . Awards and honors ( edit ) In 1995 To Kill a Mockingbird was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It is also Robert Duvall 's big - screen debut , as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley . Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote , who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote 's play , The Midnight Caller . The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century . Additionally , the AFI ranked the movie second on their 100 Years ... 100 Cheers list , behind It 's a Wonderful Life . The film was ranked number 34 on AFI 's list of the 100 greatest movies of all time , but moved up to number 25 on the 10th Anniversary list . In June 2008 , the AFI revealed its `` Ten top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . To Kill a Mockingbird was acknowledged as the best film in the courtroom drama genre . In 2007 Hamilton was honored by the Harlem community for her part in the movie . She was the last surviving African - American adult who had a speaking part in the movie . When told of the award , she said , `` I think it is terrific . I 'm very pleased and very surprised '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Atticus Finch -- # 1 Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Miss Jean Louise , stand up . Your father 's passing . '' -- Nominated `` You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view , until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 17 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies : 10th Anniversary Edition -- # 25 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 1 Courtroom Drama Academy Awards ( edit ) The film won three Academy Awards out of the eight for which it was nominated . Academy Award for Best Actor -- Gregory Peck ( The award was presented to Peck by Sophia Loren ) Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Horton Foote Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Set Decoration , Black - and - White -- ( Henry Bumstead , Alexander Golitzen , and Oliver Emert ) Other nominations were for Best Picture ( Producer , Alan J. Pakula ) Best Director ( Robert Mulligan ) Best Cinematography , Black - and - White ( Russell Harlan ) , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Mary Badham ) Best Music , Score -- Substantially Original ( Elmer Bernstein ) Its main competition was Lawrence of Arabia , which won the Oscar for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Original Score . Peter O'Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T.E. Lawrence , but Peck won for Mockingbird . The Longest Day claimed the award for Best Cinematography , while Patty Duke was awarded Best Supporting Actress for her work in The Miracle Worker . Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama -- Gregory Peck Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score -- Motion Picture -- Elmer Bernstein Golden Globe Award for Best Film Promoting International Understanding -- To Kill a Mockingbird Cannes film Festival ( edit ) The film was selected for the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in feature film category , winning the Gary Cooper Award . Restoration ( edit ) The film was restored and released on Blu - ray and DVD in 2012 as part of the 100th anniversary of Universal Pictures . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1962 La Joven ( The Young One ) , the 1960 film Trial film White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD ( A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 1962 . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` To Kill A Mockingbird -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper Lee . `` To Kill a Mockingbird : Chapters 2 -- 3 '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Billboard Apr 13 , 1963 Jump up ^ Erikson , Matthew . `` Elmer Bernstein : ' One of the Greatest Film Composers Ever ' '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To Kill A Mockingbird '' . www.rottentomatoes.com. 1962 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( February 15 , 1963 ) . `` One Adult Omission in a Fine Film : 2 Superb Discoveries Add to Delight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` To Kill a Mockingbird '' . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Peter . `` Time Ca n't Kill ' Mockingbird ' ; ( Review ) . '' New York Times : February 27 , 1998 . pg . E. 1 Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` How the Finch Stole Christmas ; Q & A WITH GREGORY PECK . '' Los Angeles Times : December 22 , 1997 . pg. 1 Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay . `` Gregory Peck is Atticus Finch in Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird . '' Birmingham News ( Alabama ) : December 21 , 1997 Pg . 1F . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Legacy Series DVD 2005 Jump up ^ Hoffman , Allison , Rubin , H. `` Peck Memorial Honors Beloved Actor and Man ; The longtime star is remembered for his integrity and constancy '' . Los Angeles Times : June 17 , 2003 . pg . B. 1 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Myrna . `` Obituaries ; Brock Peters , 78 ; Stage , Screen , TV Actor Noted for Role in ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' ; '' Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , Calif. : August 24 , 2005 . pg . B. 8 . Jump up ^ Gregory Peck Interview with Jimmy Carter at YouTube Jump up ^ To Kill a Mockingbird -- Awards -- IMDb Jump up ^ Robert Duvall ( actor ) , Gary Hertz ( director ) ( 2002 - 04 - 16 ) . Miracles & Mercies ( Documentary ) . West Hollywood , California : Blue Underground . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/handv100.pdf?docID=246 Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/cheers100.pdf?docID=202 Jump up ^ http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/100Movies.pdf?docID=301 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 '' . American Film Institute . 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem community honors ' Mockingbird ' actress '' from the USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : To Kill a Mockingbird '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : To Kill a Mockingbird '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Cannes Film Festival '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) . `` Universal Celebrates 100th Birthday With New Logo and 13 Film Restorations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) '' dated 2017 - 04 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) To Kill a Mockingbird on IMDb To Kill a Mockingbird at the TCM Movie Database To Kill a Mockingbird at Box Office Mojo To Kill a Mockingbird at Rotten Tomatoes To Kill a Mockingbird at the American Film Institute Catalog To Kill a Mockingbird study notes Atticus Finch 's closing argument in text and audio from AmericanRhetoric.com To Kill A Mockingbird location and production notes Films directed by Robert Mulligan Fear Strikes Out ( 1957 ) The Rat Race ( 1960 ) The Great Impostor ( 1961 ) Come September ( 1961 ) The Spiral Road ( 1962 ) To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1962 ) Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) Baby the Rain Must Fall ( 1965 ) Inside Daisy Clover ( 1965 ) Up the Down Staircase ( 1967 ) The Stalking Moon ( 1968 ) The Pursuit of Happiness ( 1971 ) Summer of ' 42 ( 1971 ) The Other ( 1972 ) The Nickel Ride ( 1974 ) Bloodbrothers ( 1978 ) Same Time , Next Year ( 1978 ) Kiss Me Goodbye ( 1982 ) Clara 's Heart ( 1988 ) The Man in the Moon ( 1991 ) Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) Characters Atticus Finch Film To Kill a Mockingbird Prequel Go Set a Watchman Other To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Broken VIAF : 316752024 GND : 7657026 - 5 SUDOC : 159296595 BNF : cb16267813t ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_(film)&oldid=830907095 '' Categories : 1962 films English - language films To Kill a Mockingbird American films 1960s drama films American black - and - white films American drama films American legal films American legal drama films Courtroom films Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Films about miscarriage of justice Films about race and ethnicity Films about racism Films based on American novels Films directed by Robert Mulligan Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in Alabama Films set in the 1930s Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Great Depression films Screenplays by Horton Foote Southern Gothic films United States National Film Registry films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Film articles using image size parameter Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 16 : 33 . 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-7716359371893116377 | English Civil War | English Civil war - wikipedia English Civil war Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see English Civil War ( disambiguation ) . English Civil War Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms The victory of the Parliamentarian New Model Army over the Royalist Army at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645 marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War . Date 22 August 1642 -- 3 September 1651 Location Kingdom of England Result Parliamentarian victory Execution of King Charles I Exile of Charles II Establishment of the republican Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell Belligerents English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish Royalists English , Scottish , Welsh and Irish Parliamentarians Commanders and leaders King Charles I Prince Rupert of the Rhine Charles II Earl of Essex Thomas Fairfax Oliver Cromwell Casualties and losses 50,000 34,000 127,000 noncombat deaths ( including some 40,000 civilians ) English Civil War First Second Third The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ( `` Roundheads '' ) and Royalists ( `` Cavaliers '' ) over , principally , the manner of England 's government . The first ( 1642 -- 1646 ) and second ( 1648 -- 1649 ) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third ( 1649 -- 1651 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 . The overall outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I ( 1649 ) ; the exile of his son , Charles II ( 1651 ) ; and the replacement of English monarchy with , at first , the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 -- 1653 ) and then the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653 -- 1658 ) and subsequently his son Richard ( 1658 -- 1659 ) . The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent , although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Geography 3 Strategy and tactics 4 Background 4.1 The King 's rule 4.2 Parliament in the English constitutional framework 4.3 Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of Right 4.4 Personal rule 4.5 Rebellion in Scotland 4.6 Recall of the English Parliament 4.7 The Long Parliament 4.8 Local grievances 5 First English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1646 ) 6 Second English Civil War ( 1648 -- 1649 ) 7 Trial of Charles I for treason 8 Third English Civil War ( 1649 -- 1651 ) 8.1 Ireland 8.2 Scotland 8.3 England 8.4 Immediate aftermath 9 Political control 9.1 Episcopacy 10 English overseas possessions 11 Casualties 12 Popular gains 13 Aftermath 14 Historiography and explanations 15 Re-enactments 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Terminology ( edit ) The term `` English Civil War '' appears most often in the singular form , although historians often divide the conflict into two or three separate wars . These wars were not restricted to England as Wales was a part of the Kingdom of England and was affected accordingly , and the conflicts also involved wars with , and civil wars within , both Scotland and Ireland . The war in all these countries is known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . Unlike other civil wars in England , which focused on who should rule , this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland were governed . The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the series of conflicts the `` Great Rebellion '' , while some historians -- especially Marxists such as Christopher Hill ( 1912 -- 2003 ) -- have long favoured the term `` English Revolution '' . Geography ( edit ) The two sides had their geographical strongholds , such that minority elements were silenced or fled . The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside , the shires , and the less economically developed areas of northern and western England . On the other hand , all the cathedral cities ( except Chester , Worcester and Hereford and the royalist stronghold of Oxford ) sided with Parliament . All the industrial centers , the ports , and the economically advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds . Lacey Baldwin Smith says , `` the words populous , rich , and rebellious seemed to go hand in hand '' . Strategy and Tactics ( edit ) Many of the officers and veteran soldiers of the English Civil War studied and implemented war strategies that had been learned and perfected in other wars across Europe , namely by the Spanish and the Dutch during the Dutch war for independence which began in 1568 . The main battle tactic came to be known as pike and shot infantry , in which the two sides would line up , facing each other , with infantry brigades of musketeers in the centre , carrying matchlock muskets ; these muskets were inaccurate , but could be lethal at a range of up to 300 yards . The brigades would arrange themselves in lines of musketeers , three deep , where the first row would kneel , the second would crouch , and the third would stand , allowing all three to fire a volley simultaneously . At times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired . Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet ( 4 m ) and 18 feet ( 5 m ) long , whose primary purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges . Positioned on each side of the infantry were the cavalry , with a right - wing led by the lieutenant - general , and a left - wing by the commissary general ; the main goal of the cavalry was to rout the opponent 's cavalry and then turn and overpower their infantry . The Royalist cavaliers ' skill and speed on horseback led to many early victories . Prince Rupert , the leader of the king 's cavalry , learned a tactic while fighting in the Dutch army where the cavalry would charge at full speed into the opponent 's infantry firing their pistols just before impact . However , with Oliver Cromwell and the introduction of the more disciplined New Model Army , a group of disciplined pikemen would stand their ground in the face of charging cavalry and could have a devastating effect . While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers , they were also better disciplined . The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired . Cromwell 's cavalry , on the other hand , trained to operate as a single unit , which led to many decisive victories . Background ( edit ) The King 's rule ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worthing York England portal The English Civil War broke out less than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 . Elizabeth 's death had resulted in the succession of her first cousin twice - removed , King James VI of Scotland , to the English throne as James I of England , creating the first personal union of the Scottish and English kingdoms . As King of Scots , James had become accustomed to Scotland 's weak parliamentary tradition since assuming control of the Scottish government in 1583 , so that upon assuming power south of the border , the new King of England was genuinely affronted by the constraints the English Parliament attempted to place on him in exchange for money . In spite of this , James ' personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income . This extravagance was tempered by James ' peaceful disposition , so that by the succession of his son Charles I to the English and Scottish thrones in 1625 the two kingdoms had both experienced relative peace , both internally and in their relations with each other , for as long as anyone could remember . Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom , fulfilling the dream of his father . Many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy . As Charles shared his father 's position on the power of the crown ( James had described kings as `` little gods on Earth '' , chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the `` Divine Right of Kings '' ) , the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification . Charles I , painted by Van Dyck Parliament in the English constitutional framework ( edit ) At the time , the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government . Instead , Parliament functioned as a temporary advisory committee and was summoned only if and when the monarch saw fit . Once summoned , a parliament 's continued existence was at the king 's pleasure , since it was subject to dissolution by him at any time . Yet , in spite of this limited role , over the preceding centuries Parliament had acquired de facto powers of enough significance that monarchs could not simply ignore them indefinitely . For a monarch , Parliament 's most indispensable power was its ability to raise tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crown 's disposal . By the seventeenth century , Parliament 's tax - raising powers had come to be derived from the fact that the gentry was the only stratum of society with the ability and authority actually to collect and remit the most meaningful forms of taxation then available at the local level . This meant that if the king wanted to ensure a smooth collection of revenue , he needed the co-operation of the gentry . For all of the Crown 's legal authority , by any modern standard , its resources were limited to the extent that , if and when the gentry refused to collect the king 's taxes on a national scale , the Crown lacked any practical means with which to compel them . Therefore , in order to secure their co-operation , monarchs permitted the gentry ( and only the gentry ) to elect representatives to sit in the House of Commons . When assembled along with the House of Lords , these elected representatives formed a Parliament . The concept of Parliaments therefore allowed representatives of the gentry to meet , primarily ( at least in the opinion of the monarch ) so that they could give their sanction to whatever taxes the monarch expected their electorate to collect . In the process , the representatives could also confer and send policy proposals to the king in the form of bills . However , Parliament lacked any legal means of forcing its will upon the monarch ; its only leverage with the king was the threat of its withholding the financial means required to execute his plans . Parliamentary concerns and the Petition of right ( edit ) Henrietta Maria , painted by Peter Lely , 1660 Many concerns were raised over Charles 's marriage to a Roman Catholic , French princess Henrietta Maria , in 1625 . The Parliament refused to assign him the traditional right to collect customs duties for his entire reign , deciding instead to grant it only on a provisional basis and negotiate with him . Charles , meanwhile , decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots whom French royal troops held besieged in La Rochelle . Military support for Protestants on the Continent was , in itself , popular both in Parliament and with the Protestant majority in general , and it had the potential to alleviate concerns brought about by the King 's marriage to a Catholic . However , Charles 's insistence on having his unpopular royal favourite George Villiers , the Duke of Buckingham , assume command of the English force undermined that support . Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham , the relief expedition proved a fiasco ( 1627 ) , and Parliament , already hostile to Buckingham for his monopoly on royal patronage , opened impeachment proceedings against him . Charles responded by dissolving Parliament . This move , while saving Buckingham , reinforced the impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers . Having dissolved Parliament and unable to raise money without it , the king assembled a new one in 1628 . ( The elected members included Oliver Cromwell and Edward Coke . ) The new Parliament drew up the Petition of Right , and Charles accepted it as a concession in order to obtain his subsidy . Amongst other things , the Petition referred to the Magna Carta . However , it did not grant him the right of tonnage and poundage , which Charles had been collecting without Parliamentary authorisation since 1625 . Several of the more active members of the opposition were imprisoned , which caused some outrage ; one , John Eliot , subsequently died in prison , becoming regarded as a martyr for the rights of Parliament . Personal rule ( edit ) Charles I avoided calling a Parliament for the next decade , a period known as the `` personal rule of Charles I '' , or the `` Eleven Years ' Tyranny '' . During this period , Charles 's lack of money determined policies . First and foremost , to avoid Parliament , the King needed to avoid war . Charles made peace with France and Spain , effectively ending England 's involvement in the Thirty Years ' War . However , that in itself was far from enough to balance the Crown 's finances . Unable to raise revenue without Parliament and unwilling to convene it , Charles resorted to other means . One method was reviving certain conventions , often long - outdated . For example , a failure to attend and to receive knighthood at Charles 's coronation was a finable offence with the fine paid to the Crown . The King also tried to raise revenue through the ship money tax , by exploiting a naval - war scare in 1635 , demanding that the inland English counties pay the tax for the Royal Navy . Established law supported this policy , but authorities had ignored it for centuries , and many regarded it as yet another extra-Parliamentary ( and therefore illegal ) tax . Some prominent men refused to pay ship money , arguing that the tax was illegal , but they lost in court , and the fines imposed on them for refusing to pay ship money ( and for standing against the tax 's legality ) aroused widespread indignation . During the `` Personal Rule '' , Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures : he believed in High Anglicanism , a sacramental version of the Church of England , theologically based upon Arminianism , a creed shared with his main political advisor , Archbishop William Laud . In 1633 , Charles appointed Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury and started making the Church more ceremonial , replacing the wooden communion tables with stone altars . Puritans accused Laud of reintroducing Catholicism ; when they complained , he had them arrested . In 1637 John Bastwick , Henry Burton , and William Prynne had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud 's views -- a rare penalty for gentlemen , and one that aroused anger . Moreover , the Church authorities revived the statutes passed in the time of Elizabeth I about church attendance and fined Puritans for not attending Anglican church services . Rebellion in Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Bishops ' War The end of Charles 's independent governance came when he attempted to apply the same religious policies in Scotland . The Church of Scotland , reluctantly episcopal in structure , had independent traditions . Charles , however , wanted one uniform Church throughout Britain and introduced a new , High Anglican version of the English Book of Common Prayer to Scotland in the middle of 1637 . This was violently resisted ; a riot broke out in Edinburgh , which may have been started in St Giles ' Cathedral , according to legend , by Jenny Geddes . In February 1638 , the Scots formulated their objections to royal policy in the National Covenant . This document took the form of a `` loyal protest '' , rejecting all innovations not first having been tested by free parliaments and General Assemblies of the Church . In the spring of 1639 , King Charles I accompanied his forces to the Scottish border to end the rebellion known as the Bishops ' War . But , after an inconclusive military campaign , he accepted the offered Scottish truce : the Pacification of Berwick . The truce proved temporary , and a second war followed in the middle of 1640 . This time , a Scots army defeated Charles 's forces in the north , then captured Newcastle . Charles eventually agreed not to interfere with Scotland 's religion and paid the Scots ' war - expenses . Recall of the English Parliament ( edit ) Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in Scotland . He had insufficient funds , however , and needed to seek money from a newly elected English Parliament in 1640 . The majority faction in the new Parliament , led by John Pym , took this appeal for money as an opportunity to discuss grievances against the Crown and opposed the idea of an English invasion of Scotland . Charles took exception to this lèse - majesté ( offence against the ruler ) and dissolved the Parliament after only a few weeks ; hence the name `` the Short Parliament '' . Without Parliament 's support , Charles attacked Scotland again , breaking the truce at Berwick , and suffered a comprehensive defeat . The Scots went on to invade England , occupying Northumberland and Durham . Meanwhile , another of Charles ' chief advisors , Thomas Wentworth , 1st Viscount Wentworth , had risen to the role of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632 and brought in much - needed revenue for Charles by persuading the Irish Catholic gentry to pay new taxes in return for promised religious concessions . In 1639 , Charles had recalled Wentworth to England and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford , attempting to have him achieve similar results in Scotland . This time he proved less successful and the English forces fled the field in their second encounter with the Scots in 1640 . Almost the entirety of Northern England was occupied and Charles was forced to pay £ 850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing . If he did not , they would `` take '' the money by pillaging and burning the cities and towns of Northern England . All this put Charles in a desperate financial position . As King of Scots , he had to find money to pay the Scottish army in England ; as King of England , he had to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England . His means of raising English revenue without an English Parliament fell critically short of achieving this . Against this backdrop , and according to advice from the Magnum Concilium ( the House of Lords , but without the Commons , so not a Parliament ) , Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned another English Parliament in November 1640 . The long Parliament ( edit ) Main article : Long Parliament Session of the Long Parliament The new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor . It immediately began to discuss grievances against Charles and his government and with Pym and Hampden ( of ship money fame ) in the lead , took the opportunity presented by the King 's troubles to force various reforming measures -- including many with strong `` anti-Papist '' themes -- upon him . The legislators passed a law which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years -- without the King 's summons , if necessary . Other laws passed by the Parliament made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent and later gave Parliament control over the king 's ministers . Finally , the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent , even if the three years were up . Ever since , this Parliament has been known as the `` Long Parliament '' . However , Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign The Protestation , an oath of allegiance to Charles . Early in the Long Parliament 's proceedings the house overwhelmingly accused Thomas Wentworth , Earl of Strafford of high treason and other crimes and misdemeanours . Henry Vane the Younger supplied evidence in relation to Strafford 's claimed improper use of the army in Ireland , alleging that Strafford was encouraging the King to use his army raised in Ireland to threaten England into compliance . This evidence was obtained from Vane 's father , Henry Vane the Elder , a member of the King 's Privy council , who refused to confirm it in Parliament out of loyalty to Charles . On 10 April 1641 , Pym 's case collapsed , but Pym made a direct appeal to Henry Vane the Younger to produce a copy of the notes from the King 's Privy council , discovered by the younger Vane and secretly turned over to Pym , to the great anguish of the Elder Vane . These notes from the King 's Privy Council contained evidence Strafford had told the King , `` Sir , you have done your duty , and your subjects have failed in theirs ; and therefore you are absolved from the rules of government , and may supply yourself by extraordinary ways ; you have an army in Ireland , with which you may reduce the kingdom . '' Pym immediately launched a Bill of Attainder , stating Strafford 's guilt and demanding that the Earl be put to death . Unlike a guilty finding in a court case , attainder did not require a legal burden of proof , but it did require the king 's approval . Charles , however , guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder , without which the bill could not be passed . Furthermore , the Lords were opposed to the severity of the sentence of death imposed upon Strafford . Yet , increased tensions and a plot in the army to support Strafford began to sway the issue . On 21 April , the Commons passed the Bill ( 204 in favour , 59 opposed , and 250 abstained ) , and the Lords acquiesced . Charles , still incensed over the Commons ' handling of Buckingham , refused . Strafford himself , hoping to head off the war he saw looming , wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider . Charles , fearing for the safety of his family , signed on 10 May . Strafford was beheaded two days later . In the meantime both Parliament and the King agreed to an independent investigation into the king 's involvement in Strafford 's plot . The Long Parliament then passed the Triennial Act , also known as the Dissolution Act in May 1641 , to which the Royal Assent was readily granted . The Triennial Act required that Parliament be summoned at least once every three years , and that when the King failed to issue proper summons , the members could assemble on their own . This act also forbade ship money without Parliament 's consent , fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans . Monopolies were cut back severely , and the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission were abolished by the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 and the Triennial Act respectively . All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by the Tonnage and Poundage Act . On 3 May , Parliament decreed The Protestation , attacking the ' wicked counsels ' of Charles 's government , whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend ' the true reformed religion ' , parliament , and the king 's person , honour and estate . Throughout May , the House of Commons launched several bills attacking bishops and episcopalianism in general , each time defeated in the Lords . It was hoped by both Charles and Parliament that the execution of Strafford and the Protestation would end the drift towards war ; in fact , they encouraged it . Charles and his supporters continued to resent Parliament 's demands , while Parliamentarians continued to suspect Charles of wanting to impose episcopalianism and unfettered royal rule by military force . Within months , the Irish Catholics , fearing a resurgence of Protestant power , struck first , and all Ireland soon descended into chaos . Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish , and Puritan members of the Commons soon started murmuring that this exemplified the fate that Charles had in store for them all . In early January 1642 , accompanied by 400 soldiers , Charles attempted to arrest five members of the House of Commons on a charge of treason . This attempt failed . When the troops marched into Parliament , Charles enquired of William Lenthall , the Speaker , as to the whereabouts of the five . Lenthall replied , `` May it please your Majesty , I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me , whose servant I am here . '' In other words , the Speaker proclaimed himself a servant of Parliament , rather than of the King . Local grievances ( edit ) In the summer of 1642 these national troubles helped to polarise opinion , ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take . Opposition to Charles also arose owing to many local grievances . For example , the imposition of drainage schemes in The Fens negatively affected the livelihood of thousands of people after the King awarded a number of drainage contracts . Many regarded the King as indifferent to public welfare , and this played a role in bringing a large part of eastern England into the Parliamentarian camp . This sentiment brought with it people such as the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell , each a notable wartime adversary of the King . Conversely , one of the leading drainage contractors , the Earl of Lindsey , was to die fighting for the King at the Battle of Edgehill . First English Civil war ( 1642 -- 1646 ) ( edit ) Main article : First English Civil War Maps of territory held by Royalists ( red ) and Parliamentarians ( green ) , 1642 -- 1645 In early January 1642 , a few days after his failure to capture five members of the House of Commons , fearing for the safety of his family and retinue , Charles left the London area for the north of the country . Further negotiations by frequent correspondence between the King and the Long Parliament through to early summer proved fruitless . As the summer progressed , cities and towns declared their sympathies for one faction or the other : for example , the garrison of Portsmouth under the command of Sir George Goring declared for the King , but when Charles tried to acquire arms for his cause from Kingston upon Hull , the depository for the weapons used in the previous Scottish campaigns , Sir John Hotham , the military governor appointed by Parliament in January , refused to let Charles enter Hull , and when Charles returned with more men later , Hotham drove them off . Charles issued a warrant for Hotham to be arrested as a traitor but was powerless to enforce it . Throughout the summer months , tensions rose and there was brawling in a number of places , with the first death from the conflict taking place in Manchester . At the outset of the conflict , much of the country remained neutral , though the Royal Navy and most English cities favoured Parliament , while the King found considerable support in rural communities . Historians estimate that between them , both sides had only about 15,000 men . However , the war quickly spread and eventually involved every level of society . Many areas attempted to remain neutral . Some formed bands of Clubmen to protect their localities against the worst excesses of the armies of both sides , but most found it impossible to withstand both the King and Parliament . On one side , the King and his supporters fought for traditional government in Church and state . On the other , most supporters of the Parliamentary cause initially took up arms to defend what they thought of as the traditional balance of government in Church and state , which the bad advice the King had received from his advisers had undermined before and during the `` Eleven Years ' Tyranny '' . The views of the members of parliament ranged from unquestioning support of the King -- at one point during the First Civil War , more members of the Commons and Lords gathered in the King 's Oxford Parliament than at Westminster -- through to radicals , who wanted major reforms in favour of religious independence and the redistribution of power at the national level . However , even the most radical supporters of the Parliamentarian cause still favoured the retention of Charles on the throne . After the debacle at Hull , Charles moved on to Nottingham , where on 22 August 1642 , he raised the royal standard . When he raised his standard , Charles had with him about 2,000 cavalry and a small number of Yorkshire infantry - men , and using the archaic system of a Commission of Array , Charles 's supporters started to build a larger army around the standard . Charles moved in a south - westerly direction , first to Stafford , and then on to Shrewsbury , because the support for his cause seemed particularly strong in the Severn valley area and in North Wales . While passing through Wellington , in what became known as the `` Wellington Declaration '' , he declared that he would uphold the `` Protestant religion , the laws of England , and the liberty of Parliament '' . Oliver Cromwell The Parliamentarians who opposed the King had not remained passive during this pre-war period . As in the case of Kingston upon Hull , they had taken measures to secure strategic towns and cities by appointing to office men sympathetic to their cause , and on 9 June they had voted to raise an army of 10,000 volunteers and appointed Robert Devereux , 3rd Earl of Essex commander three days later . He received orders `` to rescue His Majesty 's person , and the persons of the Prince ( of Wales ) and the Duke of York out of the hands of those desperate persons who were about them '' . The Lords Lieutenant , whom Parliament appointed , used the Militia Ordinance to order the militia to join Essex 's army . Two weeks after the King had raised his standard at Nottingham , Essex led his army north towards Northampton , picking up support along the way ( including a detachment of Cambridgeshire cavalry raised and commanded by Oliver Cromwell ) . By the middle of September Essex 's forces had grown to 21,000 infantry and 4,200 cavalry and dragoons . On 14 September he moved his army to Coventry and then to the north of the Cotswolds , a strategy which placed his army between the Royalists and London . With the size of both armies now in the tens of thousands , and only Worcestershire between them , it was inevitable that cavalry reconnaissance units would sooner or later meet . This happened in the first major skirmish of the Civil War , when a cavalry troop of about 1,000 Royalists commanded by Prince Rupert , a German nephew of the King and one of the outstanding cavalry commanders of the war , defeated a Parliamentary cavalry detachment under the command of Colonel John Brown in the Battle of Powick Bridge , at a bridge across the River Teme close to Worcester . Prince Rupert of the Rhine Rupert withdrew to Shrewsbury , where a council - of - war discussed two courses of action : whether to advance towards Essex 's new position near Worcester , or to march along the now opened road towards London . The Council decided to take the London route , but not to avoid a battle , for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too strong , and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision . In the Earl of Clarendon 's words : `` it was considered more counsellable to march towards London , it being morally sure that the earl of Essex would put himself in their way '' . Accordingly , the army left Shrewsbury on 12 October , gaining two days ' start on the enemy , and moved south - east . This had the desired effect , as it forced Essex to move to intercept them . The first pitched battle of the war , fought at Edgehill on 23 October 1642 , proved inconclusive , and both the Royalists and Parliamentarians claimed it as a victory . The second field action of the war , the stand - off at Turnham Green , saw Charles forced to withdraw to Oxford . This city would serve as his base for the remainder of the war . In 1643 the Royalist forces won at Adwalton Moor , and gained control of most of Yorkshire . In the Midlands , a Parliamentary force under Sir John Gell besieged and captured the cathedral city of Lichfield , after the death of the original commander , Lord Brooke . This group subsequently joined forces with Sir John Brereton to fight the inconclusive Battle of Hopton Heath ( 19 March 1643 ) , where the Royalist commander , the Earl of Northampton , was killed . Subsequent battles in the west of England at Lansdowne and at Roundway Down also went to the Royalists . Prince Rupert could then take Bristol . In the same year , Oliver Cromwell formed his troop of `` Ironsides '' , a disciplined unit that demonstrated his military leadership ability . With their assistance , he won a victory at the Battle of Gainsborough in July . At this stage , from 7 to 9 August 1643 , there were some popular demonstrations in London -- both pro and against war . They were protesting at Westminster . A peace demonstration by London women , which turned violent , was suppressed by William Waller 's regiment of horse . Some women were beaten and even killed , and many arrested . Following these events of August , the representative of Venice in England reported to the doge that the London government took considerable measures to stifle dissent . In general , the early part of the war went well for the Royalists . The turning point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643 , when the Earl of Essex 's army forced the king to raise the siege of Gloucester and then brushed the Royalist army aside at the First Battle of Newbury ( 20 September 1643 ) , in order to return triumphantly to London . Other Parliamentarian forces won the Battle of Winceby , giving them control of Lincoln . Political manoeuvring to gain an advantage in numbers led Charles to negotiate a ceasefire in Ireland , freeing up English troops to fight on the Royalist side in England , while Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for aid and assistance . The Battle of Marston Moor , 1644 With the help of the Scots , Parliament won at Marston Moor ( 2 July 1644 ) , gaining York and the north of England . Cromwell 's conduct in this battle proved decisive , and demonstrated his potential as both a political and an important military leader . The defeat at the Battle of Lostwithiel in Cornwall , however , marked a serious reverse for Parliament in the south - west of England . Subsequent fighting around Newbury ( 27 October 1644 ) , though tactically indecisive , strategically gave another check to Parliament . In 1645 Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish . It passed the Self - denying Ordinance , by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands , and re-organized its main forces into the New Model Army , under the command of Sir Thomas Fairfax , with Cromwell as his second - in - command and Lieutenant - General of Horse . In two decisive engagements -- the Battle of Naseby on 14 June and the Battle of Langport on 10 July -- the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles ' armies . In the remains of his English realm Charles attempted to recover a stable base of support by consolidating the Midlands . He began to form an axis between Oxford and Newark on Trent in Nottinghamshire . Those towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than to others . He took Leicester , which lies between them , but found his resources exhausted . Having little opportunity to replenish them , in May 1646 he sought shelter with a Presbyterian Scottish army at Southwell in Nottinghamshire . Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned . This marked the end of the First English Civil War . Second English Civil war ( 1648 -- 1649 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second English Civil War `` And when did you last see your father ? '' by William Frederick Yeames . Charles I took advantage of the deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate a secret treaty with the Scots , again promising church reform , on 28 December 1647 . Under the agreement , called the `` Engagement '' , the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles ' behalf and restore him to the throne on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism for three years . A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648 . Forces loyal to Parliament put down most of the uprisings in England after little more than skirmishes , but uprisings in Kent , Essex and Cumberland , the rebellion in Wales , and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges . In the spring of 1648 unpaid Parliamentarian troops in Wales changed sides . Colonel Thomas Horton defeated the Royalist rebels at the Battle of St Fagans ( 8 May ) and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on 11 July after the protracted two - month siege of Pembroke . Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated a Royalist uprising in Kent at the Battle of Maidstone on 1 June . Fairfax , after his success at Maidstone and the pacification of Kent , turned northward to reduce Essex , where , under their ardent , experienced and popular leader Sir Charles Lucas , the Royalists had taken up arms in great numbers . Fairfax soon drove the enemy into Colchester , but his first attack on the town met with a repulse and he had to settle down to a long siege . In the North of England , Major - General John Lambert fought a very successful campaign against a number of Royalist uprisings -- the largest that of Sir Marmaduke Langdale in Cumberland . Thanks to Lambert 's successes , the Scottish commander , the Duke of Hamilton , had perforce to take the western route through Carlisle in his pro-Royalist Scottish invasion of England . The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the Battle of Preston ( 17 -- 19 August ) . The battle took place largely at Walton - le - Dale near Preston in Lancashire , and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton . This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War . Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament , and many of these , like Lord Astley , refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war . So the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again . On the evening of the surrender of Colchester , Parliamentarians had Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle shot . Parliamentary authorities sentenced the leaders of the Welsh rebels , Major - General Rowland Laugharne , Colonel John Poyer and Colonel Rice Powel to death , but executed Poyer alone ( 25 April 1649 ) , having selected him by lot . Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament , three , the Duke of Hamilton , the Earl of Holland , and Lord Capel , one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character , were beheaded at Westminster on 9 March . Trial of Charles I for treason ( edit ) Charles ' secret pacts and encouragement of his supporters to break their parole caused Parliament to debate whether to return the King to power at all . Those who still supported Charles ' place on the throne , such as the army leader and moderate Fairfax , tried once more to negotiate with him . Furious that Parliament continued to countenance Charles as a ruler , the Army marched on Parliament and conducted `` Pride 's Purge '' ( named after the commanding officer of the operation , Thomas Pride ) in December 1648 . Troops arrested 45 members of parliament and kept 146 out of the chamber . They allowed only 75 Members in , and then only at the Army 's bidding . This Rump Parliament received orders to set up , in the name of the people of England , a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for treason . Fairfax , a constitutional monarchist and moderate , refused to participate whatsoever in the trial and resigned as head of the army , allowing Oliver Cromwell to ascend in power . At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners ( judges ) found Charles I guilty of high treason , as a `` tyrant , traitor , murderer and public enemy '' . His beheading took place on a scaffold in front of the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649 . After the Restoration in 1660 , of the surviving regicides not living in exile , nine were executed and most of the rest sentenced to life imprisonment . Following the execution , Charles , the eldest son was in Jersey where , on 17 February 1649 in the Royal Square in St. Helier , he was publicly proclaimed King Charles II ( following the first public proclamation in Edinburgh on 5 February 1649 ) Third English Civil war ( 1649 -- 1651 ) ( edit ) Main article : Third English Civil War Ireland ( edit ) See also : Cromwellian conquest of Ireland A 19th century representation of the Massacre at Drogheda , 1649 Ireland had known continuous war since the rebellion of 1641 , with most of the island controlled by the Irish Confederates . Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I 's arrest in 1648 , the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists . The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under the Duke of Ormonde attempted to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding Dublin by laying siege to the city , but their opponents routed them at the Battle of Rathmines ( 2 August 1649 ) . As the former Member of Parliament Admiral Robert Blake blockaded Prince Rupert 's fleet in Kinsale , Oliver Cromwell could land at Dublin on 15 August 1649 with an army to quell the Royalist alliance in Ireland . Cromwell 's suppression of the Royalists in Ireland during 1649 still has a strong resonance for many Irish people . After the siege of Drogheda , the massacre of nearly 3,500 people -- comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and 700 others , including civilians , prisoners , and Catholic priests ( Cromwell claimed all the men were carrying arms ) -- became one of the historical memories that has driven Irish - English and Catholic - Protestant strife during the last three centuries . The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653 , when the last Irish Confederate and Royalist troops surrendered . The victors confiscated almost all Irish Catholic - owned land in the wake of the conquest and distributed it to the Parliament 's creditors , to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland , and to English people who had settled there before the war . Scotland ( edit ) See also : Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms The execution of Charles I altered the dynamics of the Civil War in Scotland , which had raged between Royalists and Covenanters since 1644 . By 1649 , the struggle had left the Royalists there in disarray and their erstwhile leader , the Marquess of Montrose , had gone into exile . At first , Charles II encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side . However , when the Scottish Covenanters ( who did not agree with the execution of Charles I and who feared for the future of Presbyterianism under the new Commonwealth ) offered him the crown of Scotland , Charles abandoned Montrose to his enemies . However , Montrose , who had raised a mercenary force in Norway , had already landed and could not abandon the fight . He did not succeed in raising many Highland clans and the Covenanters defeated his army at the Battle of Carbisdale in Ross - shire on 27 April 1650 . The victors captured Montrose shortly afterwards and took him to Edinburgh . On 20 May the Scottish Parliament sentenced him to death and had him hanged the next day . `` Cromwell at Dunbar '' , by Andrew Carrick Gow Charles II landed in Scotland at Garmouth in Morayshire on 23 June 1650 and signed the 1638 National Covenant and the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant shortly after coming ashore . With his original Scottish Royalist followers and his new Covenanter allies , King Charles II became the greatest threat facing the new English republic . In response to the threat , Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England . He arrived in Scotland on 22 July 1650 and proceeded to lay siege to Edinburgh . By the end of August disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army , and he had to order a retreat towards his base at Dunbar . A Scottish army , assembled under the command of David Leslie , tried to block the retreat , but Cromwell defeated them at the Battle of Dunbar on 3 September . Cromwell 's army then took Edinburgh , and by the end of the year his army had occupied much of southern Scotland . In July 1651 , Cromwell 's forces crossed the Firth of Forth into Fife and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Inverkeithing ( 20 July 1651 ) . The New Model Army advanced towards Perth , which allowed Charles , at the head of the Scottish army , to move south into England . Cromwell followed Charles into England , leaving George Monck to finish the campaign in Scotland . Monck took Stirling on 14 August and Dundee on 1 September . The next year , 1652 , saw the mopping up of the remnants of Royalist resistance , and under the terms of the `` Tender of Union '' , the Scots received 30 seats in a united Parliament in London , with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland . England ( edit ) Although Cromwell 's New Model Army had defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar , Cromwell could not prevent Charles II from marching from Scotland deep into England at the head of another Royalist army . The Royalists marched to the west of England because English Royalist sympathies were strongest in that area , but although some English Royalists joined the army , they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped . Cromwell finally engaged and defeated the new king at Worcester on 3 September 1651 . Immediate aftermath ( edit ) After the Royalist defeat at Worcester , Charles II escaped , via safe houses and a famous oak tree , to France , and Parliament was left in de facto control of England . Resistance continued for a time in the Channel Islands , Ireland and Scotland , but with the pacification of England the resistance elsewhere did not threaten the military supremacy of the New Model Army and its parliamentary paymasters . Political control ( edit ) During the Wars , the Parliamentarians established a number of successive committees to oversee the war - effort . The first of these , the Committee of Safety , set up in July 1642 , comprised 15 members of parliament . Following the Anglo - Scottish alliance against the Royalists , the Committee of Both Kingdoms replaced the Committee of Safety between 1644 and 1648 . Parliament dissolved the Committee of Both Kingdoms when the alliance ended , but its English members continued to meet and became known as the Derby House Committee . A second Committee of Safety then replaced that committee . Episcopacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William Laud , Charles I 's Archbishop of Canterbury . During the period of the English Civil War , the role of bishops as wielders of political power and as upholders of the established church became a matter of heated political controversy . John Calvin formulated a doctrine of Presbyterianism , which held that in the New Testament the offices of presbyter and episkopos were identical ; he rejected the doctrine of apostolic succession . Calvin 's follower John Knox brought Presbyterianism to Scotland when the Scottish church was reformed in 1560 . In practice , Presbyterianism meant that committees of lay elders had a substantial voice in church government , as opposed to merely being subjects to a ruling hierarchy . This vision of at least partial democracy in ecclesiology paralleled the struggles between Parliament and the King . A body within the Puritan movement in the Church of England sought to abolish the office of bishop and remake the Church of England along Presbyterian lines . The Martin Marprelate tracts ( 1588 -- 1589 ) , applying the pejorative name of prelacy to the church hierarchy , attacked the office of bishop with satire that deeply offended Elizabeth I and her Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift . The vestments controversy also related to this movement , seeking further reductions in church ceremony , and labelling the use of elaborate vestments as `` unedifying '' and even idolatrous . King James I , reacting against the perceived contumacy of his Presbyterian Scottish subjects , adopted `` No Bishop , no King '' as a slogan ; he tied the hierarchical authority of the bishop to the absolute authority he sought as king , and viewed attacks on the authority of the bishops as attacks on his own authority . Matters came to a head when King Charles I appointed William Laud as the Archbishop of Canterbury ; Laud aggressively attacked the Presbyterian movement and sought to impose the full Anglican liturgy . The controversy eventually led to Laud 's impeachment for treason by a bill of attainder in 1645 , and subsequent execution . Charles also attempted to impose episcopacy on Scotland ; the Scots ' violent rejection of bishops and liturgical worship sparked the Bishops ' Wars in 1639 -- 1640 . During the height of Puritan power in the Commonwealth and the Protectorate , episcopacy was formally abolished in the Church of England on 9 October 1646 . The Church of England remained Presbyterian until the Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II in 1660 . English overseas possessions ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . During the period of the English Civil War , the English overseas possessions were highly involved . In the Channel Islands , the island of Jersey and Castle Cornet in Guernsey supported the King until in December 1651 they surrendered with honour . Although the newer , Puritan settlements in North America , most notably Massachusetts , were dominated by Parliamentarians , the older colonies sided with the Crown . Friction between royalists and Puritans in Maryland came to a head in the Battle of the Severn . The Virginia Company 's settlements , Bermuda and Virginia , as well as Antigua and Barbados were conspicuous in their loyalty to the Crown . Bermuda 's Independent Puritans were expelled , settling the Bahamas under William Sayle as the Eleutheran Adventurers . Parliament passed An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes , Virginia , Bermuda and Antego in October , 1650 , which stated that due punishment ( be ) inflicted upon the said Delinquents , do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada 's , Antego , Bermuda 's and Virginia , that have contrived , abetted , aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions , or have since willingly joyned with them , to be notorious Robbers and Traitors , and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever ; and do forbid to all maner of persons , Foreiners , and others , all maner of Commerce , Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever , to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada 's , Bermuda 's , Virginia and Antego , or either of them . The Act also authorised Parliamentary privateers to act against English vessels trading with the rebellious colonies : All Ships that Trade with the Rebels may be surprized . Goods and tackle of such ships not to be embezeled , till judgement in the Admiralty. ; Two or three of the Officers of every ship to be examined upon oath . The Parliament began assembling a fleet to invade the Royalist colonies , but many of the English islands in the Caribbean were captured by the Dutch and French in 1651 during the Second Anglo - Dutch War . Far to the North , Bermuda 's regiment of Militia and its coastal batteries prepared to resist an invasion that never came . The colony made a separate peace that respected its internal status quo . The Parliament of Bermuda avoided the Parliament of England 's fate during The Protectorate , becoming one of the oldest continuous legislatures in the world . Virginia 's population swelled with Cavaliers during and after the English Civil War . Even so , Virginia Puritan Richard Bennett was made Governor answering to Cromwell in 1652 , followed by two more nominal `` Commonwealth Governors '' . The loyalty of Virginia 's Cavaliers to the Crown was rewarded after the 1660 Restoration of the Monarchy when King Charles II dubbed it the Old Dominion . Casualties ( edit ) As usual in wars of this era , disease caused more deaths than combat . There are no accurate figures for these periods , and it is not possible to give a precise overall figure for those killed in battle , as opposed to those who died from disease , or even from a natural decline in population . Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable , but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates . In England , a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war - related disease during the three civil wars . Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves . Counting in accidents and the two Bishops ' wars , an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved , out of a total population of about five million . Figures for Scotland are less reliable and should be treated with greater caution . Casualties include the deaths of prisoners - of - war in conditions that accelerated their deaths , with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home ( 8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England , Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured labourers ) . There are no figures to calculate how many died from war - related diseases , but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures , a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved , from a population of about one million . Figures for Ireland are described as `` miracles of conjecture '' . Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was massive , with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty , the father of English demography . Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants and 504,000 Catholics were killed through plague , war and famine , giving an estimated total of 616,000 dead , from a pre-war population of about one and a half million . Although Petty 's figures are the best available , they are still acknowledged as being tentative ; they do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile , some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies , while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies . Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered , but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death . These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7 % loss of population , Scotland a loss of 6 % , while Ireland suffered a loss of 41 % of its population . Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular . The Great Hunger of 1845 -- 1852 resulted in a loss of 16 % of the population , while during the Second World War the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16 % . Popular gains ( edit ) Ordinary people took advantage of the dislocation of civil society during the 1640s to derive advantages for themselves . The contemporary guild democracy movement won its greatest successes among London 's transport workers , notably the Thames watermen . Rural communities seized timber and other resources on the sequestrated estates of royalists and Catholics , and on the estates of the royal family and the church hierarchy . Some communities improved their conditions of tenure on such estates . The old status quo began a retrenchment after the end of the First Civil War in 1646 , and more especially after the restoration of monarchy in 1660 . But some gains were long - term . The democratic element introduced in the watermen 's company in 1642 , for example , survived , with vicissitudes , until 1827 . Aftermath ( edit ) The wars left England , Scotland , and Ireland among the few countries in Europe without a monarch . In the wake of victory , many of the ideals ( and many of the idealists ) became sidelined . The republican government of the Commonwealth of England ruled England ( and later all of Scotland and Ireland ) from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660 . Between the two periods , and due to in - fighting amongst various factions in Parliament , Oliver Cromwell ruled over the Protectorate as Lord Protector ( effectively a military dictator ) until his death in 1658 . Upon his death , Oliver Cromwell 's son Richard became Lord Protector , but the Army had little confidence in him . After seven months the Army removed Richard , and in May 1659 it re-installed the Rump . However , since the Rump Parliament acted as though nothing had changed since 1653 and as though it could treat the Army as it liked , military force shortly afterwards dissolved this , as well . After the second dissolution of the Rump , in October 1659 , the prospect of a total descent into anarchy loomed as the Army 's pretence of unity finally dissolved into factions . A historical civil war re-enactment Into this atmosphere General George Monck , Governor of Scotland under the Cromwells , marched south with his army from Scotland . On 4 April 1660 , in the Declaration of Breda , Charles II made known the conditions of his acceptance of the Crown of England . Monck organised the Convention Parliament , which met for the first time on 25 April 1660 . On 8 May 1660 , it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649 . Charles returned from exile on 23 May 1660 . On 29 May 1660 , the populace in London acclaimed him as king . His coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661 . These events became known as the Restoration . Although the monarchy was restored , it was still only with the consent of Parliament ; therefore , the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a parliamentary monarchy form of government . This system would result in the outcome that the future Kingdom of Great Britain , formed in 1707 under the Acts of Union , would manage to forestall the kind of often - bloody revolution , typical of European republican movements that followed the Jacobin revolution in 18th century France and the later success of Napoleon , which generally resulted in the total abolition of monarchy . It was no coincidence that the United Kingdom was spared the wave of revolutions that occurred in Europe in the 1840s . Specifically , future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard , and Parliament effectively chose the line of royal succession in 1688 with the Glorious Revolution and in the 1701 Act of Settlement . After the Restoration , Parliament 's factions became political parties ( later becoming the Tories and Whigs ) with competing views and varying abilities to influence the decisions of their monarchs . Historiography and explanations ( edit ) In the early decades of the 20th century the Whig school was the dominant theoretical view . They explained the Civil War as resulting from a centuries - long struggle between Parliament ( especially the House of Commons ) and the Monarchy , with Parliament defending the traditional rights of Englishmen , while the Stuart monarchy continually attempted to expand its right to arbitrarily dictate law . The most important Whig historian , S.R. Gardiner , popularised the idea that the English Civil War was a `` Puritan Revolution '' : challenging the repressive Stuart Church , and preparing the way for religious toleration in the Restoration . Thus , Puritanism was the natural ally of a people preserving their traditional rights against arbitrary monarchical power . The Whig view was challenged and largely superseded by the Marxist school , which became popular in the 1940s , and which interpreted the English Civil War as a bourgeois revolution . According to Marxist historian Christopher Hill : The Civil War was a class war , in which the despotism of Charles I was defended by the reactionary forces of the established Church and conservative landlords , Parliament beat the King because it could appeal to the enthusiastic support of the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside , to the yeomen and progressive gentry , and to wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about . In the 1970s , revisionist historians challenged both the Whig and the Marxist theories , notably in the 1973 anthology The Origins of the English Civil War ( Conrad Russell ed . ) . These historians produced work focused on the minutiae of the years immediately preceding the civil war , thereby returning to the contingency - based historiography of Clarendon 's famous contemporary history History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Gaunt 2000 , p. 60 This , it was claimed , demonstrated that factional war - allegiance patterns did not fit either Whig or Marxist history . Parliament was not inherently progressive , with the events of 1640 a precursor for the Glorious Revolution , nor did Puritans necessarily ally themselves with Parliamentarians . Many members of the bourgeoisie fought for the King , while many landed aristocrats supported Parliament . Thus , revisionist historians claim to have discredited some Whig and Marxist interpretations of the English Civil War . From the 1990s , a number of historians discarded and replaced the historical title `` English Civil War '' with the titles the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the `` British Civil Wars '' , positing that the civil war in England can not be understood isolated from events in other parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; King Charles I remains crucial , not just as King of England , but also because of his relationship with the peoples of his other realms . For example , the wars began when King Charles I tried imposing an Anglican Prayer Book upon Scotland , and when this was met with resistance from the Covenanters , he needed an army to impose his will . However , this forced him to call an English Parliament to raise new taxes to pay for the army . The English Parliaments were not willing to grant Charles the revenue he needed to pay for the Scottish expeditionary army unless he addressed their grievances . By the early 1640s , Charles was left in a state of near permanent crisis management ; often he was not willing to concede enough ground to any one faction to neutralise the threat , and in some circumstances to do so would only antagonise another faction . For example , Charles finally agreed upon terms with the Covenanters in August 1641 , but although this might have weakened the position of the English Parliament , the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out in October 1641 , largely negating the political advantage he had obtained by relieving himself of the cost of the Scottish invasion . Thomas Hobbes gives a much earlier historical account of the English Civil War in his essay Behemoth , written in 1668 and published in 1681 . He reports that the causes of the war were the doctrines of politics and conflicts that arose from science that disputed those political doctrines . Behemoth offered a uniquely historical and philosophical approach to naming the catalysts for the war . It also served as a political statement to explain why King Charles I was incapable of holding his place of power and maintaining peace in his kingdom . Specifically , Hobbes analyses the following aspects of English thought during the war ( listed in order of his discussions in Behemoth ) : the opinions of divinity and politics that spurred rebellion ; rhetoric and doctrine used by the rebels against the king ; and how opinions about `` taxation , the conscription of soldiers , and military strategy '' affected the outcomes of battles and shifts of sovereignty . Hobbes offered a unique contribution to historical interpretation of the civil war through his Behemoth by connecting the civil war to the motivations of intellectuals who Hobbes reports caused it by trying to spread certain ideas throughout the nation , largely for the sake of displaying their own wisdom and learning . Hobbes held the belief that clerical pretensions had contributed significantly to the trouble during the civil war -- `` whether those of puritan fundamentalists , papal supremacists or divine right Episcopalians '' . Hobbes wanted to revoke all of independent power of the clergy and to change the civil system such that they were controlled by the state . Some scholars suggest that Behemoth has not received its due respect as an academic work , being comparatively overlooked and underrated in the shadow of Leviathan . One factor that may have contributed to its lack of reception as a historical work is that it takes the form of a dialogue . While philosophical dialogues are common , historical ones are not . Other factors that hindered its success include King Charles II 's refusing its publication and Hobbes ' chiefly interpretive approach to the historical narrative . Much can be gleaned about Hobbes as a person from looking at the difficulties he faced while seeking an audience for Behemoth . The essay illuminates a flaw shared by most of Hobbes 's political philosophy as well , which is his lack of ability or willingness to empathize with perspectives that largely differed from his own . As his perspective was so much at odds with other views , Hobbes struggled to understand the thinking of most of his potential audience and people in general . For instance , he accredits the Presbyterians and Parliamentarians with `` improbably long - planned and wicked ambitions '' . What 's more , `` he hardly understands the orthodox Royalists ( he was himself a highly unorthodox Royalist ) any better , and he makes only limited concessions of sincerity to the religious feelings of the various parties '' . Re-enactments ( edit ) A historical civil war re-enactment Two large historical societies exist , The Sealed Knot and The English Civil War Society , which regularly re-enact events and battles of the Civil War in full period costume . See also ( edit ) Timeline of the English Civil War , showing events leading up to , culminating in , and resulting from the English Civil Wars . First English Civil War , 1642 First English Civil War , 1643 First English Civil War , 1644 First English Civil War , 1645 First English Civil War , 1646 Cromwell 's Soldiers ' Pocket Bible , booklet Cromwell issued to his army in 1643 . English Dissenters William Hiseland , the last Royalist veteran of the Civil War Thirty Years ' War , a defining event in European history during the reign of Charles I . The Levellers , a movement for political reform . Diggers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While it is notoriously difficult to determine the number of casualties in any war , it has been estimated that the conflict in England and Wales claimed about 85,000 lives in combat , with a further 127,000 noncombat deaths ( including some 40,000 civilians ) '' ( EB staff 2016b ) Jump up ^ Although the early 17th century Stuart monarchs styled themselves King of Great Britain , France and Ireland , with the exception of the constitutional arrangements during the Interregnum ( see the Tender of Union ) , full union of the Scottish and English realms into a new realm of Great Britain did not occur until the passing of the Act of Union 1707 . Jump up ^ See Walter 1999 , p. 294 , for some of the complexities of how the Protestation was interpreted by different political actors . Jump up ^ Cromwell had already secured Cambridge and the supplies of college silver ( Wedgwood 1970 , p. 106 ) . Jump up ^ For a longer analysis of the relationship between Cromwell 's position , the former monarchy and the military , see Sherwood 1997 , pp. 7 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` ENGLISH CIVIL WARS '' . History.com . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ EB staff 2016a . Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 . Jump up ^ Hill 1972 , for example . Jump up ^ Smith 1983 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Hughes 1985 , pp. 236 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Baker 1986 . ^ Jump up to : John Simkin ( August 2014 ) ( originally September 1997 ) . `` The English Civil War -- Tactics '' . Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Burne & Young 1998 . Jump up ^ Gaunt , Peter ( 2014 ) , The English Civil War : A Military History , London : I.B. Tauris , OCLC 882915214 . Jump up ^ Young , Peter ( 1977 ) ( 1973 ) , The English Civil War Armies , Men - at - arms series , Reading : Osprey , OCLC 505954051 . Jump up ^ Tincey , John ( 2012 ) , Ironsides : English Cavalry 1588 -- 1688 , Osprey , p. 63 , OCLC 842879605 . Jump up ^ Croft 2003 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ McClelland 1996 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1901 , pp. 83 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Gregg 1984 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gregg 1984 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Gregg 1984 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Purkiss 2007 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Petition of Right at III , VII . ^ Jump up to : Sommerville 1992 , pp. 65 , 71 , 80 . Jump up ^ Russell 1998 , p. 417 . Jump up ^ Rosner & Theibault 2000 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Pipes 1999 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1987 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1987 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1987 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Purkiss 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Coward 2003 , p. 180 . ^ Jump up to : Purkiss 2007 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Coward 2003 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Sharp 2000 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , pp. 104 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Upham 1842 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Upham 1842 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hibbert 1968 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Carlton 1995 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Carlton 1995 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 1999 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott & Downfall . Jump up ^ Coward 1994 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1995 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1978 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Gregg 1981 , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1978 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1978 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , pp. 109 -- 113 . Jump up ^ See Purkiss 2007 , p. 113 for the concerns of a similar English Catholic rising . ^ Jump up to : Sherwood 1997 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hughes 1991 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Purkiss 2007 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Wedgwood 1970 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Royle 2006 , pp. 158 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , pp. 403 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Royle 2006 , pp. 170 , 183 . Jump up ^ Sherwood 1992 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , pp. 108 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Hibbert 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Royle 2006 , pp. 161 , 165 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Wegwood , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Royle 2006 , pp. 171 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , pp. 130 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , pp. 167 -- 68 , 506 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Wanklyn & Jones 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Wanklyn & Jones 2005 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Young & Holmes 1974 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Plant , David , 1643 timeline , British Civil Wars , Commonwealth & Protectorate website Jump up ^ Norton 2011 , p. ~ 93 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , pp. 298 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Wanklyn & Jones 2005 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Ashley , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 373 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , pp. 519 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Wedgwood 1970 , p. 570 . ^ Jump up to : Seel 1999 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Jokinen , Anniina ( 11 February 2013 ) ( 2006 ) . `` King Charles I '' . Luminarium Encyclopedia . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Fairfax 1648 , Letter . Jump up ^ John 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan 2002 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan 2002 , pp. 274 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Newman 2006 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Newman 2006 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Trevelyan 2002 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 2006 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Gardiner 2006 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Aylmer 1980 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Aylmer 1980 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Aylmer 1980 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Kelsey 2003 , pp. 583 -- 616 . Jump up ^ Kirby 1999 , p. 12 cites ( 1649 ) 4 State Trials 995 . Nalson , 29 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Stoyle 2011 , `` Overview : Civil War and Revolution , 1603 -- 1714 '' . Jump up ^ Kirby 1999 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Leniham 2008 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Leniham 2008 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Leniham 2008 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Leniham 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Leniham 2008 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Leniham 2008 , pp. 135 -- 136 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 2005 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 2005 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Brett 2008 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Brett 2008 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Reid & Turner 2004 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2005 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2005 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Dand 1972 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Weiser 2003 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Atkin 2008 , p. . Jump up ^ Plant , David . `` Jersey & the Channel Isles '' . BCW Project . Jump up ^ Plant 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy 2000 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ King 1968 , p. 523 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Plant 2002 . Jump up ^ White 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1992 , pp. 211 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1992 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : James 2003 , p. 187 cites : Carlton 1995a , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Royle 2006 , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1992 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1992 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Carlton 1992 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ O'Riordan , Christopher ( 2001 ) , Self - determination and the London Transport Workers in the Century of Revolution , archived from the original on 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ O'Riordan 1993 , pp. 184 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Lindley 1997 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Keeble 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Keeble 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Keeble 2002 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Keeble 2002 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Keeble 2002 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Keeble 2002 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Lodge 2007 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lodge 2007 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Lodge 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaye 1995 , p. 106 quoting Hill from his pamphlet The English Revolution 1640 ^ Jump up to : Burgess 1990 , pp. 609 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Russell 1973 , p. . Jump up ^ Gaunt 2000 , p. 60 . 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( 2005 ) , Military leadership in the British civil wars , 1642 -- 1651 : The Genius of This Age , Abingdon : Frank Cass Croft , Pauline ( 2003 ) , King James , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 333 - 61395 - 3 Coward , Barry ( 1994 ) , The Stuart Age , London : Longman , ISBN 0 - 582 - 48279 - 8 Coward , Barry ( 2003 ) , The Stuart age : England , 1603 -- 1714 , Harlow : Pearson Education Dand , Charles Hendry ( 1972 ) , The Mighty Affair : how Scotland lost her parliament , Oliver and Boyd Fairfax , Thomas ( 18 May 1648 ) , `` House of Lords Journal Volume 10 : 19 May 1648 : Letter from L. Fairfax , about the Disposal of the Forces , to suppress the Insurrections in Suffolk , Lancashire , and S. Wales ; and for Belvoir Castle to be secured '' , Journal of the House of Lords : volume 10 : 1648 -- 1649 , Institute of Historical Research Gardiner , Samuel R. ( 2006 ) , History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate 1649 -- 1660 , Elibron Classics Gaunt , Peter ( 2000 ) , The English Civil War : the essential readings , Blackwell essential readings in history ( illustrated ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell , p. 60 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20809 - 9 Goldsmith , M.M. ( 1966 ) , Hobbes 's Science of Politics , Ithaca , NY : Columbia University Press , pp. x -- xiii Gregg , Pauline ( 1981 ) , King Charles I , London : Dent Gregg , Pauline ( 1984 ) , King Charles I , Berkeley : University of California Press Hibbert , Christopher ( 1968 ) , Charles I , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson Hobbes , Thomas ( 1839 ) , The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury , London : J. Bohn , p. 220 Johnston , William Dawson ( 1901 ) , The history of England from the accession of James the Second , I , Boston and New York : Houghton , Mifflin and company , pp. 83 -- 86 Hibbert , Christopher ( 1993 ) , Cavaliers & Roundheads : the English Civil War , 1642 -- 1649 , Scribner Hill , Christopher ( 1972 ) , The World Turned Upside Down : Radical ideas during the English Revolution , London : Viking Hughes , Ann ( 1985 ) , `` The king , the parliament , and the localities during the English Civil War '' , Journal of British Studies , 24 ( 2 ) : 236 -- 63 , doi : 10.1086 / 385833 , JSTOR 175704 Hughes , Ann ( 1991 ) , The Causes of the English Civil War , London : Macmillan King , Peter ( July 1968 ) , `` The Episcopate during the Civil Wars , 1642 -- 1649 '' , The English Historical Review , Oxford University Press , 83 ( 328 ) : 523 -- 37 , doi : 10.1093 / ehr / lxxxiii. cccxxviii. 523 , JSTOR 564164 James , Lawarance ( 2003 ) ( 2001 ) , Warrior Race : A History of the British at War , New York : St. Martin 's Press , p. 187 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 30737 - 3 Kraynak , Robert P. ( 1990 ) , History and Modernity in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , p. 33 John , Terry ( 2008 ) , The Civil War in Pembrokeshire , Logaston Press Kaye , Harvey J. ( 1995 ) , The British Marxist historians : an introductory analysis , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 312 - 12733 - 2 Keeble , N.H. ( 2002 ) , The Restoration : England in the 1660s , Oxford : Blackwell Kelsey , Sean ( 2003 ) , `` The Trial of Charles I '' , English Historical Review , 118 ( 477 ) : 583 -- 616 , doi : 10.1093 / ehr / 118.477. 583 Kennedy , D.E. ( 2000 ) , The English Revolution , 1642 -- 1649 , London : Macmillan Kenyon , J.P. ( 1978 ) , Stuart England , Harmondsworth : Penguin Books Kirby , Michael ( 22 January 1999 ) , The trial of King Charles I -- defining moment for our constitutional liberties ( PDF ) , speech to the Anglo - Australasian Lawyers association Leniham , Pádraig ( 2008 ) , Consolidating Conquest : Ireland 1603 -- 1727 , Harlow : Pearson Education Lindley , Keith ( 1997 ) , Popular politics and religion in Civil War London , Scolar Press Lodge , Richard ( 2007 ) , The History of England -- From the Restoration to the Death of William III ( 1660 -- 1702 ) , Read Books Macgillivray , Royce ( 1970 ) , `` Thomas Hobbes 's History of the English Civil War A Study of Behemoth '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 31 ( 2 ) : 179 McClelland , J.S. ( 1996 ) , A History of Western Political Thought , London : Routledge Newman , P.R. ( 2006 ) , Atlas of the English Civil War , London : Routledge Norton , Mary Beth ( 2011 ) , Separated by Their Sex : Women in Public and Private in the Colonial Atlantic World. , Cornell University Press , p. ~ 93 , ISBN 0801461375 Ohlmeyer , Jane ( 2002 ) , `` Civil Wars of the Three Kingdoms '' , History Today , archived from the original on 5 February 2008 , retrieved 31 May 2010 O'Riordan , Christopher ( 1993 ) , `` Popular Exploitation of Enemy Estates in the English Revolution '' , History , 78 ( 253 ) : 184 -- 200 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229x. 1993. tb01577. x , archived from the original on 26 October 2009 Pipes , Richard ( 1999 ) , Property and Freedom , Alfred A. Knopf Plant , David ( 5 June 2002 ) , British Civil Wars , Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638 -- 60 : Episcopy , British Civil Wars , retrieved 12 August 2011 Plant , David ( 3 August 2009 ) , The Committee of Safety , British Civil Wars , retrieved 25 November 2009 Purkiss , Diane ( 2007 ) , The English Civil War : A People 's History , London : Harper Perennial Reid , Stuart ; Turner , Graham ( 2004 ) , Dunbar 1650 : Cromwell 's most famous victory , Botley : Osprey Rosner , Lisa ; Theibault , John ( 2000 ) , A Short History of Europe , 1600 -- 1815 : Search for a Reasonable World , New York : M.E. Sharpe Royle , Trevor ( 2006 ) ( 2004 ) , Civil War : The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638 -- 1660 , London : Abacus , ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11564 - 1 Russell , Geoffrey , ed. ( 1998 ) , Who 's who in British History : A-H. , 1 , p. 417 Russell , Conrad , ed. ( 1973 ) , The Origins of the English Civil War , Problems in focus series , London : Macmillan , OCLC 699280 Seel , Graham E. ( 1999 ) , The English Wars and Republic , 1637 -- 1660 , London : Routledge Sharp , David ( 2000 ) , England in crisis 1640 -- 60 , Oxford : Heinneman Sherwood , Roy Edward ( 1992 ) , The Civil War in the Midlands , 1642 -- 1651 , Alan Sutton Sherwood , Roy Edward ( 1997 ) , Oliver Cromwell : King In All But Name , 1653 -- 1658 , New York : St Martin 's Press Smith , David L. ( 1999 ) , The Stuart Parliaments 1603 -- 1689 , London : Arnold Smith , Lacey Baldwin ( 1983 ) , This realm of England , 1399 to 1688 . ( 3rd ed . ) , D.C. Heath , p. 251 Sommerville , Johann P. ( 1992 ) , `` Parliament , Privilege , and the Liberties of the Subject '' , in Hexter , Jack H. , Parliament and Liberty from the Reign of Elizabeth to the English Civil War , pp. 65 , 71 , 80 Sommerville , J.P. ( 13 November 2012 ) , `` Thomas Hobbes '' , University of Wisconsin - Madison Stoyle , Mark ( 17 February 2011 ) , History -- British History in depth : Overview : Civil War and Revolution , 1603 -- 1714 , BBC Trevelyan , George Macaulay ( 2002 ) , England Under the Stuarts , London : Routledge Upham , Charles Wentworth ( 1842 ) , Jared Sparks , ed. , Life of Sir Henry Vane , Fourth Governor of Massachusetts in The Library of American Biography , New York : Harper & Brothers , ISBN 1115288024 Walter , John ( 1999 ) , Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution : The Colchester Plunderers , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Wanklyn , Malcolm ; Jones , Frank ( 2005 ) , A Military History of the English Civil War , 1642 -- 1646 : Strategy and Tactics , Harlow : Pearson Education Wedgwood , C.V. ( 1970 ) , The King 's War : 1641 -- 1647 , London : Fontana Weiser , Brian ( 2003 ) , Charles II and the Politics of Access , Woodbridge : Boydell White , Matthew ( January 2012 ) , Selected Death Tolls for Wars , Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th century : British Isles , 1641 -- 52 Young , Peter ; Holmes , Richard ( 1974 ) , The English Civil War : a military history of the three civil wars 1642 -- 1651 , Eyre Methuen Further Reading ( edit ) Ashley , Maurice ( 1990 ) , The English Civil War , Sutton Bennett , Martyn ( 1999 ) , Historical Dictionary of the British and Irish Civil Wars 1637 -- 1660 , Scarecrow Press Boyer , Richard E. , ed. ( 1966 ) , Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan revolt ; failure of a man or a faith ? -- excerpts from primary and secondary sources . Clarendon ( 1717 ) , History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England : Begun in the Year 1641 : Volume I , Part 1 , Volume I , Part 2 , Volume II , Part 1 , Volume II , Part 2 , Volume III , Part 1 , Volume III , Part 2 Clarendon ( 1827 ) , The Life of Edward , Earl of Clarendon , in which is included a Continuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion , Clarendon Press : Volume I , Volume II , Volume III Cust , Richard ; Hughes , Ann , eds. ( 1997 ) , The English Civil War , Arnold -- emphasis on historiography . Gardiner , Samuel Rawson ( 1886 -- 1901 ) , History of the Great Civil War , 1642 -- 1649 : Volume I ( 1642 -- 1644 ) ; Volume II ( 1644 -- 1647 ) ; Volume III ( 1645 -- 1647 ) ; Volume IV ( 1647 -- 1649 ) , The basic narrative history used by all other scholars . Ludlow , Edmund ( 1894 ) , C.H. Firth , ed. , The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow Lieutenant - General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England 1625 -- 1672 , Oxford : Clarendon Press Morrill , John ( 2014 ) , The nature of the English Revolution , Routledge -- 20 essays by Morrill . Prior , Charles W.A. ; Burgess , Glenn , eds. ( 2013 ) , England 's wars of religion , revisited , Ashgate -- 14 scholars discuss the argument of John Morrill that the English Civil War was the last war of religion , rather than the first modern revolution . excerpt ; historiography pp. 1 -- 25 . Scott , Jonathan ( 2000 ) , England 's Troubles : Seventeenth - century English political instability in European context , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42334 - 2 Morgan , Hiram ( March 2001 ) , `` Jonathan Scott 's major reinterpretation of the seventeenth century ... England 's crisis is viewed in European perspective '' , Journal of Historical Research ( book review ) , doi : 10.14296 / RiH / issn. 1749.8155 Wiemann , Dirk , ed. ( 2016 ) , Perspectives on English Revolutionary Republicanism , Routledge Woolrych , Austin ( 2002 ) , Britain in revolution : 1625 -- 1660 , Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Find more aboutEnglish Civil Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Englishcivilwar.org News , comment and discussion about the English Civil War Official website of the English Civil War Society The Revolution Over the Revolution `` Jack Goldstone 's Model and the English Civil War '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2006 . 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6940125410490666124 | Johnny Lewis | Johnny Lewis - wikipedia Johnny Lewis For other people named Johnny Lewis , see Johnny Lewis ( disambiguation ) . Johnny Lewis Lewis at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival at the premiere of the film Palo Alto Jonathan Kendrick Lewis ( 1983 - 10 - 29 ) October 29 , 1983 Los Angeles , California , U.S. September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) ( aged 28 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 2000 -- 2012 Children Jonathan Kendrick Lewis ( October 29 , 1983 -- September 26 , 2012 ) , also credited as Johnny K. Lewis , was an American film and television actor . Lewis is best known for playing Kip `` Half - Sack '' Epps in the first two seasons of the FX series Sons of Anarchy . He also appeared in supporting roles in the films Underclassman ( 2005 ) , Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and The Runaways ( 2010 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 3.1 Religion 3.2 Legal troubles 4 Psychiatric diagnosis 5 Death 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Lewis grew up in the Los Angeles neighborhoods of North Hollywood and Sherman Oaks . He was the middle child of Michael and Divona Lewis . His parents were practicing Scientologists and Johnny was himself a Scientologist for most of his life . After finishing school , he left home at the age of 18 to pursue an acting career . Career ( edit ) Lewis began making television appearances while in his late teens , with guest starring roles in Boston Public ( 2000 ) , The Guardian ( 2001 ) , and American Dreams ( 2002 ) , among others . His debut feature film performance premiered in 2004 , in New Line Cinema 's Raise Your Voice , and he followed that up with Miramax Films ' Underclassman in 2005 . He co-starred as Pearce Chase , one of five siblings on the Fox series Quintuplets , and appeared in the movie Raise Your Voice ( 2004 ) alongside Hilary Duff . He guest starred in four episodes of the Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh as Scottie , one of Drake 's bandmates , and from 2005 to 2006 , he played Dennis `` Chili '' Childress on The O.C. . Lewis also had a guest spot in the third episode of Smallville season 5 . He also starred in the film Magic Valley ( 2011 ) , which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival . Lewis was well known for his role as prospect biker Kip `` Half - Sack '' Epps in the first two seasons of the FX original series Sons of Anarchy . Personal life ( edit ) Lewis dated American singer Katy Perry from 2005 to 2006 . In mid-2009 , Lewis learned he and his then - girlfriend , actress Diane Gaeta , were expecting a baby . The couple had split up by April 6 , 2010 , when the couple 's daughter , Culla May , was born , but briefly attempted sharing a residence . Lewis eventually moved out , after which the couple engaged in a `` long and painful '' custody battle that Lewis ultimately lost . Religion ( edit ) Lewis was raised in a `` Jewish - oriented household '' , though his family also practiced Scientology ; his parents attained the highest available level within Scientology , called `` Operating Thetan '' , or OT VIII . He starred in Scientology training films , and was a sponsor of the Scientology drug rehabilitation group Narconon . Lewis left the Church of Scientology in his early 20s . Legal troubles ( edit ) Lewis was arrested three times between 2011 and 2012 . In January 2012 , he struck two men in the head with a bottle while engaged in a fight . He pleaded no contest to charges of assault with a deadly weapon in the case . The second arrest came about six weeks after the first , with Lewis accused of attempting to break into a woman 's home . He pleaded no contest in that case as well . Considering the cases , a probation official expressed that he was `` very concerned for the well - being of not only the community but that of the defendant '' , that Lewis suffered from mental health issues as well as chemical dependency , and that Lewis would `` continue to be a threat to any community he may reside in '' . Lewis was released from a Los Angeles County , California , jail on September 21 , 2012 , five days before his death . Psychiatric diagnosis ( edit ) On October 30 , 2011 , Lewis suffered head injuries from a high - speed motorcycle accident . Though an MRI was recommended , and Lewis 's father scheduled MRI tests twice , Lewis refused to take them . Lewis 's father also states that he `` pursued and encouraged psychiatric treatment for his son . It was Johnny who refused to comply . '' He started manifesting bizarre and illogical behavior from that point on and concurrent to his ensuing legal troubles . Bill Jensen reports in Los Angeles magazine , Lewis and his attorneys pushed for rehab for marijuana addiction . When Lewis rejected this , they pursued rehab for alcoholism , to avoid trial . In early August 2012 , Lewis was well enough to be granted provisional out - patient status . He made a deal with the District Attorney of the San Fernando Court - his freedom for `` time served '' . Lewis was assured that he would likely just spend a couple more days in jail , no more . The couple of days turned into nearly two more months , during which he suffered a severe downturn in health and spirits . Released from jail September 21 , he determined to make his own way and get his life together . Death ( edit ) On September 26 , 2012 , Lewis and his 81 - year - old landlady Catherine Davis were found dead at Davis ' home . Officers from the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) found Lewis ' body on the home 's driveway . Davis was found dead inside the villa , which appeared to have been ransacked . Davis ' death was investigated as a homicide , in which Lewis was a suspect . It was later determined that Lewis had broken into the house , murdered Davis and killed her pet cat Jesse . According to multiple reports , police were called to the scene after neighbors heard the 81 - year - old woman screaming . Neighbors told police they saw a man jump the fence on the Davis property , assault a painter and a homeowner next door , then jump back over the fence . According to the LAPD , Lewis then either fell or jumped from the roof , garage , or patio of Davis ' villa . An autopsy report released on November 29 , 2012 stated that Lewis did not have any drugs or alcohol in his system when he died . Lewis had a history of drug abuse , leading to speculation by his attorney that the actor may have suffered a drug - induced psychosis when he allegedly killed his landlord . However , toxicology reports came back negative for alcohol , cocaine , marijuana , psychedelic drugs , or anti-psychotic medication . The autopsy report did indicate he had suffered partial strangulation and had fingernail marks on his neck when he died . There was no indication that Lewis had been pushed or that he jumped from the roof in an act of suicide . His death was ruled accidental . His family has spoken out about Lewis 's history of untreated head trauma , leading some to speculate that he developed a psychological disorder , which led to his sudden spurts of violence . Sons of Anarchy creator Kurt Sutter tweeted about Johnny Lewis 's death : `` It was a tragic end for an extremely talented guy , who unfortunately had lost his way . I wish I could say that I was shocked by the events last night , but I was not . I am deeply sorry that an innocent life had to be thrown into his destructive path . Yes , it 's day or ( sic ) mourning , but it 's also a day of awareness and gratitude . Sadly , some of us carry the message by dying . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Raise Your Voice Engelbert `` Kiwi '' Wilson 2005 Pretty Persuasion Warren Prescott 2005 Underclassman Alexander Jeffries 2007 Palo Alto Nolan 2007 Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem Ricky Howard 2008 One Missed Call Brian Sousa 2008 Felon Snowman The Runaways Scottie 2012 Lovely Molly Tim 2011 Magic Valley 2012 186 Dollars to Freedom Jorge Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 7th Heaven Norton Episode : `` Tunes '' 2000 Malcolm in the Middle Cadet Martin Episode : `` Therapy '' 2001 -- 2003 Boston Public Bodhi 4 episodes 2001 Undressed Ray 5 episodes 2001 -- 2002 The Sausage Factory Gilby 13 episodes 2001 Judging Amy Desmond Episode : `` Surprised by Gravity '' 2002 The Guardian Ted Popper Episode : `` Mothers of the Disappeared '' 2002 Yes , Dear Ricky Episode : `` Making Babies '' 2003 -- 2004 American Dreams Lenny 7 episodes Drake & Josh Scottie 4 episodes 2004 -- 2005 Quintuplets Pearce Chase 22 episodes 2005 -- 2006 The O.C. Dennis `` Chili '' Childress 9 episodes 2005 Smallville Gabriel Duncan Episode : `` Hidden '' 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Tad Sidley Episode : `` Up in Smoke '' 2007 Bones Enzo Falcinella Episode : `` The Priest in the Churchyard '' 2007 Shark Michael Hackford Episode : `` Student Body '' 2008 Cold Case Truitt `` Spider '' Leland ' 98 Episode : `` Spiders '' 2008 -- 2009 Sons of Anarchy Kip `` Half Sack '' Epps 26 episodes 2009 Criminal Minds Eric Ryan Olson Episode : `` Zoe 's Reprise '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Bill ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Secret Life of Johnny Lewis '' . Los Angeles Magazine . Los Angeles , CA . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Lewis , Katy Perry : Singer Distraught Over Ex-Boyfriend's Untimely Death '' . The Huffington Post . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Jensen ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Secret Life of Johnny Lewis '' . Los Angeles . p. 1 of 3 . Jump up ^ Baker Machado ; Sheena Rao ; Alexis L. Loinaz ; Melanie Bromley . `` Johnny Lewis ' Scientology Link : Sons of Anarchy Star Was `` Born Into the Church , '' Source Says `` . E ! News ( UK ) . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Nancy ; Cavaliere , Victoria ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' actor Johnny Lewis was ' out of control ' before rampage , championed Scientology drug - treatment program before rampage '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Risling , Greg ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Warning signs seen before actor 's violent end '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 -- via Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Johnny Lewis '' . LAMag . January 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suspect in killing of Los Angeles woman was actor '' . AP via Yahoo ! News . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Actor Johnny Lewis Found Dead -- Suspect in Bizarre L.A. Double Death '' . TMZ . September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Lewis Dead : ' Sons Of Anarchy ' Actor Found Dead Outside Los Feliz Woman 's Home '' . The Huffington Post . September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry 's ex , Johnny Lewis , found dead '' . Toronto Sun . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Anthony ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Actor who apparently killed landlady not on drugs '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 -- via Yahoo ! News . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy creator Kurt Sutter responds to Johnny Lewis ' death '' . LA Times . September 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Johnny Lewis on IMDb Johnny Lewis at AllMovie WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 4751 3971 LCCN : no2008118666 VIAF : 73673453 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Lewis&oldid=863063130 '' Categories : 1983 births 2012 deaths 21st - century American male actors Accidental deaths from falls Accidental deaths in California American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American murderers Former Scientologists Jewish American male actors Male actors from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 13 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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7191203210822270442 | List of Special A episodes | List of Special a episodes - wikipedia List of Special a episodes The following is the list of episodes for the Japanese anime series Special A . The episodes are produced by AIC and GONZO , directed by Yoshikazu Miyao and composed by Jukki Hanada . Characters are adapted from the manga drawn by Maki Minami . It is currently airing in Japan on Chiba TV and various other stations . Broadcast on Chiba TV began on 6 April 2008 and continued for 24 episodes , ending on 14 September 2008 . The series has been given four different theme songs , two opening themes and two ending themes . All the theme songs were performed by the seven principal cast members : Yūko Gotō , Jun Fukuyama , Hitomi Nabatame , Hiro Shimono , Tsubasa Yonaga , Kazuma Horie , and Ayahi Takagaki . The anime is licensed by Mighty Media Co. , Ltd in China and Taiwan and Sentai Filmworks in America and Canada . Special A premiered in the Philippines on February 26 , 2009 and ended on March 31 , 2009 through TV5 . The show premiered 5 months after it ended in Japan making it the fastest acquired anime title on Philippine free TV history . It is the first country in Southeast Asia to air the series outside Japan . This anime was aired in South Korea via Animax , marking it as the first country in East Asia and second in Asia to air the series outside Japan . Episodes ( edit ) # Title Original air date 01 `` Hikari ~ Kei '' `` Hikari Kei '' ( 光 彗 ) 6 April 2008 At six years old , Hikari Hanazono was unbeaten at pro-wrestling until she was easily defeated by Kei Takishima . Since that day , she has vowed to defeat Kei , who proves to be remarkably talented at whatever he attempts , and has convinced her father to allow her to attend the same expensive elite schools as her rival ' Kei Takishima ! 02 `` Pride ~ Pro-Wrestling '' `` Puraido Puroresu '' ( プライド プロレス ) 13 April 2008 The S.A is challenged to a pro-wrestling competition by the Student Council President , Hajime Kakei . Hikari and Kei accept the challenge , but run into trouble when the President decides to use underhanded tactics to beat them and Kei begins to worry about Hikari 's safety without considering her feelings . 03 `` Rice Balls ~ Sincerity '' `` Onigiri ・ Magokoro '' ( おにぎり ・ まごころ ) 20 April 2008 Hikari , having lost a bet to Kei in the previous episode , agrees to make a bento for him . However , despite how hard she tries , all Hikari 's attempts to cook something wonderful for him to eat prove to be disastrous . 04 `` Brothers ~ Teacher '' `` Kyōdai ・ Sensei '' ( 兄弟 ・ 先生 ) 27 April 2008 Kei invites Hikari to his house because his father wants to talk about pro-wrestling with someone . She unexpectedly becomes a tutor to Kei 's younger brother , Sui , who has a rather strained relationship with Kei , and tries to bring the brothers closer together . 05 `` Festival ~ Contest '' `` Matsuri ・ Shōbu '' ( 祭り ・ 勝負 ) 4 May 2008 The Student Council and S.A challenge each other to see who will organize the upcoming school festival , but Hikari and Kei end up arguing ; Hikari joins the Student Council 's side and Akira soon follows . While Kei takes them all on single - handedly , Hikari learns that he has always done everything alone . 06 `` Invitation ~ Saiga 's Mansion '' `` Shōtaijō Saiga Yakushi '' ( 招待 状 ・ 雑賀 邸 ) 11 May 2008 Because of some intervention from Sui , Hikari ends up being Kei 's partner at a birthday party for Yahiro Saiga . While wondering how Yahiro fits into Kei 's past , Hikari is shocked to hear from Yahiro that Kei is in love with her . 07 `` Sensitive ~ Thickheaded '' `` Binkan Donkan '' ( 敏感 鈍感 ) 18 May 2008 Unable to believe that Kei is in love with her , Hikari behaves strangely around Kei after Yahiro 's party and refuses to tell him why . To determine where the S.A will go for their vacation , Kei suggests a contest where the winner decides - with the condition that if he wins , Hikari will tell him what Yahiro said to her at the party . 08 `` Journey ~ Dog '' `` Tabi Inu '' ( 旅 犬 ) 25 May 2008 The S.A head off to Hawaii for their summer vacation , but end up playing `` family '' to Chitose , the spoiled and demanding son of a client for Ryuu 's family . He is particularly harsh with Hikari , but she is determined to make sure he has a good time , even if it means being the dog in Chitose 's family . 09 `` Villa ~ Letter '' `` Bessō Tegami '' ( 別荘 手紙 ) 1 June 2008 Hikari joins Yahiro and Chitose at their villa in order to find out why Yahiro 's relationship with Kei and Akira is so strained , but ends up becoming his prisoner so that Yahiro can force Akira to see him again . At that moment Kei was worried of Hikari . At the end of the episode , Hikari kisses Kei on the cheek . 10 `` Anchor ~ Ryuu '' `` Shingari Ryū '' ( 殿 竜 ) 8 June 2008 The greenhouse is vandalized and it seems that Hikari has a hunch on who may have committed the act . When she comes face to face with the suspect , he challenges the S.A - however , it must be Ryuu who completes the challenge . Old memories and feelings resurface for Ryuu while Hikari learns more about her friends . 11 `` Girlfriend ~ Boyfriend '' `` Kanojo Kareshi '' ( 彼女 彼氏 ) 15 June 2008 When Tadashi lies to his mother about having a girlfriend to avoid attending a matchmaking session , he asks Hikari to pretend to be his girlfriend in hopes of fooling his mother , the director of Hakusenkan . 12 `` High Fever ~ Passion '' `` Kōnetsu Jōnetsu '' ( 高熱 情熱 ) 22 June 2008 After hearing about Hikari 's date with Tadashi , Kei arrives from Shanghai with the intention of having her spend the day with him , as stipulated in a challenge he proposed to her earlier . However , he winds up getting a fever and Hikari takes care of him ; as she does , Kei reflects on his feelings and relationship with her . 13 `` Magic ~ Friends '' `` Mahō Tomodachi '' ( 魔法 友達 ) 29 June 2008 The S.A must spend three days in separate classes at an ordinary high school as punishment for Tadashi 's attempt to deceive his mother . However , the experience becomes difficult for Akira when she encounters a girl who resembles a childhood friend whose friendship with Akira ended badly . 14 `` Protecting ~ Apologizing '' `` Mamoritai Gomen ne '' ( 守り たい ごめんね ) 6 July 2008 Akira 's determination to protect her new friend , Yui , from Yahiro ends up pushing Yui away instead . Meanwhile , Yahiro 's attempt to separate Akira from Yui comes with well - meaning intentions that Akira may never realize . 15 `` Moral Code ~ Excellent '' `` Jingi Jōtō '' ( 仁義 上 等 ) 13 July 2008 Hikari must go on a date with Kei on Sunday , as promised when he was recovering from a fever . However , their `` date '' is interrupted by Sakura Ushikubo , Kei 's future fiancée , who takes Hikari away and befriends her . When she agrees to help Sakura find out more about Kei , Hikari begins to feel some unexplainable feelings regarding Kei . 16 `` Love ~ Kiss '' `` Suki Kisu '' ( 好き キス ) 20 July 2008 The S.A is invited to a barbecue by Sakura , but they quickly discover that she planned the event so that she can spend some time with Jun , whom she has fallen in love with . While Sakura does everything she can to get a kiss from him , a less than enthusiastic Jun is forced to reveal a secret he has kept from most of his friends . 17 `` Restraint ~ Smile '' `` Enryo Egao '' ( 遠慮 笑顔 ) 27 July 2008 The S.A. is invited to attend and plan a festival at Kokusen Academy by Sakura and Yahiro . Yahiro tries to tell Akira he cares about her , but decides against it when he realizes that she has feelings for Tadashi . 18 `` Toudou ~ Karino '' `` Tōdō Karino '' ( 東堂 狩野 ) 3 August 2008 Upset that Tadashi does not seem to care about her , Akira goes to a matchmaking party with Sakura . When Tadashi apologizes to her , she becomes angry at herself for causing trouble . Yahiro helps Tadashi find a way to comfort her , and Tadashi decides to bring Akira to a viewpoint that they had been to when they were children . 19 `` Singing Voice ~ Bad Guy '' `` Utakoe Warumono '' ( 歌声 悪者 ) 10 August 2008 Megumi asks Yahiro out , claiming to have a crush on him , but he thinks there 's more to it and will only believe her if she can win a `` game '' where she must make him say he liked their date . After he helps her with her voice , Megumi realizes she feels more than just pity for him . Meanwhile , Hikari catches a cold and the rest of the SA go to see her . When Hikari 's parents leave her friends to take care of her , they find the feverish Hikari doing outrageous things . 20 `` Switch ~ At the Edge '' `` Suitchi Gakueppuchi '' ( スイッチ 崖っぷち ) 17 August 2008 Hikari , Kei , and Jun attend the opening of a new athletic park and run into Sakura . Jun avoids Sakura , who chases after him in hopes of discovering his true feelings for her , while Hikari and Kei must deal with the scores of girls that Jun 's alter ego keeps attracting . 21 `` To Match Up ~ To Come True '' `` Kanau Kanau '' ( 敵 う 叶う ) 24 August 2008 Hikari meets Aoi Ogata , a member of the Takishima Group who finds Kei important to him and is willing to do anything for Kei . When Aoi decides Kei is better off studying in London , Hikari must prove she 's worthy of being Kei 's rival . However , this meeting with Aoi causes Hikari to think about her true feelings for Kei . 22 `` Love ~ Strange '' `` Koi Hen '' ( 恋 変 ) 31 August 2008 Hikari struggles to figure out her feelings for Kei and finds it increasingly awkward to be around him . After spending the day together , she realizes she loves him - but stops short of a confession . Meanwhile , Aoi has approached the Director of Hakusenkan and leaves her with no choice but to lock up the S.A 's greenhouse for reasons unknown . 23 `` SA ~ FA '' `` SA FA '' 7 September 2008 Thanks to Aoi , the S.A class has been disbanded in order to force Kei to go to London . So that Kei and his friends can remain together , Kei proposes a challenge to Hikari that if she wins , he will bring back the S.A. However , Hikari learns too late what Kei has done in order to bring back the S.A - he has already left for London for her sake . 24 `` Hanazono Hikari ~ Takishima Kei '' `` Hanazono Hikari Takishima Kei '' ( 華園 光 滝島 彗 ) 14 September 2008 Hikari and S.A head to London to find Kei and bring him back to Japan while Kei resigns himself to not seeing Hikari and his friends again . Everyone , including Yahiro and Sakura , overcome the obstacles standing in the way of reaching their friend . When Hikari meets with Kei at last , they finish the challenge he issued her and Hikari lost . They express their true feelings for one another and eventually share a kiss in the air in front of the big clock . When they get back to Japan , Kei and the rest of the S.A members successfully return to school along with getting their greenhouse back . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Another RECORD - BREAKING Anime on TV5 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Special A - official site for the anime Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Special_A_episodes&oldid=817288204 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 11 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does kei confess to hikari in the anime | [
"\n\n\n#\nTitle\nOriginal air date\n\n\n\n\n01\n\"Hikari ~ Kei\"\"Hikari·Kei\" (光·彗) 6 April 2008\nAt six years old, Hikari Hanazono was unbeaten at pro-wrestling until she was easily defeated by Kei Takishima. Since that day, she has vowed to defeat Kei, who proves to be remarkably talented at whatever he attempts, and has convinced her father to allow her to attend the same expensive elite schools as her rival' Kei Takishima! \n02\n\"Pride ~ Pro-Wrestling\"\"Puraido·Puroresu\" (プライド·プロレス) 13 April 2008\nThe S.A is challenged to a pro-wrestling competition by the Student Council President, Hajime Kakei. Hikari and Kei accept the challenge, but run into trouble when the President decides to use underhanded tactics to beat them and Kei begins to worry about Hikari's safety without considering her feelings. \n03\n\"Rice Balls ~ Sincerity\"\"Onigiri･Magokoro\" (おにぎり･まごころ) 20 April 2008\nHikari, having lost a bet to Kei in the previous episode, agrees to make a bento for him. However, despite how hard she tries, all Hikari's attempts to cook something wonderful for him to eat prove to be disastrous. \n04\n\"Brothers ~ Teacher\"\"Kyōdai･Sensei\" (兄弟･先生) 27 April 2008\nKei invites Hikari to his house because his father wants to talk about pro-wrestling with someone. She unexpectedly becomes a tutor to Kei's younger brother, Sui, who has a rather strained relationship with Kei, and tries to bring the brothers closer together. \n05\n\"Festival ~ Contest\"\"Matsuri･Shōbu\" (祭り･勝負) 4 May 2008\nThe Student Council and S.A challenge each other to see who will organize the upcoming school festival, but Hikari and Kei end up arguing; Hikari joins the Student Council's side and Akira soon follows. While Kei takes them all on single-handedly, Hikari learns that he has always done everything alone. \n06\n\"Invitation ~ Saiga's Mansion\"\"Shōtaijō·Saiga Yakushi\" (招待状･雑賀邸) 11 May 2008\nBecause of some intervention from Sui, Hikari ends up being Kei's partner at a birthday party for Yahiro Saiga. While wondering how Yahiro fits into Kei's past, Hikari is shocked to hear from Yahiro that Kei is in love with her. \n07\n\"Sensitive ~ Thickheaded\"\"Binkan·Donkan\" (敏感·鈍感) 18 May 2008\nUnable to believe that Kei is in love with her, Hikari behaves strangely around Kei after Yahiro's party and refuses to tell him why. To determine where the S.A will go for their vacation, Kei suggests a contest where the winner decides - with the condition that if he wins, Hikari will tell him what Yahiro said to her at the party. \n08\n\"Journey ~ Dog\"\"Tabi·Inu\" (旅·犬) 25 May 2008\nThe S.A head off to Hawaii for their summer vacation, but end up playing \"family\" to Chitose, the spoiled and demanding son of a client for Ryuu's family. He is particularly harsh with Hikari, but she is determined to make sure he has a good time, even if it means being the dog in Chitose's family. \n09\n\"Villa ~ Letter\"\"Bessō·Tegami\" (別荘·手紙) 1 June 2008\nHikari joins Yahiro and Chitose at their villa in order to find out why Yahiro's relationship with Kei and Akira is so strained, but ends up becoming his prisoner so that Yahiro can force Akira to see him again. At that moment Kei was worried of Hikari. At the end of the episode, Hikari kisses Kei on the cheek. \n10\n\"Anchor ~ Ryuu\"\"Shingari·Ryū\" (殿·竜) 8 June 2008\nThe greenhouse is vandalized and it seems that Hikari has a hunch on who may have committed the act. When she comes face to face with the suspect, he challenges the S.A - however, it must be Ryuu who completes the challenge. Old memories and feelings resurface for Ryuu while Hikari learns more about her friends. \n11\n\"Girlfriend ~ Boyfriend\"\"Kanojo·Kareshi\" (彼女·彼氏) 15 June 2008\nWhen Tadashi lies to his mother about having a girlfriend to avoid attending a matchmaking session, he asks Hikari to pretend to be his girlfriend in hopes of fooling his mother, the director of Hakusenkan. \n12\n\"High Fever ~ Passion\"\"Kōnetsu·Jōnetsu\" (高熱·情熱) 22 June 2008\nAfter hearing about Hikari's date with Tadashi, Kei arrives from Shanghai with the intention of having her spend the day with him, as stipulated in a challenge he proposed to her earlier. However, he winds up getting a fever and Hikari takes care of him; as she does, Kei reflects on his feelings and relationship with her. \n13\n\"Magic ~ Friends\"\"Mahō·Tomodachi\" (魔法·友達) 29 June 2008\nThe S.A must spend three days in separate classes at an ordinary high school as punishment for Tadashi's attempt to deceive his mother. However, the experience becomes difficult for Akira when she encounters a girl who resembles a childhood friend whose friendship with Akira ended badly. \n14\n\"Protecting ~ Apologizing\"\"Mamoritai·Gomen ne\" (守りたい·ごめんね) 6 July 2008\nAkira's determination to protect her new friend, Yui, from Yahiro ends up pushing Yui away instead. Meanwhile, Yahiro's attempt to separate Akira from Yui comes with well-meaning intentions that Akira may never realize. \n15\n\"Moral Code ~ Excellent\"\"Jingi·Jōtō\" (仁義·上等) 13 July 2008\nHikari must go on a date with Kei on Sunday, as promised when he was recovering from a fever. However, their \"date\" is interrupted by Sakura Ushikubo, Kei's future fiancée, who takes Hikari away and befriends her. When she agrees to help Sakura find out more about Kei, Hikari begins to feel some unexplainable feelings regarding Kei. \n16\n\"Love ~ Kiss\"\"Suki·Kisu\" (好き·キス) 20 July 2008\nThe S.A is invited to a barbecue by Sakura, but they quickly discover that she planned the event so that she can spend some time with Jun, whom she has fallen in love with. While Sakura does everything she can to get a kiss from him, a less than enthusiastic Jun is forced to reveal a secret he has kept from most of his friends. \n17\n\"Restraint ~ Smile\"\"Enryo·Egao\" (遠慮·笑顔) 27 July 2008\nThe S.A. is invited to attend and plan a festival at Kokusen Academy by Sakura and Yahiro. Yahiro tries to tell Akira he cares about her, but decides against it when he realizes that she has feelings for Tadashi. \n18\n\"Toudou ~ Karino\"\"Tōdō·Karino\" (東堂·狩野) 3 August 2008\nUpset that Tadashi does not seem to care about her, Akira goes to a matchmaking party with Sakura. When Tadashi apologizes to her, she becomes angry at herself for causing trouble. Yahiro helps Tadashi find a way to comfort her, and Tadashi decides to bring Akira to a viewpoint that they had been to when they were children. \n19\n\"Singing Voice ~ Bad Guy\"\"Utakoe·Warumono\" (歌声·悪者) 10 August 2008\nMegumi asks Yahiro out, claiming to have a crush on him, but he thinks there's more to it and will only believe her if she can win a \"game\" where she must make him say he liked their date. After he helps her with her voice, Megumi realizes she feels more than just pity for him. Meanwhile, Hikari catches a cold and the rest of the SA go to see her. When Hikari's parents leave her friends to take care of her, they find the feverish Hikari doing outrageous things. \n20\n\"Switch ~ At the Edge\"\"Suitchi·Gakueppuchi\" (スイッチ·崖っぷち) 17 August 2008\nHikari, Kei, and Jun attend the opening of a new athletic park and run into Sakura. Jun avoids Sakura, who chases after him in hopes of discovering his true feelings for her, while Hikari and Kei must deal with the scores of girls that Jun's alter ego keeps attracting. \n21\n\"To Match Up ~ To Come True\"\"Kanau·Kanau\" (敵う·叶う) 24 August 2008\nHikari meets Aoi Ogata, a member of the Takishima Group who finds Kei important to him and is willing to do anything for Kei. When Aoi decides Kei is better off studying in London, Hikari must prove she's worthy of being Kei's rival. However, this meeting with Aoi causes Hikari to think about her true feelings for Kei. \n22\n\"Love ~ Strange\"\"Koi·Hen\" (恋·変) 31 August 2008\nHikari struggles to figure out her feelings for Kei and finds it increasingly awkward to be around him. After spending the day together, she realizes she loves him - but stops short of a confession. Meanwhile, Aoi has approached the Director of Hakusenkan and leaves her with no choice but to lock up the S.A's greenhouse for reasons unknown. \n23\n\"SA ~ FA\"\"SA·FA\" 7 September 2008\nThanks to Aoi, the S.A class has been disbanded in order to force Kei to go to London. So that Kei and his friends can remain together, Kei proposes a challenge to Hikari that if she wins, he will bring back the S.A. However, Hikari learns too late what Kei has done in order to bring back the S.A - he has already left for London for her sake. \n24\n\"Hanazono Hikari ~ Takishima Kei\"\"Hanazono Hikari·Takishima Kei\" (華園 光·滝島 彗) 14 September 2008\nHikari and S.A head to London to find Kei and bring him back to Japan while Kei resigns himself to not seeing Hikari and his friends again. Everyone, including Yahiro and Sakura, overcome the obstacles standing in the way of reaching their friend. When Hikari meets with Kei at last, they finish the challenge he issued her and Hikari lost. They express their true feelings for one another and eventually share a kiss in the air in front of the big clock. When they get back to Japan, Kei and the rest of the S.A members successfully return to school along with getting their greenhouse back. \n"
] | [
"\"Love ~ Strange\""
] |
1990893244285486132 | Enforcement Acts | Enforcement Acts - wikipedia Enforcement Acts Jump to : navigation , search `` Force Acts '' redirects here . For 1833 response to South Carolina nullification , see Force Bill . The Enforcement Acts were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871 . They were criminal codes which protected African - Americans ' right to vote , to hold office , to serve on juries , and receive equal protection of laws . Passed under the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant , the laws also allowed the federal government to intervene when states did not act to protect these rights . The acts passed following the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution , which gave full citizenship to anyone born in the United States or freed slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment , which banned racial discrimination in voting . At the time , the lives of all newly freed slaves , as well as their political and economic rights , were being threatened . This threat led to the creation of the Enforcement Acts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Goal 2 Regulations of the Acts 2.1 Enforcement Act of 1870 2.2 Enforcement Act of 1871 2.3 Ku Klux Klan Act 3 Response and effects 3.1 Judicial interpretations 3.2 Later uses 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Goal ( edit ) The main goal in creating these acts was to improve conditions for blacks , and freed slaves . The main target was the Ku Klux Klan , a racist organization , which was targeting blacks , and , later , other groups . Although this act was meant to fight against the KKK and help blacks , and freedmen , many states were reluctant to take such relatively extreme actions , for several reasons . Some politicians at the state and federal levels were either members of the Klan , or did not have enough strength to fight the Klan . Another goal of these acts was to achieve national unity , by creating a country where all races were considered equal under the law . Regulations of the Acts ( edit ) The Enforcement Acts did many things to help freedmen , the main purpose under this act was the prohibited use of violence or any form of intimidation to prevent the freedmen from voting and denying them this right . There were many provisions placed under this act , many with serious consequences . The Enforcement Acts were created as part of the reconstruction era in the United States following the American civil war , and in order for full national unity , all citizens had to be accepted and viewed equally and violence must be prohibited . Enforcement Act of 1870 ( edit ) Main article : Enforcement Act of 1870 The Enforcement Act of 1870 ( Formally , `` An Act to enforce the Right of Citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union , and for other Purposes , '' 41st Congress , Sess. 2 , ch. 114 , 16 Stat. 140 , enacted May 31 , 1870 , effective 1871 ) was an act that restricted the first wave of the groups that made up the Klan . In this act , the government banned the use of terror , force or bribery to prevent people from voting because of their race . Other laws banned the KKK entirely . Hundreds of KKK members were arrested and tried as common criminals and terrorists . The first Klan was all but eradicated within a year of federal prosecution . `` Sec. 2. And be it further enacted , That if by or under the authority of the constitution or laws of any State , or the laws of any Territory , any act is or shall be required to be done as a prerequisite or qualification for voting , and by such constitution or laws persons or officers are or shall be charged with the performance of duties in furnishing to citizens an opportunity to perform such prerequisite , or to become qualified to vote , it shall be the duty of every such person and officer to give to all citizens of the United States the same and equal opportunity to perform such prerequisite , and to become qualified to vote without distinction of race , color , or previous condition of servitude ; and if any such person or officer shall refuse or knowingly omit to give full effect to this section , he shall , for every such offence , forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dollars to the person aggrieved thereby , to be recovered by an action on the case , with full costs , and such allowance for counsel fees as the court shall deem just , and shall also , for every such offence , be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor , and shall , on conviction thereof , be fined not less than five hundred dollars , or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year , or both , at the discretion of the court . '' The section from the Enforcement Act of 1870 states that every person despite race , color , or previous condition of servitude must be granted equal opportunity to become qualified to vote . If any person or government official fails to recognize this as the law , there will be a minimum fine of five hundred dollars , and at the discretion of the court , could be sentenced to jail for a period of one month up to one year . `` Sec. 3 . And be it further enacted , That whenever , by or under the authority of the constitution or laws of any State , or the laws of any Territory , any act is or shall be required to ( be ) done by any citizen as a prerequisite to qualify or entitle him to vote , the offer of any such citizen to perform the act required to be done as aforesaid shall , if it fail to be carried into execution by reason of the wrongful act or omission aforesaid of the person or officer charged with the duty of receiving or permitting such performance or offer to perform , or acting thereon , be deemed and held as a performance in law of such act ; and the person so offering and failing as aforesaid , and being otherwise qualified , shall be entitled to vote in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had in fact performed such act ; and any judge , inspector , or other officer of election whose duty it is or shall be to receive , count , certify , register , report , or give effect to the vote of any such citizen who shall wrongfully refuse or omit to receive , count , certify , register , report , or give effect to the vote of such citizen upon the presentation by him of his affidavit stating such offer and the time and place thereof , and the name of the officer or person whose duty it was to act thereon , and that he was wrongfully prevented by such person or officer from performing such act , shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dollars to the person aggrieved thereby , to be recovered by an action on the case , with full costs , and such allowance for counsel fees as the court shall deem just , and shall also for every such offence be guilty of a misdemeanor , and shall , on conviction thereof , be fined not less than five hundred dollars , or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year , or both , at the discretion of the court . '' This section states that the President of the United States had full rights to use the United States armed forces and trained army to put down any rebellions which took place as a result of these acts , or to disable any freedmen . `` Sec. 4 . And be it further enacted , That if any person , by force , bribery , threats , intimidation , or other unlawful means , shall hinder , delay , prevent , or obstruct , or shall combine and confederate with others to hinder , delay , prevent , or obstruct , any citizen from doing any act required to be done to qualify him to vote or from voting at any election as aforesaid , such person shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dollars to the person aggrieved thereby , to be recovered by an action on the case , with full costs , and such allowance for counsel fees as the court shall deem just , and shall also for every such offence be guilty of a misdemeanor , and shall , on conviction thereof , be fined not less than five hundred dollars , or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year , or both , at the discretion of the court . '' This section states that the habeas corpus would be suspended . A writ of habeas corpus is an important right granted to individuals of America . It is a judicial mandate which requires prisoners to be brought to court in order to determine whether the government has the right to continue to imprison them . The habeas corpus was suspended only twice , during the civil war , and reconstruction , during times of rebellion and the invasion of public safety . `` Sec. 5 . And be it further enacted , That if any person shall prevent , hinder , control , or intimidate , or shall attempt to prevent , hinder , control , or intimidate , any person from exercising or in exercising the right of suffrage , to whom the right of suffrage is secured or guaranteed by the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States , by means of bribery , threats , or threats of depriving such person of employment or occupation , or of ejecting such person from rented house , lands , or other property , or by threats of refusing to renew leases or contracts for labor , or by threats of violence to himself or family , such person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor , and shall , on conviction thereof , be fined not less than five hundred dollars , or be imprisoned not less than one month and not more than one year , or both , at the discretion of the court . '' This section taken from the Enforcement Act of 1870 states that jurors in the United States courts must not be involved in any conspiracies , and are required to swear that they did n't have any allegiances to any groups which were aiming and dedicated to overthrow the government or act in deny and constitutional rights given to citizens . `` Sec. 6 . And be it further enacted , That if two or more persons shall band or conspire together , or go in disguise upon the public highway , or upon the premises of another , with intent to violate any provision of this act , or to injure , oppress , threaten , or intimidate any citizen with intent to prevent or hinder his free exercise and enjoyment of any right or privilege granted or secured to him by the Constitution or laws of the United States , or because of his having exercised the same , such persons shall be held guilty of felony , and , on conviction thereof , shall be fined or imprisoned , or both , at the discretion of the court , -- the fine not to exceed five thousand dollars , and the imprisonment not to exceed ten years , -- and shall , moreover , be thereafter ineligible to , and disabled from holding , any office or place of honor , profit , or trust created by the Constitution or laws of the United States . '' This section states that if any two or more people work together to deliberately violate the act , or to intimidate any citizen with intents to prevent and restrict one 's freedom , they will be charged with a maximum fine of five thousand dollars , and a maximum prison sentence of ten years , with discretion of the court . Also , they will be ineligible and prohibited from holding any office , place of honor , profit or trust which were created by the United States Constitution or the laws of the United States . Enforcement Act of 1871 ( edit ) Main article : First Enforcement Act of 1871 The Enforcement Act of 1871 ( formally , `` an Act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United States to vote in the several states of this union '' ) , permitted federal oversight of local and state elections if any two citizens in a town with more than twenty thousand inhabitants desired it . The Enforcement Act of 1871 ( second act ) and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 are very similar to the original act as they all have the same goal , but revised first act with the intention of being more effective . The Act of 1871 has more severe punishments with larger fines for disregarding the regulations , and the prison sentences vary in length . The final act , and the most effective , was also a revision . Although the fines lowered again , and the prison sentences remained approximately the same , this act was the best enforced by the government . Ku Klux Klan Act ( edit ) Main article : Second Enforcement Act of 1871 The Enforcement Act of 1871 , the third Enforcement Act passed by Congress and also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act ( formally , `` An Act to enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States , and for other Purposes '' ) , made state officials liable in federal court for depriving anyone of their civil rights or the equal protection of the laws . It further made a number of the KKK 's intimidation tactics into federal offenses , authorized the president to call out the militia to suppress conspiracies against the operation of the federal government , and prohibited those suspected of complicity in such conspiracies to serve on juries related to the Klan 's activities . The Act also authorized the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus if violence rendered efforts to suppress the Klan ineffective . It was passed at the request of Ulysses S. Grant . Response and effects ( edit ) As a response to this act , Klansmen in South Carolina were put on trial , in front of juries mainly made up of blacks . Amos T. Akerman was largely involved with the prosecutions of these Klansmen . He worked to make America aware of Klan violence and how much of a problem it was becoming . His work led to trials and jail sentences of a few hundred members of the KKK . Many others who were put on trial either fled or were only given a warning . Also , in 1872 the KKK as an organization was officially broken . Enforcement Acts were a series of acts , but it was n't until the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 , the third Enforcement Act , that their regulations to protect blacks , and to enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution were really enforced and followed . It was only after the creation of the third Enforcement Act that trials were conducted , and perpetrators were convicted for any crimes they had committed in violation of the Enforcement Acts . Judicial interpretations ( edit ) After the Colfax massacre in Louisiana , the federal government brought a civil rights case against nine men ( out of 97 indicted ) who were accused of paramilitary activity intended to stop Black people from voting . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Court ruled that the federal government did not have the authority to prosecute the men because the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments provide only for redress against state actors . However , in Ex Parte Yarbrough ( 1884 ) the Court allowed individuals who were not state actors to be prosecuted because Article I Section 4 gives Congress the power to regulate federal elections . In Hodges v. United States ( 1906 ) the Court addressed a possible Thirteenth Amendment rationale for the Enforcement Acts , and found that the federal government did not have the authority to punish a group of men for interfering with Black workers through whitecapping . Later uses ( edit ) In 1964 , the United States Department of Justice charged eighteen individuals under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , with conspiring to deprive Michael Schwerner , James Chaney , and Andrew Goodman of their civil rights by murder because Mississippi officials refused to prosecute their killers for murder , a state crime . See also ( edit ) Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1875 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davies , Julie . `` Ku Klux Klan Act ( 1871 ) '' . enotes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 - 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 - 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Davies , Julie . `` Ku Klux Klan Act ( 1871 ) '' . enotes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ KKK The Force Acts of 1870 - 1871 . OR ... if `` sagehistory.net '' is ( or `` forwards '' to ) a `` parked '' domain ( `` park.sagehistory.net '' ) ( which is essentially equivalent to being a `` dead link '' ) , then try this Wayback Machine `` archived '' URL ( from Dec. 4 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ The Patriot Act : issues and controversies , Cary Stacy Smith , Li - Ching Hung , pg. 224 Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Ross Rosenfeld . `` Major Acts of Congress : Force Act of 1871 '' . eNotes . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Bruce Frohnen , ed. ( 2008 ) . The American Nation : Primary Sources . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 - 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American President : A Reference Resource . Ku Klux Klan Bill Enacted -- April 20 , 1871 '' . Miller Center , University of Virginia . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Kaczorowski , Robert J. `` Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction . '' Fordham Urban Law Journal 23 ( 1995 ) : 155 + online . Kaczorowski , Robert J. The politics of judicial interpretation : The federal courts , department of justice , and civil rights , 1866 - 1876 . ( Fordham Univ Press , 2005 ) . Kaczorowski , Robert J. `` To Begin the Nation Anew : Congress , Citizenship , and Civil Rights after the Civil War . '' American Historical Review 92.1 ( 1987 ) : 45 - 68 . in JSTOR External links ( edit ) United States History for Kids : Enforcement Acts Access - A fast overview of important , historical events in United States history linked with the presidencies during which they occurred . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enforcement_Acts&oldid=798421841 '' Categories : Ku Klux Klan Reconstruction Era legislation United States federal legislation Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 20 : 54 . About Wikipedia | which of the following is true of the enforcement acts of 1870 and 1871 | [] | [] |
7105172604660241732 | French and Indian War | French and Indian War - wikipedia French and Indian War This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Casualties and losses 1,512 killed in action 1,500 died of wounds 10,400 died of disease ? Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France , each side supported by military units from the parent country and by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared a wider war upon one another overseas in 1756 , two years into the French and Indian war , and some view the French and Indian War as being merely the American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 ; however , the French and Indian War is viewed in America as a singular conflict which was not associated with any European war . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States , referring to the two enemies of the British colonists , while European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it Guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny River and Monongahela River called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of New York during 1755 -- 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies who were now engaged in the Seven Years ' War in Europe . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Spanish Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in America . Contents 1 Naming 2 America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5. 1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links Naming In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This continues as the standard name for the war in the United States , although Indians fought on both sides of the conflict . It also led into the Seven Years ' War overseas , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain that did not involve the American colonies ; some historians make a connection between the French and Indian War and the Seven Years ' War overseas , but most residents of the United States consider them as two separate conflicts -- only one of which involved the American colonies , and American historians generally use the traditional name . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the French and Indian War is conflated into the Seven Years ' War and not given a separate name . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 -- two years after the French and Indian War had started -- to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . The French and Indian War in America , by contrast , was largely concluded in six years from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians conflate both the European and American conflicts into the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . In Quebec , this term was promoted by popular historians Jacques Lacoursière and Denis Vaugeois , who borrowed from the ideas of Maurice Séguin in considering this war as a dramatic tipping point of French Canadian identity and nationhood . America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in America At this time , America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and the Colony of Newfoundland in the north to the Province of Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Province of Pennsylvania successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most of the British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on the Braddock expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from hiding places up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Washington and Thomas Gage played key roles in organizing the retreat -- two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War . The government initiated a plan to increase their military capability in preparation for war following news of Braddock 's defeat and the start of parliament 's session in November 1755 . Among the early legislative measures were the Recruiting Act 1756 , the Commissions to Foreign Protestants Act 1756 for the Royal American Regiment , the Navigation Act 1756 , and the Continuance of Acts 1756 . England passed the Naval Prize Act 1756 following the proclamation of war on May 17 to allow the capture of ships and establish privateering . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , he was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after the British captured it in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French Fortress Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . Cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , M. ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 ( 4th ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0786474707 . Page 122 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Brian Young ( 2012 ) . `` Below the Academic Radar : Denis Vaugeois and Constructing the Conquest in the Quebec Popular Imagination '' . In John G. Reid . Remembering 1759 : The Conquest of Canada in Historical Memory . University of Toronto Press . pp. 233 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 9924 - 3 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ An act for the speedy and effectual recruiting of his Majesty 's land forces and marines. , p. 318 Jump up ^ An act to enable his Majesty to grant commissions to a certain number of foreign Protestants who have served abroad as officers , or engineers , to act and rank as officers , or engineers , in America only , under certain restrictions and qualifications. `` , p. 331 Jump up ^ An act for the better supply of mariners and seamen to serve in his Majesty 's ships of war , and on board merchant ships , and other trading ships and vessels. , p. 370 Jump up ^ An act for extending ( the Navy Act 1748 , 22 Geo. 2 c. 33 ) ( for amending , explaining , and reducing into one act of parliament the laws relating to the government of his Majesty 's ships , vessels and forces by sea ) to such officers , seamen , and others , as shall serve on board his Majesty 's ships or vessels employed upon the lakes , great waters , or rivers , in North America. , p. 457 Jump up ^ An act for the encouragement of seamen , and the more effectual manning of his Majesty 's navy . p. 481 Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . -- Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 -- 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to French and Indian War . The French and Indian War Website Map of French and Indian War . French and British forts and settlements , Indian tribes . 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7981120411592540285 | Don't Know Why | Do n't Know Why - wikipedia Do n't Know Why Jump to : navigation , search For the song by SoundGirl , see Do n't Know Why ( SoundGirl song ) . `` Do n't Know Why '' Single by Norah Jones from the album Come Away with Me Released July 2002 Format CD Recorded 2001 Sorcerer Sound ( New York City ) Allaire Studios ( Shokan , New York ) Genre Vocal Jazz Pop Length 3 : 09 Label Blue Note Songwriter ( s ) Jesse Harris Producer ( s ) Norah Jones Arif Mardin Jay Newland Norah Jones singles chronology `` Do n't Know Why '' ( 2002 ) `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' ( 2003 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' ( 2002 ) `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' ( 2003 ) `` Come Away with Me '' ( 2003 ) Come Away with Me 2003 `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' ( 2003 ) Do n't Know WhyI 'll Be Your Baby Tonight2003 `` Turn Me On '' ( 2004 ) Turn Me On 2004 Alternative cover Cover art for `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` Do n't Know Why '' Norah Jones 's `` Do n't Know Why '' from First Sessions and Come Away with Me Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Do n't Know Why '' is a song written by Jesse Harris which originally appeared on his 1999 album , Jesse Harris & the Ferdinandos . It was the second single by American singer Norah Jones from her debut studio album Come Away with Me ( 2002 ) . Jones 's version peaked at No. 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was a critical success , helping establish her as a respected new artist , and subsequently her album sold extremely well . The single went on to win three Grammy Awards in 2003 for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . It remains Jones 's biggest hit single in the United States to date , and her only one to reach the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 . The single was also a hit internationally and reached top 10 in several countries . The song charted at 459 in Blender magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born . A music video directed by Anastasia Simone and Ian Spencer was released in 2002 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Covers 2 Charts 2.1 `` Do n't Know Why '' 2.2 `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 2.3 Year - end charts 3 Other appearances 4 References 5 External links Covers ( edit ) Jazz guitarist Pat Metheny played `` Do n't Know Why '' on his 2003 solo album One Quiet Night . Smokey Robinson covered the song on his 2009 solo album Time Flies When You 're Having Fun . Aya Matsuura covered the song for her album Naked Songs . Ken Hirai : Japanese R&B singer performed the song on his album of covers entitled Ken 's Bar . The Japanese soul singer Juju included the cover on her single `` Donna ni tokutemo '' as a B - side . Vania Borges covered the song on the compilation album Rhythms del Mundo . Aliya Parcs covered the song on the compilation album Jam and Jive . It was featured on the video game Karaoke Revolution as a cover . The children 's television show Sesame Street parodied the song with Jones playing the song at a piano about the letter Y being missing and Elmo appears later with her , joining in singing the song . The sketch comedy show MADtv parodied the song in a commercial for the fictitious album Monotonous . The joke of the sketch is that the song sets the mood for wild parties despite its slow pace . Jazz fusion pianist David Benoit covered the song from his 2003 album Right Here , Right Now . Kenny G also covered his version together with American jazz pianist David Benoit on Kenny G 's 2004 album At Last ... The Duets Album . British soul singer Kenny Thomas covered the song on his 2006 album Crazy World . Saxophonist Jimmy Sommers covered the song on his 2007 release Time Stands Still . Asaro and Wolcott covered the song on their 2010 EP Goodbye Note . Martin Taylor included this song on his album The Valley , and in a number of concerts including his performance at The Stables on the day John Dankworth died . George Benson included this song on his 2011 album Guitar Man . Go West included this song during their joint tour with Tony Hadley in 2004 . Korean jazz duo Winterplay covered the song for their 2010 album Touche Mon Amour . Adrienne Hindmarsh covered the song for her 2012 album Jazz Moods . Korin Bukowski covered the instant save song selection on The Voice . In August 2015 , Maris Racal covered this song during the # HappyBirthdayWish1075 celebration which made her won the awards `` Wishers ' Choice for Wishclusive Performance of the Year '' and `` Wishers ' Choice for Young Artist of the Year '' in the 2016 Wish 107.5 Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) `` Do n't Know Why '' ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 5 Austrian Singles Chart 56 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 28 Dutch Singles Chart 86 French Singles Chart 74 German Singles Chart 82 New Zealand Singles Chart 24 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Adult Pop Songs 8 US Billboard Pop Songs 32 `` Do n't Know Why '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 67 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 97 Other appearances ( edit ) WYEP Live and Direct : Volume 4 -- On Air Performances ( 2002 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Come Away with Me liner notes . Blue Note ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born : 51 - 100 Article on Blender : : The Ultimate Guide to Music and More '' . Web.archive.org. 2009 - 03 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Kisses Deep overview '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` David Benoit - Right Here , Right Now '' . JazzReview.com . Jump up ^ `` Time Stands Still overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` News : 05.26. 09 : : '' . JimmySommers.com . Jump up ^ `` FULL WINNERS LIST : WISH 107.5 MUSIC AWARDS 2016 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Do n't Know Why by Norah Jones - Music Charts '' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Norah Jones - Do n't Know Why '' . Lescharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Know Why / I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight by Norah Jones - Music Charts '' . Acharts.us . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Year End Charts '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Do n't Know Why '' reviewed by Ted Gioia ( Jazz.com ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Norah Jones Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Come Away with Me ( 2002 ) Feels Like Home ( 2004 ) Not Too Late ( 2007 ) The Fall ( 2009 ) Little Broken Hearts ( 2012 ) Day Breaks ( 2016 ) Compilation albums ... Featuring Norah Jones Extended plays First Sessions Other albums New York City The Little Willies El Madmo Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Rome For the Good Times Foreverly No Fools , No Fun Singles `` Do n't Know Why '' `` Feelin ' the Same Way '' `` Come Away with Me '' `` Turn Me On '' `` Here We Go Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` What Am I to You ? '' `` Thinking About You '' `` Not Too Late '' `` Sinkin ' Soon '' `` Until the End '' `` Chasing Pirates '' `` Young Blood '' `` It 's Gonna Be '' `` Happy Pills '' Concert tours Little Broken Hearts Tour Related articles The Little Willies Puss n Boots Ravi Shankar ( father ) Anoushka Shankar ( half - sister ) Lee Alexander `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Book Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 2000s ) `` Smooth '' * by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas engineered / mixed by David Thoener , produced by Matt Serletic ( 2000 ) `` Beautiful Day '' * by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) engineered / mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite ; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) engineered / mixed by Richard Rainey & Steve Lillywhite ; produced by Brian Eno & Daniel Lanois ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' * by Norah Jones engineered / mixed by Jay Newland ; produced by Arif Mardin , Jay Newland & Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) engineered / mixed by Coldplay , Ken Nelson & Mark Phythian ; produced by Coldplay & Ken Nelson ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones engineered / mixed by Al Schmitt , Mark Fleming , & Terry Howard ; produced by John R. Burk ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) engineered / mixed by Chris Lord - Alge & Doug McKean , produced by Green Day & Rob Cavallo ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' * by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) engineered / mixed by Chris Testa , Jim Scott & Richard Dodd ; produced by Rick Rubin ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' * by Amy Winehouse engineered / mixed by Tom Elmhirst , Vaughan Merrick , Dom Morley , Mark Ronson & Gabriel Roth ; produced by Mark Ronson ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant engineered / mixed by Mike Piersante ; produced by T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 2000s ) 2000 Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas - `` Smooth '' 2001 Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson - `` Beautiful Day '' 2002 Alicia Keys - `` Fallin ' '' 2003 Jesse Harris - `` Do n't Know Why '' Richard Marx & Luther Vandross - `` Dance with My Father '' 2005 John Mayer - `` Daughters '' 2006 Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson - `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' 2007 Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson - `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' 2008 Amy Winehouse - `` Rehab '' 2009 Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin - `` Viva la Vida '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Know_Why&oldid=800252137 '' Categories : 1999 songs 2002 singles Smooth jazz songs Norah Jones songs Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Award for Record of the Year Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin Blue Note Records singles Songs written by Jesse Harris Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 10 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote don't know why i didn't come | [
"\"Don't Know Why\" is a song written by Jesse Harris which originally appeared on his 1999 album, Jesse Harris & the Ferdinandos. It was the second single by American singer Norah Jones from her debut studio album Come Away with Me (2002). Jones's version peaked at No. 30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and was a critical success, helping establish her as a respected new artist, and subsequently her album sold extremely well. The single went on to win three Grammy Awards in 2003 for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. It remains Jones's biggest hit single in the United States to date, and her only one to reach the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. The single was also a hit internationally and reached top 10 in several countries. The song charted at 459 in Blender magazine's 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born.[2]"
] | [
"Jesse Harris"
] |
-68253968641960596 | Scientific notation | Scientific notation - wikipedia Scientific notation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a numeric notation . For the musical notation , see Scientific pitch notation . Scientific notation ( also referred to as scientific form , standard form or standard index form ) is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form . It is commonly used by scientists , mathematicians and engineers , in part because it can simplify certain arithmetic operations . On scientific calculators it is known as `` SCI '' display mode . Decimal notation Scientific notation 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 300 7002300000000000000 ♠ 3 × 10 4,321.768 7003432176800000000 ♠ 4.321 768 × 10 − 53,000 2995470000000000000 ♠ − 5.3 × 10 6,720,000,000 7009672000000000000 ♠ 6.72 × 10 0.2 6999200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 0.000 000 007 51 6991751000000000000 ♠ 7.51 × 10 In scientific notation all numbers are written in the form m × 10 ( m times ten raised to the power of n ) , where the exponent n is an integer , and the coefficient m is any real number , called the significand or mantissa . However , the term `` mantissa '' may cause confusion because it is the name of the fractional part of the common logarithm . If the number is negative then a minus sign precedes m ( as in ordinary decimal notation ) . In normalized notation , the exponent is chosen so that the absolute value of the coefficient is at least one but less than ten . Decimal floating point is a computer arithmetic system closely related to scientific notation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Normalized notation 2 Engineering notation 3 Significant figures 3.1 Estimated final digit ( s ) 4 E-notation 4.1 Examples and other notations 5 Order of magnitude 6 Use of spaces 7 Further examples of scientific notation 8 Converting numbers 8.1 Decimal to scientific 8.2 Scientific to decimal 8.3 Exponential 9 Basic operations 10 Other bases 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Normalized notation ( edit ) Main article : Normalized number Any given integer can be written in the form m × 10 ^ in many ways : for example , 350 can be written as 7002350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 × 10 or 7002350000000000000 ♠ 35 × 10 or 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 × 10 . In normalized scientific notation ( called `` standard form '' in the UK ) , the exponent n is chosen so that the absolute value of m remains at least one but less than ten ( 1 ≤ m < 10 ) . Thus 350 is written as 7002350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 × 10 . This form allows easy comparison of numbers , as the exponent n gives the number 's order of magnitude . In normalized notation , the exponent n is negative for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1 ( e.g. 0.5 is written as 6999500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 ) . The 10 and exponent are often omitted when the exponent is 0 . Normalized scientific form is the typical form of expression of large numbers in many fields , unless an unnormalized form , such as engineering notation , is desired . Normalized scientific notation is often called exponential notation -- although the latter term is more general and also applies when m is not restricted to the range 1 to 10 ( as in engineering notation for instance ) and to bases other than 10 ( as in 3.15 × 2 ^ ) . Engineering notation ( edit ) Main article : Engineering notation Engineering notation ( often named `` ENG '' display mode on scientific calculators ) differs from normalized scientific notation in that the exponent n is restricted to multiples of 3 . Consequently , the absolute value of m is in the range 1 ≤ m < 1000 , rather than 1 ≤ m < 10 . Though similar in concept , engineering notation is rarely called scientific notation . Engineering notation allows the numbers to explicitly match their corresponding SI prefixes , which facilitates reading and oral communication . For example , 6992125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 × 10 m can be read as `` twelve - point - five nanometers '' and written as 6992125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 nm , while its scientific notation equivalent 6992125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 × 10 m would likely be read out as `` one - point - two - five times ten - to - the - negative - eight meters '' . Significant figures ( edit ) Main article : Significant figures A significant figure is a digit in a number that adds to its precision . This includes all nonzero numbers , zeroes between significant digits , and zeroes indicated to be significant . Leading and trailing zeroes are not significant because they exist only to show the scale of the number . Therefore , 1,230,400 usually has five significant figures : 1 , 2 , 3 , 0 , and 4 ; the final two zeroes serve only as placeholders and add no precision to the original number . When a number is converted into normalized scientific notation , it is scaled down to a number between 1 and 10 . All of the significant digits remain , but the place holding zeroes are no longer required . Thus 1,230,400 would become 1.2304 × 10 . However , there is also the possibility that the number may be known to six or more significant figures , in which case the number would be shown as ( for instance ) 1.23040 × 10 . Thus , an additional advantage of scientific notation is that the number of significant figures is clearer . Estimated final digit ( s ) ( edit ) It is customary in scientific measurements to record all the definitely known digits from the measurements , and to estimate at least one additional digit if there is any information at all available to enable the observer to make an estimate . The resulting number contains more information than it would without that extra digit ( s ) , and it ( or they ) may be considered a significant digit because it conveys some information leading to greater precision in measurements and in aggregations of measurements ( adding them or multiplying them together ) . Additional information about precision can be conveyed through additional notations . It is often useful to know how exact the final digit ( s ) are . For instance , the accepted value of the unit of elementary charge can properly be expressed as 6981160217662079999 ♠ 1.602 176 6208 ( 98 ) × 10 C , which is shorthand for 6981160217662079999 ♠ ( 1.602 176 6208 ± 0.000 000 0098 ) × 10 C . E-notation ( edit ) A calculator display showing the Avogadro constant in E-notation Most calculators and many computer programs present very large and very small results in scientific notation , typically invoked by a key labelled EXP ( for exponent ) , EEX ( for enter exponent ) , EE , EX , E , or × 10 depending on vendor and model . Because superscripted exponents like 10 can not always be conveniently displayed , the letter E ( or e ) is often used to represent `` times ten raised to the power of '' ( which would be written as `` × 10 '' ) and is followed by the value of the exponent ; in other words , for any two real numbers m and n , the usage of `` mEn '' would indicate a value of m × 10 . In this usage the character e is not related to the mathematical constant e or the exponential function e ( a confusion that is unlikely if scientific notation is represented by a capital E ) . Although the E stands for exponent , the notation is usually referred to as ( scientific ) E-notation rather than ( scientific ) exponential notation . The use of E-notation facilitates data entry and readability in textual communication since it minimizes keystrokes , avoids reduced font sizes and provides a simpler and more concise display , but it is not encouraged in publications . Examples and other notations ( edit ) In most popular programming languages , 6.022 E23 ( or 6.022 e23 ) is equivalent to 7023602200000000000 ♠ 6.022 × 10 , and 6965160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 × 10 would be written 1.6 E-35 ( e.g. Ada , Analytica , C / C++ , FORTRAN ( since FORTRAN II as of 1958 ) , MATLAB , Scilab , Perl , Java , Python , Lua , JavaScript , and others ) . After the introduction of the first pocket calculators supporting scientific notation in 1972 ( HP - 35 , SR - 10 ) the term decapower was sometimes used in the emerging user communities for the power - of - ten multiplier in order to better distinguish it from `` normal '' exponents . Likewise , the letter `` D '' was used in typewritten numbers . This notation was proposed by Jim Davidson and published in the January 1976 issue of Richard J. Nelson 's Hewlett - Packard newsletter 65 Notes for HP - 65 users , and it was adopted and carried over into the Texas Instruments community by Richard C. Vanderburgh , the editor of the 52 - Notes newsletter for SR - 52 users in November 1976 . FORTRAN ( at least since FORTRAN IV as of 1961 ) also uses `` D '' to signify double precision numbers . Similar , a `` D '' was used by Sharp pocket computers PC - 1280 , PC - 1470U , PC - 1475 , PC - 1480U , PC - 1490U , PC - 1490UII , PC - E500 , PC - E500S , PC - E550 , PC - E650 and PC - U6000 to indicate 20 - digit double - precision numbers in BASIC between 1987 and 1995 . The ALGOL 60 ( 1960 ) programming language uses a subscript ten `` '' character instead of the letter E , for example : 6.022 23 . The use of the `` '' in the various Algol standards provided a challenge on some computer systems that did not provide such a `` '' character . As a consequence Stanford University Algol - W required the use of a single quote , e.g. 6.02486'+ 23 , and some Soviet Algol variants allowed the use of the Cyrillic character `` ю '' character , e.g. 6.022 ю + 23 . Subsequently the ALGOL 68 programming language provided the choice of 4 characters : E , e , \ , or . By examples : 6.022 E23 , 6.022 e23 , 6.022 \ 23 or 6.022 23 . This article contains Unicode `` Miscellaneous Technical '' characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of `` 10 '' ( Decimal Exponent Symbol U + 23E8 TTF ) . Decimal Exponent Symbol is part of the Unicode Standard , e.g. 6.022 ⏨ 23 . It is included as U + 23E8 ⏨ DECIMAL EXPONENT SYMBOL to accommodate usage in the programming languages Algol 60 and Algol 68 . The TI - 83 series and TI - 84 Plus series of calculators use a stylized E character to display decimal exponent and the 10 character to denote an equivalent × 10 ^ operator . The Simula programming language requires the use of & ( or && for long ) , for example : 6.022&23 ( or 6.022&&23 ) . The Wolfram Language ( utilized in Mathematica ) allows a shorthand notation of 6.022 * ^ 23 . Order of magnitude ( edit ) Main article : Order of magnitude Scientific notation also enables simpler order - of - magnitude comparisons . A proton 's mass is 6973167260000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 6726 kg . If written as 6973167260000000000 ♠ 1.6726 × 10 kg , it is easier to compare this mass with that of an electron , given below . The order of magnitude of the ratio of the masses can be obtained by comparing the exponents instead of the more error - prone task of counting the leading zeros . In this case , − 27 is larger than − 31 and therefore the proton is roughly four orders of magnitude ( 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10,000 times ) more massive than the electron . Scientific notation also avoids misunderstandings due to regional differences in certain quantifiers , such as billion , which might indicate either 10 or 10 . In physics and astrophysics , the number of orders of magnitude between two numbers is sometimes referred to as `` dex '' , a contraction of `` decimal exponent '' . For instance , if two numbers are within 1 dex of each other , then the ratio of the larger to the smaller number is less than 10 . Fractional values can be used , so if within 0.5 dex , the ratio is less than 10 , and so on . Use of spaces ( edit ) In normalized scientific notation , in E-notation , and in engineering notation , the space ( which in typesetting may be represented by a normal width space or a thin space ) that is allowed only before and after `` × '' or in front of `` E '' is sometimes omitted , though it is less common to do so before the alphabetical character . Further examples of scientific notation ( edit ) An electron 's mass is about 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 910 938 356 kg . In scientific notation , this is written 6969910938355999999 ♠ 9.109 383 56 × 10 kg ( in SI units ) . The Earth 's mass is about 5972400000000000000000000 kg . In scientific notation , this is written 7024597240000000000 ♠ 5.9724 × 10 kg . The Earth 's circumference is approximately 40 000 000 m . In scientific notation , this is 7007400000000000000 ♠ 4 × 10 m . In engineering notation , this is written 7007400000000000000 ♠ 40 × 10 m . In SI writing style , this may be written `` 7007400000000000000 ♠ 40 Mm '' ( 40 megameters ) . An inch is defined as exactly 25.4 mm . Quoting a value of 25.400 mm shows that the value is correct to the nearest micrometer . An approximated value with only two significant digits would be 6998250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 × 10 mm instead . As there is no limit to the number of significant digits , the length of an inch could , if required , be written as ( say ) 6998254000000000000 ♠ 2.540 000 000 00 × 10 mm instead . Converting numbers ( edit ) Converting a number in these cases means to either convert the number into scientific notation form , convert it back into decimal form or to change the exponent part of the equation . None of these alter the actual number , only how it 's expressed . Decimal to scientific ( edit ) First , move the decimal separator point sufficient places , n , to put the number 's value within a desired range , between 1 and 10 for normalized notation . If the decimal was moved to the left , append `` × 10 '' ; to the right , `` × 10 '' . To represent the number 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1,230,400 in normalized scientific notation , the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to the left and `` × 10 '' appended , resulting in 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1.2304 × 10 . The number 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 0.004 0321 would have its decimal separator shifted 3 digits to the right instead of the left and yield 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 4.0321 × 10 as a result . Scientific to decimal ( edit ) Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation , first remove the × 10 on the end , then shift the decimal separator n digits to the right ( positive n ) or left ( negative n ) . The number 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1.2304 × 10 would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 7006123040000000000 ♠ 1,230,400 , while 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 4.0321 × 10 would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to the left and be 3002596790000000000 ♠ − 0.004 0321 . Exponential ( edit ) Conversion between different scientific notation representations of the same number with different exponential values is achieved by performing opposite operations of multiplication or division by a power of ten on the significand and an subtraction or addition of one on the exponent part . The decimal separator in the significand is shifted x places to the left ( or right ) and x is added to ( or subtracted from ) the exponent , as shown below . 7003123400000000000 ♠ 1.234 × 10 = 7003123400000000000 ♠ 12.34 × 10 = 7003123400000000000 ♠ 123.4 × 10 = 1234 BASIC operations ( edit ) Given two numbers in scientific notation , x 0 = m 0 × 10 n 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) = m_ ( 0 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) ) ) and x 1 = m 1 × 10 n 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 1 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 1 ) ) ) Multiplication and division are performed using the rules for operation with exponentiation : x 0 x 1 = m 0 m 1 × 10 n 0 + n 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) x_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 0 ) m_ ( 1 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) + n_ ( 1 ) ) ) and x 0 x 1 = m 0 m 1 × 10 n 0 − n 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( x_ ( 0 ) ) ( x_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( m_ ( 0 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) - n_ ( 1 ) ) ) Some examples are : 5.67 × 10 − 5 × 2.34 × 10 2 ≈ 13.3 × 10 − 5 + 2 = 13.3 × 10 − 3 = 1.33 × 10 − 2 ( \ displaystyle 5.67 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) \ times 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( 2 ) \ approx 13.3 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 + 2 ) = 13.3 \ times 10 ^ ( - 3 ) = 1.33 \ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) ) and 2.34 × 10 2 5.67 × 10 − 5 ≈ 0.413 × 10 2 − ( − 5 ) = 0.413 × 10 7 = 4.13 × 10 6 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5.67 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) ) \ approx 0.413 \ times 10 ^ ( 2 - ( - 5 ) ) = 0.413 \ times 10 ^ ( 7 ) = 4.13 \ times 10 ^ ( 6 ) ) Addition and subtraction require the numbers to be represented using the same exponential part , so that the significand can be simply added or subtracted : x 0 = m 0 × 10 n 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) = m_ ( 0 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) ) ) and x 1 = m 1 × 10 n 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 1 ) = m_ ( 1 ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 1 ) ) ) with n 0 = n 1 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) = n_ ( 1 ) ) Next , add or subtract the significands : x 0 ± x 1 = ( m 0 ± m 1 ) × 10 n 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) \ pm x_ ( 1 ) = ( m_ ( 0 ) \ pm m_ ( 1 ) ) \ times 10 ^ ( n_ ( 0 ) ) ) An example : 2.34 × 10 − 5 + 5.67 × 10 − 6 = 2.34 × 10 − 5 + 0.567 × 10 − 5 = 2.907 × 10 − 5 ( \ displaystyle 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) + 5.67 \ times 10 ^ ( - 6 ) = 2.34 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) + 0.567 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) = 2.907 \ times 10 ^ ( - 5 ) ) Other bases ( edit ) While base ten is normally used for scientific notation , powers of other bases can be used too , base 2 being the next most commonly used one . For example , in base - 2 scientific notation , the number 1001 in binary ( = 9 ) is written as 1.001 × 2 or 1.001 × 10 using binary numbers ( or shorter 1.001 × 10 if binary context is obvious ) . In E-notation , this is written as 1.001 E11 ( or shorter : 1.001 E11 ) with the letter E now standing for `` times two ( 10 ) to the power '' here . In order to better distinguish this base - 2 exponent from a base - 10 exponent , a base - 2 exponent is sometimes also indicated by using the letter B instead of E , a shorthand notation originally proposed by Bruce Alan Martin of Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1968 , as in 1.001 B11 ( or shorter : 1.001 B11 ) . For comparison , the same number in decimal representation : 1.125 × 2 ( using decimal representation ) , or 1.125 B3 ( still using decimal representation ) . Some calculators use a mixed representation for binary floating point numbers , where the exponent is displayed as decimal number even in binary mode , so the above becomes 1.001 × 10 or shorter 1.001 B3 . This is closely related to the base - 2 floating - point representation commonly used in computer arithmetic , and the usage of IEC binary prefixes ( e.g. 1B10 for 1 × 2 ( kibi ) , 1B20 for 1 × 2 ( mebi ) , 1B30 for 1 × 2 ( gibi ) , 1B40 for 1 × 2 ( tebi ) ) . Similar to B ( or b ) , the letters H ( or h ) and O ( or o , or C ) are sometimes also used to indicate times 16 or 8 to the power as in 1.25 = 1.40 × 10 = 1.40 H0 = 1.40 h0 , or 98000 = 2.7732 × 10 = 2.7732 o5 = 2.7732 C5 . Another similar convention to denote base - 2 exponents is using a letter P ( or p , for `` power '' ) . In this notation the significand is always meant to be hexadecimal , whereas the exponent is always meant to be decimal . This notation can be produced by implementations of the printf family of functions following the C99 specification and ( Single Unix Specification ) IEEE Std 1003.1 POSIX standard , when using the % a or % A conversion specifiers . Starting with C + + 11 , C++ I / O functions could parse and print the P - notation as well . Meanwhile , the notation has been fully adopted by the language standard since C + + 17 . Apple 's Swift supports it as well . It is also required by the IEEE 754 - 2008 binary floating - point standard . Example : 1.3 DEp42 represents 1.3 DE × 2 . Engineering notation can be viewed as a base - 1000 scientific notation . See also ( edit ) Binary prefix Variable scientific notation Engineering notation Floating point ISO 31 - 0 ISO 31 - 11 Significant figure Suzhou numerals are written with order of magnitude and unit of measurement below the significand Letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yadin , Aharon ( 2016 ) , Computer Systems Architecture , Chapman & Hall / CRC Textbooks in Computing , CRC Press , p. 68 − 69 , ISBN 1482231069 . Jump up ^ `` CODATA Value : Elementary charge e '' . CODATA 2014 : The NIST Reference on Constants , Units , and Uncertainty : Fundamental Physical Constants . NIST. 2014 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Edwards , John ( 2009 ) , Submission Guidelines for Authors : HPS 2010 Midyear Proceedings ( PDF ) , McLean , Virginia : Health Physics Society , p. 5 , retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Primitive Data Types ( The Java Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Language Basics ) '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Jim ( January 1976 ) . Nelson , Richard J. , ed. `` unknown '' . 65 Notes . 3 ( 1 ) : 4 . V3N1P4 . Jump up ^ Vanderburgh , Richard C. , ed . ( November 1976 ) . `` Decapower '' ( PDF ) . 52 - Notes - Newsletter of the SR - 52 Users Club . Dayton , Ohio , USA . 1 ( 6 ) : 1 . V1N6P1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 28 . Decapower - In the January 1976 issue of 65 - Notes ( V3N1p4 ) Jim Davidson ( HP - 65 Users Club member # 547 ) suggested the term `` decapower '' as a descriptor for the power - of - ten multiplier used in scientific notation displays . I 'm going to begin using it in place of `` exponent '' which is technically incorrect , and the letter D to separate the `` mantissa '' from the decapower for typewritten numbers , as Jim also suggests . For example , 123 ( sic ) which is displayed in scientific notation as 1.23 - 43 will now be written 1.23 D - 43 . Perhaps , as this notation gets more and more usage , the calculator manufacturers will change their keyboard abbreviations . HP 's EEX and TI 's EE could be changed to ED ( for enter decapower ) . ( 1 ) ( NB . The term decapower was frequently used in subsequent issues of this newsletter up to at least 1978 . ) Jump up ^ `` UH Mānoa Mathematics '' Fortran lesson 3 : Format , Write , etc. `` . Math.hawaii.edu. 2012 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC - 1280 Bedienungsanleitung ( SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - 1280 Operation Manual ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Sharp Corporation . 1987 . pp. 56 -- 60 . 7M 0.8 - I ( TINSG1123ECZZ ) ( 3 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC - 1475 Bedienungsanleitung ( SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - 1475 Operation Manual ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Sharp Corporation . 1987 . pp. 105 -- 108 , 131 -- 134 , 370 , 375 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - E500 Operation Manual . Sharp Corporation . 1989 . 9G1KS ( TINSE1189ECZZ ) . Jump up ^ SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC - E500S Bedienungsanleitung ( SHARP Pocket Computer Model PC - E500S Operation Manual ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Sharp Corporation . 1995 . 6J3KS ( TINSG1223ECZZ ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ 電 言 板 5 PC - 1490UII PROGRAM LIBRARY ( in Japanese ) . 5 . University Co-op. 1991 . ( NB . University Co-operative ) Jump up ^ 電 言 板 6 PC - U6000 PROGRAM LIBRARY ( in Japanese ) . 6 . University Co-op. 1993 . ( NB . University Co-operative ) Jump up ^ Naur , Peter , ed. ( 1960 ) . Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60 . Copenhagen . Jump up ^ http://i.stanford.edu/pub/cstr/reports/cs/tr/68/86/CS-TR-68-86.pdf Jump up ^ `` Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68 '' . September 1973 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard Jump up ^ http://education.ti.com/downloads/guidebooks/sdk/83p/sdk83pguide.pdf Jump up ^ `` SIMULA standard as defined by the SIMULA Standards Group - 3.1 Numbers '' . August 1986 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Samples of usage of terminology and variants : ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Mohr , Peter J. ; Newell , David B. ; Taylor , Barry N. ( July -- September 2016 ) . `` CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants : 2014 '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 88 ( 3 ) : 035009 . arXiv : 1507.07956 . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.035009 . Jump up ^ Luzum , Brian ; Capitaine , Nicole ; Fienga , Agnès ; Folkner , William ; Fukushima , Toshio ; Hilton , James ; Hohenkerk , Catherine ; Krasinsky , George ; Petit , Gérard ; Pitjeva , Elena ; Soffel , Michael ; Wallace , Patrick ( August 2011 ) . `` The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants : The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 110 ( 4 ) : 293 -- 304 . Bibcode : 2011CeMDA. 110 ... 293L . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 011 - 9352 - 4 . Jump up ^ Various ( 2000 ) . Lide , David R. , ed . Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 81st ed . ) . CRC . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0481 - 4 . Jump up ^ electronic hexadecimal calculator / converter SR - 22 ( PDF ) ( Revision A ed . ) . Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1974 . p. 7 . 1304 - 389 Rev A. Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . ( NB . This calculator supports floating point numbers in scientific notation in bases 8 , 10 and 16 . ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Jake ; Grevelle , Rick ( 2003 - 10 - 20 ) ( 1993 ) . HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48S / SX. 1.20 ( 1 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ( NB . This library also works on the HP 48G / GX / G+ . Beyond the feature set of the HP - 16C , this package also supports calculations for binary , octal , and hexadecimal floating - point numbers in scientific notation in addition to the usual decimal floating - point numbers . ) Jump up ^ Martin , Bruce Alan ( October 1968 ) . `` Letters to the editor : On binary notation '' . Communications of the ACM . Associated Universities Inc. 11 ( 10 ) : 658 . doi : 10.1145 / 364096.364107 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Jake ; Grevelle , Rick ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) . HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48 - Addendum to the Operator 's Manual . 1.20 ( 1 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rationale for International Standard - Programming Languages - C '' ( PDF ) . 5.10. April 2003 . pp. 52 , 153 -- 154 , 159 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ The IEEE and The Open Group ( 2013 ) ( 2001 ) . `` dprintf , fprintf , printf , snprintf , sprintf - print formatted output '' . The Open Group Base Specifications ( Issue 7 , IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2013 ed . ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Beebe , Nelson H.F. ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . The Mathematical - Function Computation Handbook - Programming Using the MathCW Portable Software Library ( 1 ed . ) . Salt Lake City , UT , USA : Springer International Publishing AG . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 64109 - 6 . LCCN 2017947446 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 64110 - 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` floating point literal '' . cppreference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . The hexadecimal floating - point literals were not part of C++ until C + + 17 , although they can be parsed and printed by the I / O functions since C + + 11 : both C++ I / O streams when std : : hexfloat is enabled and the CI / O streams : std : : printf , std : : scanf , etc . See std : : strtof for the format description . Jump up ^ `` The Swift Programming Language ( Swift 3.0. 1 ) '' . Guides and Sample Code : Developer : Language Reference . Apple Corporation . Lexical Structure . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Look up scientific notation in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Decimal to Scientific Notation Converter Scientific Notation to Decimal Converter Scientific Notation in Everyday Life An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation Scientific Notation Converter Scientific Notation chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC free ebook and Lessons In Electric Circuits series . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scientific_notation&oldid=799301362 '' Categories : Numeral systems Measurement Notation Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which means 6 less than 5 times a number is 4 more than 3 times that number | [] | [] |
-6199580417165294774 | Epidermis | Epidermis - wikipedia Epidermis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about human skin . For the outer layer of cells in plants , see Epidermis ( botany ) . For other uses , see Epidermis ( disambiguation ) . Epidermis Histologic image of epidermis , delimited by white bar . Histologic image detailing epidermal layers . Stratum corneum appears more compact in this image than above because of different sample preparation . Details Identifiers Latin Epidermis Code TH H3. 12.00. 1.01001 TA A16. 0.00. 009 TH H3. 12.00. 1.01001 FMA 70596 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The epidermis ( ἐπί epi in Greek meaning `` over '' or `` upon '' ) is the outer layer of the two layers that make up the skin ( or cutis ; Greek δέρμα derma ) , the inner layer being the dermis . This skin layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss ( TEWL ) . The outermost part of the epidermis is composed of stratified layers of flattened cells , that overlies a basal layer ( stratum basale ) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly . The rows of cells develop from the stem cells in the basal layer . ENaCs are found to be expressed in all layers of the epidermis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cellular components 1.2 Cell junctions 1.3 Layers 1.4 Cellular kinetics 1.4. 1 Cell division 1.4. 2 Calcium concentration 1.5 Development 2 Function 2.1 Barrier 2.1. 1 Characteristics of the barrier 2.1. 2 Factors that alter the barrier 2.2 Skin hydration 2.3 Skin color 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References Structure ( edit ) Cellular components ( edit ) The epidermis has no blood supply and is nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air . It is 95 % keratinocytes ( proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal ) but also contains melanocytes , Langerhans cells , Merkel cells , and inflammatory cells . Rete ridges ( or rete pegs ) are epidermal thickenings that extend downward between dermal papillae . Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis , and are linked to an arteriole and a venule . Cell junctions ( edit ) In the epidermis , the cells are tightly interconnected to serve as a tight barrier . The junctions between the epidermal cells is adherens junction type . These junctions are formed by transmembrane proteins called cadherins . Inside the cell , the cadherins are linked to actin filaments . In immunofluorescence microscopy , the actin filament network appears as a thick border surrounding the cells . Yet , as noted , the actin filaments are located inside the cell and run parallel to the cell membrane . Because of the proximity of the neighboring cells and tightness of the junctions , the actin immunofluorescence appears as a border between cells . Layers ( edit ) Schematic image showing a section of epidermis with epidermal layers labeled . The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered . Those layers in descending order are : cornified layer ( stratum corneum ) Confocal image of the stratum corneum Composed of 10 to 30 layers of polyhedral , anucleated corneocytes ( final step of keratinocyte differentiation ) , with the palms and soles having the most layers . Corneocytes are surrounded by a protein envelope ( cornified envelope proteins ) , filled with water - retaining keratin proteins , attached together through corneodesmosomes and surrounded in the extracellular space by stacked layers of lipids . Most of the barrier functions of the epidermis localize to this layer . clear / translucent layer ( stratum lucidum , only in palms and soles ) The skin found in the palms and soles is known as `` thick skin '' because it has 5 epidermal layers instead of 4 . granular layer ( stratum granulosum ) Confocal image of the stratum granulosum Keratinocytes lose their nuclei and their cytoplasm appears granular . Lipids , contained into those keratinocytes within lamellar bodies , are released into the extracellular space through exocytosis to form a lipid barrier . Those polar lipids are then converted into non-polar lipids and arranged parallel to the cell surface . For example glycosphingolipids become ceramides and phospholipids become free fatty acids . spinous layer ( stratum spinosum ) Confocal image of the stratum spinosum already showing some clulsters of basal cells Keratinocytes become connected through desmosomes and start produce lamellar bodies , from within the Golgi , enriched in polar lipids , glycosphingolipids , free sterols , phospholipids and catabolic enzymes . Langerhans cells , immunologically active cells , are located in the middle of this layer . basal / germinal layer ( stratum basale / germinativum ) . Confocal image of the stratum basale already showing some papillae Composed mainly of proliferating and non-proliferating keratinocytes , attached to the basement membrane by hemidesmosomes . Melanocytes are present , connected to numerous keratinocytes in this and other strata through dendrites . Merkel cells are also found in the stratum basale with large numbers in touch - sensitive sites such as the fingertips and lips . They are closely associated with cutaneous nerves and seem to be involved in light touch sensation . The Malpighian layer ( stratum malpighi ) is both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum . The epidermis is separated from the dermis , its underlying tissue , by a basement membrane . Cellular kinetics ( edit ) Cell division ( edit ) The stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale . Differentiating cell delaminate from the basement membrane and are displaced outwards through the epidermal layers , undergoing multiple stages of differentiation until , in the stratum corneum , losing their nucleus and fusing to squamous sheets , which are eventually shed from the surface ( desquamation ) . Differentiated keratinocytes secrete keratin proteins which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and is an integral part of the skin barrier function . In normal skin , the rate of keratinocyte production equals the rate of loss , taking about two weeks for a cell to journey from the stratum basale to the top of the stratum granulosum , and an additional four weeks to cross the stratum corneum . The entire epidermis is replaced by new cell growth over a period of about 48 days . Calcium concentration ( edit ) Keratinocyte differentiation throughout the epidermis is in part mediated by a calcium gradient , increasing from the stratum basale until the outer stratum granulosum , where it reaches its maximum , and decreasing in the stratum corneum . Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very low in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions . This calcium gradient parallels keratinocyte differentiation and as such is considered a key regulator in the formation of the epidermal layers . Elevation of extracellular calcium concentrations induces an increase in intracellular free calcium concentrations . Part of that intracellular increase comes from calcium released from intracellular stores and another part comes from transmembrane calcium influx , through both calcium - sensitive chloride channels and voltage - independent cation channels permeable to calcium . Moreover , it has been suggested that an extracellular calcium - sensing receptor ( CaSR ) also contributes to the rise in intracellular calcium concentration . Development ( edit ) Epidermal organogenesis , the formation of the epidermis , begins in the cells covering the embryo after neurulation , the formation of the central nervous system . In most vertebrates , this original one - layered structure quickly transforms into a two - layered tissue ; a temporary outer layer , the periderm , which is disposed once the inner basal layer or stratum germinativum has formed . This inner layer is a germinal epithelium that give rise to all epidermal cells . It divides to form the outer spinous layer ( stratum spinosum ) . The cells of these two layers , together called the Malpighian layer ( s ) after Marcello Malpighi , divide to form the superficial granular layer ( Stratum granulosum ) of the epidermis . The cells in the stratum granulosum do not divide , but instead form skin cells called keratinocytes from the granules of keratin . These skin cells finally become the cornified layer ( stratum corneum ) , the outermost epidermal layer , where the cells become flattened sacks with their nuclei located at one end of the cell . After birth these outermost cells are replaced by new cells from the stratum granulosum and throughout life they are shed at a rate of 0.001 - 0.003 ounces of skin flakes every hour , or 0.024 - 0.072 ounces per day . Epidermal development is a product of several growth factors , two of which are : Transforming growth factor Alpha ( TGFα ) is an autocrine growth factor by which basal cells stimulate their own division . Keratinocyte growth factor ( KGF or FGF7 ) is a paracrine growth factor produced by the underlying dermal fibroblasts in which the proliferation of basal cells is regulated . Function ( edit ) Barrier ( edit ) The epidermis serves as a barrier to protect the body against microbial pathogens , oxidant stress ( UV light ) and chemical compounds and provides mechanical resistance . Most of that function is played by the stratum corneum . Characteristics of the barrier ( edit ) Physical barrier through keratinocytes attached together via cell -- cell junctions and associated to cytoskeletal proteins , which gives the epidermis its mechanical strength . Chemical barrier through the presence of highly organized lipids , acids , hydrolytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides . Immunologically active barrier through humoral and cellular constituents of the immune system . Water content of the stratum corneum drops towards the surface , creating hostile conditions for pathogenic microorganism growth . An acidic pH ( around 5.0 ) and low amounts of water make it hostile to many microorganic pathogens . The presence of non-pathogenic microorganism on the epidermis surface help defend against pathogenic one by limiting food availability and through chemical secretions . Factors that alter the barrier ( edit ) Psychological stress , through an increase in glucocorticoids , compromises the stratum corneum and thus the barrier function . Sudden and large shifts in humidity alter stratum corneum hydration in a way that could allow entry of pathogenic microorganisms . Skin hydration ( edit ) The ability of the skin to hold water is primarily due to the stratum corneum and is critical for maintaining healthy skin . Lipids arranged through a gradient and in an organized manner between the cells of the stratum corneum form a barrier to transepidermal water loss . Skin color ( edit ) The amount and distribution of melanin pigment in the epidermis is the main reason for variation in skin color in Homo sapiens . Melanin is found in the small melanosomes , particles formed in melanocytes from where they are transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes . The size , number , and arrangement of the melanosomes varies between racial groups , but while the number of melanocytes can vary between different body regions , their numbers remain the same in individual body regions in all human beings . In white and Asian skin the melanosomes are packed in `` aggregates '' , but in black skin they are larger and distributed more evenly . The number of melanosomes in the keratinocytes increases with UV radiation exposure , while their distribution remain largely unaffected . Clinical significance ( edit ) For a comprehensive list , see List of cutaneous conditions . Laboratory culture of keratinocytes to form a 3D structure ( artificial skin ) recapitulating most of the properties of the epidermis is routinely used as a tool for drug development and testing . Additional images ( edit ) Epidermis and dermis of human skin Cross-section of all skin layers Illustration of epidermal layers Optical coherence tomography of fingertip See also ( edit ) Skin repair References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , James G ; Miller , Jeffery ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Proksch , E. ; Brandner , J. ; Jensen , J.M. ( 2008 ) . `` The skin : an indispensable barrier '' . Experimental Dermatology. 17 ( 12 ) : 1063 -- 1072 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0625.2008. 00786. x . PMID 19043850 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , J.A. ; Eady , R.A. ; Pope , F.M. ( 2004 ) . Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology ( 7th ed . ) . Blackwell Publishing . pp. 3.1 -- 3.6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 06429 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu I , Boggula VR , Vaknine H , Sharma S , Kleyman T , Hanukoglu A ( January 2017 ) . `` Expression of epithelial sodium channel ( ENaC ) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 147 ( 6 ) : 733 -- 748 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 016 - 1535 - 3 . PMID 28130590 . Jump up ^ Stücker , M ; Struk , A ; Altmeyer , P ; Herde , M ; Baumgärtl , H ; Lübbers , DW ( 2002 ) . `` The cutaneous uptake of atmospheric oxygen contributes significantly to the oxygen supply of human dermis and epidermis '' . The Journal of Physiology. 538 ( 3 ) : 985 -- 994 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2001.013067 . PMC 2290093 . PMID 11826181 . Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > rete ridge Citing : The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007 , 2004 Jump up ^ The Ageing Skin - Structure ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Elias , P.M. ( 2007 ) . `` The skin barrier as an innate immune element '' . Seminars in Immunopathology. 29 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . doi : 10.1007 / s00281 - 007 - 0060 - 9 . PMID 17621950 . Jump up ^ Iizuka , Hajime ( 1994 ) . `` Epidermal turnover time '' . Journal of Dermatological Science . 8 ( 3 ) : 215 -- 217 . doi : 10.1016 / 0923 - 1811 ( 94 ) 90057 - 4 . PMID 7865480 . Jump up ^ Hennings , H ; Kruszewski , FH ; Yuspa , SH ; Tucker , RW ( 1989 ) . `` Intracellular calcium alterations in response to increased external calcium in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes '' . Carcinogenesis. 10 ( 4 ) : 777 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / 10.4. 777 . PMID 2702726 . Jump up ^ Pillai , S ; Bikle , DD ( 1991 ) . `` Role of intracellular - free calcium in the cornified envelope formation of keratinocytes : Differences in the mode of action of extracellular calcium and 1 , 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 '' . Journal of cellular physiology. 146 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 100 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041460113 . PMID 1990023 . Jump up ^ Reiss , M ; Lipsey , LR ; Zhou , ZL ( 1991 ) . `` Extracellular calcium - dependent regulation of transmembrane calcium fluxes in murine keratinocytes '' . Journal of cellular physiology. 147 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 91 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041470213 . PMID 1645742 . Jump up ^ Mauro , TM ; Pappone , PA ; Isseroff , RR ( 1990 ) . `` Extracellular calcium affects the membrane currents of cultured human keratinocytes '' . Journal of cellular physiology. 143 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 20 . doi : 10.1002 / jcp. 1041430103 . PMID 1690740 . Jump up ^ Mauro , TM ; Isseroff , RR ; Lasarow , R ; Pappone , PA ( 1993 ) . `` Ion channels are linked to differentiation in keratinocytes '' . The Journal of membrane biology . 132 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00235738 . PMID 7684087 . Jump up ^ Tu , CL ; Oda , Y ; Bikle , DD ( 1999 ) . `` Effects of a calcium receptor activator on the cellular response to calcium in human keratinocytes '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 113 ( 3 ) : 340 -- 5 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1747.1999. 00698. x . PMID 10469331 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Scott F ( 2000 ) . `` The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures '' . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 243 - 7 . Jump up ^ Weschler , Charles J. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Squalene and Cholesterol in Dust from Danish Homes and Daycare Centers '' . Environ . Sci. Technol. 45 : 3872 -- 3879 . doi : 10.1021 / es103894r . PMID 21476540 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Denda , M. ; Tsuchiya , T. ; Elias , P.M. ; Feingold , K.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Stress alters cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis '' . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 278 ( 2 ) : R367 -- 372 . PMID 10666137 . Jump up ^ `` Metabolic Approaches To Enhance Transdermal Drug Delivery . 1 . Effect of Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 85 : 643 -- 648 . doi : 10.1021 / js950219p . Jump up ^ Blank , IH ( 1952 ) . `` Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 18 ( 6 ) : 433 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1952.52 . PMID 14938659 . Jump up ^ Downing , DT ; Stewart , ME ; Wertz , PW ; Colton , SW ; Abraham , W ; Strauss , JS ( 1987 ) . `` Skin lipids : An update '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 88 ( 3 Suppl ) : 2s -- 6s . doi : 10.1111 / 1523 - 1747. ep12468850 . PMID 2950180 . Jump up ^ Bonté , F ; Saunois , A ; Pinguet , P ; Meybeck , A ( 1997 ) . `` Existence of a lipid gradient in the upper stratum corneum and its possible biological significance '' . Archives of dermatological research . 289 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s004030050158 . PMID 9049040 . Jump up ^ Montagna , William ; Prota , Giuseppe ; Kenney , John A. ( 1993 ) . Black skin : structure and function . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 505260 - X . ( hide ) Skin and related structures Skin Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Basal keratinocyte Lamina lucida Lamina densa Dermis Papillary Dermal papillae Reticular Subcutaneous tissue Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus Panniculus carnosus ) Membranous layer Loose connective tissue Superficial fascia Adnexa Skin glands Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland Eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous Hair Root sheath Outer root sheath Inner root sheath Henle 's layer Huxley 's layer Hair shaft Cuticle Cortex Medulla Bulb with matrix cells Hair follicle Muscle Arrector pili muscle Pilosebaceous unit Hair sebaceous gland Nail Nail matrix Nail plate Lunula Eponychium Paronychium Hyponychium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidermis&oldid=812407638 '' Categories : Skin anatomy Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 18 : 24 . 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3165989951257495821 | The Lord of the Rings (film series) | The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series released in 2001 to 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair ( The Two Towers ) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis ( See below ) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen ( The Two Towers ) Jamie Selkirk ( The Return of the King ) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) 18 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Two Towers ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( The Return of the King ) Running time 558 minutes ( theatrical edition length ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281 million Box office $2.917 billion The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing Schindler 's List , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315,544,750 $555,985,574 $871,530,324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93,000,000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342,551,365 $583,495,746 $926,047,111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94,000,000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377,845,905 $742,083,616 $1,119,929,521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94,000,000 Total $1,035,942,020 $1,881,564,936 $2,917,506,956 $281,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 95 % , and 93 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 87 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 227 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 93 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 269 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . 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Last retrieved 16 September 2006 '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Rings Movies -- Complete List of Film Changes -- Overview -- The Hobbit , The Lord of the Rings , and Tolkien -- The One Ring -- The Home of Tolkien Online '' . Theonering.com . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Arda '' . Glyphweb.com . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bratman , David ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Summa Jacksonica : A Reply to Defenses of Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings films , after St. Thomas Aquinas '' . In Croft , Janet Brennan . Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings . Altadena : Mythopoeic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 887726 - 09 - 2 . It 's Jackson 's vision , not Tolkien 's ... The perfect film would have been 40 hours long . Jump up ^ Kellner , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings as Allegory : A Multiperspectivist Reading '' . In Matthijs , Ernest ; Pomerance , Murray . From Hobbits to Hollywood : Essays on Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings . Amsterdam : Editions Rodopi . pp. 21 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1682 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Kristin ( 2006 ) . `` Tolkien on Film : Essays on Peter Jackson 's ' The Lord of the Rings ' ( review ) '' . Tolkien Studies . 3 : 222 -- 228 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2006.0035 . ^ Jump up to : Rérolle , Raphaëlle ( 5 July 2012 ) . `` Tolkien , l'anneau de la discorde '' . Le Monde . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . Ils ont éviscéré le livre , en en faisant un film d'action pour les 15 -- 25 ans . Et il paraît que Le Hobbit sera du même acabit . ( ... ) Tolkien est devenu un monstre , dévoré par sa popularité et absorbé par l'absurdité de l'époque . Le fossé qui s'est creusé entre la beauté , le sérieux de l'œuvre , et ce qu'elle est devenue , tout cela me dépasse . Un tel degré de commercialisation réduit à rien la portée esthétique et philosophique de cette création . Il ne me reste qu'une seule solution : tourner la tête . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( 16 November 2003 ) . `` Lord of the Gold Ring '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Feud over ' Rings ' movie splits Tolkien family '' . The New Zealand Herald . 3 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's son denies rift '' . BBC News . 7 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` My Father 's `` Eviscerated '' `` . Worldcrunch.com. 5 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZer of the year : Peter Jackson '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 December 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Tourism in New Zealand '' . Archived from the original on 20 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand , Home of Middle - earth '' . The New Zealand Herald . Archived from the original on 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hopkins ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` New Zealand actors settle out of court with New Line '' . TheOneRing.net . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' : Peace in Middle - Earth ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` J.R.R. Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit Worldwide Release Dates '' . thehobbit.com . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 31 August 2012 ) . `` Third ' Hobbit ' Film Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lord of the Rings ( movies ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=833031153 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 08 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the order of the lord of the rings | [
"The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema.",
"The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema.",
"The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema."
] | [
"The Fellowship of the Ring",
"The Two Towers",
"The Return of the King"
] |
-413730386500101921 | Liberation of Paris | Liberation of Paris - wikipedia Liberation of Paris Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Paris newspaper Libération . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ~ Liberation of Paris and Belgium Part of Operation Overlord of World War II Parisians line the Champs Élysées as French 2e DB armor rolls down the avenue from the Arc de Triomphe toward Place de la Concorde on 26 August Date 19 -- 25 August 1944 Location Paris and outskirts , France Result Allied victory Capture and liberation of Paris Paris made capital of the re-established Provisional Government of the French Republic Belligerents France United States Spanish republicans Germany Commanders and leaders Charles de Gaulle Philippe Leclerc Dietrich von Choltitz Units involved 2nd Armored Division Régiment de marche du Tchad French Forces of the Interior 325th Security Division Casualties and losses French Resistance : 1,600 dead Free French Forces : 130 dead 319 wounded United States : Unknown 3,200 dead 12,800 prisoners Free French military campaigns of World War II Dakar Gabon Keren Exporter Kufra Bir Hakeim Run for Tunis Torch Réunion Tunisia Husky Corsica Monte Cassino Glières Ist Mont Mouchet Overlord Elba Saint - Marcel Vercors Dragoon Marseilles Paris Strasbourg Nordwind Colmar Pocket Authion Indochina ( 1945 ) Crimson French Liberation Army I Armée Army of Africa I Corps XIX Corps 1re DFL 1reDB 2e DB 5e DB 3e DIA 13e DBLE FFF FFI FEC FEFEO CLI SAS Résistance Free French Navy Free French Air Force Normandie - Niemen Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial Airborne Assault British Sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American Sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American Sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian Sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American Sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Saint - Lô Carentan Hill 30 Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian Sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge British logistics Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and Sea Operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries The Liberation of Paris ( also known as the Battle for Paris and Belgium ; French : Libération de Paris ) was a military action that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944 . Paris had been ruled by Nazi Germany since the signing of the Second Compiègne Armistice on 22 June 1940 , after which the Wehrmacht occupied northern and western France . The liberation began when the French Forces of the Interior -- the military structure of the French Resistance -- staged an uprising against the German garrison upon the approach of the US Third Army , led by General George Patton . On the night of 24 August , elements of General Philippe Leclerc 's 2nd French Armored Division made its way into Paris and arrived at the Hôtel de Ville shortly before midnight . The next morning , 25 August , the bulk of the 2nd Armored Division and US 4th Infantry Division entered the city . Dietrich von Choltitz , commander of the German garrison and the military governor of Paris , surrendered to the French at the Hôtel Meurice , the newly established French headquarters , while General Charles de Gaulle arrived to assume control of the city as head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 General strike ( 15 -- 19 August 1944 ) 1.2 FFI uprising ( 19 -- 23 August 1944 ) 1.3 Entrance of the Free French 2nd Armored Division and US 4th Infantry Division ( 24 -- 25 August ) 1.4 German surrender ( 25 August ) 1.5 De Gaulle 's speech ( 25 August ) 1.6 Victory parades ( 26 and 29 August ) 2 Aftermath 2.1 Participation of Spanish Republican exiles 2.2 War situation 2.3 AMGOT 2.4 National unity 2.5 World War II victor 2.6 Legal purge 2.7 `` Yesterday Strasbourg , tomorrow Saigon ... '' 2.8 60th and 70th anniversaries of the liberation 2.9 Homage to the liberation martyrs 3 La Libération de Paris 4 In popular culture 4.1 Postcards 4.2 Filmography 4.3 Other 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Operation Overlord Although the Allied strategy emphasized destroying German forces retreating towards the Rhine , the French Forces of the Interior ( the armed force of the French Resistance ) , led by Henri Rol - Tanguy , staged an uprising in Paris . General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Commander of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force , did not consider the liberation of Paris to be a primary objective . The goal of the U.S. and British Army was to destroy the German forces , and therefore end World War II in Europe , which would allow the Allies to concentrate all their efforts on the Pacific front . General Eisenhower stated that it was too early for an assault on Paris . He was aware that Adolf Hitler had ordered the German military to completely destroy Paris should the Allies attack . Paris was considered to have too great a value , culturally and historically , to risk its destruction . General Eisenhower was keen to avoid a drawn - out battle of attrition , such as the Battle of Stalingrad or the Siege of Leningrad . It was also estimated that , in the event of a siege , 4,000 short tons ( 3,600 t ) of food per day , as well as significant amounts of building materials , manpower , and engineering skill , would be required to feed the population after the liberation of Paris . Basic utilities would have to be restored , and transportation systems rebuilt . All these supplies were needed in other areas of the war effort . However , General Charles de Gaulle of the French Army , upon seeing the French Resistance had risen up against the German occupiers , and unwilling to allow his countrymen to be slaughtered as had happened to the Polish Resistance in the Warsaw Uprising , petitioned for an immediate frontal assault , threatening to detach the French 2nd Armored Division ( 2e DB ) and order them to single - handedly attack Paris , bypassing from the SHAEF chain of command , if Eisenhower delayed approval unduly . General strike ( 15 -- 19 August 1944 ) ( edit ) A truck painted with the marks of the FFI and the V for Victory On 15 August , in the northeastern suburb of Pantin , 1,654 men ( among them 168 captured Allied airmen ) , and 546 women , all political prisoners , were sent to the concentration camps of Buchenwald ( men ) and Ravensbrück ( women ) , on what was to be the last convoy to Germany . Pantin had been the area of Paris from which the Germans had entered the capital in June 1940 , That same day , employees of the Paris Métro , the Gendarmerie , and police went on strike ; postal workers followed the next day . They were soon joined by workers across the city , causing a general strike to break out on 18 August . On 16 August , 35 young FFI members were betrayed by an agent of the Gestapo . They had gone to a secret meeting near the grande cascade in the Bois de Boulogne and were gunned down there . On 17 August , concerned that the Germans were placing explosives at strategic points around the city , Pierre Taittinger , the chairman of the municipal council , met Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris . When Choltitz told them that he intended to slow the Allied advance as much as possible , Taittinger and Swedish consul Raoul Nordling attempted to persuade Choltitz not to destroy Paris . FFI uprising ( 19 -- 23 August 1944 ) ( edit ) Further information : French Forces of the Interior FFI uprising on 19 August . One skirmisher is wearing an Adrian helmet All over France , from the BBC and the Radiodiffusion nationale ( the Free French broadcaster ) the population knew of the Allies ' advance toward Paris after the end of the battle of Normandy . RN had been in the hands of the Vichy propaganda minister , Philippe Henriot , since November 1942 until de Gaulle took it over in the Ordonnance he signed in Algiers on 4 April 1944 ) , On 19 August , continuing their retreat eastwards , columns of German vehicles moved down the Champs Élysées . Posters calling citizens to arm had previously been pasted on walls by FFI members . These posters called for a general mobilization of the Parisians , arguing that `` the war continues '' ; they called on the Parisian police , the Republican Guard , the Gendarmerie , the Garde Mobile , the Groupe mobile de réserve ( the police units replacing the army ) , and patriotic Frenchmen ( `` all men from 18 to 50 able to carry a weapon '' ) to join `` the struggle against the invader '' . Other posters assured that `` victory is near '' and promised `` chastisement for the traitors '' , i.e. Vichy loyalists , and collaborators . The posters were signed by the `` Parisian Committee of the Liberation '' , in agreement with the Provisional Government of the French Republic , and under the orders of `` Regional Chief Colonel Rol '' ( Henri Rol - Tanguy ) , the commander of the French Forces of the Interior in the Île de France region . Then , the first skirmishes between the French and the German occupiers began . During the fighting , small mobile units of the Red Cross moved into the city to assist the French and Germans who were wounded . That same day in Pantin , a barge filled with mines exploded and destroyed the Great Windmills . A captured tank fires against a sniper 's position On 20 August , as barricades began to appear , Resistance fighters organized themselves to sustain a siege . Trucks were positioned , trees cut down , and trenches were dug in the pavement to free paving stones for consolidating the barricades . These materials were transported by men , women , and children using wooden carts . Fuel trucks were attacked and captured . Civilian vehicles were commandeered , painted with camouflage , and marked with the FFI emblem . The Resistance used them to transport ammunition and orders from one barricade to another . Skirmishes reached their peak on 22 August , when some German units tried to leave their fortifications . At 09 : 00 on 23 August , under Choltitz ' orders , the Germans opened fire on the Grand Palais , an FFI stronghold , and German tanks fired at the barricades in the streets . Hitler gave the order to inflict maximum damage on the city . It is estimated that between 800 and 1,000 Resistance fighters were killed during the battle for Paris , and another 1,500 wounded . Entrance of the Free French 2nd Armored Division and U.S. 4th Infantry Division ( 24 -- 25 August ) ( edit ) Further information : 2nd Armored Division ( France ) On 24 August , delayed by combat and poor roads , Free French General Leclerc , commander of the 2nd French Armored Division , disobeyed his direct superior , American corps commander Major General Leonard T. Gerow , and sent a vanguard ( the colonne Dronne ) to Paris , with the message that the entire division would be there the following day . The 9th Armored Company ( `` La Nueve '' ) , composed of Spanish soldiers , veterans of the Spanish Civil War , were equipped with American M4 Sherman tanks , halftracks and trucks . They were commanded by French Captain Raymond Dronne , who became the first uniformed Allied officer to enter Paris . At 9 : 22 p.m. on the night of August 24 , 1944 , the 9th Company broke into the center of Paris by the Porte d'Italie . Upon entering the town hall square , the half - track `` Ebro '' fired the first rounds at a large group of German fusiliers and machine guns . Civilians went out to the street and sang `` La Marseillaise '' . The leader of the 9th Company , Raymond Dronne , went to the command of the German general Dietrich von Choltitz to request the surrender . While awaiting the final capitulation , the 9th Company assaulted the Chamber of Deputies , the Hôtel Majestic and the Place de la Concorde . At 3 : 30 p.m. on August 25 , the German garrison of Paris surrendered and the Allies received Von Choltilz as a prisoner , while other French units also entered the capital . Near the end of the battle , Resistance groups brought Allied airmen and other troops hidden in suburban towns , such as Montlhéry , into central Paris . Here , they witnessed the ragged end of the capital 's occupation , de Gaulle 's triumphal arrival , and the claim of `` One France '' liberated by the Free French and the Resistance . Play media Film `` La Libération de Paris '' shot by the French Resistance The 2nd Armored Division suffered 71 killed and 225 wounded . Material losses included 35 tanks , six self - propelled guns , and 111 vehicles , `` a rather high ratio of losses for an armored division '' , according to historian Jacques Mordal . German surrender ( 25 August ) ( edit ) German soldiers at the Hôtel Majestic , headquarters for the Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich , the German High Military Command in France . They requested that they be made prisoner only by the military and surrendered to Battalion Chief Jacques Massu of the 2e DB . Despite repeated orders from Adolf Hitler that the French capital `` must not fall into the enemy 's hand except lying in complete debris '' , which was to be accomplished by bombing it and blowing up its bridges , Choltitz , as commander of the German garrison and military governor of Paris , surrendered on 25 August at the Hôtel Meurice , the newly established headquarters of General Leclerc . Choltitz was kept prisoner until April 1947 . In his memoir Brennt Paris ? ( `` Is Paris Burning ? '' ) , first published in 1950 , Choltitz describes himself as the saviour of Paris . In a 1964 interview , Choltitz claimed that he had refused to obey Hitler 's orders : `` If for the first time I had disobeyed , it was because I knew that Hitler was insane '' . According to a 2004 interview , which his son Timo gave to the French public channel France 2 , Choltitz disobeyed Hitler and personally allowed the Allies to take the city safely and rapidly , preventing the French Resistance from engaging in urban warfare that would have destroyed parts of the city . However , this version is seen as a `` falsification of history '' by communist and Resistance fighter Maurice Kriegel - Valrimont . In a 2004 interview , he described Choltitz as a man who `` for as long as he could , killed French people and , when he ceased to kill them , it was because he was not able to do so any longer '' . Kriegel - Valrimont argues `` not only do we owe him nothing , but this a shameless falsification of History , to award him any merit . '' The transcripts of telephone conversations between Choltitz and his superiors , which were found in the Bundesarchiv - Militärarchiv in Freiburg im Breisgau ( Baden - Württemberg ) , and analysed by German historians , support Kriegel - Valrimont 's theory . Also , Pierre Taittinger and Raoul Nordling claim it was they who convinced Choltitz not to destroy Paris as Hitler had ordered . In 1958 , Taittinger published ... et Paris ne fut pas détruit ( ... and Paris Was Not Destroyed ) describing the event , and was awarded the prix Broquette - Gonin from the Académie Française . De Gaulle 's speech ( 25 August ) ( edit ) American soldiers look at the French tricolour flying from the Eiffel Tower An AFPU photographer kisses a small child before cheering crowds in Paris , 26 August 1944 On 25 August , the same day that the Germans surrendered , Charles de Gaulle , President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic , moved back into the War Ministry on the Rue Saint - Dominique . He made a rousing speech to the crowd from the Hôtel de Ville . Why do you wish us to hide the emotion which seizes us all , men and women , who are here , at home , in Paris that stood up to liberate itself and that succeeded in doing this with its own hands ? No ! We will not hide this deep and sacred emotion . These are minutes which go beyond each of our poor lives . Paris ! Paris outraged ! Paris broken ! Paris martyred ! But Paris liberated ! Liberated by itself , liberated by its people with the help of the French armies , with the support and the help of all France , of the France that fights , of the only France , of the real France , of the eternal France ! Since the enemy which held Paris has capitulated into our hands , France returns to Paris , to her home . She returns bloody , but quite resolute . She returns there enlightened by the immense lesson , but more certain than ever of her duties and of her rights . I speak of her duties first , and I will sum them all up by saying that for now , it is a matter of the duties of war . The enemy is staggering , but he is not beaten yet . He remains on our soil . It will not even be enough that we have , with the help of our dear and admirable Allies , chased him from our home for us to consider ourselves satisfied after what has happened . We want to enter his territory as is fitting , as victors . This is why the French vanguard has entered Paris with guns blazing . This is why the great French army from Italy has landed in the south and is advancing rapidly up the Rhône valley . This is why our brave and dear Forces of the interior will arm themselves with modern weapons . It is for this revenge , this vengeance and justice , that we will keep fighting until the final day , until the day of total and complete victory . This duty of war , all the men who are here and all those who hear us in France know that it demands national unity . We , who have lived the greatest hours of our History , we have nothing else to wish than to show ourselves , up to the end , worthy of France . Long live France ! Victory parades ( 26 and 29 August ) ( edit ) The U.S. 28th Infantry Division on the Champs Élysées in the `` Victory Day '' parade on 29 August 1944 . The day after de Gaulle 's speech , Leclerc 's French 2nd Armored Division paraded down the Champs - Élysées . A few German snipers were still active , and ones from rooftops in the Hôtel de Crillon area shot at the crowd while de Gaulle marched down the Champs Élysées and entered the Place de la Concorde . General de Gaulle and his entourage proudly stroll down the Champs Élysées to Notre Dame Cathedral for a Te Deum ceremony following the city 's liberation on 25 August 1944 . On 29 August , the U.S. Army 's 28th Infantry Division , which had assembled in the Bois de Boulogne the previous night , paraded 24 - abreast up the Avenue Hoche to the Arc de Triomphe , then down the Champs Élysées . Joyous crowds greeted the Americans as the entire division , men and vehicles , marched through Paris `` on its way to assigned attack positions northeast of the French capital . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Participation of Spanish Republican exiles ( edit ) French historiography , given credence by most historians , had always avoided addressing the issue of participation by Spanish Republican exiles from the Spanish Civil War . However , in 2004 , the City of Paris paid public homage to their participation with the placement of a plaque in their memory . The plaque is on a wall along the River Seine at the Quai Henri IV , and was dedicated by Bertrand Delanoë , the mayor of Paris , on 24 August 2004 . Present were Javier Rojo , President of the Senate of Spain , and a delegation of Spanish politicians , who also later paid tribute to the Spanish survivors of the Liberation of Paris . War situation ( edit ) Although Paris was liberated , there was still heavy fighting elsewhere in France . Large portions of the country were still occupied after the successful Operation Dragoon in southern France , which extended into the south - western region of the Vosges Mountains from 15 August to 14 September 1944 . Fighting went on in Alsace and Lorraine in eastern France during the last months of 1944 until the early months of 1945 . AMGOT ( edit ) Further information : Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories General Omar Bradley , Dwight D. Eisenhower , General Marie - Pierre Kœnig and Air Marshal Arthur Tedder From the French point of view Paris liberated itself rather than being freed by the Allies -- a belief which de Gaulle outlined in his famous 25 August speech . As a result , so they believed , they escaped the fate of having a new constitution imposed by the Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories ( AMGOT ) , like those established in Germany and Japan in 1945 . The AMGOT administration for France was planned by the American Chief of Staff . However , de Gaulle 's opposition to Eisenhower 's strategy , which was namely moving to the east as soon as possible , bypassing Paris in order to reach Berlin before Joseph Stalin 's Red Army , led to the 2nd Armored Division 's attack toward Paris and the liberation of the French capital . An indication of the French AMGOT 's high status was the new French currency , called `` Flag Money '' ( monnaie drapeau ) , because it featured the French flag on its back . The notes had been printed in the United States , and were distributed as a replacement for Vichy currency , which had been used until June 1944 , up to and including the successful Operation Overlord in Normandy . However , after the liberation of Paris , this short - lived currency was forbidden by GPRF President Charles de Gaulle , who claimed that the US dollar standard notes were fake . National unity ( edit ) Further information : French Resistance The uprising in Paris gave the newly established Free French government and its president , Charles de Gaulle , enough prestige and authority to establish a provisional French Republic . This replaced the fallen Vichy State ( 1940 -- 1944 ) , and united the politically divided French Resistance , drawing Gaullists , nationalists , communists and anarchists into a new `` national unanimity '' government . In his speech , de Gaulle emphasized the role that the French had in the liberation , and the necessity for the French people to do their `` duty of war '' by advancing into the Benelux countries and Germany . De Gaulle wanted France to be among `` the victors '' , in order to evade the AMGOT threat . Two days later , on 28 August , the FFI , called `` the combatants without uniform '' , were incorporated into the New French Army ( nouvelle armée française ) . The New French Army was fully equipped with U.S. equipment , such as uniforms , helmets , weapons and vehicles , and they continued to be used until after the Algerian War in the 1960s . World War II victor ( edit ) Further information : German Instrument of Surrender Allied Occupation Zones in Germany in 1946 after territorial annexations in the East A strong point of disagreement between de Gaulle and the Big Three ( Roosevelt , Stalin and Churchill ) was that the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( GPRF ) , established on 3 June 1944 , was not recognized as the legitimate representative of France . Even though de Gaulle had been recognized as the leader of Free France by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill back on 28 June 1940 , he had not become president of the GPRF through democratic elections . However , two months after the liberation of Paris , and one month after the new `` unanimity government '' , the Big Three recognized the GPRF on 23 October 1944 . In his liberation of Paris speech , de Gaulle stated that the French would be part of the invasion of Germany . This showed his will for France to be considered one of the World War II victors , just like the Big Three . This perspective was not shared by the western Allies , as was demonstrated in the German Instrument of Surrender . The French occupation zones in Germany and in West Berlin cemented de Gaulle 's determination , leading to some frustration of other European nations , deepening the Western betrayal sentiment . This sentiment was shared by other European Allies , especially Poland , whose proposition that they be part of the occupation of Germany was rejected by the Soviets . The Soviets took the view that they had liberated the Poles from the Nazis , which thus put the Poles under the influence of the USSR . Legal purge ( edit ) Further information : Épuration légale Several alleged Vichy loyalists involved in the Milice , a paramilitary militia established by Sturmbannführer Joseph Darnand that hunted the Resistance along with the Gestapo , were made prisoners in a post-liberation purge known as the Épuration légale ( Legal purge ) . Some were executed without trial . Women accused of `` horizontal collaboration '' because of alleged sexual relationships with Germans were arrested and had their heads shaved , were publicly exhibited and some were allowed to be mauled by mobs . On 17 August , the Germans took Pierre Laval to Belfort . On 20 August , under German military escort , Marshal Philippe Pétain was forcibly moved to Belfort , and to the Sigmaringen enclave in Germany on 7 September ; there , 1,000 of his followers ( including Louis - Ferdinand Céline ) joined him . They established the government of Sigmaringen , challenging the legitimacy of de Gaulle 's Provisional Government of the French Republic . As a sign of protest over his forced move , Pétain refused to take office , and was eventually replaced by Fernand de Brinon . The Vichy government in exile ended in April 1945 . `` Yesterday Strasbourg , tomorrow Saigon ... '' ( edit ) Further information : Japanese Instrument of Surrender Leclerc 's 2nd Armored Division arms featuring the cross of Lorraine . In 1945 , Leclerc , whose 2nd Armored Division was held in high regard by the French people , led the Far East Expeditionary Forces ( FEFEO ) that sailed to French Indochina , which was then occupied by the Japanese . FEFEO recruiting posters depicted a Sherman tank painted with the cross of Lorraine , with the caption `` Yesterday Strasbourg , tomorrow Saigon , join in ! '' , as a reference to the liberation of Paris by Leclerc 's armored division and the role this formation subsequently played in the liberation of Strasbourg . The FEFEO 's effort to liberate French Indochina was presented as propaganda , since it continued the liberation of France and was part of the `` duty of war '' . While Vichy France collaborated with Japan in French Indochina after the 1940 invasion , and later established a Japanese embassy in Sigmaringen , de Gaulle had declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941 , following the attack on Pearl Harbor ; in 1943 , he created local anti-Japanese resistance units called Corps Léger d'Intervention ( CLI ) . On 2 September 1945 , on board the U.S. battleship USS Missouri , General Leclerc signed an armistice with Japan on behalf of the Provisional Government of the French Republic . 60th and 70th anniversaries of the liberation ( edit ) On 25 August 2004 , two military parades reminiscent of the parades of 26 and 29 August 1944 , one in commemoration of the 2nd Armored Division , the other of the US 4th Infantry Division , and featuring armoured vehicles from the era , were held on the 60th anniversary of the Liberation of Paris . Under the auspices of the Senate , a jazz concert and popular dancing took place in the Jardin du Luxembourg . On 25 August 2014 , plaques were put on Boulevard Saint - Michel and neighboring streets , in the vicinity of the Luxembourg Palace , seat of the French Senate , where combatants had been killed in August 1944 . There was dancing in the street in every neighborhood of the French capital and Place de la Bastille , as well as a Son et Lumière spectacle and dancing on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville in the evening . This was the first time in 60 years that the French government and the municipality of Paris paid homage to the Spanish soldiers for the liberation of Paris . Homage to the liberation martyrs ( edit ) The wall of the 35 martyrs , Bois de Boulogne On 16 May 2007 , following his election as President of the Fifth French Republic , Nicolas Sarkozy organized an homage to the 35 French Resistance martyrs executed by the Germans on 16 August 1944 . French historian Max Gallo narrated the events that took place in the woods of Bois de Boulogne , and a Parisian schoolgirl read 17 - year - old French resistant Guy Môquet 's final letter . During his speech , Sarkozy announced that this letter would be read in all French schools to remember the resistance spirit . After the speech , the chorale of the French Republican Guard closed the homage ceremony by singing the French Resistance 's anthem Le Chant des Partisans ( `` The Partisans ' song '' ) . Following this occasion , the new President traveled to Berlin to meet German chancellor Angela Merkel , as a symbol of the Franco - German reconciliation . La liberation de Paris ( edit ) La Libération de Paris ( `` The Liberation of Paris '' ) , whose original title was L'Insurrection Nationale inséparable de la Libération Nationale ( `` The National Insurrection inseparable from the National Liberation '' ) , was a short 30 minute documentary film secretly shot from 16 to 27 August by the French Resistance . It was released in French theatres on 1 September . In popular culture ( edit ) Postcards ( edit ) Three - cent stamp picturing the Arc de Triomphe in Paris , with marching U.S. Army soldiers and an overflight by U.S. Army Air Force . On 8 September 1945 , the U.S. Post Office issued a three - cent stamp commemorating the liberation of Paris from the Germans . First day covers were illustrated with images of the Ludendorff Bridge illustrating its capture . Other countries have issued stamps commemorating the bridge 's capture , including Nicaragua , Guyana , Micronesia , and Republic of the Marshall Islands . Filmography ( edit ) La Libération de Paris ( 1944 ) Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) Diplomacy ( 2014 ) Other ( edit ) The Liberation of Paris is depicted in the 2017 Videogame Call of Duty : WWII as part of the Game 's Campaign Mode . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberation of Paris . Paris portal World War II portal Anthony Faramus Camp Gurs Camp de Rivesaltes Concentration camps in France Drancy internment camp Fort de Romainville Mémorial du maréchal Leclerc de Hauteclocque et de la Libération de Paris Military history of France during World War II Paris in World War II Warsaw Uprising References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Libération de Paris ( Liberation of Paris ) '' ( in French ) . ( PDF format ) . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Evidence -- Liberation of Paris '' . History . Jump up ^ `` Libération de Paris forces américaines '' ( in French ) . Jump up ^ `` Les Cahiers Multimédias : Il ya 60 ans : la Libération de Paris '' Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) . Gérard Conreur / Mémorial du Maréchal Leclerc et de la Libération de Paris . Radio France . 6 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 July 2007 . ( PDF format ) . Pantin official website . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ( PDF format ) . Pantin official website . Jump up ^ `` Allocution du Président de la République lors de la cérémonie d'hommage aux martyrs du Bois de Boulogne '' ( in French ) , President Nicolas Sarkozy , French Presidency official website , 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Taittinger , Pierre ( 1946 ) ... et Paris ne fut pas détruit ( ... And Paris Was Not Destroyed ) ( in French ) . L'Élan . ^ Jump up to : Wird Paris vernichtet ? ( Will Paris Be Destroyed ? ) Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) , a documentary by Michael Busse and Maria - Rosa Bobbi , Arte / WDR / France 3 / TSR . August 2004 . Jump up ^ Journal Officiel des établissements français de l'Océanie , Titre V , Dispositions générales , p. 43 , ( 2 ) p. 3 Jump up ^ Libération de Paris : Balises 1944 , L'Humanité , 23 August 2004 Jump up ^ Thorton , Willis ( 1962 ) . The Liberation of Paris -- Google Books . Harcourt , Brace & World ( via Google Books ) . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosbottom , Ronald C. `` Who Liberated Paris in August 1944 ? '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Mordal , Jacques ( 1964 ) . La Bataille de France 1944 -- 1945 , Arthaud . Jump up ^ `` ... Brennt Paris ? '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Libération ' porte parole des gauchistes '' ( in French ) . INA archives . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ http://academie-francaise.fr/prix-broquette-gonin-philosophie ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Stanton , Shelby L. ( Captain U.S. Army , Retired ) , World War II Order of Battle , The encyclopedic reference to all U.S. Army ground force units from battalion through division , 1939 -- 1945 , Galahad Books , New York , 1991 , p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 88365 - 775 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : 1944 -- 1946 : La Libération Archived 15 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) . Charles de Gaulle foundation official website . Jump up ^ 1940 -- 1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 2 ( in French ) . Charles de Gaulle foundation official website . Jump up ^ 1940 -- 1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 1 ( in French ) . Charles de Gaulle foundation official website . Jump up ^ `` France Excluded from the German Capitulation Signing by the Western Allies '' Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Reims Academy . Jump up ^ Die Finsternis ( The Darkness ) . Thomas Tielsch . Filmtank Hamburg / ZDF. 2005 Jump up ^ `` 60ème Anniversaire de la Libération - La Libération de Paris - Sénat '' . Jump up ^ `` La prise du Sénat - La Libération de Paris '' . Jump up ^ `` Bal de célébration des 70 ans de la libération de Paris sur le Parvis de l'Hôtel de Ville '' . Jump up ^ President Nicolas Sarkozy 's speech ( English ) . French Presidency official website , 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Max Gallo 's ceremony ( video ) , French Presidency official website , 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ponts et batailles de la seconde guerre mondiale '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Liberation of Paris -- Official French website ( in English ) Battle for Paris : August 16 -- 26 , Documentary shot by the French Resistance , 1 September 1944 De Gaulle 's speech from the Hôtel de Ville -- Charles de Gaulle foundation De Gaulle 's speech in retrospect -- BBC News Paris Liberated : Rare , Unpublished -- slideshow by Life Primout , Gilles. `` 19 -- 25 août 1944 ... 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8219173697206270444 | Sand | Sand - wikipedia Sand For other uses , see Sand ( disambiguation ) . Sand dunes in the Idehan Ubari , Libya . Close - up ( 1 × 1 cm ) of sand from the Gobi Desert , Mongolia . Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles . It is defined by size , being finer than gravel and coarser than silt . Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type ; i.e. , a soil containing more than 85 percent sand - sized particles by mass . The composition of sand varies , depending on the local rock sources and conditions , but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica ( silicon dioxide , or SiO ) , usually in the form of quartz . The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate , for example , aragonite , which has mostly been created , over the past half billion years , by various forms of life , like coral and shellfish . For example , it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean . Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales , and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Study 3 Uses 4 Resources and environmental concerns 5 Hazards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition Heavy minerals ( dark ) in a quartz beach sand ( Chennai , India ) . Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park , Utah . These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange color . Sand from Pismo Beach , California . Components are primarily quartz , chert , igneous rock and shell fragments . The exact definition of sand varies . The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves , and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters . By another definition , in terms of particle size as used by geologists , sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm ( or ⁄ mm ) to 2 mm . An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain . Sand grains are between gravel ( with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the latter system , and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former ) and silt ( particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm ) . The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century , but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century . The grains of sand in Archimedes Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE , were 0.02 mm in diameter . A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm . A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm . Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers . Silt , by comparison , feels like flour ) . ISO 14688 grades sands as fine , medium , and coarse with ranges 0.063 mm to 0.2 mm to 0.63 mm to 2.0 mm . In the United States , sand is commonly divided into five sub-categories based on size : very fine sand ( ⁄ -- ⁄ mm diameter ) , fine sand ( ⁄ mm -- ⁄ mm ) , medium sand ( ⁄ mm -- ⁄ mm ) , coarse sand ( ⁄ mm -- 1 mm ) , and very coarse sand ( 1 mm -- 2 mm ) . These sizes are based on the Krumbein phi scale , where size in Φ = - log D ; D being the particle size in mm . On this scale , for sand the value of Φ varies from − 1 to + 4 , with the divisions between sub-categories at whole numbers . Close up of black volcanic sand from Perissa , Santorini , Greece The most common constituent of sand , in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings , is silica ( silicon dioxide , or SiO ) , usually in the form of quartz , which , because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness , is the most common mineral resistant to weathering . The composition of mineral sand is highly variable , depending on the local rock sources and conditions . The bright white sands found in tropical and subtropical coastal settings are eroded limestone and may contain coral and shell fragments in addition to other organic or organically derived fragmental material , suggesting sand formation depends on living organisms , too . The gypsum sand dunes of the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico are famous for their bright , white color . Arkose is a sand or sandstone with considerable feldspar content , derived from weathering and erosion of a ( usually nearby ) granitic rock outcrop . Some sands contain magnetite , chlorite , glauconite or gypsum . Sands rich in magnetite are dark to black in color , as are sands derived from volcanic basalts and obsidian . Chlorite - glauconite bearing sands are typically green in color , as are sands derived from basaltic lava with a high olivine content . Many sands , especially those found extensively in Southern Europe , have iron impurities within the quartz crystals of the sand , giving a deep yellow color . Sand deposits in some areas contain garnets and other resistant minerals , including some small gemstones . Study An electron micrograph showing grains of sand Pitted sand grains from the Western Desert , Egypt . Pitting is a consequence of wind transportation . The study of individual grains can reveal much historical information as to the origin and kind of transport of the grain . Quartz sand that is recently weathered from granite or gneiss quartz crystals will be angular . It is called grus in geology or sharp sand in the building trade where it is preferred for concrete , and in gardening where it is used as a soil amendment to loosen clay soils . Sand that is transported long distances by water or wind will be rounded , with characteristic abrasion patterns on the grain surface . Desert sand is typically rounded . People who collect sand as a hobby are known as arenophiles . Organisms that thrive in sandy environments are psammophiles . Uses This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sand sorting tower at a gravel pit . Agriculture : Sandy soils are ideal for crops such as watermelons , peaches and peanuts , and their excellent drainage characteristics make them suitable for intensive dairy farming . Aquaria : Sand makes a low cost aquarium base material which some believe is better than gravel for home use . It is also a necessity for saltwater reef tanks , which emulate environments composed largely of aragonite sand broken down from coral and shellfish . Artificial reefs : Geotextile bagged sand can serve as the foundation for new reefs . Artificial islands in the Persian Gulf . Beach nourishment : Governments move sand to beaches where tides , storms or deliberate changes to the shoreline erode the original sand . Brick : Manufacturing plants add sand to a mixture of clay and other materials for manufacturing bricks . Cob : Coarse sand makes up as much as 75 % of cob . Concrete : Sand is often a principal component of this critical construction material . Glass : Sand rich in silica is the principal component in common glasses . Hydraulic fracturing : A drilling technique for natural gas , which uses rounded silica sand as a `` proppant '' , a material to hold open cracks that are caused by the hydraulic fracturing process . Landscaping : Sand makes small hills and slopes ( golf courses would be an example ) . Mortar : Sand is mixed with masonry cement or Portland cement and lime to be used in masonry construction . Paint : Mixing sand with paint produces a textured finish for walls and ceilings or non-slip floor surfaces . Railroads : Engine drivers and rail transit operators use sand to improve the traction of wheels on the rails . Recreation . Playing with sand is a favorite beach time activity . One of the most beloved uses of sand is to make sometimes intricate , sometimes simple structures known as sand castles . Such structures are well known for their impermanence . Sand is also used in children 's play . Special play areas enclosing a significant area of sand , known as sandboxes , are common on many public playgrounds , and even at some single family homes . Sand dunes are also popular among climbers , motorcyclists and beach buggy drivers . Roads : Sand improves traction ( and thus traffic safety ) in icy or snowy conditions . Sand animation : Performance artists draw images in sand . Makers of animated films use the same term to describe their use of sand on frontlit or backlit glass . Sand casting : Casters moisten or oil molding sand , also known as foundry sand and then shape it into molds into which they pour molten material . This type of sand must be able to withstand high temperatures and pressure , allow gases to escape , have a uniform , small grain size and be non-reactive with metals . Sand castles : Shaping sand into castles or other miniature buildings is a popular beach activity . Sandbags : These protect against floods and gunfire . The inexpensive bags are easy to transport when empty , and unskilled volunteers can quickly fill them with local sand in emergencies . Sandblasting : Graded sand serves as an abrasive in cleaning , preparing , and polishing . Thermal weapon : While not in widespread use anymore , sand used to be heated and poured on invading troops in the classical and medieval time periods . Water filtration : Media filters use sand for filtering water . Wuḍūʾ : the Islamic procedure for washing parts of the body . Zoanthid `` skeletons '' : Animals in this order of marine benthic cnidarians related to corals and sea anemones , incorporate sand into their mesoglea for structural strength , which they need because they lack a true skeleton . Resources and environmental concerns Only some sands are suitable for the construction industry , for example for making concrete . Because of the growth of population and of cities and the consequent construction activity there is a huge demand for these special kinds of sand , and natural sources are running low . In 2012 French director Denis Delestrac made a documentary called `` Sand Wars '' about the impact of the lack of construction sand . It shows the ecological and economic effects of both legal and illegal trade in construction sand . Sand 's many uses require a significant dredging industry , raising environmental concerns over fish depletion , landslides , and flooding . Countries such as China , Indonesia , Malaysia and Cambodia ban sand exports , citing these issues as a major factor . It is estimated that the annual consumption of sand and gravel is 40 billion tons and sand is a US $70 billion global industry . Hazards While sand is generally non-toxic , sand - using activities such as sandblasting require precautions . Bags of silica sand used for sandblasting now carry labels warning the user to wear respiratory protection to avoid breathing the resulting fine silica dust . Safety data sheets for silica sand state that `` excessive inhalation of crystalline silica is a serious health concern '' . In areas of high pore water pressure , sand and salt water can form quicksand , which is a colloid hydrogel that behaves like a liquid . Quicksand produces a considerable barrier to escape for creatures caught within , who often die from exposure ( not from submersion ) as a result . See also Aggregate ( geology ) Beach Construction aggregate Desert sand ( color ) Dry quicksand Energetically modified cement ( EMC ) Heavy mineral sands ore deposits Oil sands Particle size Quicksand Revolving rivers Sand island Sand rat Sandstone Sandstorm Sand theft Singing sand White Sands National Monument References Jump up ^ Glossary of terms in soil science ( PDF ) . Ottawa : Agriculture Canada . 1976 . p. 35 . ISBN 0662015339 . Jump up ^ Constable , Harriet ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` How the demand for sand is killing rivers '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Unified Soil Classification System Jump up ^ Urquhart , Leonard Church , `` Civil Engineering Handbook '' McGraw - Hill Book Company ( 1959 ) p. 8 - 2 Jump up ^ Seaweed also plays a role in the formation of sand . Susanscott.net ( 1 March 2002 ) . Retrieved on 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Krinsley , D.H. , Smalley , I.J. 1972 . Sand . American Scientist 60 , 286 - 291 Jump up ^ `` Psammophile '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Importing Sand , Glass May Help Restore Beaches '' . NPR.org. 17 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Yong , Syed E. Hasan , Benedetto De Vivo , Bernhard Grasemann , Kurt Stüwe , Jan Lastovicka , Syed M. Hasan , Chen ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) . ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY - Volume III . EOLSS Publications . ISBN 9781848263574 . Jump up ^ See Sand Wars teaser here . Jump up ^ Simon Ings ( 26 April 2014 ) . `` The story of climate change gets star treatment '' . New Scientist : 28 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Strände in Gefahr ? Arte Future , last updated 23 April 2014 Jump up ^ Torres , Aurora ; et al. ( 8 September 2017 ) . `` The world is facing a global sand crisis '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The hourglass effect '' . The Economist. 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Beiser , Vince ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` The Deadly Global War for Sand '' . Wired . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Silica sand MSDS Archived 11 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Simplot ( 13 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 24 November 2011 . External links Look up sand in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sand Media related to Sand at Wikimedia Commons Beach Sand : What It Is , Where It Comes From and How It Gets Here - Beaufort County Library Beach , Chandler B. , ed. ( 1914 ) . `` Sand '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . Chicago : F.E. Compton and Co . Sand Mining Side Effects The World Is Running Out Of Sand - New York Times Sand Mining In India Rivers Causing Problems - New York Times How Demand For Sand Is Killing Rivers In Africa - BBC Dubai Imports Sand - BBC Geotechnical engineering Exploration Investigation Testing On - site Cone penetration test Standard penetration test Monitoring well piezometer Borehole Crosshole sonic logging Nuclear densometer test Static load testing Laboratory Atterberg limits California bearing ratio Direct shear test Hydrometer Proctor compaction test R - value Sieve analysis Triaxial shear test Hydraulic conductivity tests Water content tests Soil Materials Clay Silt Sand Gravel Peat Permafrost Loam Loess Properties Soil classification Hydraulic conductivity Water content Void ratio Bulk density Thixotropy Reynolds ' dilatancy Angle of repose Cohesion Porosity Permeability Specific storage Mechanics Effective stress Pore water pressure Shear strength Overburden pressure Consolidation Compaction Shear wave Lateral earth pressure Foundations Shallow Deep Bearing capacity Dynamic load testing Pile integrity test Wave equation analysis Statnamic load test Retaining walls Gabion Ground freezing Mechanically stabilized earth Pressure grouting Slurry wall Soil nailing Tieback Stability Slope analysis mass wasting landslide Deformation monitoring automated Earthquakes Soil liquefaction Response spectrum Seismic hazard Ground -- structure interaction Geosynthetics Geotextile Geomembrane Geosynthetic clay liner Cellular confinement Numerical analysis SEEP2D STABL SVFlux SVSlope UTEXAS Coastal geography Landforms Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Baymouth bar Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff - top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Lagoon Machair Marine terrace Mega delta Mouth bar Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Regressive delta Ria River delta Salt marsh Shoal Shore Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Windwatt Beaches Beach cusps Beach evolution Coastal morphodynamics Beach ridge Beachrock Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin Processes Blowhole Cliffed coast Coastal biogeomorphology Coastal erosion Concordant coastline Current Cuspate foreland Discordant coastline Emergent coastline Feeder bluff Fetch Flat coast Graded shoreline Headlands and bays Ingression coast Large - scale coastal behaviour Longshore drift Marine regression Marine transgression Raised shoreline Rip current Rocky shore Sea cave Sea foam Shoal Steep coast Submergent coastline Surf break Surf zone Surge channel Swash Undertow Volcanic arc Wave - cut platform Wave shoaling Wind wave Wrack zone Management Accretion Coastal management Integrated coastal zone management Submersion Related Bulkhead line Grain size boulder clay cobble granule pebble sand shingle silt Intertidal zone Littoral zone Physical oceanography Region of freshwater influence Commons GND : 4051537 - 0 NDL : 00571682 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sand&oldid=848511861 '' Categories : Sand Soil - based building materials Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 11 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of rock is made of particles .05 cm | [
"The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves,[3] and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters. By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the latter system, and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. The grains of sand in Archimedes Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE, were 0.02 mm in diameter. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm.[4] Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers. Silt, by comparison, feels like flour).\n"
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"Sand"
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5690914082292795871 | Photosynthesis | Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end . In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light . However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments . The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( CH O ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 . outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls . Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP . The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space . An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water . Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch . The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation . Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open . CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Probability distribution resulting from one - dimensional discrete time random walks . The quantum walk created using the Hadamard coin is plotted ( blue ) vs a classical walk ( red ) after 50 time steps . Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . A fact that allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers . Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response . Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks . Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center . Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier . Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax . He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory . Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light . Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells . This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis . Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . PMID 16997562 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . 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Jump up ^ Lloyd S ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Quantum Biology : Better Living Through Quantum Mechanics - The Nature of Reality '' . Nova : PBS Online , WGBH Boston . Jump up ^ Hildner R , Brinks D , Nieder JB , Cogdell RJ , van Hulst NF ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Quantum coherent energy transfer over varying pathways in single light - harvesting complexes '' . Science . 340 ( 6139 ) : 1448 -- 51 . PMID 23788794 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235820 . Jump up ^ Gale , Joseph ( 2009 ) . Astrobiology of Earth : The emergence , evolution and future of life on a planet in turmoil . OUP Oxford . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 9780191548352 . Jump up ^ Photosynthesis got a really early start , New Scientist , 2 October 2004 Jump up ^ Revealing the dawn of photosynthesis , New Scientist , 19 August 2006 Jump up ^ Venn AA , Loram JE , Douglas AE ( 2008 ) . `` Photosynthetic symbioses in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 ( 5 ) : 1069 -- 80 . PMID 18267943 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm328 . Jump up ^ Rumpho ME , Summer EJ , Manhart JR ( May 2000 ) . `` Solar - powered sea slugs . Mollusc / algal chloroplast symbiosis '' . Plant Physiology. 123 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . PMC 1539252 . PMID 10806222 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 123.1. 29 . Jump up ^ Muscatine L , Greene RW ( 1973 ) . `` Chloroplasts and algae as symbionts in molluscs '' . International Review of Cytology . International Review of Cytology. 36 : 137 -- 69 . ISBN 9780123643360 . PMID 4587388 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 08 ) 60217 - X . Jump up ^ Rumpho ME , Worful JM , Lee J , Kannan K , Tyler MS , Bhattacharya D , Moustafa A , Manhart JR ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 46 ) : 17867 -- 71 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10517867R . PMC 2584685 . PMID 19004808 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0804968105 . Jump up ^ Douglas SE ( Dec 1998 ) . `` Plastid evolution : origins , diversity , trends '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 8 ( 6 ) : 655 -- 61 . PMID 9914199 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 437X ( 98 ) 80033 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reyes - Prieto A , Weber AP , Bhattacharya D ( 2007 ) . `` The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants '' . Annual Review of Genetics . 41 : 147 -- 68 . PMID 17600460 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 41.110306. 130134 . Jump up ^ Raven JA , Allen JF ( 2003 ) . `` Genomics and chloroplast evolution : what did cyanobacteria do for plants ? '' . Genome Biology . 4 ( 3 ) : 209 . PMC 153454 . PMID 12620099 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2003 - 4 - 3 - 209 . Jump up ^ Tomitani A , Knoll AH , Cavanaugh CM , Ohno T ( Apr 2006 ) . `` The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria : molecular - phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 14 ) : 5442 -- 7 . PMC 1459374 . PMID 16569695 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600999103 . Jump up ^ `` Cyanobacteria : Fossil Record '' . Ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alison ( 2010 ) . Plant biology . New York , NY : Garland Science . p. 5 . ISBN 0815340257 . Jump up ^ Herrero A , Flores E ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walker DA ( 2002 ) . `` ' And whose bright presence ' - an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 51 -- 4 . PMID 16245102 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020479620680 . Jump up ^ Otto Warburg -- Biography . Nobelprize.org ( 1970 - 08 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gest , Howard ( 2002 ) . `` History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition . '' . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020419417954 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Melvin ( July 1989 ) . `` Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities '' . Photosynthesis Research . 21 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1007 / BF00047170 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. 1953 . A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal , near natural conditions . Am. J. Bot. 40 : 675 - 679 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. , Whitwer , E.E. , and Cowell , B.C. 1959 . Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature , Science 130 : 268 - 269 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Musgrave , R.B. 1962 . Photosynthesis under field conditions . IV . Light studies with individual corn leaves . Crop Sci. 2 : 311 - 315 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Moss , D.N. 1963. Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light . Crop Sci. 3 : 107 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1965 . Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Crop Sci. 5 : 517 - 521 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1986. Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 . Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . PMID 10361294 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photosynthesis . A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . 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Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . 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6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=804085587 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the site of photosynthesis in plant | [
"In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma. Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids (grana), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system."
] | [
"stacks of thylakoids (grana)"
] |
2256425542523202924 | Separation of church and state in the United States | Separation of church and state in the United States - Wikipedia Separation of church and state in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , `` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' '' Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 , `` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' '' Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Former state churches in British North America 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church 1.1. 4 Tabular summary 1.2 Colonial support for separation 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut 1.5 Test acts 2 The U.S. Constitution 2.1 Article 6 2.2 The First Amendment 2.3 The 14th Amendment 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court 3 The Treaty of Tripoli 4 Interpretive controversies 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 American court battles over separation 8.2 Other Early history ( edit ) Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact . Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) Catholic colonies ( edit ) When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . Protestant colonies ( edit ) The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . Colonies with no established church ( edit ) The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . Tabular summary ( edit ) Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868 ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . Colonial support for separation ( edit ) The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . Patrick henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that : the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . Test acts ( edit ) The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Article 6 ( edit ) Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . The First Amendment ( edit ) The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . The 14th Amendment ( edit ) See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Tripoli In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . Interpretive controversies ( edit ) Main article : Accommodationism Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' See also ( edit ) Americans United for Separation of Church and State American Civil Liberties Union American Humanist Association Anti-clericalism Ban on Sharia law Ceremonial deism Christian amendment Christian Left Christian Right Freedom From Religion Foundation Freedom of religion in the United States Interfaith Alliance Johnson Amendment Mount Soledad cross controversy Pledge of Allegiance Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Public menorah Separation of church and state Sharia State religion United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 80 -- 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . `` The founding fathers and the place of religion in America '' . Princeton University Press : 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses Gary D. Glenn . The Review of Politics , Vol. 49 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1987 ) , pp. 340 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : Treaty of Tripoli Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State Jump up ^ The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . By Steven Waldman Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News Bibliography ( edit ) Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) John C. Jeffries Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and State in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States American Court battles over separation ( edit ) 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . Other ( edit ) `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . Robert Struble Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty Separation of Church and State Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. Hutson , Chief , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 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4735020317466589100 | The Book of Eli | The Book of Eli - wikipedia The Book of Eli Jump to : navigation , search For the 12th - century English chronicle , see Book of Ely . The Book of Eli Theatrical release poster Directed by The Hughes brothers Produced by Joel Silver Susan Downey Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson Denzel Washington Written by Gary Whitta Starring Denzel Washington Gary Oldman Mila Kunis Ray Stevenson Jennifer Beals Music by Atticus Ross Leopold Ross Claudia Sarne Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Cindy Mollo Production company Alcon Entertainment Silver Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( USA ) Summit Entertainment ( International ) Release date January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $157,107,755 The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers , written by Gary Whitta , and starring Denzel Washington , Gary Oldman , Mila Kunis , Ray Stevenson , and Jennifer Beals . The story revolves around Eli , a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world , who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States . The history of the post-war world is explained along the way , as is the importance of Eli 's task . Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48 % of 188 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10 . The film was released in theaters in January 2010 . Alcon Entertainment financed and co-produced the film with Silver Pictures , while it was distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States ; international sales were handled by Summit Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reviews 5 Home media 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse , Eli ( Denzel Washington ) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States . Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills , hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him . Searching for water , he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie ( Gary Oldman ) . Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book . His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it , but to no avail . In town Eli barters with a store owner , the Engineer ( Tom Waits ) , to recharge the battery of his portable music player . While waiting , he goes across the street to the town bar , where a gang of bikers attack , but he quickly kills all fifteen . Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself , Carnegie asks Eli to stay , making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable . After Carnegie 's blind mistress Claudia ( Jennifer Beals ) gives Eli some food and water , Carnegie orders Claudia 's daughter Solara ( Mila Kunis ) to seduce Eli , but he turns her down . While killing time , she finds his book . Unperturbed , Eli offers to share his food with her , and before they eat , he says grace . The following day , Solara repeats the prayer , but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara 's words relate to the book he has been seeking . He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book , and realizes Eli 's book is the one he wants -- a Bible . Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli , but the bullets seemingly just graze him , as if he is being protected . Eli shoots most of Carnegie 's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a shotgun blast . Solara , having left the town , leads Eli to a cave which is the town 's water supply , hoping she can accompany him on his travels . Eli traps her inside and continues on alone . Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her , but Eli reappears and kills them . As they continue on , Eli explains his mission to Solara . According to Eli , his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible , as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago . He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head , which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe . The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey . Eventually , Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house . They fall into a trap , but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents , George ( Michael Gambon ) and Martha ( Frances de la Tour ) , who invite them in for tea . When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals , they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive . In the ensuing shootout , George , Martha and many of Carnegie 's men are killed . While Eli and Solara are captured , Carnegie threatens to kill Solara unless Eli surrenders the Bible . With the Bible now in his possession , Carnegie shoots Eli , leaving him for dead . Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli . Rather than chase her , Carnegie returns to the town , since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel . Solara finds Eli , and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge , and then row to Alcatraz Island , where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music . Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible . Once inside , Eli , revealed to be blind , begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi ( Malcolm McDowell ) , the leader of the group . Meanwhile , back in the town , the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers , to his dismay , that it is in Braille , and orders Claudia to read it to him . She pretends that she can not remember how to read it , telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok . At the sanctuary , Eli has died , but not before he finished reciting the entire book . The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible , and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other . Solara , though offered sanctuary , chooses to return home , taking with her Eli 's sword and other possessions . Cast Denzel Washington as Eli Gary Oldman as Carnegie Mila Kunis as Solara Ray Stevenson as Redridge Jennifer Beals as Claudia Evan Jones as Martz Joe Pingue as Hoyt Frances de la Tour as Martha Michael Gambon as George Tom Waits as Engineer Chris Browning as Hijack Leader Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi ( uncredited ) Production In May 2007 , Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli , based on a script by Gary Whitta . ( The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell . ) Subsequently , Anthony Peckham rewrote the script , and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role . The following October , Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington . Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico . Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures . Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes , which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali . Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role . Reception Box Office The film was released in North America on January 15 , 2010 in 3,111 theaters . It took in $11,672,970 -- $3,752 per theater , its opening day . By the end of its opening four - day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553 -- $12,355 per theater . It ranked number two , behind Avatar . On its second weekend , it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493 -- $5,057 per theater . By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286 -- $2,897 per theater . The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada , and $62,256,659 in other markets , with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718 . Critical reviews The film has received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48 % of 188 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` It 's certainly uneven , and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp , but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately . '' Based on 33 critics reviews , Metacritic ( another review aggregator ) has assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted `` this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington 's bigger grossers . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film : `` You wo n't be sorry you went . It grips your attention , and then at the end throws in several WTF ! moments , which are a bonus . '' Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club , Scott Tobias graded the film a B , and wrote `` At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios , the Hughes ' ashen , bombed - out future world looks a little too familiar , no matter how crisply they present it . But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film 's overt religiosity ... '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D , calling it `` a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases , or The Road without humanity . Home Media The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on May 31 , 2010 in the UK and on June 15 , 2010 in the United States and Canada . The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week . It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine 's Rental Chart , the Nielsen VideoScan Blu - ray chart , and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart , where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin . See also Eli ( biblical figure ) References Jump up ^ THE BOOK OF ELI rated 15 by the BBFC Jump up ^ `` Movie projector : ' Book of Eli ' first major challenger to ' Avatar ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Alcon spent $80 million to produce the movie , which stars Denzel Washington . ^ Jump up to : `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli shoots in New Mexico '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Interview , Part 1 : Gary Whitta on ' The Book of Eli ' '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 2 Aug 2017 . Jump up ^ Bakhshian , Sara ( January 2010 ) . `` ' The Book of Eli ' : Interview with Denzel Washington , Mila Kunis , and Gary Oldman '' . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Hughes brothers set for ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; Dave McNary ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Denzel Washington picks up ' Book ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Gary Oldman joins ' Book of Eli ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , Simon ( February 2009 ) . `` Jack Black Rocks ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' and More First Looks '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman joins Denzel on ' Eli ' '' . Reel Suave . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli -- Behind the Scenes : Stunts '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , January 15 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 15 -- 18 , 2010 ( 4 - day weekend ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 22 -- 24 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 29 -- 31 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli Review '' . ' Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . The AV Club . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Book of Eli '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Eli Sweeps Video Charts '' . wowcelebrities.us . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Book of Eli The Book of Eli at the American Film Institute Catalog The Book of Eli on IMDb The Book of Eli at AllMovie The Book of Eli at Box Office Mojo The Book of Eli at Rotten Tomatoes The Book of Eli at Metacritic Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes Together Menace II Society ( 1993 ) Dead Presidents ( 1995 ) American Pimp ( 1999 ) From Hell ( 2001 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) Allen only Knights of the South Bronx ( 2005 ) New York , I Love You ( 2008 ) Broken City ( 2013 ) The Defiant Ones ( 2017 ) Albert only Alpha ( 2018 ) Films by Denzel Washington Director Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) Fences ( 2016 ) Producer Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) The Equalizer ( 2014 ) Fences ( 2016 ) The Equalizer 2 ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Eli&oldid=836967214 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2043 in fiction Alcatraz Island in fiction Alcon Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Warner Bros. films American action thriller films American films D - Box motion - enhanced films Films about blind people Films directed by the Hughes brothers Films produced by Joel Silver Films set in the 2040s Films shot in New Mexico Post-apocalyptic films Silver Pictures films Cannibalism in fiction Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Bible in popular culture Films scored by Atticus Ross Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 22 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year did the book of eli take place | [
"Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse,[5] Eli (Denzel Washington) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States. Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills, hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him. Searching for water, he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie (Gary Oldman). Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book. His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it, but to no avail."
] | [
"Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse"
] |
2985257161001940888 | Brushed DC electric motor | Brushed DC electric motor - wikipedia Brushed DC electric motor Jump to : navigation , search A brushed DC motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source . Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy , and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings . Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field . Depending on the connections of the field to the power supply , the speed and torque characteristics of a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed inversely proportional to the mechanical load . Brushed motors continue to be used for electrical propulsion , cranes , paper machines and steel rolling mills . Since the brushes wear down and require replacement , brushless DC motors using power electronic devices have displaced brushed motors from many applications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Simple two - pole DC motor 2 The commutating plane 2.1 Compensation for stator field distortion 3 Motor design variations 3.1 DC motors 3.2 Wound stators 3.3 Permanent - magnet motors 3.4 Axial field motors 4 Speed control 4.1 Series - parallel 4.2 Field weakening 4.3 Chopper 4.4 Ward Leonard 5 Torque and speed of a DC motor 5.1 Basic properties 5.2 Counter EMF equation 5.3 Voltage balance equation 5.4 Torque equation 5.5 Speed equation 6 Torque and speed characteristics 6.1 Shunt wound motor 6.2 Series wound motor 6.3 Permanent magnet motor 7 Protection 8 DC motor starters 8.1 Manual - starting rheostat 8.2 Three - point starter 8.3 Four - point starter 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 12 Bibliography Simple two - pole DC motor ( edit ) The following graphics illustrate a simple , two - pole , brushed , DC motor . DC motor rotation A simple DC electric motor . When the coil is powered , a magnetic field is generated around the armature . The left side of the armature is pushed away from the left magnet and drawn toward the right , causing rotation . The armature continues to rotate . When the armature becomes horizontally aligned , the torque becomes zero . At this point , the commutator reverses the direction of current through the coil , reversing the magnetic field . The process then repeats . Electric motors of various sizes When a current passes through the coil wound around a soft iron core , the side of the positive pole is acted upon by an upwards force , while the other side is acted upon by a downward force . According to Fleming 's left hand rule , the forces cause a turning effect on the coil , making it rotate . To make the motor rotate in a constant direction , `` direct current '' commutators make the current reverse in direction every half a cycle ( in a two - pole motor ) thus causing the motor to continue to rotate in the same direction . A problem with the motor shown above is that when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field -- i.e. when the rotor poles are 90 degrees from the stator poles -- the torque is zero . In the pictures above , this occurs when the core of the coil is horizontal -- the position it is just about to reach in the last picture on the right . The motor would not be able to start in this position . However , once it was started , it would continue to rotate through this position by momentum . There is a second problem with this simple pole design . At the zero - torque position , both commutator brushes are touching ( bridging ) both commutator plates , resulting in a short - circuit . The power leads are shorted together through the commutator plates , and the coil is also short - circuited through both brushes ( the coil is shorted twice , once through each brush independently ) . Note that this problem is independent of the non-starting problem above ; even if there were a high current in the coil at this position , there would still be zero torque . The problem here is that this short uselessly consumes power without producing any motion ( nor even any coil current . ) In a low - current battery - powered demonstration this short - circuiting is generally not considered harmful . However , if a two - pole motor were designed to do actual work with several hundred watts of power output , this shorting could result in severe commutator overheating , brush damage , and potential welding of the brushes -- if they were metallic -- to the commutator . Carbon brushes , which are often used , would not weld . In any case , a short like this is very wasteful , drains batteries rapidly and , at a minimum , requires power supply components to be designed to much higher standards than would be needed just to run the motor without the shorting . The inside of a miniature DC motor as would be found in a toy . One simple solution is to put a gap between the commutator plates which is wider than the ends of the brushes . This increases the zero - torque range of angular positions but eliminates the shorting problem ; if the motor is started spinning by an outside force it will continue spinning . With this modification , it can also be effectively turned off simply by stalling ( stopping ) it in a position in the zero - torque ( i.e. commutator non-contacting ) angle range . This design is sometimes seen in homebuilt hobby motors , e.g. for science fairs and such designs can be found in some published science project books . A clear downside of this simple solution is that the motor now coasts through a substantial arc of rotation twice per revolution and the torque is pulsed . This may work for electric fans or to keep a flywheel spinning but there are many applications , even where starting and stopping are not necessary , for which it is completely inadequate , such as driving the capstan of a tape transport , or any instance where to speed up and slow down often and quickly is a requirement . Another disadvantage is that , since the coils have a measure of self inductance , current flowing in them can not suddenly stop . The current attempts to jump the opening gap between the commutator segment and the brush , causing arcing . Even for fans and flywheels , the clear weaknesses remaining in this design -- especially that it is not self - starting from all positions -- make it impractical for working use , especially considering the better alternatives that exist . Unlike the demonstration motor above , DC motors are commonly designed with more than two poles , are able to start from any position , and do not have any position where current can flow without producing electromotive power by passing through some coil . Many common small brushed DC motors used in toys and small consumer appliances , the simplest mass - produced DC motors to be found , have three - pole armatures . The brushes can now bridge two adjacent commutator segments without causing a short circuit . These three - pole armatures also have the advantage that current from the brushes either flows through two coils in series or through just one coil . Starting with the current in an individual coil at half its nominal value ( as a result of flowing through two coils in series ) , it rises to its nominal value and then falls to half this value . The sequence then continues with current in the reverse direction . This results in a closer step-wise approximation to the ideal sinusoidal coil current , producing a more even torque than the two - pole motor where the current in each coil is closer to a square wave . Since current changes are half those of a comparable two - pole motor , arcing at the brushes is consequently less . If the shaft of a DC motor is turned by an external force , the motor will act like a generator and produce an Electromotive force ( EMF ) . During normal operation , the spinning of the motor produces a voltage , known as the counter-EMF ( CEMF ) or back EMF , because it opposes the applied voltage on the motor . The back EMF is the reason that the motor when free - running does not appear to have the same low electrical resistance as the wire contained in its winding . This is the same EMF that is produced when the motor is used as a generator ( for example when an electrical load , such as a light bulb , is placed across the terminals of the motor and the motor shaft is driven with an external torque ) . Therefore , the total voltage drop across a motor consists of the CEMF voltage drop , and the parasitic voltage drop resulting from the internal resistance of the armature 's windings . The current through a motor is given by the following equation : I = V applied − V cemf R armature ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( applied ) ) - V_ ( \ text ( cemf ) ) ) ( R_ ( \ text ( armature ) ) ) ) ) The mechanical power produced by the motor is given by : P = I ⋅ V cemf ( \ displaystyle P = I \ cdot V_ ( \ text ( cemf ) ) ) As an unloaded DC motor spins , it generates a backwards - flowing electromotive force that resists the current being applied to the motor . The current through the motor drops as the rotational speed increases , and a free - spinning motor has very little current . It is only when a load is applied to the motor that slows the rotor that the current draw through the motor increases . The commutating plane ( edit ) In a dynamo , a plane through the centers of the contact areas where a pair of brushes touch the commutator and parallel to the axis of rotation of the armature is referred to as the commutating plane . In this diagram the commutating plane is shown for just one of the brushes , assuming the other brush made contact on the other side of the commutator with radial symmetry , 180 degrees from the brush shown . Compensation for stator field distortion ( edit ) In a real dynamo , the field is never perfectly uniform . Instead , as the rotor spins it induces field effects which drag and distort the magnetic lines of the outer non-rotating stator . Exaggerated example of how the field is distorted by the rotor . Iron filings show the distorted field across the rotor . The faster the rotor spins , the further the degree of field distortion . Because the dynamo operates most efficiently with the rotor field at right angles to the stator field , it is necessary to either retard or advance the brush position to put the rotor 's field into the correct position to be at a right angle to the distorted field . Centered position of the commutating plane if there were no field distortion effects . Actual position of the commutating plane to compensate for field distortion . These field effects are reversed when the direction of spin is reversed . It is therefore difficult to build an efficient reversible commutated dynamo , since for highest field strength it is necessary to move the brushes to the opposite side of the normal neutral plane . The effect can be considered to be somewhat similar to timing advance in an internal combustion engine . Generally a dynamo that has been designed to run at a certain fixed speed will have its brushes permanently fixed to align the field for highest efficiency at that speed . Motor design variations ( edit ) DC motors ( edit ) Brushed DC motors are constructed with wound rotors and either wound or permanent - magnet stators . Wound stators ( edit ) A , Shunt B , Series C , Compound f , Field coil The field coils have traditionally existed in four basic formats : separately excited ( sepex ) , series - wound , shunt - wound , and a combination of the latter two ; compound - wound . In a series wound motor , the field coils are connected electrically in series with the armature coils ( via the brushes ) . In a shunt wound motor , the field coils are connected in parallel , or `` shunted '' to the armature coils . In a separately excited ( sepex ) motor the field coils are supplied from an independent source , such as a motor - generator and the field current is unaffected by changes in the armature current . The sepex system was sometimes used in DC traction motors to facilitate control of wheelslip . Permanent - magnet motors ( edit ) Permanent - magnet types have some performance advantages over direct - current , excited , synchronous types , and have become predominant in fractional horsepower applications . They are smaller , lighter , more efficient and reliable than other singly - fed electric machines . Originally all large industrial DC motors used wound field or rotor magnets . Permanent magnets have traditionally only been useful on small motors because it was difficult to find a material capable of retaining a high - strength field . Only recently have advances in materials technology allowed the creation of high - intensity permanent magnets , such as neodymium magnets , allowing the development of compact , high - power motors without the extra real - estate of field coils and excitation means . But as these high performance permanent magnets become more applied in electric motor or generator systems , other problems are realized ( see Permanent magnet synchronous generator ) . Axial field motors ( edit ) Traditionally , the field has been applied radially -- in and away from the rotation axis of the motor . However some designs have the field flowing along the axis of the motor , with the rotor cutting the field lines as it rotates . This allows for much stronger magnetic fields , particularly if halbach arrays are employed . This , in turn , gives power to the motor at lower speeds . However , the focused flux density can not rise about the limited residual flux density of the permanent magnet despite high coercivity and like all electric machines , the flux density of magnetic core saturation is the design constraint . Speed control ( edit ) Generally , the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional to the EMF in its coil ( = the voltage applied to it minus voltage lost on its resistance ) , and the torque is proportional to the current . Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tappings , variable supply voltage , resistors or electronic controls . The direction of a wound field DC motor can be changed by reversing either the field or armature connections but not both . This is commonly done with a special set of contactors ( direction contactors ) . The effective voltage can be varied by inserting a series resistor or by an electronically controlled switching device made of thyristors , transistors , or , formerly , mercury arc rectifiers . Series - parallel ( edit ) Series - parallel control was the standard method of controlling railway traction motors before the advent of power electronics . An electric locomotive or train would typically have four motors which could be grouped in three different ways : All four in series ( each motor receives one quarter of the line voltage ) Two parallel groups of two in series ( each motor receives half the line voltage ) All four in parallel ( each motor receives the full line voltage ) This provided three running speeds with minimal resistance losses . For starting and acceleration , additional control was provided by resistances . This system has been superseded by electronic control systems . Field weakening ( edit ) The speed of a DC motor can be increased by field weakening . Reducing the field strength is done by inserting resistance in series with a shunt field , or inserting resistances around a series - connected field winding , to reduce current in the field winding . When the field is weakened , the back - emf reduces , so a larger current flows through the armature winding and this increases the speed . Field weakening is not used on its own but in combination with other methods , such as series - parallel control . Chopper ( edit ) In a circuit known as a chopper , the average voltage applied to the motor is varied by switching the supply voltage very rapidly . As the `` on '' to `` off '' ratio is varied to alter the average applied voltage , the speed of the motor varies . The percentage `` on '' time multiplied by the supply voltage gives the average voltage applied to the motor . Therefore , with a 100 V supply and a 25 % `` on '' time , the average voltage at the motor will be 25 V. During the `` off '' time , the armature 's inductance causes the current to continue through a diode called a `` flyback diode '' , in parallel with the motor . At this point in the cycle , the supply current will be zero , and therefore the average motor current will always be higher than the supply current unless the percentage `` on '' time is 100 % . At 100 % `` on '' time , the supply and motor current are equal . The rapid switching wastes less energy than series resistors . This method is also called pulse - width modulation ( PWM ) and is often controlled by a microprocessor . An output filter is sometimes installed to smooth the average voltage applied to the motor and reduce motor noise . Since the series - wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed , it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives , and trams . Another application is starter motors for petrol and small diesel engines . Series motors must never be used in applications where the drive can fail ( such as belt drives ) . As the motor accelerates , the armature ( and hence field ) current reduces . The reduction in field causes the motor to speed up until it destroys itself . This can also be a problem with railway motors in the event of a loss of adhesion since , unless quickly brought under control , the motors can reach speeds far higher than they would do under normal circumstances . This can not only cause problems for the motors themselves and the gears , but due to the differential speed between the rails and the wheels it can also cause serious damage to the rails and wheel treads as they heat and cool rapidly . Field weakening is used in some electronic controls to increase the top speed of an electric vehicle . The simplest form uses a contactor and field - weakening resistor ; the electronic control monitors the motor current and switches the field weakening resistor into circuit when the motor current reduces below a preset value ( this will be when the motor is at its full design speed ) . Once the resistor is in circuit , the motor will increase speed above its normal speed at its rated voltage . When motor current increases , the control will disconnect the resistor and low speed torque is made available . Ward Leonard ( edit ) A Ward Leonard control is usually used for controlling a shunt or compound wound DC motor , and developed as a method of providing a speed - controlled motor from an AC supply , though it is not without its advantages in DC schemes . The AC supply is used to drive an AC motor , usually an induction motor that drives a DC generator or dynamo . The DC output from the armature is directly connected to the armature of the DC motor ( sometimes but not always of identical construction ) . The shunt field windings of both DC machines are independently excited through variable resistors . Extremely good speed control from standstill to full speed , and consistent torque , can be obtained by varying the generator and / or motor field current . This method of control was the de facto method from its development until it was superseded by solid state thyristor systems . It found service in almost any environment where good speed control was required , from passenger lifts through to large mine pit head winding gear and even industrial process machinery and electric cranes . Its principal disadvantage was that three machines were required to implement a scheme ( five in very large installations , as the DC machines were often duplicated and controlled by a tandem variable resistor ) . In many applications , the motor - generator set was often left permanently running , to avoid the delays that would otherwise be caused by starting it up as required . Although electronic ( thyristor ) controllers have replaced most small to medium Ward - Leonard systems , some very large ones ( thousands of horsepower ) remain in service . The field currents are much lower than the armature currents , allowing a moderate sized thyristor unit to control a much larger motor than it could control directly . For example , in one installation , a 300 amp thyristor unit controls the field of the generator . The generator output current is in excess of 15,000 amperes , which would be prohibitively expensive ( and inefficient ) to control directly with thyristors . Torque and speed of a DC motor ( edit ) A DC motor 's speed and torque characteristics vary according to three different magnetization sources , separately excited field , self - excited field or permanent - field , which are used selectively to control the motor over the mechanical load 's range . Self - excited field motors can be series , shunt , or compound wound connected to the armature . Basic properties ( edit ) Define E , induced or counter EMF ( V ) I , armature current ( A ) k , counter EMF equation constant k , speed equation constant k , torque equation constant n , armature frequency ( rpm ) R , motor resistance ( Ω ) T , motor torque ( Nm ) V , motor input voltage ( V ) Φ , machine 's total flux ( Wb ) Counter emf equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's counter emf is proportional to the product of the machine 's total flux strength and armature speed : E = k Φ n Voltage balance equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's input voltage must overcome the counter emf as well as the voltage drop created by the armature current across the motor resistance , that is , the combined resistance across the brushes , armature winding and series field winding , if any : V = E + R I Torque equation ( edit ) The DC motor 's torque is proportional to the product of the armature current and the machine 's total flux strength : T = 1 2 π k b I a Φ = k T I a Φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) T& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) k_ ( b ) I_ ( a ) \ Phi \ \ & = k_ ( T ) I_ ( a ) \ Phi \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where k = k / 2π Speed equation ( edit ) Since n = E / k Φ and V = E + R I we have n = V m − R m I a k b Φ = k n V m − R m I a Φ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) n& = ( \ frac ( V_ ( m ) - R_ ( m ) I_ ( a ) ) ( k_ ( b ) \ Phi ) ) \ \ & = k_ ( n ) ( \ frac ( V_ ( m ) - R_ ( m ) I_ ( a ) ) ( \ Phi ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where k = 1 / k Torque and speed characteristics ( edit ) Shunt wound motor ( edit ) With the shunt wound motor 's high - resistance field winding connected in parallel with the armature , V , R and Ø are constant such that the no load to full load speed regulation is seldom more than 5 % . Speed control is achieved three ways : Varying the field voltage Field weakening Variable resistance in the field circuit . Series wound motor ( edit ) Main article : Universal motor The series motor responds to increased load by slowing down ; the current increases and the torque rises in proportional to the square of the current since the same current flows in both the armature and the field windings . If the motor is stalled , the current is limited only by the total resistance of the windings and the torque can be very high , but there is a danger of the windings becoming overheated . Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in rail transport of every kind , but are being phased out in favour of power inverter - fed AC induction motors . The counter emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature . When power is first applied to a motor , the armature does not rotate , the counter emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance . As the prospective current through the armature is very large , the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter emf . As the motor rotation builds up , the resistance is gradually cut out . The series wound DC motor 's most notable characteristic is that it is almost entirely dependent on the torque required to drive the load . This suits large inertial loads as motor accelerates from maximum torque , torque reducing gradually as load increases . As the series motor 's speed can be dangerously high , series motors are often geared or direct - connected to the load . Permanent magnet motor ( edit ) A permanent magnet DC motor is characterized by a linear relationship between stall torque when the torque is maximum with the shaft at standstill and no load speed with no applied shaft torque and maximum output speed . There is a quadratic power relationship between these two speed - axis points . Protection ( edit ) To extend a DC motor 's service life , protective devices and motor controllers are used to protect it from mechanical damage , excessive moisture , high dielectric stress and high temperature or thermal overloading . These protective devices sense motor fault conditions and either annunciate an alarm to notify the operator or automatically de-energize the motor when a faulty condition occurs . For overloaded conditions , motors are protected with thermal overload relays . Bi-metal thermal overload protectors are embedded in the motor 's windings and made from two dissimilar metals . They are designed such that the bimetallic strips will bend in opposite directions when a temperature set point is reached to open the control circuit and de-energize the motor . Heaters are external thermal overload protectors connected in series with the motor 's windings and mounted in the motor contactor . Solder pot heaters melt in an overload condition , which cause the motor control circuit to de-energize the motor . Bimetallic heaters function the same way as embedded bimetallic protectors . Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent or short circuit protectors . Ground fault relays also provide overcurrent protection . They monitor the electric current between the motor 's windings and earth system ground . In motor - generators , reverse current relays prevent the battery from discharging and motorizing the generator . Since D.C. motor field loss can cause a hazardous runaway or overspeed condition , loss of field relays are connected in parallel with the motor 's field to sense field current . When the field current decreases below a set point , the relay will deenergize the motor 's armature . A locked rotor condition prevents a motor from accelerating after its starting sequence has been initiated . Distance relays protect motors from locked - rotor faults . Undervoltage motor protection is typically incorporated into motor controllers or starters . In addition , motors can be protected from overvoltages or surges with isolation transformers , power conditioning equipment , MOVs , arresters and harmonic filters . Environmental conditions , such as dust , explosive vapors , water , and high ambient temperatures , can adversely affect the operation of a DC motor . To protect a motor from these environmental conditions , the National Electrical Manufacturers Association ( NEMA ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) have standardized motor enclosure designs based upon the environmental protection they provide from contaminants . Modern software can also be used in the design stage , such as Motor - CAD , to help increase the thermal efficiency of a motor . DC motor starters ( edit ) The counter-emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature . When power is first applied to a motor , the armature does not rotate . At that instant the counter-emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance and inductance . Usually the armature resistance of a motor is less than 1 Ω ; therefore the current through the armature would be very large when the power is applied . This current can make an excessive voltage drop affecting other equipment in the circuit and even trip overload protective devices . Therefore , the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter-emf . As the motor rotation builds up , the resistance is gradually cut out . Manual - starting rheostat ( edit ) 1917 DC motor manual starting rheostat with no - voltage and overload release features . When electrical and DC motor technology was first developed , much of the equipment was constantly tended by an operator trained in the management of motor systems . The very first motor management systems were almost completely manual , with an attendant starting and stopping the motors , cleaning the equipment , repairing any mechanical failures , and so forth . The first DC motor - starters were also completely manual , as shown in this image . Normally it took the operator about ten seconds to slowly advance the rheostat across the contacts to gradually increase input power up to operating speed . There were two different classes of these rheostats , one used for starting only , and one for starting and speed regulation . The starting rheostat was less expensive , but had smaller resistance elements that would burn out if required to run a motor at a constant reduced speed . This starter includes a no - voltage magnetic holding feature , which causes the rheostat to spring to the off position if power is lost , so that the motor does not later attempt to restart in the full - voltage position . It also has overcurrent protection that trips the lever to the off position if excessive current over a set amount is detected . Three - point starter ( edit ) The incoming power is indicated as L1 and L2 . The components within the broken lines form the three - point starter . As the name implies there are only three connections to the starter . The connections to the armature are indicated as A1 and A2 . The ends of the field ( excitement ) coil are indicated as F1 and F2 . In order to control the speed , a field rheostat is connected in series with the shunt field . One side of the line is connected to the arm of the starter ( represented by an arrow in the diagram ) . The arm is spring - loaded so , it will return to the `` Off '' position when not held at any other position . On the first step of the arm , full line voltage is applied across the shunt field . Since the field rheostat is normally set to minimum resistance , the speed of the motor will not be excessive ; additionally , the motor will develop a large starting torque . The starter also connects an electromagnet in series with the shunt field . It will hold the arm in position when the arm makes contact with the magnet . Meanwhile , that voltage is applied to the shunt field , and the starting resistance limits the current to the armature . As the motor picks up speed counter-emf is built up ; the arm is moved slowly to short . Four - point starter ( edit ) The four - point starter eliminates the drawback of the three - point starter . In addition to the same three points that were in use with the three - point starter , the other side of the line , L1 , is the fourth point brought to the starter when the arm is moved from the `` Off '' position . The coil of the holding magnet is connected across the line . The holding magnet and starting resistors function identical as in the three - point starter . The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is quite remote . The four - point starter provides the no - voltage protection to the motor . If the power fails , the motor is disconnected from the line . See also ( edit ) Alternating current Brushless DC electric motor Equations of a DC Motor under loading References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide Jump up ^ Gottlieb , I.M. ( 1994 ) . Electric Motors & Control Techniques ( 2nd ed . ) . TAB Books . Jump up ^ Lander , Cyril W. ( 1993 ) . `` 8 D.C. Machine Control '' . Power Electronics ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Mc Graw Hill International UK . ISBN 0 - 07 - 707714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 3437 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 144 , p. 826 , eq. 8 - 17 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 20 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 146 , p. 826 , eq. 8 - 18 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 66 , eq. 5 - 23 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 21 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 20 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 68 , eq. 5 - 31 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 147 , p. 827 , eq. 8 - 22 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 148 to § 8 - 151 , p. 827 - 828 Jump up ^ Hameyer , p. 69 Jump up ^ Alger , § 7 - 278 , p. 757 Jump up ^ Alger , § 7 - 277 , p. 757 Jump up ^ Lynn , § 8 - 154 , p. 828 Jump up ^ MIT CIPD Jump up ^ Herman , Stephen L. Electric Motor Control . 9th ed . Delmar , Cengage Learning , 2009 . Page 12 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Barnes . Practical variable speed drives and power electronics . Elsevier , Newnes , 2003 . Page 151 . Jump up ^ J. Lewis Blackburn . Protective relaying : principles and applications . CRC Press , 1998 . Page 358 . Jump up ^ Ohio Electric Motors . DC Motor Protection . Ohio Electric Motors . 2011 . Archived November 15 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ H. Wayne Beaty and James L. Kirtley . Electric Motor Handbook . McGraw - Hill Professional , 1998 . Page 97 . Jump up ^ Hawkins Electrical Guide . Theo . Audel & Co. 1917 . pp. 664 -- 669 . External links ( edit ) How Electric Motors Work ( retrieved from Web Archive on 2014 / 31 / 01 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Alger , P.L. ( 1949 ) . `` § 7 - 277 to § 7 - 287 ' AC Commutator Motors ' in Sec. 7 - Alternating - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 826 -- 831 . Hameyer , Kay ( 2001 ) . `` § 5.2 ' Basic Equations ' in section 5 - DC Machine '' . Electrical Machine I : Basics , Design , Function , Operation . RWTH Aachen University Institute of Electrical Machines . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Lynn , C. ( 1949 ) . `` § 8 - 144 to § 8 - 165 ' Motor Characteristics and Regulation ' in Sec. 8 - Direct - Current Generators and Motors '' . In Knowlton , A.E. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 826 -- 831 . MIT CIPD ( 2009 ) . `` Understanding D.C. Motor Characteristics '' . Designing with D.C. Motors . MIT , Mech . Engineering , CIPD . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Electric motors AC - Alternating current DC - Direct current PM - Permanent magnet SC - Self - commutated Fundamental types AC motor DC motor DC motors Homopolar Electrically - excited field or PM field brushed DC Unipolar AC SC mechanical commutator Repulsion Universal AC SC electronic commutator Brushless DC ( BLDC ) Switched reluctance ( SRM ) AC asynchronous ( induction ( IM ) ) Shaded - pole ( single - phase ) Dahlander pole changing motor Squirrel - cage rotor ( SCIM ) Wound - rotor ( WRIM ) Linear induction AC synchronous ( SM ) Hysteresis Interior / Surface PM ( IPMSM / SPMSM ) Reluctance ( SyRM ) Wound - rotor ( WRSM ) Special magnetic machines Doubly - fed Linear Servomotor Stepper Traction Non-magnetic Electrostatic Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Enclosure Type Hermetic TEFC Components and accessories Armature Braking chopper Brush Commutator DC injection braking Field coil Rotor Slip ring Stator Winding Motor controllers AC / AC converter Amplidyne Adjustable - speed drive ( ASD ) Cycloconverter Direct torque control ( DTC ) Metadyne Motor controller Motor soft starter Motor starter ( engine ) Power inverter Thyristor drive Variable - frequency drive ( VFD ) Vector control Voltage controller Ward Leonard control History , education , recreational use Timeline of the electric motor Ball bearing motor Barlow 's wheel Lynch motor Mendocino motor Mouse mill motor Experimental , futuristic Coilgun Railgun Superconducting machine Related topics Blocked - rotor test Circle diagram Closed - loop control Electromagnetism Open - circuit test Open - loop controller Power - to - weight ratio Torque and speed of a DC motor Two - phase system People Arago Baily Barlow Botto Cook Davenport Davidson Dolivo - Dobrovolsky Faraday Ferraris Froment Gramme Henry Jacobi Jedlik Lenz Maxwell Ørsted Park Pixii Saxton Siemens Sprague Steinmetz Stimpson Sturgeon Tesla See also Alternator Electric generator Inchworm motor SI electromagnetism units C - Capacitance ( F ) Q - Charge ( C ) G , B , Y - Conductance , susceptance , admittance ( S ) κ , γ , σ - Conductivity ( S / m ) I - Current ( A ) D - Electric displacement field ( C / m ) E - Electric field ( V / m ) Φ - Electric flux ( V m ) χ - Electric susceptibility U , ΔV , Δφ ; E - Emf ( V ) L , M - Inductance ( H ) H - Magnetic field ( A / m ) strength Φ - Magnetic flux ( Wb ) B - Magnetic flux density ( T ) χ - Magnetic susceptibility μ - Permeability ( H / m ) ε - Permittivity ( F / m ) P - Power ( W ) R , X , Z - Resistance , reactance , impedance ( Ω ) ρ - Resistivity ( Ω m ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brushed_DC_electric_motor&oldid=801405046 '' Categories : DC motors Electric motors Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from September 2014 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latviešu Magyar 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | factors on which the speed of dc motor depends | [
"The series motor responds to increased load by slowing down; the current increases and the torque rises in proportional to the square of the current since the same current flows in both the armature and the field windings. If the motor is stalled, the current is limited only by the total resistance of the windings and the torque can be very high, but there is a danger of the windings becoming overheated. Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in rail transport[15] of every kind, but are being phased out in favour of power inverter-fed AC induction motors. The counter emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature. When power is first applied to a motor, the armature does not rotate, the counter emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance.[16] As the prospective current through the armature is very large, the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter emf. As the motor rotation builds up, the resistance is gradually cut out."
] | [
"armature resistance"
] |
-908933228761618084 | Lust for Life (Lana Del Rey album) | Lust for Life ( Lana Del Rey album ) - wikipedia Lust for Life ( Lana Del Rey album ) Jump to : navigation , search Lust for Life Studio album by Lana Del Rey Released July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Studio Various ( show ) The Green Building ( Los Angeles , CA ) Hampstead Studios ( London , England ) Electric Lady Studios ( New York City , NY ) Sole Studios ( London , England ) Strongroom ( London , England ) Record Plant ( Los Angeles , CA ) The Farm Studios ( New York City , NY ) Length 71 : 56 Label Polydor Interscope Producer Lana Del Rey ( also exec . ) Rick Nowels ( also exec . ) Benny Blanco Boi - 1da Emile Haynie Tim Larcombe Sean Ono Lennon Max Martin Kieron Menzies Metro Boomin Mighty Mike Dean Reid Jahaan Sweet Lana Del Rey chronology Honeymoon ( 2015 ) Lust for Life ( 2017 ) Singles from Lust for Life `` Love '' Released : February 18 , 2017 `` Lust for Life '' Released : April 19 , 2017 Lust for Life is the fifth studio album and fourth major - label record by American singer Lana Del Rey , released on July 21 , 2017 . The lead single , titled `` Love '' , was released worldwide on February 18 , 2017 , and the album title was announced on March 29 , 2017 , through a trailer on Del Rey 's official Vevo channel on YouTube . The title track , which features Canadian singer The Weeknd , was released on April 19 as the second single . The album also features guest appearances from A $ AP Rocky , Stevie Nicks , Sean Lennon , and Playboi Carti . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Promotion 3.1 Singles 3.2 Promotional singles 3.3 Shows 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts 9 See also 10 References Background and release Lana Del Rey first discussed the follow - up album to Honeymoon during an interview with NME magazine in December 2015 . When asked where she would like to go with it and when it would be released , she replied by saying , `` I do have early thoughts about what I 'd like to do with it . My label , Interscope , is pretty flexible and open to my records coming out at any time , so I do n't have that pressure . I 'm just happy to be able to keep on making music I can stand behind . That 's enough for me . '' In February 2016 , during Clive Davis 's Pre-Grammy Gala , Del Rey told Billboard that her upcoming record would be a different direction from Honeymoon , while retaining the same aesthetic . On February 18 , 2017 , the album 's lead single , `` Love '' was released . On April 18 , in an interview with Courtney Love for Dazed , Del Rey confirmed a collaboration on the album with The Weeknd called `` Lust for Life '' , and a collaboration with Sean Lennon called `` Tomorrow Never Came '' . She claimed to have worked with Max Martin for the title track , and was inspired by The Shangri - Las for the record 's sound . A collaboration with Stevie Nicks entitled `` Beautiful People , Beautiful Problems '' was also confirmed to be featured on the album . The second single , `` Lust for Life '' , was released on April 19 . The title of the album was announced on March 29 , 2017 , when Del Rey released a trailer for the album , and the album 's cover art was released by Del Rey on social media on April 11 , 2017 . The album was released on July 21 , 2017 . Composition Lust for Life features recurring trap rhythms , classic rock references , `` sepia - toned '' orchestral backings , and Del Rey singing with a `` hip - hop affectation '' . The Daily Telegraph stated that the album `` lets a bit of light into the darkness of Del Rey 's moody past works , '' noting that `` there 's a sense of heightened drama in punchy Phil Spector style sixties back beats and the way the heavy timpani criss - crosses with echoing digital trap beats , all swathed in a gauzy haze of Shangri Las style girl group harmonies . '' The Guardian described the album 's sound as `` sleek contemporary - sounding soundscapes , '' and noted `` Summer Bummer '' 's `` eerie production and futuristic melancholy sounding closer to a track from Frank Ocean 's Blonde than her usual 50s and 60s enthralled shtick . '' The A.V. Club praised its modern simplicity , noting that `` its beats are subtle hip - hop twitches or electro - pop swells , with percussion redolent of faraway fireworks booms or mellifluous melodic washes . '' Promotion Singles In January 2017 , the lead single from the record , `` Love '' , was registered online on Harry Fox Agency under the alternate title , `` Young in Love '' . Fans began the speculate that the song would be featured on Del Rey 's upcoming record , and on February 17 , 2017 , promotional posters for the `` Love '' music video directed by Rich Lee were put on display across Los Angeles . Later that day , the song leaked online , forcing Del Rey to officially release the song earlier than she had expected . The song was officially released worldwide on February 18 , and the music video on February 20 . `` Love '' debuted at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on Hot Rock Songs . On April 19 , BBC Radio 1 premiered Del Rey 's new song , `` Lust for Life '' featuring singer The Weeknd . The official audio was released to the iTunes Store and streaming services a few hours later as the second single from the album . Promotional singles On May 15 , Del Rey released `` Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind '' as the album 's first promotional single . On July 12 , she premiered the songs `` Summer Bummer '' , featuring A $ AP Rocky and Playboi Carti , and `` Groupie Love '' , featuring A $ AP Rocky , as the second and third promotional singles . `` Summer Bummer '' and `` Groupie Love '' were subsequently released to UK and Italian radio airplay , respectively . Shows On July 24 , 2017 , Del Rey began a small promotional tour at the Brixton Academy in London in promotion of Lust for Life . Other stops on the promotional tour include San Diego , Anaheim , Glasgow , Liverpool , San Francisco , Santa Barbara and New York City . Aside from these select side shows , Del Rey plans to embark on an official world tour to further promote the album , as her first official headlining concert tour since The Endless Summer Tour in 2015 . Critical reception Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 7.2 / 10 Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club Consequence of Sound B − The Daily Telegraph The Guardian The Independent Paste 8.3 / 10 Pitchfork 7.7 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 78 , based on 27 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph said the album is a `` welcome throwback to the hip hop swagger that pushed through her fantastic 2012 debut Born To Die '' . Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote a favorable review , saying the album `` in rare moments , hints at a wink behind Ms. Del Rey 's somber lullabies . '' In a very positive review from GQ Magazine , Kevin Long wrote that `` Like Lorde 's Melodrama , Lust For Life is an accomplished piece of art , an antidote to the banal tunes permeating the charts and one of the best albums released this year so far . '' Billboard named Lust for Life their album of the week , writing `` In a 2017 pop game riddled with thirst , trend - hops and burn - outs , Lana Del Rey has earned a remarkable , singular consistency . '' Writing for The Independent , Roison O'Connor wrote that `` Lust For Life is more of an elaboration on her favourite subjects rather than a repetition , in fact , it 's her most expansive album to date , '' concluding that `` Del Rey is far more self - aware than she has been on her previous albums . '' El Hunt of DIY wrote that Lust for Life is `` a record that is prepared to be truly vulnerable , and is all the more impactful for it . '' Commercial performance Lust for Life debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 107,000 album - equivalent units of which 80,000 were pure album sales , marking Del Rey 's second number one on the chart . The album also debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , giving Del Rey her third number - one album on the chart . In South Korea , the album debuted at number 57 on the Gaon Album Chart and at number five on the international version of the same chart . Track listing Credits adapted from iTunes . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Love '' Lana Del Rey Rick Nowels Benjamin Levin Emile Haynie Del Rey Nowels Haynie Benny Blanco Kieron Menzies 4 : 32 2 . `` Lust for Life '' ( featuring The Weeknd ) Del Rey Nowels Abel Tesfaye Max Martin Del Rey Nowels Menzies Dean Reid Martin 4 : 24 3 . `` 13 Beaches '' Del Rey Nowels Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid Mighty Mike 4 : 55 4 . `` Cherry '' Del Rey Tim Larcombe Del Rey Nowels Larcombe Reid Menzies 3 : 00 5 . `` White Mustang '' Del Rey Nowels Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 2 : 44 6 . `` Summer Bummer '' ( featuring ASAP Rocky and Playboi Carti ) Del Rey Matthew Samuels Rakim Mayers Jordan Carter Tyler Williams Jahaan Sweet Andrew Joseph Gradwohl Jr . Boi - 1da Sweet Nowels 4 : 20 7 . `` Groupie Love '' ( featuring ASAP Rocky ) Del Rey Nowels Mayers Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 4 : 24 8 . `` In My Feelings '' Del Rey Nowels Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 3 : 58 9 . `` Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind '' Del Rey Nowels Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 4 : 18 10 . `` God Bless America -- and All the Beautiful Women in It '' Del Rey Nowels Nowels Menzies Reid Metro Boomin Del Rey 4 : 36 11 . `` When the World Was at War We Kept Dancing '' Del Rey Nowels Reid Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 4 : 35 12 . `` Beautiful People Beautiful Problems '' ( featuring Stevie Nicks ) Del Rey Nowels Justin Parker Stevie Nicks Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 4 : 13 13 . `` Tomorrow Never Came '' ( featuring Sean Ono Lennon ) Del Rey Sean Lennon Nowels Del Rey Nowels Lennon 5 : 07 14 . `` Heroin '' Del Rey Nowels Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid Mighty Mike 5 : 55 15 . `` Change '' Del Rey Nowels Del Rey Nowels Menzies 5 : 21 16 . `` Get Free '' Del Rey Nowels Menzies Del Rey Nowels Menzies Reid 5 : 34 Total length : 71 : 56 Notes signifies an additional producer `` 13 Beaches '' contains an audio snippet from the motion picture Carnival of Souls performed by Candace Hilligoss Personnel Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes . Lana Del Rey -- vocals , production ( tracks 1 -- 5 , 7 -- 16 ) The Weeknd -- vocals ( track 2 ) ASAP Rocky -- vocals ( tracks 6 , 7 ) Playboi Carti -- vocals ( track 6 ) Stevie Nicks -- vocals ( track 12 ) Sean Ono Lennon -- vocals ( track 13 ) , production ( track 13 ) , shaker ( track 13 ) , timpani ( track 13 ) , electric upright bass ( track 13 ) , acoustic guitar ( track 13 ) , electric guitar ( track 13 ) , celesta ( track 13 ) , harpsichord ( track 13 ) , glass harmonica ( track 13 ) , Mongolian bells ( track 13 ) , Mellotron ( track 13 ) Rick Nowels -- bass ( tracks 1 , 13 , 15 , 16 ) , Mellotron ( tracks 1 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ) , vibraphone ( tracks 1 , 7 ) , keyboards ( tracks 1 , 8 , 16 ) , synth pads ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 16 ) , piano ( tracks 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 15 ) , strings ( tracks 3 , 8 ) , celesta ( tracks 9 , 15 ) , organ ( tracks 9 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 ) , acoustic guitar ( tracks 10 , 11 , 13 ) , flute ( tracks 10 , 12 ) , 808 bass ( track 10 ) , solina ( track 12 ) , synth bass ( track 12 ) , electric piano ( track 14 ) , choir ( track 14 ) Kieron Menzies -- production ( tracks 1 -- 5 , 7 -- 12 , 14 -- 16 ) , engineering ( tracks 1 -- 16 ) , mixing ( tracks 1 -- 16 ) , drums ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 15 ) , tape loops ( tracks 2 , 9 , 10 , 16 ) , percussion ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 16 ) , keyboards ( tracks 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 15 ) , synth pads ( track 2 ) , strings ( tracks 2 , 4 , 5 ) , bass ( track 3 ) , synthesizer ( tracks 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 16 ) , modem ( track 3 ) , piano ( track 8 ) Dean Reid -- production ( tracks 2 -- 5 , 7 -- 12 , 14 , 16 ) , engineering ( tracks 1 -- 14 , 16 ) , mixing ( tracks 2 - 12 , 14 , 16 ) , electric guitar ( tracks 1 , 14 , 16 ) , drums ( tracks 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 ) , percussion ( tracks 2 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 16 ) , bass guitar ( tracks 2 , 10 ) , vocoder ( tracks 2 , 7 ) , effects ( tracks 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 14 ) , guitar synthesizer ( track 2 ) , synth bass ( tracks 3 , 11 , 14 , 16 ) , bass ( tracks 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) , strings ( tracks 4 , 10 , 11 ) , synthesizer ( tracks 5 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ) , flute ( track 9 ) , Mellotron ( track 9 ) , brass ( track 10 ) Zac Rae -- synthesizer ( tracks 2 , 3 , 7 , 10 , 16 ) , strings ( track 4 ) , harpsichord ( track 6 ) , drums ( tracks 7 , 11 ) , percussion ( track 7 ) , bass guitar ( tracks 7 , 11 ) , electric guitar ( track 7 ) , piano ( track 10 ) , organ ( tracks 11 , 16 ) , Mellotron ( track 16 ) , guitar ( track 16 ) Patrick Warren -- harmonium ( track 3 ) , synthesizer ( tracks 3 , 12 , 14 ) , waterphone ( track 3 ) , tack piano ( track 10 ) , strings ( tracks 10 , 12 ) , piano ( tracks 13 ) , organ ( track 13 ) , bassoon ( track 14 ) , flute ( track 14 ) Mighty Mike -- additional production ( track 3 , 14 ) , bongos ( track 2 ) , drums ( tracks 3 , 14 , 16 ) , percussion ( tracks 3 , 14 , 16 ) , keyboards ( track 3 ) , percussion ( track 7 ) David Levita -- electric guitar ( tracks 2 , 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 16 ) Trevor Yasuda -- engineering ( tracks 1 -- 14 , 16 ) , keyboards ( tracks 5 , 7 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 16 ) Aaron Sterling -- live drums ( tracks 7 , 11 , 16 ) , tambourine ( track 11 ) , percussion ( track 16 ) Tim Larcombe -- additional production ( track 4 ) , electric guitar ( track 4 ) , drums ( track 4 ) , Mellotron ( track 4 ) Metro Boomin -- production ( track 10 ) , drums ( track 10 ) , percussion ( 10 ) , synth bass ( track 10 ) Benny Blanco -- production ( track 1 ) , mixing ( track 1 ) , drums ( track 1 ) , keyboards ( track 1 ) Max Martin -- additional production ( track 2 ) , Juno bass ( track 2 ) Ali Payami -- drum programming ( track 2 ) Dan Heath -- orchestra overture ( track 3 ) David Palmer -- synthesizer ( track 10 ) Sean Hurley -- bass ( track 12 ) T - Minus -- cello ( track 6 ) , synth ( track 6 ) Boi - 1da -- production ( track 6 ) , drums ( track 6 ) , bass ( track 6 ) Jahaan Sweet -- production ( track 6 ) , piano ( track 6 ) Andrew Joseph Gradwohl Jr. -- synthesizer ( track 6 ) Berkay Birecikli -- percussion ( track 7 ) Hector Delgado -- engineering ( tracks 6 , 7 ) , effects ( track 7 ) Emile Haynie -- production ( track 1 ) , mixing ( track 1 ) , drums ( track 1 ) , synthesizer ( track 1 ) Gary Ferguson -- live drums ( tracks 12 , 14 ) Chris Garcia -- engineering ( tracks 4 , 5 , 9 , 16 ) Jordan Stilwell -- engineering ( tracks 2 , 3 ) Matthew Cullen -- engineering ( track 13 ) , mixing ( track 13 ) Adam Ayan -- mastering ( tracks 2 -- 16 ) Mike Bozzi -- mastering ( track 1 ) Chuck Grant -- photography Neil Krug -- photography Mat Maitland -- design Markus Bagå -- design Charts Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentine Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatian International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 5 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 6 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 8 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) 5 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 18 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 6 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Top Alternative Albums ( Billboard ) See also List of UK Albums Chart number ones in 2017 List of number - one albums of 2017 ( Sweden ) List of number - one albums of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2017 ( Norway ) List of number - one albums of 2017 ( Spain ) List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Alternative Albums of 2017 References ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan . `` Lana Del Rey Reveals Lust For Life Album Release Date '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Lust For Life album trailer '' . YouTube . March 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lust for Life ( feat . The Weeknd ) -- Single by Lana Del Rey on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Drops Teaser of New Song f / ASAP Rocky and Playboi Carti '' . Complex . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Letter From Lana Del Rey -- The Full NME Cover Interview '' . NME . December 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey : The 2016 Clive Davis Pre-GRAMMY Gala '' . Billboard . February 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey on LA weirdness and defining her generation '' . Dazed. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey and Stevie Nicks Team Up for New Song on Lust for Life '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey '' . Flaunt . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaca , Anna ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Releases Trailer for New Album Lust for Life , Which Is `` Coming Soon '' `` . Spin . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey shares ' Lust for Life ' album cover '' . NME . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Album of the Week : Lana Del Rey 's ' Lust for Life ' Is Her Most Lana Del Rey Album Yet '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Lorde , Melodrama , review : ' this imaginatively audacious triumph is just too good to resist ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gibsone , Harriet ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey : Lust for Life review -- in a luxurious league of her own '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zaleski , Annie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` On Lust For Life , Lana Del Rey envisions a slightly brighter future '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Registers New Song `` Young & In Love '' `` . Idolator . January 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jillian Frankel ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Cinematic ' Love ' Posters Around L.A. Stir New Album Speculation '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah . `` Lana Del Rey Releases New Song `` Love '' : Listen `` . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` Watch Lana Del Rey 's Dreamy ' Love ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey and the Weeknd 's New Song `` Lust for Life '' Coming Today `` . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey 's ' Lust for Life , ' Feat . The Weeknd , Leads Billboard + Twitter Trending 140 Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We might be getting another new Lana Del Rey track , ' Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind ' , tomorrow '' . Dork . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Bradley ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Debuts Two ' Lust For Life ' Tracks : Hear ' Summer Bummer ' & ' Groupie Love ' '' . popcrush.com . Pop Crush . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceschi , Isabella ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey - Groupie Love ( feat . A $ AP Rocky ) ( Radio Date : 28 - 07 - 2017 ) '' ( in Italian ) . EarOne . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey at Brixton Academy in London '' . The Line of Best Fit . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ocregister.com/2017/07/26/lana-del-rey-announces-intimate-house-of-blues-shows-in-anaheim-and-san-diego-next-week/ Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/news/music/lana-del-rey-liverpool-glasgow-uk-tour-dates-2116371 Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BXa1dJLFstL/?hl=en&taken-by=lanadelrey Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BX0l7mlg0R9/?hl=en&taken-by=lanadelrey Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7897941/lana-del-rey-announces-first-non-festival-nyc-shows-in-over-5-years Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BX8bYqgAi9N/?taken-by=lanadelrey Jump up ^ `` Lust for Life by Lana Del Rey reviews '' . anydecentmusic.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews and Tracks for Lust for Life by Lana Del Rey '' . Metacritic . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ weiss , dan ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life : The pop star 's latest reminds us that she already earned her victory lap long ago '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey , Lust For Life : this pop star for the selfie generation is about as real as it comes -- review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey , Lust for Life , album review : Her power is to keep things hidden , whilst seeming utterly explicit '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cudmore , Libby ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey : Lust for Life Review '' . Paste . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Meaghan ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey : Lust for Life Album Review '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Lana Del Rey Indulges in Nostalgia , Reverb on Fourth LP '' . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mac , Sam ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Lana Del Rey Wonders ' Is It the End of America ? ' on Her New Album '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Kevin ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lust For Life review : Lana Del Rey takes aim at Donald Trump 's America on her new album '' . GQ Magazine . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Album of the Week : Lana Del Rey 's ' Lust for Life ' Is Her Most Lana Del Rey Album Yet '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey , Lust for Life , album review : Her power is to keep things hidden , whilst seeming utterly explicit '' . The Independent . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , El ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Album Review : Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . DIY . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart , Tyler , The Creator and Meek Mill Bow at Nos. 2 & 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lana Del Rey scores her third Number 1 with Lust For Life on the Official Albums Chart '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lust For Life -- Lana Del Rey '' . iTunes . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lust for Life digital booklet '' ( PDF ) . Interscope . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los discos más vendidos '' . Diario de Cultura . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Lana Del Rey . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Stranih ( Top Foreign ) '' ( in Croatian ) . Top Foreign Albums . Hrvatska diskografska udruga . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select ( ( ( date ) ) ) on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 30 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey : Lust for Life '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts -- Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart ( Week : 35 / 2017 ) '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2017 . 31 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 28 July 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 28 de Julio al 03 de Agosto ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 30 : del 21.07. 2017 al 27.07. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Click on `` Veckans albumlista '' . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Lust for Life '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Lana Del Rey . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Chart history '' Billboard Top Alternative Albums for Lana Del Rey . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Lana Del Rey Videography Discography Songs Awards and nominations Albums Lana Del Ray Born to Die Ultraviolence Honeymoon Lust for Life Extended plays Lana Del Rey Paradise Tropico Tours The Endless Summer Tour Films Tropico Ride Freak Book Category Lana Del Rey songs Discography Videography Lana Del Ray `` Kill Kill '' `` Yayo '' Born to Die `` Born to Die '' `` Off to the Races '' `` Blue Jeans '' `` Video Games '' `` Diet Mountain Dew '' `` National Anthem '' `` Dark Paradise '' `` Carmen '' `` Summertime Sadness '' Paradise `` Ride '' `` Cola '' `` Blue Velvet '' `` Gods & Monsters '' `` Yayo '' `` Bel Air '' `` Burning Desire '' Ultraviolence `` Cruel World '' `` Ultraviolence '' `` Shades of Cool '' `` Brooklyn Baby '' `` West Coast '' `` Old Money '' `` Black Beauty '' Honeymoon `` Honeymoon '' `` Music to Watch Boys To '' `` Terrence Loves You '' `` High by the Beach '' `` Freak '' `` Art Deco '' `` Salvatore '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' Lust for Life `` Love '' `` Lust for Life '' `` Summer Bummer '' `` Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind '' Other songs `` Serial Killer '' `` Ghetto Baby '' `` Young and Beautiful '' `` Once Upon a Dream '' `` Big Eyes '' `` Prisoner '' Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lust_for_Life_(Lana_Del_Rey_album)&oldid=800469215 '' Categories : 2017 albums Albums produced by Benny Blanco Albums produced by Boi - 1da Albums produced by Emile Haynie Albums produced by Metro Boomin Albums produced by Rick Nowels English - language albums Interscope Records albums Lana Del Rey albums Polydor Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Português Română Русский Scots Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 18 : 59 . 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-4055301037209036416 | Margam Abbey | Margam Abbey - wikipedia Margam Abbey Jump to : navigation , search Margam Abbey : the present parish church comprises the nave of the abbey church Margam Abbey ( Welsh : Abaty Margam ) was a Cistercian monastery , located in the village of Margam , a suburb of modern Port Talbot in Wales . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Today 3 See also 4 Photos 5 Notes 6 References History ( edit ) Margam Abbey ruins 1805 The abbey was founded in 1147 as a daughter house of Clairvaux by Robert , Earl of Gloucester , and was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary . Early Christian crosses found in the close vicinity and conserved in the nearby Margam Stones Museum suggest the existence of an earlier Celtic monastic community . The founding abbot was William of Clairvaux . The third abbot , Conan , enjoyed the praise of Giraldus Cambrensis , whom he appears to have entertained prior to his official visit with Baldwin of Forde , Archbishop of Canterbury , to preach the Crusade in 1188 . Conan ( or Cunan ) contributed to Patristic literature , as he is credited with the capitula or chapter - headings prefixing each section of St. Bernard 's Sermons on the Song of Songs , one of the works for which that author was titled a Doctor of the Church . The abbey was dissolved by King Henry VIII of England in 1536 and sold to Sir Rice Mansel . Significant holdings of the monastery library appear to have survived this event , including the Annales de Margan . At this time , only 12 monks were living in the monastery . From the Mansel family the abbey eventually passed into their descendants in the female line , the Talbot family . In the 19th century , CRM Talbot constructed a mansion at Margam Castle which overlooks the abbey ruins . The nave of the abbey continued in use as the parish church , as it does to this day . It is Anglo - Catholic in its churchmanship . Today ( edit ) Chapter House ruins Margam Abbey now consists of the intact nave and impressive surrounding ruins . Those ruins not belonging to the church are now owned by the County Council . These remains , including the unusually large twelve - sided chapter house , dating from the 13th century , stand within 840 acre ( 3.4 km2 ) Margam Country Park , close to Margam Castle . The Abbey church of St Mary , the ruined Chapter House and the Abbey undercroft are all Grade I listed buildings . On a hill overlooking the abbey stand the ruins of an outlying monastery building , Capel Mair ar y Bryn ( `` the chapel of St Mary on the hill '' ) . The purpose of this building is thought to have been to allow members of the monastic community who were engaged in the keeping of flocks to fulfil their devotional obligations without having to return to the main church . See also ( edit ) Margam Country Park Margam Stones Museum Margam List of monastic houses in Wales List of Scheduled Monuments in Neath Port Talbot Photos ( edit ) Abbey Ruins and Chapel : ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) Original Abbey Complex : ( 5 ) www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Margam Abbey Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` St. Bernard of Clairvaux '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Blagdon - Gamlen , P.E. , ed. ( 1973 ) The Church Travellers Directory . London : Church Literature Association ; p. 86 Jump up ^ `` St Mary 's Abbey Church , Margam '' . British Listed Buildings . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Chapter House and Vestibule of St Mary 's Abbey , Margam '' . British Listed Buildings . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ruined Undercroft at St Mary 's Abbey , Margam '' . British Listed Buildings . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . References ( edit ) A History of Margam Abbey , Walter de Gray Birch , Bedford Press , 1897 Bernard de Clairvaux , Sermons sur le Cantique Tome I ( Sermons 1 - 15 ) ; introduction , traduction et notes par Paul VERDEYEN , s.j. et Raffaele FASSETT , o.c.s.o. , 1996 ( Sources Chrétiennes , no . 414 ) , p. 55 . Coordinates : 51 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 3 ° 43 ′ 45 '' W / 51.5561 ° N 3.7292 ° W / 51.5561 ; - 3.7292 ( hide ) Scheduled monuments in Wales North Wales Gwynedd Anglesey Caernarfonshire Prehistoric Merionethshire Prehistoric All of Gwynedd Roman to modern Clwyd Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Wrexham Mid Wales Powys Brecknockshire Prehistoric Roman to modern Montgomeryshire Prehistoric Roman to modern Radnorshire Prehistoric Roman to modern West Wales Dyfed Carmarthenshire Prehistoric Roman to modern Ceredigion Prehistoric Roman to modern Pembrokeshire Prehistoric ( north Pembrokeshire ) Prehistoric ( south Pembrokeshire ) Roman to modern South Wales Glamorgan Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Merthyr Tydfil Neath Port Talbot Rhondda Cynon Taf Swansea Vale of Glamorgan Gwent Blaenau Gwent Monmouthshire Newport Torfaen Key : † Historic county ‡ preserved county Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margam_Abbey&oldid=819618759 '' Categories : Margam Cistercian monasteries in Wales Ruins in Wales Buildings and structures in Neath Port Talbot 1147 establishments in Europe Religious organizations established in the 1140s Christian monasteries established in the 12th century Tourist attractions in Neath Port Talbot Ruined abbeys and monasteries Grade I listed buildings in Neath Port Talbot Anglo - Catholic church buildings in Wales 12th - century establishments in Wales Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles containing Welsh - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Italiano Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 10 : 27 . About Wikipedia | a wall from margam abbey // wales | [] | [] |
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